Artigos de revistas: "Development of charged particle detector"

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Mizuno, Takahiro, Yusaku Emoto, Kento Fujihara, Hiroshi Ito, Hideyuki Kawai, Shota Kimura e Atsushi Kobayashi. "Development of Large-Area Charged Particle Detector with Inorganic Scintillator Plates and Wavelength Shifting Fibers". EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817001010.

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A Large-area charged particle detector for highenergy physics experiments has been developed. This detector includes inorganic scintillator plates with thicknesses of 0.5 mm and wavelength-shifting fibers (WLSFs) of 0.2 mm in diameters. The size of effective area is 1 m by 1 m. The WLSFs are connected to both plate surfaces optically, and on the top and the bottom, fibers are attached along to x and y-axis direction, respectively. The best WLSF to obtain large number of photoelectrons is determined, which enables us to detect charged particles with thinner scintillation crystals. This means an improvement of position resolution of this detector. The number of photoelectrons obtained from a new type scintillation crystal, which is more reasonable than the conventional ones are also measured. We also estimated its position resolution. This detector enables us to detect charged particles with higher position resolution and lower cost than conventional scintillation detectors and gas chambers.

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Naito, D., Y. Maeda, N. Kawasaki, T. Masuda, H. Nanjo, T. Nomura, M. Sasaki et al. "Development of a low-mass and high-efficiency charged-particle detector". Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics 2016, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2016): 023C01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptep/ptv191.

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Karim, Zahraa S., e Murtadha Sh Aswood. "Synthesis of Poly[Allyl Chloride - Co Acrylic Acid] Polymers for Nucleic Track Detection from Alpha Particles". Materials Science Forum 1039 (20 de julho de 2021): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1039.3.

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This paper describes the synthesis and development of new polymers for solid state nuclear trak detector of two novel poly Allyl cloride – co Acrylic acid and diethanol amine of polymeric detectors of alpha charged particle tracks. The detectors were irradiated by two radioactive sources, Amercium (Am-240) and Polonium (Po-210) for 5 hours, and traces of alpha particles were seen in the microscope and their diameters were measured. The results showed the density of tracks of alpha particles from (Am-240) and (Po-210) are 295.86, 655.33 respectively, while the average of their diameters are 5.83, 4.78 respectively.

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Radogna, Raffaella, Piet Verwilligen e Marcello Maggi. "Simulation of a Fast Timing Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector for TOF-PET and future accelerators". EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 02033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921402033.

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Simulation is a powerful tool for designing new detectors and guide the construction of new prototypes. Advances in photolithography and micro-electronics led to the development of a new family of devices named Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs) [1], with main features: flexible geometry; high rate capability (> MHz/cm2); excellent spatial resolution ( 100µ m); good time resolution (5-10 ns); and reduced radiation length. A new detector layout, named Fast Timing MPGD (FTM), has been recently proposed [2] that would combine both the high spatial resolution and high rate capability of the MPGDs, while improving the time resolution with nearly two orders of magnitude to ~100ps. However charged particle timing with gaseous detector time resolution below 100 ps has been established with another detection scheme [3], this approach might not be able to sustain high particle rates. This contribution investigates the use of the FTM technology for an innovative TOF-PET imaging detector and emphases the importance of full detector simulation to guide the design of the detector geometry and performance.

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Gunsing, F., F. Belloni, E. Berthoumieux, M. Diakaki, E. Dupont e E. Ferrer-Ribas. "MicroMegas-based detectors for time-of-flight measurements of neutron-induced reactions". EPJ Web of Conferences 239 (2020): 17007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023917007.

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MicroMegas detectors are versatile gaseous detectors which are used for ionizing particle detection. A MicroMegas detector consists of two adjacent gas-filled volumes. One volume acts as a drift region with an electric field operating in the ionization chamber regime, the second volume is the amplification region acting as a parallel-plate avalanche counter. The use of the microbulk technique allows the production of thin, radiation resistant, and low-mass detector with a highly variable gain. Such MicroMegas detectors have been developed and used in combination with neutron time-of-flight measurements for in-beam neutron-flux monitoring, fission and light-charged particle reaction cross section measurements, and for neutron-beam imaging. An overview of MicroMegas detectors for neutron detection and neutron reaction cross section measurements and related results and developments will be presented.

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Lo Presti, D., D. L. Bonanno, F. Longhitano, C. Pugliatti, S. Aiello, G. A. P. Cirrone, V. Giordano et al. "Development of a Real-Time, Large Area, High Spatial Resolution Particle Tracker Based on Scintillating Fibers". Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/692908.

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The design of a detector for tracking charged particles is presented together with the characterization techniques developed to extract the main design specifications. The goals for the final detector are to achieve real-time imaging performances, a large detection area, and a high spatial resolution, particularly suitable for medical imaging applications. This paper describes the prototype of the tracker plane, which has a 20 × 20 cm2sensitive area consisting of two crossed ribbons of 500 μm square scintillating fibers. The information about the hit position extracted real-time tracker in an innovative way, using a reduced number of the read-out channels to obtain a very large detection area but with moderate costs and complexity. The performances of the tracker have been investigated usingβsources, cosmic rays, and a 62 MeV proton beam.

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Sandupatla, Abhinay, Subramaniam Arulkumaran, Ng Geok Ing, Shugo Nitta, John Kennedy e Hiroshi Amano. "Vertical GaN-on-GaN Schottky Diodes as α-Particle Radiation Sensors". Micromachines 11, n.º 5 (20 de maio de 2020): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11050519.

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Among the different semiconductors, GaN provides advantages over Si, SiC and GaAs in radiation hardness, resulting in researchers exploring the development of GaN-based radiation sensors to be used in particle physics, astronomic and nuclear science applications. Several reports have demonstrated the usefulness of GaN as an α-particle detector. Work in developing GaN-based radiation sensors are still evolving and GaN sensors have successfully detected α-particles, neutrons, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, electrons and γ-rays. This review elaborates on the design of a good radiation detector along with the state-of-the-art α-particle detectors using GaN. Successful improvement in the growth of GaN drift layers (DL) with 2 order of magnitude lower in charge carrier density (CCD) (7.6 × 1014/cm3) on low threading dislocation density (3.1 × 106/cm2) hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) grown free-standing GaN substrate, which helped ~3 orders of magnitude lower reverse leakage current (IR) with 3-times increase of reverse breakdown voltages. The highest reverse breakdown voltage of −2400 V was also realized from Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) on a free-standing GaN substrate with 30 μm DL. The formation of thick depletion width (DW) with low CCD resulted in improving high-energy (5.48 MeV) α-particle detection with the charge collection efficiency (CCE) of 62% even at lower bias voltages (−20 V). The detectors also detected 5.48 MeV α-particle with CCE of 100% from SBDs with 30-μm DL at −750 V.

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Radulović, Vladimir, Klemen Ambrožič, Ivana Capan, Robert Bernat, Zoran Ereš, Željko Pastuović, Adam Sarbutt et al. "SILICON CARBIDE NEUTRON DETECTOR PROTOTYPE TESTING AT THE JSI TRIGA REACTOR FOR ENHANCED BORDER AND PORTS SECURITY". EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 16002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124716002.

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In 2016, the “E-SiCure” project (standing for “Engineering Silicon Carbide for Border and Port Security”), funded by the NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme was launched. The main objective is to combine theoretical, experimental and applied research towards the development of radiation-hard SiC-based detectors of special nuclear materials (SNM), with the end goal to enhance border and port security barriers. Prototype neutron detectors, configured as 4H-SiC-based Schottky barrier diodes, were developed for the detection of secondary charged particles (tritons, alphas and lithium atoms) which are the result of thermal neutron reactions on 10B and 6LiF layers above the surface of the 4H-SiC diodes. We designed a stand-alone prototype detection system, consisting of a preamplifier, shaping amplifier and a multichannel analyser operated by a laptop computer, for testing of neutron detector prototypes at the Jožef Stefan Institute (JSI) TRIGA reactor using a broad beam of reactor neutrons. The reverse bias for the detector diode and the power to electronic system were provided by a standalone battery-powered voltage source. The detector functionality was established through measurements using an 241Am alpha particle source. Two dedicated experimental campaigns were performed at the JSI TRIGA reactor. The registered pulse height spectra from the detectors, using both 10B and 6LiF neutron converting layers, clearly demonstrated the neutron detection abilities of the SiC detector prototypes. The computed neutron detection sensitivity of the single prototype detectors demonstrates that scaling SiC detectors into larger arrays, of dimensions relevant for border and port radiation detectors, could enable neutron sensitivity levels matching gas-based detector technology.

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Bao, Peng-Fei, Cheng-Jian Lin, Feng Yang, Zhao-Qiao Guo, Tian-Shu Guo, Lei Yang, Li-Jie Sun et al. "Development of large-area quadrant silicon detector for charged particles". Chinese Physics C 38, n.º 12 (dezembro de 2014): 126001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/38/12/126001.

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Dordevic, Milos. "The CMS Particle Flow Algorithm". EPJ Web of Conferences 191 (2018): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201819102016.

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The event reconstruction at the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is predominantly based on the Particle Flow algorithm. This algorithm for a global event description uses the information from all subdetector systems, unlike the previous, traditional approaches that were focused on the localized information in each subdetector. These traditional methods use the raw information (tracks, hits), while the Particle Flow algorithm completely reconstructs the event by identifying and reconstructing the comprehensive list of final-state particles (photons, electrons, muons, charged and neutral hadrons), resulting in superior reconstruction of jets, missing transverse energy, tau leptons, electrons and muons. This approach also allows for efficient identification and mitigation of the pileup effect. The concept and performance of the Particle Flow algorithm, together with the prospects for its development in the context of the upgraded CMS detector, are presented in this overview.

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Pálfalvi, József, e Lászlo Sajó-Bohus. "Cosmic Radiation Detection by Solid State Nuclear Track Detector Technique". Solid State Phenomena 238 (agosto de 2015): 16–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.238.16.

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Passive Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs) have been employed successfully during the past two decades in space radiation studies due to their excellent physico-chemical properties. They are useful for charged particle detection in the linear energy transfer (LET) range above the threshold value of ~10 keV μm-1. It was applicable for measurement of cosmic ray primary and secondary particles, including recoil nuclei, projectile and target fragments and secondary neutrons in past projects such as DOSMAP, BRADOS, ALTCRISS, Matroshka or recently in progress as SPD, DOSIS, as well as, in ground based experiment as Icchiban. The continuous development in the understanding of the track formation mechanism and improvement of detection techniques have resulted in the determination of the cosmic ray LET spectrum with less uncertainties and provided improved assessment of the dose burden of astronauts and helped to increase the effectiveness of radiation shielding of spaceships. Space dosimetry by nuclear track methodology stresses the advantages of passive systems for cosmic radiation field studies due to their robustness, compact dimensions, and complete independence from external power supply. SSNTDs cope also with requirement imposed by portable area monitoring or personal dose integrator to assess radiation risk of astronauts during intra or extra-vehicular activity. This review tries to provide a short summary about fundamentals and applications of space radiation studies using SSNTDs.Contents of Paper

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Radulović, Vladimir, Klemen Ambrožič, Luka Snoj, Ivana Capan, Tomislav Brodar, Zoran Ereš, Željko Pastuović et al. "E-SiCure Collaboration Project: Silicon Carbide Material Studies and Detector Prototype Testing at the JSI TRIGA Reactor". EPJ Web of Conferences 225 (2020): 07007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022507007.

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In 2016, the ”E-SiCure” project (standing for Engineering Silicon Carbide for Border and Port Security), funded by the NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme, was launched. The main objective is to combine theoretical, experimental and applied research towards the development of radiation-hard SiC-based detectors of special nuclear materials (SNM), and by that way, to enhance border and port security barriers. Along the plan, material modification processes are employed firstly to study, and secondly to manipulate the most severe electrically active defects (which trap or annihilate free charge carriers), by specific ion implantation and defect engineering. This paper gives an overview of the experimental activities performed at the JSI TRIGA reactor in the framework of the E-SiCure project. Initial activities were aimed at obtaining information on the radiation hardness of SiC and at the study of the energy levels of the defects induced by neutron irradiation. Several Schottky barrier diodes were fabricated out of nitrogen-doped epitaxial grown 4H-SiC, and irradiated under Cd filters in the PT irradiation channel in the JSI TRIGA reactor with varying neutron fluence levels. Neutron-induced defects in the material were studied using temperature dependent current-voltage (I-V), capacitance-voltage (C-V) and Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements. Our prototype neutron detectors are configured as 4H-SiC-based Schottky barrier diodes for detection of secondary charged particles (tritons, alphas and lithium atoms) which are result of thermal neutron conversion process in 10B and 6LiF layers above the surface of the 4H-SiC diodes. For field testing of neutron detectors using a broad beam of reactor neutrons we designed a standalone prototype detection system consisting of a preamplifier, shaping amplifier and a multichannel analyser operated by a laptop computer. The reverse bias for the detector diode and the power to electronic system are provided by a standalone battery-powered voltage source. The detector functionality was established through measurements using an 241Am alpha particle source. Two dedicated experimental campaigns were performed at the JSI TRIGA reactor. The registered pulse height spectra from the detectors, using both 10B and 6LiF neutron converting layers, clearly demonstrated the neutron detection abilities of the SiC detector prototypes.

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Zeinalov, Sh, P. Sedyshev, O. Sidorova e V. Shvetsov. "Nuclear fission investigation with twin ionization chamber". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 50 (janeiro de 2020): 2060013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194520600137.

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In this paper, we report recent results obtained in the development of digital pulse processing mathematics for prompt fission neutron (PFN) investigations using a twin ionization chamber (TIC) along with a fast neutron time-of-flight detector (ND). Due to some ambiguities in the literature concerning a pulse induction on TIC electrodes by fission fragment (FF) ionization, we first presented a detailed mathematical analysis of FF signal formation on the TIC anode. The analysis was done using the Shockley–Ramo theorem, which gives the relation between charged particle motion between TIC electrodes and the so-called weighting potential. The weighting potential was calculated by direct numerical solution of the Laplace equation (neglecting space charge) for the TIC geometry and ionization caused by FFs. Formulae for GI correction and digital pulse processing algorithms for PFN time-of-flight measurements and pulse shape analysis are presented and used in experiments for PFN investigations of two reactions, [Formula: see text]U(n[Formula: see text],f) and [Formula: see text]Cf(sf). Results of the measurements were compared to literature data to demonstrate the feasibility of the new developed techniques. These results were necessary for the development of a new PFN investigation facility consisting of a position sensitive fission fragment detector combined with 32 liquid scintillation neutron detectors.

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Kraft-Bermuth, Saskia, Daniel Hengstler, Peter Egelhof, Christian Enss, Andreas Fleischmann, Michael Keller e Thomas Stöhlker. "Microcalorimeters for X-Ray Spectroscopy of Highly Charged Ions at Storage Rings". Atoms 6, n.º 4 (2 de novembro de 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms6040059.

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X-ray spectroscopy of highly charged heavy ions is an important tool for the investigation of many topics in atomic physics. Such highly charged ions, in particular hydrogen-like uranium, are investigated at heavy ion storage rings, where high charge states can be produced in large quantities, stored for long times and cooled to low momentum spread of the ion beam. One prominent example is the determination of the 1s Lamb Shift in hydrogen-like heavy ions, which has been investigated at the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research. Due to the large electron binding energies, the energies of the corresponding photon transitions are located in the X-ray regime. To determine the transition energies with high accuracy, highly resolving X-ray spectrometers are needed. One concept of such spectrometers is the concept of microcalorimeters, which, in contrast to semiconductor detectors, uses the detection of heat rather than charge to detect energy. Such detectors have been developed and successfully applied in experiments at the ESR. For experiments at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), the Stored Particles and Atoms Collaboration (SPARC) pursues the development of new microcalorimeter concepts and larger detector arrays. Next to fundamental investigations on quantum electrodynamics such as the 1s Lamb Shift or electron–electron interactions in two- and three-electron systems, X-ray spectroscopy may be extended towards nuclear physics investigations like the determination of nuclear charge radii.

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Takada, M., S. Taniguchi, T. Nakamura e K. Fujitaka. "Development of a phoswich detector to detect neutrons and charged particles for space application". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 45, n.º 3 (junho de 1998): 888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.682656.

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Xie, Yuguang, Junguang Lü, Aiwu Zhang, Boxiang Yu, Tao Hu, Li Zhou, Xiao Cai et al. "Development of Au-coated THGEM for single photon, charged particle, and neutron detection". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 729 (novembro de 2013): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.08.042.

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Yamamoto, Akira, e Thomas Taylor. "Superconducting Magnets for Particle Detectors and Fusion Devices". Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 05 (janeiro de 2012): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626812300046.

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The application of superconductivity to the large magnets required for charged particle spectroscopy in high energy physics experiments, and for plasma containment in fusion experiments, has resulted in a spectacular leap in the efficiency of these devices. First applied in the late 1960s, the technology has progressed to meet increasingly demanding goals of the experiments and has stimulated important development of the associated conductors. In this article we describe briefly the basic requirements that determine the design of the different types of magnets. This is followed by descriptions of examples of representative working and projected magnets, as well as essential auxiliary equipment. An overview is provided of ongoing development that may impact on the design of future magnets.

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Durai Ananda Kumar T, Sai Charan, Venkateswarlu A e Supriya Reddy K. "Evolution of liquid chromatography: Technologies and applications". International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, n.º 3 (8 de julho de 2020): 3204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2449.

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Liquid chromatographic offers efficient analyte separation employing high pressure pumps. The reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is widely utilized in the purity testing and quantitative determination of pharmaceuticals and neutraceuticals. The limitations of traditional liquid chromatography such as particle size, resolution and selectivity demanded for the developments and Waters Corporation developed ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Ultrafast liquid chromatography (UFLC) is another milestone, which offers faster and efficient separation. Multidimensional UHPLC provides separation of complex molecules. The particle size decrease enhances the resolution of LC separation. Ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH), Charged surface hybrid (CSH) and Peptide separation technology (PST) offer better performance in. The amalgamation of chromatographic and spectroscopic detectors namely fluorescence detector (FD) and mass spectrometry (MS) provides efficient separation. Liquid chromatography (LC) offers the analysis of pharmaceuticals, biological, food materials, and natural products. This review covers technologies and recent pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of liquid chromatography technologies

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Garzia, I., M. Alexeev, A. Amoroso, R. Baldini Ferroli, M. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi et al. "GEM detector performance with innovative micro-TPC readout in high magnetic field". EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817001009.

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Gas detector development is one of the pillars of the research in fundamental physics. Since several years, a new concept of detectors, called Micro Pattern Gas Detector (MPGD), allowed to overcome several problems related to other types of commonly used detectors, like drift chamber and micro strips detectors, reducing the rate of discharges and providing better radiation tolerance. Among the most used MPGDs are the Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs). Invented by Sauli in 1997, nowadays GEMs have become an important reality for particle detectors in high energy physics. Commonly deployed as fast timing detectors and triggers, their fast response, high rate capability and high radiation hardness make them also suitable as tracking detectors. The readout scheme is one of the most important features in tracking technology. Analog readout based on the calculation of the center of gravity technique allows to overcome the limit imposed by digital pads, whose spatial resolution is limited by the pitch dimensions. However, the presence of high external magnetic fields can distort the electronic cloud and affect the performance. The development of the micro-TPC reconstruction method brings GEM detectors into a new prospective, improving significantly the spatial resolutionin presence of high magnetic fields. This innovative technique allows to reconstruct the 3-dimensional particle position, as Time Projection Chamber, but within a drift gap of a few millimeters. In these report, the charge centroid and micro-TPC methods are described in details. We discuss the results of several test beams performed with planar chambers in magnetic field. These results are one of the first developments of micro-TPC technique for GEM detectors, which allows to reach unprecedented performance in a high magnetic field of 1 T.

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Teklishyn, Maksym. "The Silicon Tracking System of the CBM experiment at FAIR". EPJ Web of Conferences 171 (2018): 21003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817121003.

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The Silicon Tracking System (STS) is the central detector in the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR. Operating in the 1Tm dipole magnetic field, the STS will enable pile-up free detection and momentum measurement of the charged particles originating from beam-target nuclear interactions at rates up to 10 MHz. The STS consists of 8 tracking stations based on double-sided silicon micro-strip sensors equipped with fast, self-triggering read-out electronics. With about two million read-out channels, the STS will deliver a high-rate stream of time-stamped data that is transferred to a computing farm for on-line event determination and analysis. The functional building block is a detector module consisting of a sensor, micro-cables and two front-end electronics boards. In this contribution, the development status of the STS components and the system integration is discussed and an outlook on the detector construction is given.

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Alhroob, M., R. Bates, M. Battistin, S. Berry, A. Bitadze, P. Bonneau, N. Bousson et al. "Development of a custom on-line ultrasonic vapour analyzer and flow meter for the ATLAS inner detector, with application to Cherenkov and gaseous charged particle detectors". Journal of Instrumentation 10, n.º 03 (25 de março de 2015): C03045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/03/c03045.

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Bannister, N. P., E. J. Bunce, S. W. H. Cowley, R. Fairbend, G. W. Fraser, F. J. Hamilton, J. S. Lapington et al. "A Wide Field Auroral Imager (WFAI) for low Earth orbit missions". Annales Geophysicae 25, n.º 2 (8 de março de 2007): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-519-2007.

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Abstract. A comprehensive understanding of the solar wind interaction with Earth's coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system requires an ability to observe the charged particle environment and auroral activity from the same platform, generating particle and photon image data which are matched in time and location. While unambiguous identification of the particles giving rise to the aurora requires a Low Earth Orbit satellite, obtaining adequate spatial coverage of aurorae with the relatively limited field of view of current space bourne auroral imaging systems requires much higher orbits. A goal for future satellite missions, therefore, is the development of compact, wide field-of-view optics permitting high spatial and temporal resolution ultraviolet imaging of the aurora from small spacecraft in low polar orbit. Microchannel plate optics offer a method of achieving the required performance. We describe a new, compact instrument design which can observe a wide field-of-view with the required spatial resolution. We report the focusing of 121.6 nm radiation using a spherically-slumped, square-pore microchannel plate with a focal length of 32 mm and an F number of 0.7. Measurements are compared with detailed ray-trace simulations of imaging performance. The angular resolution is 2.7±0.2° for the prototype, corresponding to a footprint ~33 km in diameter for an aurora altitude of 110 km and a spacecraft altitude of 800 km. In preliminary analysis, a more recent optic has demonstrated a full width at half maximum of 5.0±0.3 arcminutes, corresponding to a footprint of ~1 km from the same spacecraft altitude. We further report the imaging properties of a convex microchannel plate detector with planar resistive anode readout; this detector, whose active surface has a radius of curvature of only 100 mm, is shown to meet the spatial resolution and sensitivity requirements of the new wide field auroral imager (WFAI).

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Ljunggren, Kaj, e Sven-Erik Strand. "Development of a digital imaging detector based on microchannel plates for biomedical samples emitting uncharged and charged particles". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 273, n.º 2-3 (dezembro de 1988): 784–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)90096-4.

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Vasilache, Radu A., Maria Ana Popovici, Mihai Straticiuc, Mihai Radu e Andreea Groza. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL ARRAY DETECTOR FOR OVERCOMING THE DOSIMETRY CHALLENGES OF MEASURING IN VERY SHORT PULSED CHARGED PARTICLE BEAMS: THE ELIDOSE PROJECT". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 183, n.º 1-2 (11 de dezembro de 2018): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncy253.

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Yoon, Junghyo, Youngkyu Cho, Jaehoon Kim, Hyunho Kim, Kyuhwan Na, Jeong Hoon Lee e Seok Chung. "Simulation and Experimental Study of Ion Concentration Polarization Induced Electroconvective Vortex and Particle Movement". Micromachines 12, n.º 8 (29 de julho de 2021): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080903.

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Ion concentration polarization (ICP) has been widely applied in microfluidic systems in pre-concentration, particle separation, and desalination applications. General ICP microfluidic systems have three components (i.e., source, ion-exchange, and buffer), which allow selective ion transport. Recently developed trials to eliminate one of the three components to simplify the system have suffered from decreased performance by the accumulation of unwanted ions. In this paper, we presented a new ICP microfluidic system with only an ion-exchange membrane-coated channel. Numerical investigation on hydrodynamic flow and electric fields with a series of coupled governing equations enabled a strong correlation to experimental investigations on electroconvective vortices and the trajectory of charged particles. This study has significant implications for the development and optimization of ICP microfluidic and electrochemical systems for biomarker concentration and separation to improve sensing reliability and detection limits in analytic chemistry.

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Yuan, Zhiyang, Huirong Qi, Yue Chang, Jian Zhang, Ye Wu, Hongyu Zhang, Yuanbo Chen et al. "Feasibility study of TPC detector at high luminosity Z pole on the circular collider". International Journal of Modern Physics A 36, n.º 22 (23 de julho de 2021): 2142015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x2142015x.

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With the development of the circular collider, it is necessary to make accurate physics experimental measurements of particle properties at higher luminosity [Formula: see text] pole. Micro-pattern gaseous detectors (MPGDs), which contain gaseous electron multiplier (GEM) and micro-mesh gaseous structures (Micromegas), have excellent potential for development as the readout devices of the time projection chamber (TPC) tracker detector. To meet the updated physics requirements of the high luminosity [Formula: see text] from the preliminary concept design report (preCDR) to concept design report (CDR) at the circular electron–positron collider (CEPC). In this paper, the space charge distortion of the TPC detector is simulated with the CEPC beam structure. Using the multi-physics simulation software package, the distribution of ion estimated by Geant4 is used as the input for the differential equation, and the relationship between the ion density distribution and electric field in the detector chamber is simulated. These simulation results show that the maximum deviation for Higgs [Formula: see text] meets the performance requirements in CEPC TPC detector at the high luminosity [Formula: see text] pole, while it is still a considerable challenge for [Formula: see text] pole, with the maximum deviation [Formula: see text]. According to the previous developments, the cascaded structure of GEM and Micromegas detector has been measured. The new considerations of the detector’s requirements were given, the gain needs to be reached to about 2000 with IBF[Formula: see text]Gain under 0.1, and IBF means the ions back flow ratio of the detector. The pixel TPC is a potential option to replace the traditional MPGDs with the low gain, low occupancy, and outstanding pattern recognition. Finally, some update parameters and experiments results were compared.

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KIMURA, Shota, Yusaku EMOTO, Kento FUJIHARA, Hiroshi ITO, Hideyuki KAWAI, Atsushi KOBAYASHI e Takahiro MIZUNO. "Development of a Beam Trajectory Monitoring System Using e+/e− Pair Production Events". EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 09007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817009007.

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In particle therapy, it is important to monitor the Bragg-peak position. It was simulated by GEANT4 Monte Carlo Simulation Code that the distribution of secondary generated gamma rays on the carbon beam therapy and the proton beam therapy. This simulation shows that gamma rays whose energy is 10 MeV or more are intensively generated at the Bragg-peak position. We are developing the system to monitor the Bragg-peak position which can measure pair production events occurred in the detector by gamma rays from irradiation points. The momentum direction of the gamma ray can be determined by measuring passing points and energy of e+ and e− generated by pair production. This system has 5 parts. The first is the conversion part. This part consists of several layers. Each layer is composed of a La-GPS ((Gd0.75La0.24Ce0.01)2Si2O7) scintillator plate and wavelength-shifting fibre (WLSF) sheets. The scintillator plate is sandwiched between sheets, where the directions of the sheets are in orthogonally x and y directions. In this part, gamma rays are converted to e+ e- pairs and the position where the conversion occured is determined. The second is the tracking part. This part consists of 2 layers of scintillating fibre tracker. Each layer has 6 scintillating fibre sheets for x, x’, u, u’, v, and v’. The third is the energy measurement part. It measures the energy of e+ and e− by scintillator array and Silicon Photomultipliers. The fourth is the veto counter for bremsstrahlung gamma rays from e+ and e-. The fifth is the beam monitor. By experiment, the number of photoelectrons of La-GPS with a WLSF (B-3(300)MJ, Kuraray) sheet and scintillating fibre (SCSF-78, Kuraray) when charged particle passed was measured as 9.7 and 7.6 respectively.

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Stolzenburg, Dominik, Gerhard Steiner e Paul M. Winkler. "A DMA-train for precision measurement of sub-10 nm aerosol dynamics". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, n.º 4 (2 de maio de 2017): 1639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1639-2017.

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Abstract. Measurements of aerosol dynamics in the sub-10 nm size range are crucially important for quantifying the impact of new particle formation onto the global budget of cloud condensation nuclei. Here we present the development and characterization of a differential mobility analyzer train (DMA-train), operating six DMAs in parallel for high-time-resolution particle-size-distribution measurements below 10 nm. The DMAs are operated at six different but fixed voltages and hence sizes, together with six state-of-the-art condensation particle counters (CPCs). Two Airmodus A10 particle size magnifiers (PSM) are used for channels below 2.5 nm while sizes above 2.5 nm are detected by TSI 3776 butanol-based or TSI 3788 water-based CPCs. We report the transfer functions and characteristics of six identical Grimm S-DMAs as well as the calibration of a butanol-based TSI model 3776 CPC, a water-based TSI model 3788 CPC and an Airmodus A10 PSM. We find cutoff diameters similar to those reported in the literature. The performance of the DMA-train is tested with a rapidly changing aerosol of a tungsten oxide particle generator during warmup. Additionally we report a measurement of new particle formation taken during a nucleation event in the CLOUD chamber experiment at CERN. We find that the DMA-train is able to bridge the gap between currently well-established measurement techniques in the cluster–particle transition regime, providing high time resolution and accurate size information of neutral and charged particles even at atmospheric particle concentrations.

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Glonti, Levan, Temur Enik, Vladimir Kekelidze, Alexander Kolesnikov, Dmitry Madigozhin, Natalia Molokanova, Sergey Movchan, Yuri Potrebenikov e Sergey Shkarovskiy. "Longitudinal Tension and Mechanical Stability of a Pressurized Straw Tube". Instruments 2, n.º 4 (22 de novembro de 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments2040027.

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For the development of charged particle detectors based on straw tubes operating in vacuum, a special measurement technique is required for the evaluation of their mechanical properties. A summary of the known equations that govern straw behavior under internal pressure is provided, and a new experimental method of a strained pressurized straw tube study is presented in this paper. The Poisson’s ratio of the straw wall, which defines the stability conditions of a built-in tube, was measured for the NA62 spectrometer straw, and its minimum pre-tension was estimated.

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Hecht, Adam, Phoenix Baldez e Baldez Baldez. "Developments in New Measurements of Fission Cross-Sections, Fragment Yields, and Prompt and Quasi-Prompt Gammas for Nuclear Data Needs". EPJ Web of Conferences 242 (2020): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024201002.

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The University of New Mexico Fission Spectrometer was developed to measure fission product yield, as part of the LANL SPIDER collaboration. The spectrometer operates as an E-v detector to extract product mass event-by-event, with a time of flight region followed by an ionization chamber for kinetic energy measurements. By using the ionization chamber as a singlecathode/single-anode time projection chamber, stopping power and thus Z information is extracted, for coupled A and Z measurements. New work is being performed to add gamma ray detectors in the data stream, placed near the target region for prompt gammas and near the ionization chamber for quasiprompt (>50 ns) and later gammas, correlated with individual fission products. A stand-alone parallel plate ionization chamber (PPIC) is also being developed for fission tagging gamma ray data. The PPIC will also allow discrimination between charged particle out events and (n,n’γ), and discriminate between alpha emission and fission. Using layers in the PPIC, other targets can be measured simultaneously with a calibration target, giving relative fission cross sections. Past measurements with the spectrometer were performed at LANSCE and we plan to continue measurements there. The current work is supported by the NNSA Stewardship Science Academic Alliance.

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Hargrove, C. K., e D. J. Paterson. "Solar-neutrino neutral-current detection methods in the Sudbury neutrino observatory". Canadian Journal of Physics 69, n.º 11 (1 de novembro de 1991): 1309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p91-196.

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The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory will study the solar-neutrino problem through the detection of charged-current (CC), neutral-current (NC), and elastic-scattering (ES) interactions of solar neutrinos with heavy water. The measurement of the NC rate relative to the CC rate provides a nearly model-independent method of observing neutrino oscillations. The NC interaction breaks up the deuteron producing a neutron and a proton. The interaction rate in the original design is measured by observing Čerenkov light from showers produced by neutron-capture γ rays from the capture of the NC neutrons by a selected additive to the heavy water. These signals overlap the CC and ES signals, so that the measurement of the NC rate requires the subtraction of two signals obtained at different times. This paper describes our investigation of an alternate detection method in which the thermalized neutrons are captured by (n, α) or (n, p) reactions on light nuclei. The resulting charged-particle products are uniquely detected by scintillators or proportional counters, completely separating this NC signal from the CC and ES Čerenkov signals, thus simplifying its measurement, improving its significance, and allowing observation of otherwise unobservable short-term NC fluctuations. Although background rates for the new techniques have not yet been determined, the experimental advantages justify further development work.

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CHEN, CHIH-CHING, PISIN CHEN, CHIA-YU HU e K. C. LAI. "DISTINGUISHABILITY OF NEUTRINO FLAVORS THROUGH THEIR DIFFERENT SHOWER CHARACTERISTICS". Modern Physics Letters A 28, n.º 02 (20 de janeiro de 2013): 1340009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732313400099.

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We propose a new flavor identification method to distinguish mu and tau type ultra high energy cosmic neutrinos (UHECN). Energy loss of leptons in matter is an important information for the detection of neutrinos originated from high energy astrophysical sources. 50 years ago, Askaryan proposed to detect Cherenkov radiowave signals emitted from the negative charge excess of neutrino-induced particle shower. The theory of Cherenkov radiation under Fraunhofer approximation has been widely studied in the past two decades. However, at high energies or for high density materials, electromagnetic shower should be elongated due to the Landau-Pomeranchuck-Migdal (LPM) effect. As such the standard Fraunhofer approximation ceases to be valid when the distance between the shower and the detector becomes comparable with the shower length. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed recently to investigate this regime. Here we adopt the deduced relationship between the radio signal and the cascade development profile to investigate its implication to lepton signatures. Our method provides a straightforward technique to identify the neutrino flavor through the detected Cherenkov signals.

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Wimmer, D., K. Lehtipalo, A. Franchin, J. Kangasluoma, F. Kreissl, A. Kürten, A. Kupc et al. "Performance of diethylene glycol based particle counters in the sub 3 nm size range". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, n.º 1 (26 de fevereiro de 2013): 2151–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-2151-2013.

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Abstract. When studying new particle formation, the uncertainty in determining the "true" nucleation rate is considerably reduced when using Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) capable of measuring concentrations of aerosol particles at sizes close to or even at the critical cluster size (1–2 nm). Recently CPCs, able to reliably detect particles below 2 nm in size and even close to 1 nm became available. The corrections needed to calculate nucleation rates are substantially reduced compared to scaling the observed formation rate to the nucleation rate at the critical cluster size. However, this improved instrumentation requires a careful characterization of their cut-off size and the shape of the detection efficiency curve because relatively small shifts in the cut-off size can translate into larger relative errors when measuring particles close to the cut-off size. Here we describe the development of two continuous flow CPCs using diethylene glycol (DEG) as the working fluid. The design is based on two TSI 3776 counters. Several sets of measurements to characterize their performance at different temperature settings were carried out. Furthermore two mixing-type Particle Size Magnifiers (PSM) A09 from Airmodus were characterized in parallel. One PSM was operated at the highest mixing ratio (1 L min−1 saturator flow), and the other was operated in a scanning mode, where the mixing ratios are changed periodically, resulting in a range of cut-off sizes. Different test aerosols were generated using a nano-Differential Mobility Analyzer (nano-DMA) or a high resolution DMA, to obtain detection efficiency curves for all four CPCs. One calibration setup included a high resolution mass spectrometer (APi-TOF) for the determination of the chemical composition of the generated clusters. The lowest cut-off sizes were achieved with negatively charged ammonium sulphate clusters, resulting in cut-offs of 1.4 nm for the laminar flow CPCs and 1.2 and 1.1 nm for the PSMs. A comparison of one of the laminar-flow CPCs and one of the PSMs measuring ambient and laboratory air showed good agreement between the instruments.

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Montesi, M. C., A. Lauria, A. Alexandrov, L. Alunni Solestizi, Ambrosi Giovanni, S. Argirò, R. Arteche Diaz et al. "Ion charge separation with new generation of nuclear emulsion films". Open Physics 17, n.º 1 (28 de maio de 2019): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0024.

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Abstract In hadron therapy, the accelerated ions, interacting with the body of the patient, cause the fragmentation of both projectile and target nuclei. The fragments interact with the human tissues depositing energy both in the entrance channel and in the volume surrounding the tumor. The knowledge of the fragments features is crucial to determine the energy amount deposited in the human body, and - hence - the damage to the organs and to the tissues around the tumor target. The FOOT (FragmentatiOn Of Target) experiment aims at studying the fragmentation induced by the interaction of a proton beam (150-250 MeV/n) inside the human body. The FOOT detector includes an electronic setup for the identification of Z ≥ 3 fragments integrated with an emulsion spectrometer to measure Z ≤ 3 fragments. Charge identification by nuclear emulsions is based on the development of techniques of controlled fading of the particle tracks inside the nuclear emulsion, that extend the dynamical range of the films developed for the tracking of minimum ionising particles. The controlled fading strongly depends on temperature, relative humidity and treatment duration. In this study the performances in terms of charge separation of proton, helium and carbon particles, obtained on a batch of new emulsion films produced in Japan are reported.

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Durum, Artur, Gennadiy Britvich, Sergey Chernichenko, Alexei Denisov, Mikhail Kostin, Yury Krechetov, Andrei Yu Semenov, Alexander Sukhikh, Nikolay Vlasov e Andrey Yanovich. "Optimization of a light collection in the Shashlyk-type electromagnetic calorimeter with projective geometry for the NICA/MPD experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 222 (2019): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201922202007.

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The MPD spectrometer at the NICA collider complex is currently under construction in Dubna. The main goal of the experiment is to obtain fundamental knowledge about the properties of hot and dense baryonic matter formed in heavy-ion collisions in the energy range of (4-11) A*GeV. Crucial detector of the MPD experiment is a large-sized barrel electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal), which (together with the tracking system) will provide unique opportunities for the measurement and identification of a wide variety of charged and neutral particles carrying information about early stages of the interactions. Important tasks related to the construction of the Shashlyk-type MPD ECal are the development, production and study of the calorimeter modules with projective geometry. To improve performance of ECal, the light collection in the modules should be optimized. We present the methods and technologies developed to increase the light yield with different types and configurations of reflectors on the end of wavelengths shifting fibers. Expected characteristics of the calorimeter in detection of photons and electrons are presented and discussed

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36

Wimmer, D., K. Lehtipalo, A. Franchin, J. Kangasluoma, F. Kreissl, A. Kürten, A. Kupc et al. "Performance of diethylene glycol-based particle counters in the sub-3 nm size range". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, n.º 7 (29 de julho de 2013): 1793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1793-2013.

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Abstract. When studying new particle formation, the uncertainty in determining the "true" nucleation rate is considerably reduced when using condensation particle counters (CPCs) capable of measuring concentrations of aerosol particles at sizes close to or even at the critical cluster size (1–2 nm). Recently, CPCs able to reliably detect particles below 2 nm in size and even close to 1 nm became available. Using these instruments, the corrections needed for calculating nucleation rates are substantially reduced compared to scaling the observed formation rate to the nucleation rate at the critical cluster size. However, this improved instrumentation requires a careful characterization of their cut-off size and the shape of the detection efficiency curve because relatively small shifts in the cut-off size can translate into larger relative errors when measuring particles close to the cut-off size. Here we describe the development of two continuous-flow CPCs using diethylene glycol (DEG) as the working fluid. The design is based on two TSI 3776 counters. Several sets of measurements to characterize their performance at different temperature settings were carried out. Furthermore, two mixing-type particle size magnifiers (PSM) A09 from Airmodus were characterized in parallel. One PSM was operated at the highest mixing ratio (1 L min−1 saturator flow), and the other was operated in a scanning mode, where the mixing ratios are changed periodically, resulting in a range of cut-off sizes. The mixing ratios are determined by varying the saturator flow, where the aerosol flow stays constant at 2.5 L min−1. Different test aerosols were generated using a nano-differential mobility analyser (nano-DMA) or a high-resolution DMA, to obtain detection efficiency curves for all four CPCs. One calibration setup included a high-resolution mass spectrometer (APi-TOF) for the determination of the chemical composition of the generated clusters. The lowest cut-off sizes were achieved with negatively charged ammonium sulfate clusters, resulting in cut-offs of 1.4 nm for the laminar flow CPCs and 1.2 and 1.1 nm for the PSMs. A comparison of one of the laminar-flow CPCs and one of the PSMs measuring ambient and laboratory air showed good agreement between the instruments.

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Stephan, A. C., T. Gaulden, A. D. Brown, M. Smith, L. F. Miller e T. Thundat. "Microcantilever charged-particle flux detector". Review of Scientific Instruments 73, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2002): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1427413.

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Biscarat, Catherine, Sylvain Caillou, Charline Rougier, Jan Stark e Jad Zahreddine. "Towards a realistic track reconstruction algorithm based on graph neural networks for the HL-LHC". EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 03047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125103047.

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The physics reach of the HL-LHC will be limited by how efficiently the experiments can use the available computing resources, i.e. affordable software and computing are essential. The development of novel methods for charged particle reconstruction at the HL-LHC incorporating machine learning techniques or based entirely on machine learning is a vibrant area of research. In the past two years, algorithms for track pattern recognition based on graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged as a particularly promising approach. Previous work mainly aimed at establishing proof of principle. In the present document we describe new algorithms that can handle complex realistic detectors. The new algorithms are implemented in ACTS, a common framework for tracking software. This work aims at implementing a realistic GNN-based algorithm that can be deployed in an HL-LHC experiment.

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Velimirovic, Milica, Alessia Pancaro, Robert Mildner, Panagiotis G. Georgiou, Kristof Tirez, Inge Nelissen, Christoph Johann, Matthew I. Gibson e Frank Vanhaecke. "Joint Forces of HR-Spicp-MS and EAF4-MALS for Characterization of Gold Nanorods Conjugated with Synthetic Glycopolymers". Materials Proceedings 4, n.º 1 (11 de novembro de 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocn2020-07923.

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As the diversity of nanomaterials is wide and their size can vary by 2 orders of magnitude (1−100 nm), the development of new and advanced analytical tools for their in-depth characterization is of paramount importance, allowing a fundamental understanding of their structure, further alteration and degree of chemical surface functionalization. Herein, we present a new strategy for characterization of gold nanorods (GNRs) that are of specific interest for biomedical applications due to their unique size-dependent longitudinal surface plasmon resonance band in the visible to near-infrared spectral region. More precisely, we characterized GNRs conjugated with short and long synthetic glycopolymers for biosensing of lectins in terms of particle size, coating thickness, and/or mobility properties in comparison with the bare GNRs. This endeavor requires a multidisciplinary approach including a new comprehensive set of fit-for-purpose analytical tools being high-resolution single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HR-spICP-MS) and electrical asymmetric-flow field-flow-fractionation hyphenated to a multi-angle light scattering detector (EAF4-MALS). GNRs were separated and characterized via EAF4-MALS in terms of their size and charge, while HR-spICP-MS provided information on the particle number density, size, size distribution, and the dimensional characterization. In addition, EAF4-MALS appears to be suitable for estimating coating thickness of glycoconjugated GNRs.

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Palacz, M., J. Nyberg, P. Bednarczyk, J. Dworski, M. Górska, J. Iwanicki, M. Kapusta et al. "Highly efficient charged particle veto detector CUP". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 550, n.º 1-2 (setembro de 2005): 414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.04.093.

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Сидоренко, В. П., Ю. В. Прокофьев, Д. С. Мурченко, В. М. Еременко, А. В. Шелехов, V. P. Sidorenko, Yu V. Prokofiev, D. S. Murchenko, V. M. Yeremenko e A. V. Shelekhov. "Coordinate-sensitive charged particle detector for spectroscopy". Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре, n.º 4-5 (outubro de 2016): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15222/tkea2016.4-5.53.

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Langenbrunner, J. L., C. L. Morris e R. M. Whitton. "CsI-phoswich detector for charged-particle identification". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 316, n.º 2-3 (junho de 1992): 450–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90934-v.

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Tretyakova, S. P., V. V. Shirkova, N. B. Khitrova e C. Borcea. "Polyvinylidenfluoride (PVF) as a charged particle detector". International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 12, n.º 1-6 (1986): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(86)90541-8.

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Fraundorf, P., e J. Tentschert. "Images and Applications of Ion Explosion Spike Pits". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, n.º 1 (12 de agosto de 1990): 584–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100181683.

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Since the discovery of their etchability in the early 1960‘s, nuclear particle tracks in insulators have had a diverse and exciting history of application to problems ranging from the selective filtration of cancer cells from blood to the detection of 244Pu in the early solar system. Their usefulness stems from the fact that they are comprised of a very thin (e.g. 20-40Å) damage core which etches more rapidly than does the bulk material. In fact, because in many insulators tracks are subject to radiolysis damage (beam annealing) in the transmission electron microscope, the body of knowledge concerning etched tracks far outweighs that associated with latent (unetched) tracks in the transmission electron microscope.With the development of scanned probe microscopies with lateral resolutions on the near atomic scale, a closer look at the structure of unetched nuclear particle tracks, particularly at their point of interface with solid surfaces, is now warranted and we think possible. The ion explosion spike model of track formation, described loosely, suggests that a burst of ionization along the path of a charged particle in an insulator creates an electrostatically unstable array of adjacent ions which eject one another by Coulomb repulsion from substitutional into interstitial sites. Regardless of the mechanism, the ejection process which acts to displace atoms along the track core seems likely to operate at track entry and exit surfaces, with the added feature of mass loss at those surfaces as well. In other words, we predict pits whose size is comparable to the track core width.

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45

Soliven, Arianne, Imad A. Haidar Ahmad, James Tam, Nani Kadrichu, Pete Challoner, Robert Markovich e Andrei Blasko. "A simplified guide for charged aerosol detection of non-chromophoric compounds—Analytical method development and validation for the HPLC assay of aerosol particle size distribution for amikacin". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 143 (setembro de 2017): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.013.

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Lindroos, M., e Ö. Skeppstedt. "A position sensitive photon detector used as a charged particle detector". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 306, n.º 1-2 (agosto de 1991): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(91)90325-k.

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Maghrabi, A., M. Almutairi, A. Aldosari, M. Altilasi e Al shehri. "Charged particle detector-related activities of the KACST radiation detector laboratory". Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 14, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2021): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16878507.2021.1877393.

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Sathish, Veerasamy, Chandrakumar Manivannan, Malathi Balasubramaniyan, Arumugam Ramesh Kumar e Pounraj Thanasekaran. "Advances of Inorganic Materials in the Detection and Therapeutic Uses against Coronaviruses". Current Medicinal Chemistry 28, n.º 26 (8 de setembro de 2021): 5311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210219142208.

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Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped viruses with particle-like characteristics and a diameter of 60-140 nm, positively charged, and single-stranded RNA genomes, which caused a major outbreak of human fatal pneumonia in the beginning of the 21st century. COVID-19 is currently considered a continuous potential pandemic threat across the globe. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made to develop innovative methods and technologies for suppressing the spread of viruses as well as inactivating the viruses but COVID-19 vaccines are still in the development phase. This perspective focuses on the sensing, detection and therapeutic applications of CoVs using inorganic- based nanomaterials, metal complexes, and metal-conjugates. Synthetic inorganic- based nanoparticles interact strongly with proteins of viruses due to their morphological similarities, and therefore, numerous antivirals have been tested for efficacy against different viruses in vitro through colorimetric and electrochemical assays. Metal complexes- based agents such as bismuth complexes form an attractive class of drugs with a number of therapeutic applications, including the inhibition and duplex-unwinding activity of SARS-CoV helicase by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR), phosphate release assay and radioassay studies. Metal-conjugates show major effects on inhibiting the 3Clike protease of SARS-CoV and the replication of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). We anticipate that these approaches will provide rapid and accurate antiviral strategies in the development of these innovative sensors for the detection, inhibition and antiviral activities of coronaviruses.

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Musumarra, A., G. Cardella, A. Di Pietro, S. L. Li, M. Papa, G. Pappalardo, F. Rizzo, S. Tudisco e J. P. S. Van Schagen. "TRASMA, a detector for γ-charged particle coincidences". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 370, n.º 2-3 (fevereiro de 1996): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(95)00819-5.

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Cowin, R. L., D. L. Watson, S. P. G. Chappell, N. M. Clarke, M. Freer, B. R. Fulton, R. A. Cunningham et al. "A new detector array for charged particle spectroscopy". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 423, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1999): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(98)01175-9.

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