Artigos de revistas: "Diagnostic and prognostic marker"

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E. A. R., Engku Nur Syafirah, Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola e Chan Yean Yean. "Diagnostic and Prognostic Indications of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma". Diagnostics 10, n.º 9 (19 de agosto de 2020): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10090611.

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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a disease that is highly associated with the latent infection of Epstein–Barr virus. The absence of obvious clinical signs at the early stage of the disease has made early diagnosis practically impossible, thereby promoting the establishment and progression of the disease. To enhance the stride for a reliable and less invasive tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of NPC, we synopsize biomarkers belonging to the two most implicated biological domains (oncogenes and tumor suppressors) in NPC disease. Since no single biomarker is sufficient for diagnosis and prognosis, coupled with the fact that the known established methods such as methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), multiplex methylation-specific PCR, microarray assays, etc., can only accommodate a few biomarkers, we propose a 10-biomarker panel (KIT, LMP1, PIKC3A, miR-141, and miR-18a/b (oncogenic) and p16, RASSF1A, DAP-kinase, miR-9, and miR-26a (tumor suppressors)) based on their diagnostic and prognostic values. This marker set could be explored in a multilevel or single unified assay for the diagnosis and prognosis of NPC. If carefully harnessed and standardized, it is hoped that the proposed marker set would help transform the diagnostic and prognostic realm of NPC, and ultimately, help prevent the life-threatening late-stage NPC disease.

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Alieva, A. M., A. V. Sozykin, N. V. Teplova, E. V. Reznik, D. V. Izimarieva, N. A. Novikova, I. V. Lozovsky, Е. E. Averin, R. K. Valiev e I. G. Nikitin. "Tenascin-C as a cardiovascular marker". Russian Journal of Cardiology 27, n.º 8 (3 de setembro de 2022): 5150. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2022-5150.

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Novel biological markers, such as fibrosis marker galectin-3, peptide hormone adrenomedullin, soluble ST2, chemokine CX3CL1, surrogate marker of vasopressin, and others, are every year one step closer to being introduced into health practice. Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in the study of cardiovascular biomarkers. A key moment was the introduction of deter mining the concentration of natriuretic peptides used as markers for the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of patients with heart failure. Currently, in order to search for novel markers for early diagnosis and risk stratification, studies have been conducted on the analysis of promising inflammatory marker tenascin-C (TNC) in cardiovascular patients. Data have been obtained that allow us to consider TNC as a tool for risk stratification and assessment of cardiovascular disease prognosis. The combination of TNC with other biological markers, in particular brain natriuretic peptide, may improve prognostic power. Nevertheless, serial testing to assess the prognosis and effectiveness of ongoing treatment, including in the conditions of a multimarker model, requires further research.

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ZENG, XIAOJUN, e HUALIN TAO. "Diagnostic and prognostic serum marker of cholangiocarcinoma (Review)". Oncology Letters 9, n.º 1 (10 de novembro de 2014): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2014.2696.

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Pileri, Alessandro, Martina Cavicchi, Clara Bertuzzi, Simona Righi, Corrado Zengarini, Elena Sabattini, Giovanna Roncador e Claudio Agostinelli. "TOX Expression in Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome". Diagnostics 12, n.º 7 (29 de junho de 2022): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071582.

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Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS) are the two most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Currently, no markers can be clearly related to prognosis or to differential diagnosis between early stages and inflammatory benign diseases (IBD). The thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box factor (TOX), has been proposed as a possible marker in differential diagnosis between early CTCL stages and IBD. Recently TOX has been related to prognosis. We aimed to investigate whether TOX may be a diagnostic or prognostic marker. MF and SS biopsies between 2010 and 2020 were retrieved. New tissues slides were stained with an anti-TOX antibody, (Clone NAN448B). On each slide, 5 fields were examined at high magnification (400×), to evaluate the percentage of marker-positivity in a quantitative way. Thirty-six patients (12 females and 24 males) and 48 biopsies were collected. Nine patients had multiple biopsies. TOX expression in MF/SS cases showed an increase from early to advanced phases. TOX was not regarded as a prognostic marker due to the absence of significant changes by comparing early MF cases with reactive conditions. TOX statistical significance increased in patients alive with disease and in those dead of disease (p = 0.013 and = 0.0005, respectively) as compared with patients in complete remission. Our results show that TOX should be regarded more as a prognostic than a diagnostic marker.

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Mazur, O. H., O. S. Yablon e O. S. Rubina. "Alpha-fetoprotein as a biochemical diagnostic and prognostic marker for prolonged jaundice in newborns". Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 91, n.º 5 (13 de setembro de 2019): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj91.05.063.

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Metovic, Jasna, Luisella Righi, Luisa Delsedime, Marco Volante e Mauro Papotti. "Role of Immunocytochemistry in the Cytological Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tumors". Acta Cytologica 64, n.º 1-2 (15 de março de 2019): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000496030.

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Pulmonary cytology is a challenging diagnostic tool, and it is usually evaluated considering medical history and radiological findings in order to reach an accurate diagnosis. Since the majority of lung cancer patients have an advanced stage at diagnosis, a cytological specimen is frequently the only material available for diagnosis and further prognostic/predictive marker determination. Several types of specimens can be obtained from the respiratory system (including sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial brushing, fine needle aspiration, and pleural fluid) with different technical preclinical management protocols and different diagnostic yields. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) has a pivotal role in the determination of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers. Therefore, limited cytology samples are to be used with a cell-sparing approach, to allow both diagnostic ICC evaluation as well as predictive marker assessment by ICC or specific molecular assays. In this review, we describe the most common ICC markers used for the diagnosis and prognostic/predictive characterization of thoracic tumors in different cytological specimens.

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Khan, Azhar Ali, Reeta Singh e Pavan Kumar Singh. "Diagnostic and prognostic significance of procalcitonin in septicemia". International Journal of Advances in Medicine 4, n.º 3 (23 de maio de 2017): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20171463.

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Background: Sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment with adequate antimicrobial therapy are essential for successful treatment. Despite the use of available treatment modalities mortality in sepsis remains high, often due to delayed diagnosis and treatment.Methods: A total of 60 patients were enrolled from Nehru Hospital, B.R.D. Medical College, Gorakhpur during the study period July 2013 to July 2014. All the patients were subjected to detailed clinical examination and investigations. Patient’s clinical profile, progression of disease and outcome were recorded. PCT and various other relevant factors were measured in all study subjects. The study was designed to assess the levels of serum PCT in patients with septicemia and to see whether serum PCT level correlates with severity of septicemia and survival outcome.Results: Procalcitonin is a useful marker for severity of infection. High procalcitonin level is highly specific for infection. Low procalcitonin level cannot be used safely to exclude the presence of infection. Higher level of serum procalcitonin predicts mortality better than other parameters available.Conclusions: From present study we can conclude that although sepsis is mainly a clinical diagnosis and its severity can be assessed by scores like APACHE II, but serum procalcitonin is a good marker for the assessing severity of the sepsis. Serum procalcitonin can aid in early diagnosis as it appears in blood earlier than other markers.

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Pastare, Daina, Mohamed Ridha Bennour, Elīna Polunosika e Guntis Karelis. "Biomarkers of Multiple Sclerosis". Open Immunology Journal 9, n.º 1 (20 de dezembro de 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874226201909010001.

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The search for an ideal multiple sclerosis biomarker with good diagnostic value, prognostic reference and an impact on clinical outcome has yet to be realized and is still ongoing. The aim of this review is to establish an overview of the frequent biomarkers for multiple sclerosis that exist to date. The review summarizes the results obtained from electronic databases, as well as thorough manual searches. In this review the sources and methods of biomarkers extraction are described; in addition to the description of each biomarker, determination of the prognostic, diagnostic, disease monitoring and treatment response values besides clinical impact they might possess. We divided the biomarkers into three categories according to the achievement method: laboratory markers, genetic-immunogenetic markers and imaging markers. We have found two biomarkers at the time being considered the gold standard for MS diagnostics. Unfortunately, there does not exist a single solitary marker being able to present reliable diagnostic value, prognostic value, high sensitivity and specificity as well as clinical impact. We need more studies to find the best biomarker for MS.

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Katan, Mira, Beat Müller e Mirjam Christ-Crain. "Copeptin: a new and promising diagnostic and prognostic marker". Critical Care 12, n.º 2 (2008): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc6799.

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Alieva, A. M., E. V. Reznik, T. V. Pinchuk, R. A. Arakelyan, R. K. Valiev, A. M. Rakhaev, A. S. Tikhomirova e I. G. Nikitin. "Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) is a Biological Marker in Heart Failure". Russian Archives of Internal Medicine 13, n.º 1 (25 de janeiro de 2023): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20514/2226-6704-2023-13-1-14-23.

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Heart failure is an important medical, social and economic problem around the world. In recent years, a number of diagnostic and prognostic biological markers of blood in cardiovascular diseases have been studied. Identification of new biological markers, analysis of their pathophysiological aspects and changes in concentration under the influence of various treatment options, allow us to understand many pathogenetic features of the development and course of heart failure. In recent decades, natriuretic peptides have been introduced into clinical practice, which are widely used as reliable markers for diagnostic and prognostic assessment. Growth differentiation factor-15 is a cytokine belonging to the family of transforming growth factors, the activity of which is significantly increased under stress and inflammation. In patients with chronic heart failure, the concentration of this marker is associated with an increased risk of overall mortality and adverse cardiovascular events; in patients with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, the use of the marker showed prognostic and diagnostic significance. Data from the Framingham Heart Study showed that growth differentiation factor-15 was the only marker in multivariate analysis that showed a statistically significant association with all adverse cardiovascular events. Eight studies showed that overexpression of growth differentiation factor-15 was associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients with heart failure. It was shown that growth differentiation factor-15 as a prognostic marker in patients with acute heart failure is not inferior to the brain natriuretic peptide precursor. To confirm the value of this marker in blood in patients with heart failure, it is necessary to conduct extensive prospective randomized clinical trials.

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Chua-on, Daraporn, Tanakorn Proungvitaya, Doungdean Tummanatsakun, Anchalee Techasen, Temduang Limpaiboon, Sittiruk Roytrakul, Sopit Wongkham et al. "Apoptosis-Inducing Factor, Mitochondrion-Associated 3 (AIFM3) Protein Level in the Sera as a Prognostic Marker of Cholangiocarcinoma Patients". Biomolecules 10, n.º 7 (10 de julho de 2020): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10071021.

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Prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients is absolutely poor. Since improvement of prognosis and/or response to treatment by personalized and precision treatments requires earlier and precise diagnostic markers, discovery of prognostic markers attracts more attention. Apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated 3 (AIFM3) is highly expressed in several cancers including CCA. The present study investigated whether the serum AIFM3 level can be used as a potential marker for CCA prognosis. For this purpose, we first determined secretory protein nature of AIFM3 using bioinformatic tools. The results show that although AIFM3 lacks signal peptide, it can be secreted into plasma/serum via an unconventional pathway. Then, the AIFM3 levels in the sera of 141 CCA patients and 70 healthy controls (HC) were measured using a semi-quantitative dot blot assay. The results show that the AIFM3 level in the sera of CCA group was significantly higher than that of HC. When correlation between serum AIFM3 levels and the clinicopathological parameters of CCA patients were examined, serum AIFM3 levels correlated significantly with lymph node metastasis, age, and the patients’ overall survival (OS). Higher AIFM3 levels were significantly associated with shorter OS, and only AIFM3 was an independent prognostic marker for CCA. In conclusion, AIFM3 can be used as a prognostic marker for CCA.

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Isci Bostanci, Esra, Asiye Ugras Dikmen, Gozde Girgin, Tayfun Gungor, Terken Baydar e Ahmet Nuri Danisman. "A New Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Endometrial Cancer: Neopterin". International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 27, n.º 4 (maio de 2017): 754–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0000000000000952.

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ObjectiveIn this study, we investigated the correlation between serum and urinary neopterin levels as well as the stage of the disease in women with endometrial cancer.Increased neopterin concentrations are reported in patients with activation of macrophages by interferon-γ, which includes the following: viral infections, autoimmune disorders, allograft rejection, and various malignant tumors. In patients with several types of cancer, high-neopterin concentrations in body fluids like serum/plasma, urine, ascites, and cerebrospinal fluid indicate the course of the disease, and it is associated with poor prognosis. In the light of foregoing, we aimed to investigate the role of neopterin as a prognostic biomarker in endometrial cancer.Materials and MethodsSerum neopterin concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and urinary neopterin by high-performance liquid chromatography in 41 patients with endometrial cancer (group 2) and 41 healthy women (group 1).ResultsIncreased urinary neopterin levels were observed in patients with endometrial cancer (P< 0.001), and the difference in the urinary neopterin levels between low and high stages of endometrial cancer was significant (P< 0.01; stage I–II vs stage III–IV, respectively). Serum neopterin levels did not show a significant difference in each group.ConclusionsThis study suggests that urinary neopterin levels are relevant in evaluating the endometrial cancer stage and follow-up of the disease. As a result, using neopterin and cancer antigen 125 together would be useful in determining the prognosis of endometrial cancer and its posttreatment progression.

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Yu, Lu, Zongcheng Yang, Yingjiao Liu, Fen Liu, Wenjing Shang, Wei Shao, Yue Wang et al. "Identification of SPRR3 as a novel diagnostic/prognostic biomarker for oral squamous cell carcinoma via RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses". PeerJ 8 (17 de junho de 2020): e9393. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9393.

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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has always been one of the most aggressive and invasive cancers among oral and maxillofacial malignancies. As the morbidity and mortality of the disease have increased year by year, the search for a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for the disease is becoming increasingly urgent. Tumorous and adjacent tissues were collected from three OSCC sufferers and we obtained 229 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tumor and normal tissues via high-throughput RNA sequence. Function and pathway enrichment analyses for DEGs were conducted to find a correlation between tumorigenesis status and DEGs. Protein interaction network and molecular complex detection (MCODE) were constructed to detect core modules. Two modules were enriched in MCODE. The diagnostic and prognostic values of the candidate genes were analyzed, which provided evidence for the candidate genes as new tumor markers. Small Proline Rich Protein 3 (SPRR3), a potential tumor marker that may be useful for the diagnosis of OSCC, was screened out. The survival analysis showed that SPRR3 under expression predicted the poor prognosis of OSCC patients. Further experiments have also shown that the expression of SPRR3 decreased as the malignancy of OSCC increased. Therefore, we believe that SPRR3 could be used as a novel diagnostic and prognostic tumor marker.

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Majkic-Singh, Nada, Svetlana Ignjatovic, Radmila Kovacevic, Milica Ilic e Natasa Lalic. "Diagnostic and prognostic significance of biomarkers". Jugoslovenska medicinska biohemija 21, n.º 1 (2002): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmh0201001m.

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In modern laboratory medicine there is a growing tendency for finding out the most specific and most sensitive biomarkers as indicators of a disease and diagnostic means for the follow-up treatment and therapeutical results. Detection of sensitive biomarkers was speeded up by world companies as manufacturers of diagnostic reagents. Today, the determination of some biochemical parameters is performed by immunodetermination which uses monoclonal antibodies and different markers, and thus achieving the desired high specificity of determination. The selections of biomarkers which are the most important for the clinical practice and which will give the best diagnostic information, requires large researches including analytical clinical and economic properties. Thanks to statistical methods, especially to ROC analysis, the so-called cutoff-values are determined. On the basis of these values differentiation between sick people and healthy individuals is possible. In other words, the evaluation of clinical specificity requires also inclusion of patients whose clinical picture reflects the disease for which a marker is tested. The development and choice of biomarkers is also helped by IFCC with suggestion of the best procedures and preparation of reference materials. The use of selected biomarkers must be profitable in respect of the price and diagnostic information. In the paper the principles of selection, use diagnostic and prognostic significance of biomarkers is discussed. The following biomarkers served as examples: cardiovascular (troponin T and I myoglobin, CK-MB mass), bone (deoxypyridinolin, osteocalcin, Cterminal propeptide collagen, type I, osteo-alkaline-phosphase), malignant (PSA) and for pancreas diseases (lipase, PAM).

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Guo, Hong-Qiang, Guo-Liang Huang, Cheng-Cheng Guo, Xing-Xiang Pu e Tong-Yu Lin. "Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Circulating miR-221 for Extranodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma". Disease Markers 29, n.º 5 (2010): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/474692.

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Extra-nodal natural killer T-Cell (NK/T-cell) lymphoma is a progressive cancer with poor prognosis due to the lack of disease specific treatment. To develop specific therapeutic strategies, it is essential to identify tumor markers. Recent studies show that circulating microRNA (miRNA) may serve as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers for some diseases. To explore miRNAs as potential diagnostic and/or prognostic markers of NK/T-cell lymphoma, in our study, we compared circulating miR-221 levels in 79 patients and 37 normal subjects by real-time PCR amplification directly from plasma samples, and correlated patient's miR-221 levels with their clinic features and treatment outcomes. We observed a significant difference between the patient and control groups (p=0.038), and a correlation of plasma miR-221 level in patient with sex, as well as a reverse correlation with performance status and the overall survival after treatment. Univariate and multivariate analyses further revealed that plasma miR-221 level, age, B symptoms, LDH level and complete response after primary treatment all present prognostic values when judged by overall survival (OS). Together, our results show that it is feasible to perform direct amplification of plasma miRNAs without total RNA extraction, and plasma miR-221 may be a diagnostic and prognostic marker for NK/T-cell lymphoma.

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GONCHAROVA, T. G., D. R. KAIDAROVA, R. E. KADYRBAYEVA, M. G. ORAZGALIEVA, D. G. ADILBAY, D. CHEISHVILI, F. VAISHEVA e M. SZYF. "Early diagnostic of lung cancer based on methylation of mononuclear cell fraction: Method development". Oncologia i radiologia Kazakhstana 57, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52532/2663-4864-2020-3-57-11-16.

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Relevance: According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARС), lung cancer (LC) today ranks first in cancer incidence worldwide [1]. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, about 3800 new cases of LC and more than 2000 deaths from LC are registered each year (one-year mortality exceeds 49.4%) [2]. This supports the relevance of early LC diagnostics. The study of DNA methylation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) suggests its use as an early diagnostic and prognostic marker for LC before detecting a malignant neoplasm by visual diagnostic methods. The purpose of the study was to find specific diagnostic and prognostic markers by DNA methylation profiling of PBMC in patients with LC. Results: Methylation markers of blood mononuclear fraction were detected in CG islets associated with genes ICAM5, mir138, SYNE1, and KLK4 in 97% of plasma samples from patients with LC and were absent in healthy people. The usability of these markers to differentiate LC from 16 other cancers using NCBI GEO and TCGA methylation data was demonstrated with a specificity level of 0.96 and a sensitivity of 0.84. Conclusion: The specificity and sensitivity of the method of LC early diagnostics and prognosis based on the methylation of blood mononuclear cells (detection of methylation of CG islets associated with the ICAM5, mir138, SYNE1, and KLK4 genes in PBMC) are enough to use it in screening for LC.

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Risteska, Nada, Bojan Poposki, Kiro Ivanovski, Katarina Dirjanska, Stevica Ristoska e Mirko Saveski. "Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Periodontal Disease". PRILOZI 42, n.º 3 (1 de dezembro de 2021): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prilozi-2021-0039.

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Abstract Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to determine the values of salivary enzyme biomarkers (alkaline phosphatase – ALP, aspartate aminotransferase – AST and lactate dehydrogenase – LDH) in subjects with healthy and diseased periodontium and to investigate the possibility of using these salivary enzymes as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Methods: We collected saliva with the spitting method from all examinees in the morning, using the recommendations provided by Navazesh. The values of the enzymes in saliva were determined spectro-photometrically, with the following methods: ALP-IFCC, AST-IFCC, LDH-PYRUVATE. IGI Silness-Löe was used to determine the presence of gingival inflammation, and to determine the presence of clinically manifest periodontitis, we determined the clinical loss of periodontal attachment with a graduated periodontal probe. For statistical purposes, we used the method of ANOVA Chi Square and Student’s t-test. Results: The difference in the average salivary AST and LDH values between the first and the second group, as well between the first and third group is statistically significant (p < 0.000). The difference in the average salivary AST and LDH values between the examinees with gingivitis and the examinees with clinically manifest periodontal disease is statistically insignificant (p < 0.485101 for AST, p < 0.816665 for LDH). The difference in the average salivary levels of ALP between the three groups is statistically significant (p < 0.000). Conclusion: The salivary levels of AST, LDH, and ALP can be used as diagnostic markers, while ALP can also be used as a prognostic marker for periodontal disease.

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Tsalikidis, Christos, Fotini Papachristou, Michael Pitiakoudis, Byron Asimakopoulos, Grigorios Trypsianis, Eleni Bolanaki, Konstantinos N. Syrigos e Constantinos Simopoulos. "Soluble e-cadherin as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in gastric carcinoma". Folia Medica 55, n.º 3-4 (1 de setembro de 2013): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/folmed-2013-0024.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Modifications in E-cadherin (E-Cad) expression are associated with dedifferentiation, progression, metastases and poor prognosis in many types of tumors. The aim of the present study was to identify a potential association of the pre- and post-operative soluble E-Cad levels (sE-Cad) with the clinicopathological parameters of patients with gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Serum sE-Cad levels were determined in 99 gastric cancer patients and 78 healthy volunteers using ELISA. RESULTS: Levels of sE-Cad were significantly increased in gastric cancer patients compared with these levels in healthy controls (p < 0.001). For the evaluation of the diagnostic significance of sE-Cad the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was 0.835, while the optimal cut-off point of 9.9 μg/mL was determined to classify gastric cancer patients, which yielded sensitivity of 72.7%, specificity of 80.8% and accuracy of 76.3%. Poor differentiation (p = 0.009) and the presence of distant metastases (p < 0.001) were the two significant independent prognostic determinants for high sE-Cad levels in multivariate linear regression analysis. The preoperative levels of sE-Cad also proved helpful in classifying patients according to the choice treatment (curative versus palliative) (AUC, 0.656); when the optimal cut-off point was set at 17.60 μg/mL, the sensitivity was 57%, the specificity was 83% and accuracy was 75%. Survival was shorter in patients with increased sE-Cad (median, 7 months vs 39 months, p = 0.0002), although multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated a marginal prognostic significance of sE-Cad for survival (adjusted HR = 1.68, 95% CI = 0.93 to 3.02, p = 0.072). CONCLUSIONS: Serum sE-Cad levels could be considered as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in gastric cancer patients as well as a tool to select a treatment approach. The prognostic value of sE-Cad on overall survival requires further study.

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Hosak, Ladislav, Omar Sery, Evgenii Sadykov e Jan Studnicka. "Retinal abnormatilites as a diagnostic or prognostic marker of schizophrenia". Biomedical Papers 162, n.º 3 (18 de setembro de 2018): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/bp.2018.035.

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Shah, Shreyas, Kiran Jadhav, Vandana Shah, Nidhi Gupta e Kapil Dagrus. "miRNA 21: Diagnostic Prognostic and Therapeutic Marker for Oral Cancer". MicroRNA 5, n.º 3 (5 de janeiro de 2017): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211536605666160919115323.

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Mohsin, Mir, Haroon Rashid Zargar, Mohammad Amanullah Khan e Rana Sherwani. "Cell cannibalism: a diagnostic and prognostic marker of breast cancer". International Surgery Journal 7, n.º 4 (26 de março de 2020): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20201396.

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Background: Cell cannibalism (cytophagocytosis) is defined as a tumor cell within a tumor cell, such that smaller tumor cells are found in the cytoplasm of larger tumor cells with crescent shaped nuclei. Aims and Objectives were to study the cytomorphological characters of cell cannibalism in primary and metastatic breast cancer, to correlate the histologic type and grade of tumors with positive rate of cannibalism and to study the role of Cannibalism as an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer.Methods: The study was conducted during the period of July 2003 to June 2005 in the Department of Surgery and Pathology, JNMCH, Aligarh. A total of 42 cases were included in the study. A minimum of 3 FNAC smears per case were assessed for cytophagocytosis. Presence of metastasis was also noted to establish the cytological grade and aggressiveness of the tumor.Results: Out of 42 cases, significant cannibalistic activity was noted in 30 (71.42%) cases. All grade III (33.4%) breast tumors were found positive for cytophagocytosis (4.28/smear), while the rate was much lower (2.33/smear) in grade II and (1.63/smear) in grade I tumors. LN metastasis was confirmed by histopathological examination in all high grade tumors showing significant cannibalistic activity.Conclusions: Cannibalism in breast carcinoma is an indicator of both the anaplastic grade and invasiveness. The rate of cytophagocytosis may have a prognostic significance.

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Dudina, K. R., M. M. Kutateladze, O. O. Znoiko, N. O. Bokova, S. A. Shutko, A. N. Kozina, V. V. Ogarev e N. D. Yushchuk. "Neopterin - a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in infection diseases". Kazan medical journal 95, n.º 6 (15 de dezembro de 2014): 938–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2009.

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Clinical significance of determining the neopterin concentration in body fluids is reviewed. The results of researches on determining the neopterin concentrations in various infectious diseases (vector-borne diseases, herpes, respiratory and intestinal infections, as well as human immunodeficiency virus infection) conducted over the past 2 years are discussed. Neopterin is a biologically stable metabolite, which gives an advantage of its detection to assess the activity of the immune response. Previously neopterin was determined mainly by high-performance liquid chromatography. In recent years, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was introduced and frequently used for determining neopterin concentrations. It was shown that neopterin concentrations can vary also in the absence of the pathological process. In particular, some general factors such as race, age, body mass index, smoking and arterial pressure may influence on the concentrations of neopterin in the human body. Increased level of neopterin in body biological fluids and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio are measured in diseases involving interferon-γ-mediated immune response activation. In this regard, the highest concentrations of neopterin and increased kynurenine/tryptophan ratio are observed in cases of infectious diseases, malignancies, transplant rejection, a number of cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. It was shown that neopterin can be regarded as a highly specific marker of viral infection, and its blood concentration reflect the prognosis of the disease. Monitoring neopterin level may be useful to assess the severity and activity of an infectious disease, its clinical course, and to control the effectiveness of etiological treatment for many infectious diseases.

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LU, Y. F., G. G. SUN, Q. LIU, C. R. YANG e Y. J. CHENG. "BTG1 expression in thyroid carcinoma: Diagnostic indicator and prognostic marker". International Journal of Oncology 45, n.º 4 (11 de julho de 2014): 1574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2543.

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Afsar, Ilhan, e Asli Gamze Sener. "Is Procalcitonin a Diagnostic and/or Prognostic Marker in Sepsis?" Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 23, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2015): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0000000000000187.

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Al-Nawas, Bilal, e Pramod M. Shah. "Procalcitonin, a new diagnostic and prognostic marker for severe infections". Clinical Microbiology and Infection 4, n.º 5 (maio de 1998): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00050.x.

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Al-Nawas, Bilal, e Pramod M. Shah. "Procalcitonin, a new diagnostic and prognostic marker for severe infections". Clinical Microbiology and Infection 4, n.º 9 (setembro de 1998): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00414.x.

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Langner, C., M. Ratschek, P. Rehak, L. Schips e R. Zigeuner. "CD10 is a diagnostic and prognostic marker in renal malignancies". Histopathology 45, n.º 5 (novembro de 2004): 460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01982.x.

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Kolluru, Venkatesh, Balaji Chandrasekaran, Ashish Tyagi, Adnan Dervishi, Murali Ankem, Xiaofang Yan, Kong Maiying et al. "miR-301a expression: Diagnostic and prognostic marker for prostate cancer". Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations 36, n.º 11 (novembro de 2018): 503.e9–503.e15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.07.014.

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El-Hamd Neinaa, Yomna M., e Fersan A. Sallam. "TOX as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for mycosis fungoides". Journal of the Egyptian Womenʼs Dermatologic Society 15, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2018): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ewx.0000525982.47129.30.

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Lisiak, Natalia, Maria Sierszulska e Julia Bajsert. "Mammaglobin A as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in breast cancer". Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 74 (11 de dezembro de 2020): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5782.

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Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor in women. Due to the high heterogeneity and multiplicity of histological subtypes within this type of cancer, the expression of breast cancer markers is very diverse. Therefore, a biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity would be extremely important for the correct diagnosis and prognosis assessment in breast cancer patients. Mammaglobin A seems to be such a biomarker. Overexpression of this protein is closely related with carcinogenesis in the mammary gland and is observed in up to 80% of cases of the malignant breast cancers. According to many reports, it is postulated that mammaglobin A may be a promising tool in the diagnostics of cancers but also a prognostic, predictive and therapeutic factor. The information contained in this publication presents the current state of knowledge about the structure of mammaglobin A, its function, role in the tumorigenesis and the use of this protein as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in breast cancer.

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Salzer, Jonatan, Anders Svenningsson e Peter Sundström. "Neurofilament light as a prognostic marker in multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 16, n.º 3 (19 de janeiro de 2010): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458509359725.

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Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis has a variable prognosis and lacks a reliable laboratory prognostic marker. Our aim in this study was to investigate the association between neurofilament light levels in cerebrospinal fluid in early multiple sclerosis and disease severity at long-term follow-up. Neurofilament light levels in cerebrospinal fluid collected at diagnostic lumbar puncture were measured in 99 multiple sclerosis cases. Clinical data were obtained from 95 out of those at follow-up visits made 14 years (range 8—20 years) after disease onset. Significant correlations between neurofilament light levels and the multiple sclerosis severity score were found for all cases ( r = 0.30, p = 0.005), for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis cases ( r = 0.47, p < 0.001) and for cases with a recent relapse ( r = 0.60, p < 0.001). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, neurofilament light levels >386 ng/L (median value of cases with detectable levels) increased the risk for severe multiple sclerosis fivefold (odds ratio 5.2, 95% confidence interval 1.8—15). Kaplan—Meier analysis showed that conversion to secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis was more likely in cases with neurofilament light levels >386 ng/L than in those with neurofilament light levels <60 ng/L ( p = 0.01) or 60—386 ng/L ( p = 0.03). We conclude that elevated levels of neurofilament light in cerebrospinal fluid collected at diagnostic lumbar puncture were associated with unfavourable prognosis. These data suggest that the neurofilament light level could be used as a prognostic marker in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

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Jekarl, Dong Wook, So-Young Lee, Jehoon Lee, Yeon-Joon Park, Yonggoo Kim, Jeong Ho Park, Jung Hee Wee e Seung Pill Choi. "Procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker and IL-6 as a prognostic marker for sepsis". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 75, n.º 4 (abril de 2013): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.12.011.

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Zhang, Weihong, Yuan Meng, Lin Yang, Meng Shen, Li Zhou, Runmei Li, Yang Wang et al. "Ferritin as a diagnostic, differential diagnostic, and prognostic marker for immune-related adverse events". Cancer Biology and Medicine 18, n.º - (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0037.

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Luime, J. J., E. M. Colin, J. M. W. Hazes e E. Lubberts. "Does anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin have additional value as a serological marker in the diagnostic and prognostic investigation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis? A systematic review". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 69, n.º 2 (15 de março de 2009): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2008.103283.

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Objective:To review the diagnostic and prognostic value of anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin (MCV) in rheumatoid arthritis, taking into account the already available serology.Methods:Medline was searched via PubMed (1966 to May 2008) for anti-MCV and related terms, arthritis and arthropathies. Studies with anti-MCV, arthritis/arthropathy, and primary data on diagnosis and/or prognosis were included. Their methodological quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) instrument for diagnostic studies and the modified Hayden list for prognostic studies.Results:Of 14 eligible studies, 11 included diagnostic data and 3 included prognostic data. No study evaluated anti-MCV as an added diagnostic test to the already available anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) and rheumatoid factor serology. One study included the optimal patient spectrum resulting in a sensitivity of 0.59 and specificity of 0.98. A total of 10 diagnostic case-control studies using the same anti-MCV kit showed a sensitivity of 0.64–0.84 and a specificity of 0.79–0.96. This almost equalled the performance of anti-CCP in the same studies. The prognostic evaluation of anti-MCV was limited by differences in study methodology, outcome and statistical modelling. Individual studies showed moderate associations for anti-MCV and radiological progression with the strength of the association comparable to that of anti-CCP.Conclusions:Study heterogeneity, choice of study population and methodological limitations limited overall conclusions about the true diagnostic and prognostic test performance of anti-MCV. Evidence from the diagnostic case-control studies suggests that anti-MCV may be used as an alternative for anti-CCP.

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Dancer, Jane Y., Luan D. Truong, Qihui Zhai e Steven S. Shen. "Expression of Galectin-3 in Renal Neoplasms: A Diagnostic, Possible Prognostic Marker". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 134, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2010): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2008-0392-oar1.1.

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Abstract Context. Galectin-3, a member of the lectin family, was shown to be expressed in normal distal tubular cells and in renal cell carcinomas (RCC). However, its diagnostic and prognostic significance in RCC is as yet undefined. Objectives. To describe the expression of Galectin-3 among different histologic subtypes of renal neoplasms and to determine their diagnostic and prognostic significances. Design. The expression of Galectin-3 was evaluated in 217 renal neoplasms by tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry with semiquantitative analysis. Results. Strong expression of Galectin-3 was observed in 92 of 217 of renal neoplasms (42.4%). Although 22 of 23 oncocytomas (95.7%) and 19 of 21 chromophobe RCCs (90.5%) express Galectin-3, only 4 of 32 papillary RCCs (12.5%) and 47 of 137 clear cell RCCs (34.3%) express Galectin-3, suggesting that it may be used as a potential diagnostic marker. Galectin-3 expression was seen in 55% of high-grade (Fuhrman nuclear grades 3 and 4) versus 21% low-grade (grades 1 and 2) clear cell RCCs (P < .001). Conclusions. This study confirms that Galactin-3 is strongly overexpressed in renal cell neoplasms of distal tubular differentiation, that is, oncocytoma and chromophobe RCCs, suggesting it might be used as a possible differential diagnostic tool for renal cell neoplasm with oncocytic or granular cells. Furthermore, we observed a strong association of overexpression of Galectin-3 and high nuclear grade in clear cell RCC. These results also suggest a possible pivotal role for Galectin-3 in the differentiation and prognosis of clear cell RCC.

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Gębarowska, Katarzyna, Anna Mroczek, Jerzy R. Kowalczyk e Monika Lejman. "MicroRNA as a Prognostic and Diagnostic Marker in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n.º 10 (18 de maio de 2021): 5317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105317.

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T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a biologically and genetically heterogeneous disease with a poor prognosis overall and several subtypes. The neoplastic transformation takes place through the accumulation of numerous genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. There are only a few prognostic factors in comparison to B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which is characterized by a lower variability and more homogeneous course. The microarray and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies exploring the coding and non-coding part of the genome allow us to reveal the complexity of the genomic and transcriptomic background of T-ALL. miRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs that are involved in the regulation of cellular functions: cell proliferations, apoptosis, migrations, and many other processes. No miRNA has become a significant prognostic and diagnostic factor in T-ALL to date; therefore, this topic of investigation is extremely important, and T-ALL is the subject of intensive research among scientists. The altered expression of many genes in T-ALL might also be caused by wide miRNA dysregulation. The following review focuses on summarizing and characterizing the microRNAs of pediatric patients with T-ALL diagnosis and their potential future use as predictive factors.

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Metovic, Jasna, Fulvio Borella, Marta D’Alonzo, Nicoletta Biglia, Luca Mangherini, Cristian Tampieri, Luca Bertero, Paola Cassoni e Isabella Castellano. "FOXA1 in Breast Cancer: A Luminal Marker with Promising Prognostic and Predictive Impact". Cancers 14, n.º 19 (27 de setembro de 2022): 4699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14194699.

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The present review focuses on the function of the forkhead protein FOXA1 in breast cancer (BC) in relation to steroid hormone receptors. We explored the currently available analytic approaches for FOXA1 assessment both at gene and protein levels, comparing the differences between the available techniques used for its diagnostic assessment. In addition, we elaborated on data regarding the prognostic and predictive role of this marker in BC based on several studies that evaluated its expression in relation to the outcome and/or response to therapy. FOXA1, similar to the androgen receptor (AR), may have a dual role in BC according to hormonal status. In luminal cancers, its expression contributes to a better prognosis, while in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), it implies an adverse outcome. Consequently, we observed that FOXA1-positive expression in a neoadjuvant setting may predict a lack of response in luminal BC as opposed to TNBC, in which FOXA1 allegedly increases its chemosensitivity. In conclusion, considering its accessible and convenient identification by immunohistochemistry, its important impact on prognosis, and its suitability to identify patients with different responses to chemotherapy, we propose that FOXA1 could be tested in routine diagnostics as an additional prognostic and predictive marker in BC.

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Luo, Huiyan, Qi Zhao, Wei Wei, Lianghong Zheng, Shaohua Yi, Gen Li, Wenqiu Wang et al. "Circulating tumor DNA methylation profiles enable early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and screening for colorectal cancer". Science Translational Medicine 12, n.º 524 (1 de janeiro de 2020): eaax7533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aax7533.

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Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in many cancers. Here, we conducted a study to investigate the potential use of ctDNA methylation markers for the diagnosis and prognostication of colorectal cancer (CRC) and used a prospective cohort to validate their effectiveness in screening patients at high risk of CRC. We first identified CRC-specific methylation signatures by comparing CRC tissues to normal blood leukocytes. Then, we applied a machine learning algorithm to develop a predictive diagnostic and a prognostic model using cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples from a cohort of 801 patients with CRC and 1021 normal controls. The obtained diagnostic prediction model discriminated patients with CRC from normal controls with high accuracy (area under curve = 0.96). The prognostic prediction model also effectively predicted the prognosis and survival of patients with CRC (P < 0.001). In addition, we generated a ctDNA-based molecular classification of CRC using an unsupervised clustering method and obtained two subgroups of patients with CRC with significantly different overall survival (P = 0.011 in validation cohort). Last, we found that a single ctDNA methylation marker, cg10673833, could yield high sensitivity (89.7%) and specificity (86.8%) for detection of CRC and precancerous lesions in a high-risk population of 1493 participants in a prospective cohort study. Together, our findings showed the value of ctDNA methylation markers in the diagnosis, surveillance, and prognosis of CRC.

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Yamini N, Gopalakrishnan B, Selvam R e Saravanan D. "Troponin -T as a prognostic and diagnostic marker for myocardial infarction". GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 14, n.º 1 (30 de janeiro de 2021): 095–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.1.0005.

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Over the past decade, there has been a progressive evolution of cardiac marker testing in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Biomarkers have an vital role in analysis, risk stratification, administrative running and medical assessment making in the setting of patients presenting with signs and symptoms of MI. Cardiac troponin (cTn) rose to prominence during the 1990s and has evolved to be the cornerstone for diagnosis of MI. Cardiac troponins are released from myocytes following myocardial damage and loss of membrane integrity. Troponin T are member of a group of cardiac regulatory proteins which function to regulate the calcium mediated interaction of muscle filaments actin and myosin resulting in contraction and relaxation of striated muscle. New algorithms integrating Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), NT-proBNP, and more sensitive cTn assays footing potential for more rapid diagnosis of MI, allowing for appropriate management steps to be initiated and more efficient and effective utilization of healthcare resources.

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Jin, Meihua, Woo Kyung Lee, Mi-Hyeon You, Ahreum Jang, Sheue-yann Cheng, Won Gu Kim, Min Ji Jeon e Yu-Mi Lee. "SHMT2 expression as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for thyroid cancer". Endocrine Connections 10, n.º 6 (1 de junho de 2021): 630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-21-0135.

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Background Catabolism of serine via serine hydroxymethyltransferase2 (SHMT2) through the mitochondrial one-carbon unit pathway is important in tumorigenesis. Therefore, SHMT2 may play a role in thyroid cancer. Methods Thyroid tissue samples and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were used to evaluate SHMT2 expression in thyroid tissues and the association with clinical outcomes. Results SHMT2 protein expression was evaluated in thyroid tissues consisting of 52 benign nodules, 129 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) and matched normal samples, and 20 anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (ATC). ATCs presented the highest (95.0%) positivity of SMHT2 protein expression. PTCs showed the second highest (73.6%) positivity of SHMT2 expression, which was significantly higher than that of benign nodules (19.2%, P = 0.016) and normal thyroid tissues (0%, P < 0.001). Analysis of TCGA data showed that SHMT2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was significantly higher in tumors than in normal tissues (P < 0.001). When we classified thyroid cancer into high and low groups according to SHMT2 mRNA expression levels, the thyroid differentiation score for the high SHMT2 group was significantly lower than that of the low SHMT2 group (P < 0.001). There was also a significant correlation between SHMT2 mRNA expression and the stemness index (r = 0.41, P < 0.001). The high SHMT2 group had more advanced TNM stages and shorter progression-free survival rates than the low SHMT2 group (P < 0.01 and P = 0.007, respectively). Conclusion SHMT2 expression is higher in thyroid cancers than normal or benign tissues and is associated with de-differentiation and poor clinical outcomes. Thus, SHMT2 might be useful as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for thyroid cancer.

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Cai, Haikang, Hui Zhao, Jie Tang e Haishan Wu. "Serum miR-195 is a diagnostic and prognostic marker for osteosarcoma". Journal of Surgical Research 194, n.º 2 (abril de 2015): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2014.11.025.

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Ikenaga, Naoki, Kenoki Ohuchida, Kazuhiro Mizumoto, Jun Yu, Hayato Fujita, Kohei Nakata, Junji Ueda, Norihiro Sato, Eishi Nagai e Masao Tanaka. "S100A4 mRNA is a Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Pancreatic Carcinoma". Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 13, n.º 10 (4 de agosto de 2009): 1852–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11605-009-0978-4.

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Eini, Maryam, Seyed Ali Nojoumi, Mohammad-Amin Saki e Abbas Khosravi. "Cell free nucleic acids as diagnostic and prognostic marker in leukemia". memo - Magazine of European Medical Oncology 11, n.º 1 (20 de setembro de 2017): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12254-017-0357-x.

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Iwahori, Kota, Hidekazu Suzuki, Yoshiro Kishi, Yoshihiro Fujii, Rie Uehara, Norio Okamoto, Masashi Kobayashi, Tomonori Hirashima, Ichiro Kawase e Tetsuji Naka. "Serum HE4 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for lung cancer". Tumor Biology 33, n.º 4 (29 de fevereiro de 2012): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-012-0356-9.

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Dong, Junbo, Yilin Liu, Wensheng Liao, Ran Liu, Pei Shi e Limin Wang. "miRNA-223 is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker for osteosarcoma". Journal of Bone Oncology 5, n.º 2 (junho de 2016): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbo.2016.05.001.

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&NA;. "CX3CR1 AS PROGNOSTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC MARKER IN HUMAN RENAL ALLOGRAFT REJECTION." Transplantation 82, Suppl 2 (julho de 2006): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200607152-01720.

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Dell’Aquila, Marco, Alessia Granitto, Maurizio Martini, Sara Capodimonti, Alessandra Cocomazzi, Teresa Musarra, Vincenzo Fiorentino et al. "PD‐L1 and thyroid cytology: A possible diagnostic and prognostic marker". Cancer Cytopathology 128, n.º 3 (10 de dezembro de 2019): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncy.22224.

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Rosenfeld, Myrna R. "Bridging Science and Clinical Practice: How to Use Molecular Markers When Caring for a Patient with Brain Cancer". American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, n.º 33 (maio de 2013): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14694/edbook_am.2013.33.108.

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Technical advances in genomic and proteomic profiling and bioinformatics have resulted in the identification of a large number of possible prognostic, predictive, and diagnostic molecular markers in glial tumors. Increasingly, clinical trials are incorporating tissue analyses to prospectively and retrospectively study the value of these and yet-to-be defined markers. Once validated, markers form the basis for increasingly stringent classification schemes and the development of personalized, targeted therapies. Descriptions of molecular marker findings, many not validated as clinically relevant, are filling pathology reports, and patients arrive to clinic with the latest journal article requesting marker assessment. Although some practitioners may choose to incorporate these findings into clinical decision making, empirical data supporting these decisions is limited to a few specific circumstances. This article reviews three markers—codeletion of 1p/19q, methylation of the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter, and the presence of IDH1/2 mutation—for which there exists high or moderate levels of evidence of current clinical utility for guiding diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment decisions.

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Hurley, Dan. "Nerve Growth Blocker Nogo-A Seen As Prognostic Marker of ALS, Diagnostic Marker of MS". Neurology Today 7, n.º 11 (junho de 2007): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nt.0000280861.09077.81.

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Peng, Cike, Rongxi Yang, Dharanija Madhavan, Markus Wallwiener, Anja Rudolph, Jenny Chang-Claude e Barbara Burwinkel. "Diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment monitoring value of plasma X in patients with metastatic breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, n.º 26_suppl (10 de setembro de 2014): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.26_suppl.37.

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37 Background: Metastasis is the main course of death in breast cancer (BC) patients. Reliable prognostic markers are very much appreciated to evaluate possible outcome of patients. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) is a circulating prognostic tumor marker of metastatic breast cancer patients. Despite the big technical challenges in CTC detection, the reliability of CTC enumeration for the prognosis of BC is still on debate. Some studies have proved that the plasma level of X, a major component in extracellular matrix, was increased in patients with metastatic breast cancer. However, the association between the plasma X level and the prognosis of metastatic breast cancer is still unknown. Methods: Plasma X was measured by ELISA in 60 healthy controls, 48 primary breast cancer (PBC) patients, and 212 metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. An independent cohort with 210 primary and 69 patients with metastatic breast cancer were further investigated to validate our findings. Results: A 2-fold elevation was presented in MBC patients when compared with PBC patients and controls, regardless of their CTC status. A multivariate Cox regression demonstrated that lower X level at base line was associated with longer PFS (HR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.72–3.63, p = 1.607 × 10-6), as well as longer OS (HR: 3.74, 95% CI: 1.65 – 8.51, p = 0.002). After 1stcycle of chemotherapy, plasma X level was still prognostic and was dramatically decreased in patients who had responded to the treatment (54%, IQR: 36%–64%). In the independent validation round, a 2-fold increase of plasma X was observed again in MBC patients, compared with PBC patients. The prognostic value was also validated for PFS (HR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.43– 3.84, p = 0.001) and OS (HR: 2.91, 95% CI: 1.73–7.65, p = 0.002) in MBC patients. Conclusions: Plasma X could be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for metastatic breast cancer. Its reduction after 1st cycle of chemotherapy could be an indicator of treatment efficacy. This finding may further prevent unnecessary systemic therapy by facilitating personalized medicine in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.

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