Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Diffuse rights"
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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Diffuse rights"
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Zylbersztajn, D. "Reallocation of property rights in agro-food systems: addressing diffuse stakeholders' rights". Journal on Chain and Network Science 12, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2012.x211.
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Stakeholders are individuals who can substantially affect the decision-making and sharing part of the value created by firms. This paper explains how parties that have not exercised cooperative production efforts, hold decision-making rights and share rights to the value created. The objective of this paper is to present a theoretical explanation for the existence of stakeholder activity, based on the property rights theory. In addition, the paper explores examples of development banks and a system of certification of sustainable forest production, exploring strategic implications. The paper is organized into four parts. Following the introduction, part two presents a selective literature review, part three presents a property rights allocation model and part four presents cases and conclusions.
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Buergenthal, Thomas. "The Evolving International Human Rights System". American Journal of International Law 100, n.º 4 (outubro de 2006): 783–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000031894.
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Few, if any, branches of international law have undergone such dramatic growth and evolution as international human rights in the one hundred years since the founding of the American Society of International Law. This branch of international law did not really come into its own until after World War II. Before then, what today we would broadly characterize as human rights law consisted of diffuse or unrelated legal principles and institutional arrangements that were in one way or another designed to protect certain categories or groups of human beings. Included in this mix prior to World War I were state responsibility for injuries to aliens, international humanitarian law (as we know it today), the protection of minorities, and humanitarian intervention.
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Sajó, András. "Diffuse rights in search of an agent: A property rights analysis of the firm in the socialist market economy". International Review of Law and Economics 10, n.º 1 (maio de 1990): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8188(90)90004-d.
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Glackin, Shane Nicholas. "BACK TO BUNDLES: DEFLATING PROPERTY RIGHTS, AGAIN". Legal Theory 20, n.º 1 (4 de fevereiro de 2014): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325213000153.
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Following Wesley Hohfeld's pioneering analyses, which demonstrated that the “folk” concept of ownership conflated a variety of distinct legal relations, a deflationary “bundle theory” regarding those relations as essentially unconnected held sway for much of the subsequent century. In recent decades, this theory has been thought too diffuse; it seems counterintuitive to insist, for instance, that rights of possession and alienation over a property are associated only contingently. Accordingly, scholars such as James Penner and James Harris have advanced theories that revive the concept of ownership, identifying some instances of property as “paradigmatic,” and regarding others as conceptually subsidiary. I propose a new interpretation of the bundle theory, based on David Lewis's idea of “Humean supervenience” among physical particles. I critically examine the major antibundle positions, arguing that their criticisms result from confusion about the claims of the bundle theory, which remains the best account of property rights available.
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Inkeles, Alex, e Jon C. Hooper. "A century of Procedural Due Process Guarantees in Constitutions Worldwide". Tocqueville Review 14, n.º 2 (janeiro de 1993): 3–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.14.2.3.
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We here report the results of a content analysis focussed on the due process rights or guarantees which were provided to citizens under all the national constitutions extant in the world at 20 year intervals during the period from 1870 to 1970. Our study had three objectives. First, we sought to test the assumption that the granting of procedural guarantees by national constitutions was. over time, both being expanded within countries and being diffused worldwide across all countries, thus providing additional examples of the tendency for institutional forms to diffuse around the world and consequently for nation states to converge in their institutional structures and practices, tendencies already observed and documented in other realms such as the family, education, and retirement.
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SILVA, SANDRA REGINA MOTA, e BERNARDO ARANTES DO NASCIMENTO TEIXEIRA. "URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES CONSIDERING TRANSFORMATIONS IN PROPERTY LAW IN BRAZIL". Ambiente & Sociedade 20, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc212r2v2042017.
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Abstract Hegemony of private property in Brazil is undergoing transformations which have made its absolute nature relative. Both in the urban and environmental fields, notions arising from reflections and practices, and mirrored in a number of legal frameworks, have brought new ideas to debate, as well as land and environmental management practices. The contributions made by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1981, the Federal Constitution of 1988, the City Statute of 2001, among other normative regulations, have led to different consequences, including in the field of private individual rights, collective rights and diffuse rights. Based on the guiding principle behind legislation, we attempt to discuss the conflicts and contradictions found in different types of property rights and their close ties with land ownership and home ownership, affecting the universe of reflections and practices of planning, as well as land and environmental management.
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Shroff, Kersi B. "The British Constitution and the Movement for a Modern Bill of Rights". International Journal of Legal Information 15, n.º 3-4 (agosto de 1987): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500020734.
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It took the incisive pen of H.G. Wells to provide a simple understanding of the diffuse and arcane British constitution:Nobody planned the confounded constitution. It came about; … but you see it came about so happily in a way, it so suited the climate and temperament of our people and our island, it was on the whole so cosy, that our people settled down into it. You can't help settling down into it.The purpose of this paper is to briefly look at some aspects of the constitution that the British “settled down into” and to examine arguments calling for the incorporation of a written declaration of individual rights.
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Crawford. "Access to Justice for Collective and Diffuse Rights: Theoretical Challenges and Opportunities for Social Contract Theory". Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 27, n.º 1 (2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/indjglolegstu.27.1.0059.
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Stryker, Robin. "Political Economy and Working Law". Law & Social Inquiry 44, n.º 4 (11 de outubro de 2019): 1231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2019.53.
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ABSTRACTLauren B. Edelman’s Working Law: Courts, Corporations, and Symbolic Civil Rights (2016) offers an empirically supported theory of legal endogeneity, explaining how managerialized ideas of compliance with employment discrimination legislation diffuse in organizational fields and shape judicial doctrine. Managerialization and legal endogeneity explain how and why equality-promoting civil rights legislation may do little to reduce workplace inequalities. This essay places Edelman’s theory within a broader terrain of opportunities and limits of law for promoting egalitarian change. Managerialization is not always detrimental to enhancing workplace race and gender equality. However, typically reinforcing logics of market capitalism and liberal legality often make it so, while blocking reforms countering judicial deference to managerialized compliance.
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Vitorelli, Edilson, e Matheus Rodrigues Oliveira. "O Fundo Federal de Defesa dos Direitos Difusos e o desvio de finalidade na aplicação de seus recursos". Revista de Direito Administrativo 278, n.º 3 (20 de dezembro de 2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/rda.v278.2019.80836.
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<p>The Federal Fund in Defense of Diffuse Rights and the misuse of its resources</p><p> </p><p>Este artigo analisa, empiricamente, a gestão Fundo Federal de Defesa dos Direitos Difusos (FDD), mecanismo de reparação fluida dos direitos coletivos lesados e não reparados, criado pela Lei nº 7.347, de 1985. O exame do problema demonstra que, embora a arrecadação de receitas tenha sido elevada, ao longo dos últimos anos, a União não aplica os recursos aportados ao fundo, mantendo-os em caixa com o objetivo de realizar políticas públicas de superávit, não relacionadas com a origem dos recursos. Conclui que esse comportamento viola a Constituição e a própria razão de existir do fundo.</p><p> </p><p>This paper, using empirical data, analyses the administration of the Federal Fund for Diffuse Rights (FDD), which is intended, in Brazil, as a mechanism to indemnify groups whose rights have been violated and not redressed. The Fund was created by Law 7.347 of 1985. Our examination of the topic shows that, although substantial revenues amounts have been collected for the fund in the last few years, the money has not been used by the federal government for the purpose intended, but has been withheld in order to comply with public policy for a budget surplus. The paper concludes that this behavior violates the constitution and the very cause of the fund’s existence.</p>
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Diffuse rights"
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Saatkamp, Barbara Simone. "A aplicação da mediação como meio alternativo de solução de conflitos socioambientais no direito brasileiro". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2018. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/4040.
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Faced with the development of the relationship between the individual and the environment, the conflicts became more complex and recurrent, which led to an increasing search for the Judiciary to resolve disputes. However, the judicial process is not satisfactory, due to the technical and formal rigor, the high costs and the delay in the jurisdictional rendering, which end up not meeting the urgency that the case requires, as well as the real interest of the parties, alternative means to solve these conflicting interests, among them mediation. However, the Federal Constitution of 1988 recognized the environment as being very common use of the people, categorizing it as a good of interest or diffuse right, which, in a positivist interpretation, prevents the application of alternative means, as well as have their own characteristics , such as multiplicity of actors and social groups and, in some cases, the participation of the Public Power, where dialogue and cooperation are relevant in order to find a consensual and peaceful solution that serves the interests of those involved and ensures the quality of life and the maintenance of the ecologically balanced environment. Thus, to answer the guiding question of the study, from a bibliographical and documentary research, in the perspective of the qualitative approach, based on the techniques of description and comparative analysis of doctrine and legislation focused on the subject matter, if it intends to discuss the possibility of applying the method of conflict mediation as an alternative means of solution of social and environmental conflicts, highlighting the gains derived from the application of this technique and the benefits of its insertion in both judicial and extrajudicial proceedings, since it seeks to meet the real interest of those involved, with the consequent pacification and social harmonization. In order to achieve the general objective, the following specific objectives were established: a) to define socio-environmental conflicts and alternative means of conflict resolution; b) to differentiate between alternative means of self-settlement and conflict resolution; c) to propose the feasibility of using the mediation method as an alternative means of solving socio-environmental conflicts, in view of the current understanding of the relation between person and nature, even when dealing with the environment of good of common use, categorized as diffuse right. Thus, from the study carried out, it was possible to apply mediation as an alternative means of self-settlement for the solution of socio-environmental conflicts, mainly because the matter is directly linked to fundamental rights, such as the right to life and the environment ecologically balanced, priority and urgency in resolving conflicts are intrinsic.
Diante do desenvolvimento das relações entre o indivíduo e o meio ambiente, os conflitos se tornaram mais complexos e recorrentes, o que gerou cada vez mais a busca do Poder Judiciário para solução dos litígios. Porém, a via judicial não vem sendo satisfatória, em razão do rigor técnico e formal, dos altos custos e da demora na prestação jurisdicional que, acabam por não atender a urgência que o caso exige, bem como o real interesse das partes, surgindo a necessidade de serem estudados meios alternativos para solução desses interesses conflitantes, dentre eles a mediação. Contudo, a Constituição Federal de 1988, reconheceu o meio ambiente como sendo bem de uso comum do povo, o categorizando como bem de interesse ou de direito difuso o que, numa interpretação positivista, impede a aplicação dos meios alternativos, bem como apresentam características próprias, tais como multiplicidade de atores e grupos sociais e, em alguns casos, a participação do Poder Público, onde o diálogo e a cooperação se mostram relevantes para se buscar uma solução consensual e pacífica, que atenda os interesses dos envolvidos e assegure a qualidade de vida e a manutenção do meio-ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Assim, para responder a pergunta norteadora do estudo, a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, na perspectiva da abordagem qualitativa, com base nas técnicas de descrição e análises comparativas da doutrina e da legislação voltados à temática abordada, se pretende discorrer sobre a possibilidade de aplicação do método da mediação de conflitos como meio alternativo de solução de conflitos socioambientais, apontando-se os ganhos advindos com a aplicação dessa técnica e os benefícios de sua inserção tanto no processo judicial quanto no extrajudicial, vez que busca atender o real interesse dos envolvidos, com a consequente pacificação e harmonização social. Para se chegar ao objetivo geral, foram estabelecidos como objetivos específicos: a) definir conflitos socioambientais e os meios alternativos de solução de conflitos, b) diferenciar os meios alternativos autocompositivos de solução de conflitos, c) propor a viabilidade de uso do método da mediação como meio alternativo de solução de conflitos socioambientais, em vista da atual compreensão da relação pessoa-natureza, mesmo tratando-se o meio ambiente de bem de uso comum, categorizado como direito difuso. Desse modo, a partir do estudo realizado, constatou-se ser possível a aplicação da mediação como meio alternativo autocompositivo para solução de conflitos socioambientais, sobretudo pelo fato da matéria estar diretamente vinculada a direitos fundamentais, tais como direito à vida e ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, a prioridade e urgência na solução dos conflitos são intrínsecas.
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Coutinho, Marcelo Guimarães. "A proteção de direitos humanos através de instrumentos jurisdicionais de tutela coletiva: a defesa de direitos coletivos e difusos por meio da ação civil pública". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4093.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This dissertation analyzes the judicial protection of collective and diffuse rights in Brazil. The contemporary social pluralism is seen as a set of perspectives from that derive the collective interests, marked by the multiplicity of subjects with identity demands, and as an expression, many times, of human rights categories. The repeated disregard of collective interests, massified in the context of the welfare state, led to the creation of legal instruments for collective protection. The research highlights the public civil action. The breadth of claims that may be conveyed by the public civil action makes possible the protection of goods and interests of more immediate utility for social groups and the community as a whole, compared to the traditional object of popular action. The public civil action is not seen as just a quirky Brazilian legal-procedural instrument, but as a space of representation of social interests in the current stage of democracy. In order to better understand the historical and cultural arrangements of structure formation of the Brazilian judicial protection of collective and diffuse rights, is traced a brief global overview of the development of instruments for the defense of these rights. The management of the public civil action supposed a transformative potential, suitable for reflections of philosophical and hermeneutic perspectives on the new constitutionalism‘s milestones, since there is little research on the effectiveness and the efficiency of the management of this instrument in Brazil, especially with respect to the conjugated achievement of fundamental rights treated as a inseparable complex in current constitutional order. The instruments of collective protection, that were born in the context of mass society, hardly been consolidated in Brazil and already have its foundations - the Social State of Law and the positivistic hermeneutics - in check. In this monograph, are exposed and analyzed specific cases of public civil actions in Goiás. Statistical data related of these collective actions in Goiânia are considered in evaluating the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the public civil action in defense of collective interests and in assessing the role played by civil society associations and Ministério Público. This is a study that brought together the theoretical and empirical perspectives, and with it, tried to make a realistic diagnosis about the efficiency and effectiveness of the public civil action as an instrument of collective protection of representative social interests of human rights, in an effort to interdisciplinary approach of the subject.
A presente dissertação faz uma análise da proteção jurisdicional de direitos coletivos e difusos no Brasil. O pluralismo social contemporâneo é encarado como um conjunto de perspectivas das quais derivam os interesses coletivos, marcados pela multiplicidade de sujeitos com identidade de demandas, e como expressão, muitas vezes, de categorias de direitos humanos. A reiterada desconsideração de interesses coletivos, massificados no contexto do Estado Social, ensejou a criação de instrumentos judiciais para a tutela coletiva. A pesquisa destaca a ação civil pública. A amplitude de pretensões que podem ser veiculadas por meio da ação civil pública torna possível a defesa de bens e interesses de utilidade mais imediata para grupos sociais e a coletividade como um todo, em comparação ao tradicional objeto da ação popular. A ação civil pública não é vista apenas como um peculiar instrumento jurídicoprocessual brasileiro, mas como um espaço de representação de interesses sociais no atual estágio da democracia. A fim de melhor compreender os arranjos histórico-culturais da formação da estrutura brasileira de proteção jurisdicional de direitos coletivos e difusos, é traçado um breve panorama mundial do desenvolvimento de instrumentos para a defesa desses direitos. O manejo da ação civil pública supõe um potencial transformador de relações sociais, propício para reflexões de cunho hermenêutico-filosófico nos marcos do novo constitucionalismo, visto que pouco se pesquisa sobre a efetividade e a eficiência da utilização desse instrumento no Brasil, principalmente no que tange à consecução conjugada dos direitos fundamentais tratados como um complexo indissociável na ordem constitucional vigente. Os instrumentos de proteção de interesses coletivos, nascidos no contexto da sociedade de massas, mal se consolidaram no Brasil e já encontram seus fundamentos — o Estado Social de Direito e a hermenêutica positivista — em xeque. Neste trabalho, são expostos e analisados casos concretos de ações civis públicas ajuizadas em Goiás. Dados estatísticos referentes à propositura dessas ações coletivas na Comarca de Goiânia são considerados na aferição global da efetividade e eficiência da ação civil pública na defesa de interesses coletivos, bem como na avaliação do papel desempenhado pelas associações da sociedade civil e do Ministério Público. Trata-se de um estudo que reuniu as perspectivas teórica e empírica e, com isso, procurou fazer um diagnóstico realista acerca da eficiência e efetividade da ação civil pública como instrumento de tutela coletiva de interesses sociais representativos de direitos humanos, num esforço de abordagem interdisciplinar do tema.
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Gabriel, Eliana Kamada. "Oferta eletrônica e publicidade abusiva nos meios eletrônicos". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6460.
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Previous issue date: 2014-06-16Having as a starting point the advertising in the globalized consumer market, theme that serves as a background for developing this study, and at the same time, reflecting on the profound changes in society, that began in the United Kingdom with the Industrial Revolution during the mid-eighteenth century and culminated in the current globalized consumer society, in which marketing plays a fundamental role, by creating desires and influencing individuals in their consumption choices, we intend to investigate whether the advertisements aired on electronic media obey the rules contained in code of Consumer Rights and in what situations they fall abusive. Regards methodology, the study is oriented by deductivist approach and technique of bibliographic research. As for the structure, the research includes five chapters. The first is devoted to the study of the origin of individual rights and guarantees, the evolution of the citizenship and the constitutional protection of consumer, even regarding relations firmed at the web. The second chapter discusses the rise of diffuse and collective rights as a new category of rights, whose goal is the protection of rights and interests that transcend the individual level because they belong to the community and include the right to health, a healthy environment, quality of life and the publicity which respects the principles sculptured in the Code of Consumer Protection. The third chapter discusses about the integration of the Civil Code and the Consumer Protection Code, standard character principle which constitutes a guideline for consumer protection, and has the nature of micro system, given their interaction with civil law and other legal branches. The consumer market, the offer and the electronic media, the abusive and misleading advertising and its consequences, as well as advertising principles that protect the internet user consumer, will be scrutinized in the fourth chapter. The fifth chapter discusses the phenomenon of online social networks, new ways of advertising to the online environment, without forgetting the abusive ways that comes within this process, justifying the existence of institutional control as CONAR and its rules of advertising self-regulation. Finally, it is safe to say that marketing is a product of mass society and, as such, can become aggressive and violate principles of advertising sculptured at the Consumer Defense Code, in particular when wants to earn money with electronic media for broadcasting advertisement, featuring abusiveness in some cases, either by invading the private sphere of the individual, either present as a veiled advertising
Tomando como ponto de partida a publicidade no mercado globalizado de consumo, tema que serve de pano de fundo para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, e ao mesmo tempo refletindo sobre as profundas alterações sociais que iniciaram no Reino Unido, com a Revolução Industrial ocorrida em meados do século XVIII, e culminaram na atual sociedade de consumo globalizada, na qual o marketing desempenha papel fundamental ao criar desejos e influenciar o indivíduo em suas escolhas de consumo, pretende-se verificar se as peças publicitárias veiculadas nos meios eletrônicos obedecem às regras contidas no Código de Defesa do Consumidor e em quais situações elas se relevam abusivas. No plano metodológico, o estudo se orienta pela abordagem dedutivista e a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica. Quanto à estrutura, a pesquisa contempla cinco capítulos. O primeiro se dedica ao estudo da origem dos direitos e garantias individuais, evolução do conceito de cidadania e proteção constitucional do consumidor, inclusive no âmbito das relações firmadas via web. O segundo capítulo discorre sobre o surgimento dos direitos difusos e coletivos como nova categoria de direitos, cujo objetivo é a tutela dos interesses e direitos que transcendem a esfera individual, pois pertencem à coletividade, como o direito à saúde, ao meio ambiente saudável, à qualidade de vida e à publicidade que respeite os princípios insculpidos no Código de Defesa do Consumidor. O terceiro capítulo analisa a integração do Código Civil e do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, norma esta de caráter principiológico, de diretriz de defesa do consumidor e, ainda, de natureza de microssistema, haja vista a sua interação com a legislação civil e com normas de outros ramos do direito. O mercado de consumo, a oferta e os meios eletrônicos, as publicidades abusiva e enganosa e seus desdobramentos, bem como os princípios publicitários que protegem o consumidor internauta serão esmiuçados no quarto capítulo. O quinto capítulo aborda o fenômeno das redes sociais online, as novas modalidades de publicidade que aderem ao ambiente virtual, sem olvidar a abusividade que vem a reboque deste processo, justificando a existência de controles institucionais como o Conar e suas normas de autorregulamentação da publicidade. Por fim, é certo afirmar que o marketing é um produto da sociedade de massa e, como tal, pode se tornar agressivo e violar princípios da publicidade insculpidos no CDC, em especial quando se vale dos meios eletrônicos para veiculação da publicidade, caracterizando em alguns casos a abusividade, seja por invadir a esfera privada do indivíduo, seja por apresentar-se como publicidade velada
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Mathias, Maria Isabel da Cunha. "Marketing e sua influência no comportamento do consumidor: proposta de reflexão sobre a vulnerabilidade do consumidor permanentemente exposto às práticas comerciais de conquista e manutenção de mercado na sociedade de consumo contemporânea". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5392.
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Previous issue date: 2010-10-26The present dissertation proposes a reflection about the permanent exposure of the diffuse collectivity of consumers regarding marketing techniques commercial practices meant to move and foster consumption and the respective consumers legal protection ensured by the Federal Constitution and the Consumer Defense Code considering the pathologies found in contemporary consumption society. This study was divided into five chapters, and its development initially borders citizenship and human dignity as the fundamentals of the Democratic State of Defense, emphasizing consumer protection as a fundamental right enforceable by the State in demanding protection against the violation of rights which occur as a result of relationships between private parties and identifying the constitutional norms that ensure it. The second chapter contemplates the recognition of legitimate interests evidenced in the 20th century, the evolution of the diffuse and collective interest concept and the important accomplishment that represented the Consumer Defense Code in the guardianship of these rights. The third chapter is dedicated to the commercial practices present in the consumer society and deals with marketing as a product and service placement technique in the consumer market, touching on the concept of consumer by comparison, the promotions, the information and mass communication, as well as the vulnerability of the consumer regarding these commercial practices. The fourth chapter presents an overview of the marketing techniques applied in order to influence the behavior of the consumer, through the exposure of concepts, definitions, scopes and methods found in the literature of this area of knowledge followed by the fifth chapter which presents examples which illustrate the behaviors and habits acquired and stimulated by the marketing campaigns. Finally, we can conclude that in compliance with its social pacification function, the consumer rights provides legal protection to the consumer collectivity, taking on a lead role in the resolution of conflicts which occur as a result of the pathologies found in the contemporary consumption market through the application of norms from the Consumer Defense Code, although the Brazilian society is still lacking in public policies and specific regulation in the marketing segment
A presente dissertação propõe uma reflexão a respeito da permanente exposição da coletividade difusa de consumidores às técnicas de marketing - práticas comerciais que têm por finalidade a incitação e o fomento do consumo - e da respectiva proteção jurídica do consumidor, assegurada pela Constituição Federal e pelo Código de Defesa do Consumidor em face das patologias encontradas na sociedade de consumo contemporânea. Dividido em cinco capítulos, o desenvolvimento deste estudo aborda inicialmente a cidadania e a dignidade humana como fundamentos do Estado Democrático de Direito, destacando a proteção do consumidor como direito fundamental, oponível ao Estado para exigir-lhe proteção contra violações de seus direitos oriundas de relações entre particulares, e identificando as normas constitucionais que a asseguram. O segundo capítulo contempla o reconhecimento dos interesses legítimos evidenciados no século XX, a evolução do conceito de interesses difusos e coletivos e a importante conquista que representou o Código de Defesa do Consumidor na tutela desses direitos. O terceiro capítulo é dedicado às praticas comerciais presentes na sociedade de consumo e trata do marketing como técnica de colocação de produtos e serviços no mercado de consumo, abordando o conceito de consumidor por equiparação, a oferta, a informação e a comunicação de massa, bem como a vulnerabilidade do consumidor em face de tais práticas comerciais. O quarto capítulo apresenta panorama das técnicas de marketing aplicadas com o fim de influenciar o comportamento do consumidor, através da exposição de conceitos, definições, escopos e métodos coletados em literatura dessa área de conhecimento, seguido do quinto capítulo, que apresenta exemplos ilustrativos de comportamentos e hábitos adquiridos e incentivados pelas campanhas de marketing. Por fim, conclui-se que, em cumprimento à sua função de pacificação social, o direito do consumidor proporciona proteção jurídica à coletividade difusa de consumidores, desempenhando papel de destaque na solução de conflitos decorrentes das patologias encontradas no mercado de consumo contemporâneo, através da aplicação das normas do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, embora a sociedade brasileira ainda careça de políticas públicas e de regulamentação específica ao segmento do marketing
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MASCARENHAS, Luciane Martins de Araújo. "INTERDISCIPLINARIDADE, INSTRUMENTOS LEGAIS DE PROTEÇÃO AO MEIO AMBIENTE E PERÍCIA AMBIENTAL". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/343.
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Previous issue date: 2009-03-06This tesis applied interdisciplinary bibliographic review to assess current risks of modernity, metaindividual rights, and legal tools of environmental protection with a special emphasis on investigation by experts . Firstly we present an interdisciplinary discussion including points of views of investigators and the interdependency of environmental sciences and environmental laws. Next, we present an interdisciplinary study about preservation areas, legal reserve and water resources associated with analysis of the vegetation cover over the high and the median Araguaia river basin located in the border of Mato Grosso an Goiás States analyzed though remote sensing. This study was based on 21 scenes of Sino-Brazilian satelyte of Earth Resources (CBERS-CDD) obtained from July to August 2006 that was georefenced and organized into mosaics and transformed into an image with normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI). This analysis indicated that 2/3 of study area no longer have the original vegetation cover. Regarding areas of permanent preservation 44,58% have been converted. These results indicate that legal determinations stablished by the Forest Code have not been followed. The issue of environmental risks of modernity, the environment as a fundamental and diffuse right and the history of access to justice are also discussed. This tesis also analyses the legal tools for the protection of the environment such as Civil and Penal Assize and Condut Adjustment Term in the extrajudicial field. Regarding collective civil actions we point out the roles of Popular Action and Public Civil Action as well as of Penal Action to prove an environmental crime. The proof in the civil and penal process was analysed with accentuation on investigation by experts . To finalize, we propose the creation of interdisciplinary scientist groups mainly academic, to analyse environmental problems of greater complexity in order to aid the public power to adopt administrative decisions and also to aid the judiciary power in relevant colletive actions, since the justice is responsible for final decisions about environmental issues. This interdisciplinary group would be named Scientific Environmental Expert Group which would be coordinated at national level by the Ministry of Environment and at the international level by the Environment Program of the United Nations Organization.
Esta tese tem por objetivo a análise, por meio de pesquisa teórica bibliográfica sobre interdisciplinaridade, os riscos da modernidade, os direitos metaindividuais, instrumentos legais de proteção ao meio ambiente, com enfoque central na prova pericial. Inicialmente, abordam-se a interdisciplinaridade, o pensamento de vários estudiosos e a interdependência entre as Ciências Ambientais e o Direito Ambiental. Em seguida, a tese apresenta resultados de um trabalho interdisciplinar que conjuga aspectos legais acerca das áreas de preservação permanente, da reserva legal e dos recursos hídricos e oferece a análise da cobertura vegetal da Alta e Média Bacia do Rio Araguaia, que se localiza na divisa dos Estados de Mato Grosso e Goiás, analisada por meio do sensoriamento remoto. Esse estudo teve por base 21 cenas do Satélite Sino-Brasileiro de Recursos Terrestres (CBERS II CCD), obtidas entre julho e agosto de 2006, que foram georeferenciadas e organizadas em mosaico e transformadas em uma imagem com índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI). Foi constatado que 2/3 da área de estudo não possui mais a cobertura vegetal originária e que, em relação às Áreas de Preservação Permanente, 44,58% já foram convertidos, o que demonstra a não-observância ao preceito legal relativo à essas áreas estabelecido pelo Código Florestal. A questão dos riscos ambientais da modernidade, o meio ambiente como direito fundamental e difuso e o histórico referente ao acesso à justiça são também discutidos. Esta tese, analisa, ainda, os instrumentos legais de proteção ao meio ambiente, como os Inquéritos Civil e Penal e o Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta, no âmbito extrajudicial. Em relação às ações civis coletivas, destaca o papel exercido pela Ação Popular e Ação Civil Pública, bem com Ação Penal, essa última, para fins de comprovação do delito ambiental. Aborda, em seguida, a questão da prova tanto do ponto de vista do processo civil como do processo penal e, em específico, o complexo da perícia judicial. Ao final, apresenta contribuição e proposta de criação de grupos interdisciplinares de cientistas vinculados sobretudo às universidades para analisar os problemas ambientais de grande complexidade, buscando dar respaldo ao poder público para adoção de suas decisões na esfera administrativa e ao poder judiciário nas ações coletivas relevantes, visto que cumprirá a ele dar a palavra final sobre as questões ligadas ao meio ambiente. Esse grupo interdisciplinar a que se denominou perícia científica ambiental deverá ser coordenado na plano nacional pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente e, no internacional, pela Organização das Nações Unidas, Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente.
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Giorgio, Alexandre Augusto. "Comunicação e advocacia - o advogado como legítimo mediador da comunicação dos direitos coletivos e difusos no Brasil e na Argentina". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/84/84131/tde-31082012-113941/.
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O presente trabalho tem como premissa principal que o advogado é o mediador mais adequado para fazer a divulgação, através da publicidade, dos direitos coletivos e difusos dos cidadãos, no Brasil e na Argentina. Diante disso, propôs-se analisar o efeito que as sociedades modernas e a evolução das tecnologias da comunicação exerceram sobre a comunicação, e sobre os processos de conquista da democracia nos dois países. Procurou-se identificar que o advogado é agente transformador da Justiça quando leva ao judiciário as mais variadas demandas oriundas das transformações da sociedade. Através dos Estudos Culturais, em diálogo com os hibridismos culturais, procurou-se provar que o medo de uma comunicação de massa hipnotizante, é infundado. Por fim, foram buscados argumentos que procuram colocar a comunicação do advogado com a sociedade brasileira e argentina como peça fundamental para a consolidação da democracia nos dois países.This paper has as main premiss that the lawyer is the most adequate mediator to spread, thru publicity, of the collective and diffuse rights of the citizens in Brazil and Argentina. In view of this, we propose to analyze the effects that the modern societies and the evolution of communication technologies exercise upon the communication and the processes of conquest of democracy in both countries. We tried to identify that the lawyer is a transforming agent of Justice when he brings to the judiciary the most various demands produced by the transformation of the society. Thru Cultural Studies, in dialogue with cultural hybridity, we tried to proof that the fear of the hypnotizing mass communication is unfounded. At last, we searched arguments that try to place the communication of the lawyer with the Brazilian and Argentinean society as a master piece for the democracy consolidation in both countries.
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Coelho, Osvaldo de Oliveira. "Fundos de reparação dos interesses difusos e coletivos e sua efetividade". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5845.
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Previous issue date: 2012-05-29In various public actions in defense of individual interests has been common goal setting daily fine in case of noncompliance with court decisions, as well as judicial or extrajudicial agreement they signed last adjustment in terms of conduct. Also in cases where the recovery to the previous state of diffuse damages to property and collective proves unfeasible, there is condemnation in damages in money payments. In these cases, in overall, the calculated values should revert to a fund for the repair of diffuse and collective interests (national and state), according to article 13, caput , of Law n. 7.347/85. Of course, these funds is intended not only to repair the damages caused to the environment, but also to consumers, taxpayers, the disabled, the elderly, public health, housing and town planning, citizenship, assets and rights of artistic, aesthetic, historical, tourist, natural, per violation to the economic and other diffuse and collective interests, according to article 1º., §1º., of Law n. 9.008/95, which regulates the Defense Fund of Diffuse Interests in the São Paulo State. We must also mention that such funds exist at the federal and state areas, were created by the article 13 of Law n. 7.347/85, after being regulated by others laws. It is also to stress that the collected resources by such funds will be primarily for the purpose of repairing diffuse and collective interests, scientific and education events, and editing informational material related to the nature of the breach or damage caused, and may also be used to improve the administrative public departaments. Our goal is the choice of subject to analyse in depth the creation of such funds for repair, looking for a paradigm in American institutions, from where the legislation has inspired. It is, also, our goal to examine how resources are being used and the actual results of its use. This review should be performed in our study, with a focus on practical questions. With this aim, if not exhaust the matter, at least to reflect about the subject and a humble contribution to the improvement of the forms of a repair individual goals interests.
Em diversas ações civis públicas para a defesa de interesses metaindividuais tem sido comum a fixação de multa-diária para o caso de descumprimento de decisões judiciais, bem como de acordo judicial ou extrajudicial, estes últimos firmados em termos de ajustamento de conduta. Também nos casos em que a recomposição ao estado anterior dos danos a bens difusos e coletivos mostra-se inviável, há condenação em indenização em pecúnia. Nestes casos, em regra, os valores apurados deverão reverter a um fundo de reparação de interesses difusos e coletivos (nacional e estadual), conforme artigo 13, caput , da Lei nº. 7.347/85. Evidentemente que tais fundos têm por finalidade não só a reparação dos danos causados ao meio ambiente, mas também ao consumidor, ao contribuinte, às pessoas com deficiência, ao idoso, à saúde pública, à habitação e urbanismo, à cidadania, a bens e direitos de valor artístico, estético, histórico, turístico, paisagístico, por infração à ordem econômica e a outros interesses difusos e coletivos, conforme artigo 1º., §1º., da Lei n°. 9.008/95, que regulamenta o Fundo de Defesa dos Direitos Difusos, e artigo 2º. da Lei Estadual nº. 13.555/09, que regulamenta o Fundo de Defesa dos Interesses Difusos no Estado de São Paulo. Há que se mencionar, ainda, que tais fundos, existentes nas esferas federal e estadual, foram criados pela norma do artigo 13 da Lei n°. 7.347/85, sendo regulamentados por leis posteriores. Também é de se frisar que os recursos arrecadados por tais fundos terão a finalidade precípua de reparação de bens e interesses difusos e coletivos, realização de eventos educativos e científicos, bem como a edição de material informativo relacionado com a natureza da infração ou com o dano causado, podendo ainda ser utilizados para a aquisição de bens para a modernização administrativa de órgãos públicos. Nosso objetivo na escolha do tema é analisar, com profundidade a constituição de tais fundos de reparação, buscando um paradigma nos institutos norte-americanos, posto que serviram de inspiração ao legislador pátrio. Também é nosso objetivo analisar de que forma tais recursos estão sendo empregados e os efetivos resultados de sua utilização. Esta análise crítica deverá ser realizada em nosso estudo, com um enfoque prático sobre as questões colocadas. Com isso, pretendemos, se não esgotar a matéria, pelo menos trazer uma reflexão sobre o tema e uma humilde contribuição para o aprimoramento de uma das formas de reparação de interesses metaindividuais
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Branco, José Eduardo. "Tutela coletiva dos interesses individuais homogêneos". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8398.
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Previous issue date: 2008-12-01The present work has the target of analyzing the procedural subjects involving the guardianship of homogeneous individual interests, while species of the gender of the interests or collective rights. From the doctrinary and jurisprudential analysis, it looks for the ideal understanding of the legal concepts that involve the studied theme, as well as the systematization of the collective guardianship and its harmonization with the general principles that govern our legal system. Without the pretension of exhausting the lifted up subjects, in reason of the present time of the theme, still unification pendant by the legislative way, and while the text promulgation is awaited that ponders all the kindred institutes, it accomplishes doctrinary research with the purpose of bringing current conclusions concerning the matter and the legal dispositions that today regulate the guardianship of collective interests. In this manner, subjects as the active legitimacy, the judged thing and its reach, the systemic interaction and the procedures to be used to reach the leading principles of the collective guardianship, above all by the way of the homogeneous individual interests, are analyzed through the points that cause larger controversies for, since then, to understand that new procedural reality. In that line, of great relief are the lessons of our doctrine, that from a long time develops studies seeking to adapt the existent procedural legislation and its traditional institutes to the new rights that were born with the mass society and started to demand more effective solutions for the great number of judicial demands that flow of the modern world. The Social State delineated by the Constitution of 1988 could not take place under foundations created exclusively for a law worried, above all, with the individual subjects, unable even of assisting to the democratic vindications of the contemporary society, reason for the law science, through the performance of combative and dedicated legal scholars, needed to present that new system of procedural guardianship of rights. The relevance of the collective guardianship of homogeneous individual interests and the created techniques for that are, therefore, the main point of the present study, that looks for in the doctrinary lessons the foundation to demonstrate the adaptation of the existent legal devices to that guardianship, considering for that the jurisdictional performance and the legislative projects now in course
O presente trabalho tem o escopo de analisar as questões processuais que envolvem a tutela dos interesses individuais homogêneos, enquanto espécie do gênero dos interesses ou direitos coletivos. Partindo da análise doutrinária e jurisprudencial, busca a compreensão ideal dos conceitos legais que envolvem o tema estudado, bem como a sistematização da tutela coletiva e sua harmonização com os princípios gerais que regem nosso ordenamento jurídico. Sem a pretensão de exaurir as questões levantadas, em razão da atualidade do tema, ainda pendente de unificação pela via legislativa, e enquanto se aguarda a promulgação de texto que concentre todos os institutos afins, realiza pesquisa doutrinária com a finalidade de trazer conclusões atuais acerca da matéria e das disposições legais que hoje regulam a tutela dos interesses coletivos. Assim, questões como a legitimidade ativa, a coisa julgada e seu alcance, a interação sistêmica e os procedimentos a serem utilizados para alcançar os princípios norteadores da tutela coletiva, sobretudo pela via dos interesses individuais homogêneos, são analisados através dos pontos que lhes causam maiores controvérsias, para que se possa, a partir daí, compreender essa nova realidade processual. Nessa linha, de grande relevo são as lições de nossa doutrina, que há tempos desenvolve estudos voltados a adequar a legislação processual existente e seus tradicionais institutos aos novos direitos que nasceram com a sociedade de massa e passaram a exigir soluções mais eficazes para o grande número de demandas judiciais que derivam do mundo moderno. O Estado Social delineado pela Constituição de 1988 não poderia se realizar sob alicerces criados exclusivamente para um direito que se preocupava, sobretudo, com as questões individuais, incapazes mesmo de atender aos reclamos democráticos da sociedade contemporânea, razão pela qual a ciência do direito, através da atuação de combativos e dedicados doutrinadores, precisou apresentar esse novo sistema de tutela processual de direitos. A relevância da tutela coletiva dos interesses individuais homogêneos e as técnicas criadas para tanto são, portanto, o ponto principal do presente estudo, que busca nas lições doutrinárias o fundamento para demonstrar a adequação dos dispositivos legais existentes à tal tutela, considerando para tanto a atuação jurisdicional e os projetos legislativos atualmente em trâmite
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Lamblém, Gláucia Aparecida da Silva Faria. "Execução coletiva dos direitos difusos, coletivos e individuais homogêneos reconhecidos em sentença face à efetividade da tutela jurisdicional". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6713.
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Previous issue date: 2015-02-23This study has the purpose of examining the limits of applicability of the procedural rules of the Code of Civil Procedure related to the execution of sentence in class action lawsuits. This is done through a reinterpretation of the constitutional principles of the process, from the perspective of maximum effectiveness of collective judicial protection because of the own protected material right. Considering that the effectiveness of judicial protection is closely connected to the implementation of judicial decisions, the topic is addressed in the context of execution of sentence in class actions for protection of diffuse, collective, and homogeneous individual rights. It is highlighted the judge's role in the fair adequacy of such rules to the concrete case. The study of execution of sentence under the collective jurisdiction is justified, since this leads the judicial decision to an end, being able to assess the practical impact of judicial protection. In this sense, the mass society and conflicts arising from it, allows violation to a plurality of rights, involving large numbers of subjects, thus requiring legal responses in accordance with the complexity of the factual situation. It is taken into account that the judicial response should not adhere to generic directions, requiring, therefore, the effective implementation of its controls, otherwise giving rise to the ineffectiveness of judicial protection. The theme of execution of sentence, interpreted in a broad sense, as all judicial decisions, shows fertile ground to scale the role of the judge and the influence of the executive mechanisms available on existing standards for the effectiveness of collective judicial protection. The examination of integrative rules of collective procedural microsystem, combined with those of the Code of Civil Procedure relating to the enforcement of court decisions and being in line with the constitutional principles of the process enables a true adequacy of the executive procedure in class actions such as to provide the effectiveness of collective judicial protection. In this context, the judge s role is essential to the effectiveness of judicial protection, not being limited to enforce the law and pronounce judgment on the merits, but to the exercise of a power of execution aimed to give effect to his/her own decisions
O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar os limites da aplicabilidade das normas procedimentais do Código de Processo Civil pertinentes à execução de sentença às ações coletivas, a partir de uma releitura dos princípios constitucionais do processo, sob a ótica da máxima efetividade da tutela jurisdicional coletiva, em razão do próprio direito material tutelado. Considerando que a efetividade da tutela jurisdicional está intimamente ligada à concretização das decisões judiciais, o tema é abordado no âmbito das execuções de sentença coletiva para tutela de direitos difusos, coletivos e direitos individuais homogêneos, destacando a atuação do juiz na justa adequação dessas regras ao caso concreto. Justifica-se o estudo da execução de sentença no âmbito da jurisdição coletiva, uma vez que esta leva a termo a decisão judicial podendo aquilatar a repercussão concreta da tutela jurisdicional. Neste sentido, a sociedade de massa e os conflitos dela decorrentes, possibilitam a lesão a uma pluralidade de direitos, envolvendo um grande número de sujeitos, requerendo, portanto, respostas judiciais condizentes com a complexidade da situação de fato. Leva-se em consideração que a resposta judicial não deve ficar estagnada a comandos genéricos, exigindo-se, portanto, a implementação efetiva dos seus comandos, sob pena de inefetividade da tutela jurisdicional. A temática da execução de sentença, entendida esta de forma ampla, como toda decisão judicial, mostra-se um terreno fértil para dimensionar o papel do juiz e a influência dos mecanismos executivos disponibilizados nas normas existentes para a efetividade da tutela jurisdicional coletiva. O exame das normas integrativas do microssistema processual coletivo, conjugadas com aquelas do Código de Processo Civil atinentes à execução de sentença, em consonância com os princípios constitucionais do processo permite uma verdadeira adequação do procedimento executivo nas ações coletivas de tal forma a conferir a efetividade da tutela jurisdicional coletiva. Neste contexto, o papel do juiz é essencial para a efetividade da tutela jurisdicional, não se limitando a aplicar a lei e pronunciar o juízo de mérito, mas também ao exercício de um poder de execução tendente a conferir eficácia às suas próprias decisões
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Riquelme, Daniela Maria. "A proteção do meio ambiente sobre a perspectiva das fontes alternativas de energia". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8409.
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Previous issue date: 2008-12-03This present work has the intention to present the environment as a diffuse good belonging to an undetermined plurality of subjects, which are undividable in relation to its holders and their protection is responsibility of Public Power and also the collectivity. Therefore, when we deal with sustainable energy consumption, which is in the present case the alternative energy sources, we are preserving the current environment for us and for the future generations, respecting ourselves as citizens and the legal norms
A presente dissertação pretende demonstrar que o meio ambiente é um bem difuso pertencente a uma pluralidade indeterminada de sujeitos, indivisíveis em relação aos seus titulares e cuja defesa incumbe tanto ao Poder Público quanto a coletividade. Desta forma, quando nos preocupamos com o consumo consciente da energia, no caso presente das fontes alternativas de energia, estamos cuidando do meio em que vivemos, tanto para nós quanto para as futuras gerações respeitando, assim, nós mesmos como cidadãos e, as normas legais
Livros sobre o assunto "Diffuse rights"
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Ludovic, Hennebel, ed. Bibliographie sélective sur les droits de l'homme: Sélection d'ouvrages publiés ou diffusés en Communauté française de Belgique. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 2009.
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Akande, Dapo, Jaakko Kuosmanen, Helen McDermott e Dominic Roser, eds. Human Rights and 21st Century Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824770.001.0001.
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The world faces significant and interrelated challenges in the twenty-first century which threaten human rights in a number of ways. This book examines the relationship between human rights and three of the largest challenges of the twenty-first century: conflict and security, environment, and poverty. Technological advances in fighting wars have led to the introduction of new weapons which threaten to transform the very nature of conflict. In addition, states confront threats to security which arise from a new set of international actors not clearly defined and which operate globally. Climate change, with its potentially catastrophic impacts, features a combination of characteristics which are novel for humanity. The problem is caused by the sum of innumerable individual actions across the globe and over time, and similarly involves risks that are geographically and temporally diffuse. In recent decades, the challenges involved in addressing global and national poverty have also changed. For example, the relative share of the poor in the world population has decreased significantly while the relative share of the poor who live in countries with significant domestic capacity has increased strongly. Overcoming these global and interlocking threats constitutes this century’s core political and moral task. This book examines how these challenges may be addressed using a human rights framework. It considers how these challenges threaten human rights and seeks to reassess our understanding of human rights in the light of these challenges. The analysis considers both foundational and applied questions. The approach is multidisciplinary and contributors include some of the most prominent lawyers, philosophers, and political theorists in the debate. The authors not only include leading academics but also those who have played important roles in shaping the policy debates on these questions. Each Part includes contributions by those who have served as Special Rapporteurs within the United Nations human rights system on the challenges under consideration.
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Castro, Guillermo. El negocio jurídico, la declaración de voluntad y el ordenamiento jurídico. Editorial Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14718/9789585133310.2020.
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Uwe Wesel, professor of law at the Free University of Berlin, expressed in several of his writings an interesting thought: more than the law of obligations (Schuldrecht) the law of contracts (Vertragsrecht) is a better metadiscourse to reread and interpret the spectrum of The legal, which could even give an accurate account of the history of Western law. From the origins of the Greek civilization and to the Lisbon agreement, the contract was the institute that most connected the legal with the reasonableness, fairness, proportionality, justice and the conservative and protective sense of the community; of course also with the market economy and globalization. For this reason, this diffuse approximation of the contract and the legal business within western juridicity provides interesting inputs, such as inadvertent responses to how certain constitutional principles emerged? Or why do freedom and equality rights always entail obligations? under many others perspectives.
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Wolf, Anne. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190670757.003.0001.
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We veiled women used to be nothing. We were treated worse than dogs. Finally I am starting to feel normal again. I can breathe.Houda from Tunis, October 2011This book seeks to understand the evolution of Tunisia’s Islamist Ennahda (Renaissance) movement from a beginning in the 1960s as a diffuse socio-cultural trend into one of the country’s most influential political actors, even claiming a regional leadership role. It is the first comprehensive study of the Tunisian Islamists, as it was previously impossible to conduct thorough research into their organisation, which was banned until popular uprisings in 2010–11 forced long-time dictator Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali out of power and replaced his regime with a nascent democracy. After decades of repression many devout Muslims like Houda, quoted above, experienced for the first time a space of freedom. In a period of rapid transformation in which Tunisians are exploring their newly gained rights, understanding the stance of the Islamists is of utmost importance....
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Sweet, Alec Stone. 9. Constitutions, rights, and judicial power. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0011.
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This chapter focuses on the evolution of systems of constitutional justice since 1787. It first provides an overview of key concepts and definitions, such as constitution, constitutionalism, and rights, before presenting a simple theory of delegation and judicial power. In particular, it explains why political elites would delegate power to constitutional judges, and how to measure the extent of power, or discretion, delegated. It then considers different kinds of constitutions, rights, models of constitutional review, and the main precepts of ‘the new constitutionalism’. It also traces the evolution of constitutional forms and suggests that as constitutional rights and review has diffused around the world, so has the capacity of constitutional judges to influence, and sometimes determine, policy outcomes.
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Brysk, Alison. Acting Globally. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901516.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 chronicles the international repertoire that has grown to respond to gender violence. We will trace the growth, rationale, and mechanisms of the regime. Global standards and programs, regional organizations, foreign aid and diplomacy, and cross-cutting development and health linkages have raised consciousness, empowered advocacy, diffused law, fostered policy, and built capacity to contest violence. We will see how global action against gender violence has evolved from humanitarian protection to human rights to broad connections with multiple facets of human security and development. This chapter will track global institutions, foreign policy, and transnational advocacy—and plant the need for local response.
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Kimura, T., e Y. Otani. Magnetization switching due to nonlocal spin injection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0021.
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This chapter discusses and presents a schematic illustration of nonlocal spin injection. In this case, the spin-polarized electrons are injected from the ferromagnet and are extracted from the left-hand side of the nonmagnet. This results in the accumulation of nonequilibrium spins in the vicinity of the F/N junctions. Since the electrochemical potential on the left-hand side is lower than that underneath the F/N junction, the electron flows by the electric field. On the right-hand side, although there is no electric field, the diffusion process from the nonequilibrium into the equilibrium state induces the motion of the electrons. Since the excess up-spin electrons exist underneath the F/N junction, the up-spin electrons diffuse into the right-hand side. On the other hand, the deficiency of the down-spin electrons induces the incoming flow of the down-spin electrons opposite to the motion of the up-spin electron.
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Vergnaud, Sophie, David Dobarro e John Wort. Pulmonary vasculature. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199657742.003.0017.
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A 16-year-old girl with a diagnosis of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis is referred to a specialist pulmonary hypertension centre with a history of progressive breathlessness, reduced exercise tolerance, and raised pulmonary pressures on transthoracic echocardiogram. She is found to have pulmonary arterial hypertension on right cardiac catheterization and is started on sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, which stabilizes her condition. An endothelin receptor antagonist is added, which provides some initial symptomatic improvement. She continues to deteriorate over a period of 5 years, ultimately requiring intravenous prostanoids, the only treatment to provide a real symptomatic and haemodynamic improvement. This chapter explores the physiology and pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension, its classification, the means of investigation and diagnosis, who to refer to specialist centres, and the concepts behind current and future treatment strategies.
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Dixon, Rosalind, e David Landau. Abusive Constitutional Borrowing. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192893765.001.0001.
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We live in a golden age of comparative constitutional law. Liberal democratic ideas have diffused readily around the world, and certain features such as judicial review and constitutional rights are now nearly universal. At the same time, recent years have seen a pronounced trend toward the erosion of democracy. This book argues that the rhetorical triumph of liberal democratic constitutionalism, and the tendency toward democratic retrenchment, are fully consistent phenomena. Legal globalization has a dark side: norms intended to protect and promote liberal democratic constitutionalism can often readily be used to undermine it. Abusive constitutional borrowing involves the appropriation of liberal democratic constitutional designs, concepts, and doctrines to advance authoritarian projects. Some of the most important hallmarks of liberal democratic constitutionalism—including constitutional rights, judicial review, and constituent power—can be turned into powerful instruments to demolish rather than defend democracy. The book offers a wealth of examples, selected both to shed new light on well-known cases such as Hungary, Poland, and Venezuela, as well as to expand discussions by considering contexts such as Cambodia, Rwanda, and Fiji. It also discusses the implications of the phenomenon of abusive constitutional borrowing for those who study and promote liberal democracy and related fields like human rights. It suggests ways in which the construction of norms might be improved to protect against abuse (what we call ‘abuse-proofing’), as well as ways in which monitoring regimes might be more attuned to the threat. Finally, it suggests recasting debates about liberal democracy to emphasize contestation, rather than mimicry.
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Varden, Helga. Sex, Love, and Gender. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812838.001.0001.
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This book provides a comprehensive account of sex, love, and gender—the first of its kind—by engaging a seemingly unlikely ally: Immanuel Kant. To date, no scholar has considered Kant’s potential contributions to such an account; nor is this surprising. Kant explicitly views sexual activity as inherently morally problematic, maintaining as ethically permissible only heterosexual procreative sexual activity within the confines of legal marriage. Kant’s comments on sex, love, and gender are also diffused throughout his practical works—from his works on ethics and legal-political thought, to his works on aesthetics, teleology, history, religion, and anthropology—presenting a textual and philosophical obstacle to reconciling his accounts of human nature and of human rights and freedom into an integrated whole. Sex, Love, and Gender—A Kantian Theory takes on these challenges. It offers an innovative interpretation of Kant’s account of sex, love, and gender, which shows how his disparate references can be seen as parts of one coherent philosophical approach. The book also rehabilitates Kant’s theory by overcoming the philosophical mistakes and limitations of Kant’s own writings. The result is a philosophical understanding of the phenomenology of sex, love, and gender and core related moral (ethical and legal) issues such as sexual orientation, abortion, sexual or gender identity, marriage, erotica, sexual oppression, and trade in sexual services.
Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Diffuse rights"
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Thiel, Markus. "Global and diffuse? The EU's multilateral promotion of LGBTI rights". In The European Union's International Promotion of LGBTI Rights, 117–37. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003054627-6.
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Narváez Medécigo, Alfredo. "Constitutional Review in the United States of America: Does “Diffused” Mean Complete Decentralization?" In Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights, 71–153. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24562-1_3.
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Hilal, Elver. "Part II Predominant Security Challenges and International Law, Economic and Resource Security, Ch.27 Food Security". In The Oxford Handbook of the International Law of Global Security. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198827276.003.0028.
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This chapter focuses on food security. Although ‘food security’ is not a legal concept and does not impose rights or responsibilities, it is a necessary precondition to the full enjoyment of the right to food. The right to food is enshrined in article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as an integral part of the right to an adequate standard of living. As this right is indivisible, interrelated, and interdependent with all other fundamental rights and freedoms, it is ultimately essential for a secure, safe, and harmonious world. The chapter demonstrates that severe food insecurity continues to inflict massive casualties and create and prolong conflicts and emergencies despite well-established rules of international law, international humanitarian law, and international human rights law. It then looks at the international law principles protecting food security with the aim to diffuse emergency situations that create instability, inequality, and unrest, including those resulting from conflicts and natural disasters. The chapter provides suggestions for enforcing and enhancing existing laws and for the adoption of a new international convention which will set out clear duties and obligations for States and non-State actors with a view to eliminating food insecurity and preventing violations of the right to food for a safer, more secure world.
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Pallikkathayil, Japa. "Free Speech and the Embodied Self". In Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy Volume 6, 61–84. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852636.003.0003.
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Democratic theories of free speech hold that the right to free speech is grounded in the nature of collective self-governance. The legitimacy of imposing laws on those who disagree with them depends on giving all citizens an equal right to participate in the lawmaking process, including the right to express their opposition. Ronald Dworkin argues that views of this kind are in tension with hate speech regulation. If we forbid the expression of prejudice, we undermine the legitimacy of laws protecting minority groups. The aim in this chapter is to diffuse the tension Dworkin sees between a democratic justification of the right to free speech and hate speech regulation. This is done by developing an account of how our bodily rights constrain the right to free speech.
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Calabresi, Steven Gow. "The Diffuse and Second Look Models of Judicial Review". In The History and Growth of Judicial Review, Volume 1, 23–34. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190075774.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the two models of judicial review that exist in the common law countries: the Diffuse Model and the Second Look Model. The Diffuse Model of judicial review originated in the United States and has spread to India, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, most of the countries of Latin America, the Scandinavian countries (except for the Netherlands), and Japan. It is premised on the idea that a country’s written constitution is its supreme law and that courts, when deciding cases or controversies that are properly before them, are thus duty-bound to follow the constitution, which is supreme law, and not a contrary statute whenever those two items conflict. Meanwhile, the essence of the Second Look Model of judicial review is that a Supreme or Constitutional Court ought to have the power of judicial review, subject to some kind of legislative power of override. This, it is said, best harmonizes the advantages of a written constitution and a bill of rights enforced by courts with the imperatives of democratic self-government. The underlying goal is to obtain the advantages of both constitutional government and also of democratic government.
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Correa de Mello, Marcilio Barenco. "The Information Access Law as a Full Constitutional Citizenship Instrument". In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 55–72. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8350-9.ch003.
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This chapter addresses the right of access to information, reinforced as a fundamental rule for citizens in the Brazilian constitutional norm of 1988, now regulated, more closely, from the enactment of the law on access to information in 2011. It represents an important legislative instrument of reinforcement of the principle of publicity, as well as the main infraconstitutional standard guaranteeing access to information. The requirement of a clear and transparent accountability environment by the public manager is a republican assumption of massive participation by society. This is because the right of access to information of a public nature provides a better control of public expenditures, while allowing, on the other hand, promotion of social control of a diffuse nature. It should be pointed out that, with greater knowledge of their own rights, the citizen goes through a faster inclusion process, either in the subjectivation of a minimal role of rights that he does not know, or in the clarification of his duties as a participant in the process of state maintenance.
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Correa de Mello, Marcilio Barenco. "The Information Access Law as a Full Constitutional Citizenship Instrument". In Research Anthology on Citizen Engagement and Activism for Social Change, 166–79. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3706-3.ch009.
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This chapter addresses the right of access to information, reinforced as a fundamental rule for citizens in the Brazilian constitutional norm of 1988, now regulated, more closely, from the enactment of the law on access to information in 2011. It represents an important legislative instrument of reinforcement of the principle of publicity, as well as the main infraconstitutional standard guaranteeing access to information. The requirement of a clear and transparent accountability environment by the public manager is a republican assumption of massive participation by society. This is because the right of access to information of a public nature provides a better control of public expenditures, while allowing, on the other hand, promotion of social control of a diffuse nature. It should be pointed out that, with greater knowledge of their own rights, the citizen goes through a faster inclusion process, either in the subjectivation of a minimal role of rights that he does not know, or in the clarification of his duties as a participant in the process of state maintenance.
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Kosař, David, e Jan Petrov. "The Domestic Judiciary in the Architecture of the Strasbourg System of Human Rights". In How International Law Works in Times of Crisis, 255–72. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849667.003.0016.
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The Strasbourg system of human rights has been going through a backlog, legitimacy, and implementation crisis during the past decade. Debates addressing the future of the ECHR system and seeking answers to those challenges have concentrated on the domestic level of the Strasbourg system. This chapter concurs that domestic actors, and the domestic judiciary in particular, are essential for the effectiveness and legitimacy of the Strasbourg system since they ‘diffuse’ the ECtHR’s conclusions domestically and subsequently ‘filter’ human rights claims. However, the chapter seeks a more nuanced approach to the role of domestic courts in the architecture of the ECHR system. It problematizes the contribution of domestic courts to the ECHR’s effectiveness on three accounts. First, courts are not the sole actors involved in domestic implementation mechanisms. The judiciary enters into multiple interactions with other domestic actors and is not necessarily always victorious. Second, there are several actors within the judiciary who may have different attitudes to the ECtHR such as the constitutional court, apex courts, lower courts, court presidents, and judicial associations. Third, not all those actors unequivocally support implementation of Strasbourg case law and some of them have shown considerable resistance to the ECtHR. These insights should provide a more nuanced basis for addressing the future of the ECHR system.
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Vissoky, Rafaela Sánchez, e Marco Félix Jobim. "O CONTRADITÓRIO NO CÓDIGO DE PROCESSO CIVIL DE 2015 E AS AÇÕES REPETITIVAS DECORRENTES DA PANDEMIA DA COVID-19". In Fronteiras de acesso à Justiça: Processo e Meios Alternativos na Democracia no Século XXI, 55–69. JUS.XXI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51389/nxqt4165.
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This paper intends to address the significant increase in repetitive demands resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and the relevance of the effective contradictory in the Civil Procedure Code, especially regarding this institute. In the current scenario and in view of the intense diversification and multiplicity of demands that plague the Judiciary, greater efforts are required to materialize effective judicial protection, taking into account the criteria of speed and procedural economy. In this context, it is intended to go through the concepts of jurisdiction, process, lawsuit and access to justice in the Brazilian legal system, to then conceptualize the fundamental right of due process under the Civil Procedure Code, bringing a historical perspective of the evolution and importance of this institute. Hence, the definition of the COVID-19 pandemic and its respective impacts from a procedural perspective will be analyzed, followed by its legal consequences, including the emergence of repetitive demands. Subsequently, it will be analyzed the challenges of the substantial contradictory in the face of collective, diffuse and individual and homogeneous rights, and finally, the effective contradictory in the repetitive litigation arising from the COVID-19 pandemic will be examined.
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Long, Tom. "Institutions, Law, and Norms". In A Small State's Guide to Influence in World Politics, 144–69. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190926205.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 addresses issues that are less amenable to dyadic analysis, especially through institutions, law, and norms, typically assigned high value by small states. Working through institutions, law, and norms allows non–great powers the possibility of gaining lasting, if diffuse, changes to international politics. The chapter explores small states’ impact in climate and environment, human rights, regional organizations, and global public health. These topics bring additional evidence to bear on the book’s treatment of the global environment as emphasized in Chapter 2. They also provide greater scope for assessing how small states’ relations with one another—not just with large states—matter. For small states, such issues are central and may assume greater immediacy than “traditional” concerns. Institutions, law, and norms allow small states opportunities to shape core security and economic issues while avoiding confrontation and playing to their strengths.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Diffuse rights"
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Ghonim, Sarah, Sophie Jenkins, Gillian C. Smith, George Mathew, Michael A. Gatzoulis, Peter Gatehouse e Sonya V. Babu-Narayan. "9 ECV and T1 mapping in repaired tetralogy of fallot – CMR diffuse fibrosis measurement needs the right method for the right ventricle?" In British Cardiovascular Imaging Meeting 2018, 2–4th May 2018, Edinburgh. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Cardiovascular Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-bcvi.24.
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Kaluza, Peter, Christian Landgraf, Philipp Schwarz, Peter Jeschke e Caitlin Smythe. "On the Influence of a Hubside Exducer Cavity and Bleed Air in a Close-Coupled Centrifugal Compressor Stage". In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-58082.
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In aero-engine applications, centrifugal compressors are often close-coupled with their respective diffusers to increase efficiency at the expense of a reduced operating range. The aim of this paper is to show that state-of-the art steady state CFD simulations can model a hubside cavity between an impeller and a close-coupled diffuser and to enhance the understanding of how the cavity affects performance. The investigated cavity is located at the impeller trailing edge and bleed air is extracted through it. Due to geometrical limitations the mixing plane is located in the cavity region. Therefore, previous analyses used only a cut (“simple”) model of the cavity. With the new, “full” cavity model, the region inside the cavity right after the impeller trailing edge is not neglected anymore. The numerical setup is validated using experimental data gathered on a state-of-the art centrifugal compressor test-rig. For the total pressure field in front of the diffuser throat a clear improvement is achieved. The results presented reveal a drop in stage efficiency by 0.5%-points caused by a new loss mechanism at the impeller trailing edge. On the hubside, the fundamentally different interaction of the cavity with the coreflow increases the losses in the downstream components resulting in the mentioned stage efficiency drop. Finally, varying bleed air extraction is investigated with both cavity models. Only the full cavity model captures the changes measured in the experiment.
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Dhillon, NK, A. O'Brien Ladner e S. Buch. "Diffuse Pulmonary Arteriopathy, Increased IL-18 and Associated Right Ventricular Hypertrophy in a HIV Transgenic Rat Model." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a2289.
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Yentsch, Charles S., e David A. Phinney. "Spectral diffuse attenuation of phytoplankton measured by the filter pad technique: are we on the right track?" In San Diego '92, editado por Gary D. Gilbert. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.140648.
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Lima, Rodrigo Quevedo de, Eimi Nascimento Pacheco, Luiz Henrique Santana de Araujo, Cassio Fernando Paganini e Katsuki Arima Tiscoski. "PLASMOBLASTIC LYMPHOMA WITH MAMMARY MANIFESTATION: A CASE REPORT". In Scientifc papers of XXIII Brazilian Breast Congress - 2021. Mastology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942021v31s1085.
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Introduction: Plasmoblastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare entity of non-Hodking lymphoma that usually occurs in the oral cavity in immunosuppressed patients. The involvement of other organs has rarely been reported. The breast can be the site of the initial manifestation of many diseases and in cases like this report, lymphomas should be considered as differential diagnoses. Case report: D.S., female, 28 years old, quality reviewer, married, two children. Carrier of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with recent treatment. Intern for investigation of liver, duodenal and breast abnormalities. She had nodules in both breasts, with progressive growth for about two months, in addition she presente nausea, vomiting, episodes of diarrhea and weight loss. On physical examination of the breasts, presence of apparent vascularization and asymmetric breast – right breast about two times the size of the contralateral. On palpation, the right breast presented with multiple hard and mobile nodules in a single left nodulation in an inferolateral quadrant measuring about 4 cm, with the same characteristics as the previous ones. No axillary lymph node enlargement, supraclavicular or infraclavicular fossae were noticed. Core biopsy was performed on both breasts with the result of undifferentiated malignancy, with a diffuse standard and numerous foci of apoptosis (compatible with high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma). In the immunohistochemical study, there was positivity for LCA, MUM 1, CD10, EMA, CMYC, CD30, CD3 and Ki-67 with a proliferative índex of 95% in neoplasia. Histopathological aspects and immunohistochemical profile were compatible with plasmoblastic lymphoma. During hospitalization, the patient underwent a myelogram that showed slightly hypercellular bone marrow, hematopoiesis was present and was megaloblastic. There was moderate diffuse and a focal irregular infiltration by pleomorphic and dysmorphic plasma cells, suggesting spinal cord involvement by plasmoblastic lymphoma. In addition, oncological PET/CT was performed which showed a metabolic increase in nodular formations in the right breast and thickening of gastroduodenal transition compatible with the clinical information of lymphoproliferative disease. The patient underwent six cycles of the EPOCH polychemotherapy scheme (etoposide, prednisone, oncovinm, cyclophosphamide and ydroxideunorubicin), associated with four cycles of methotrexate at high doses, with remission of breast lesions and is currently being followed up.
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Zhao, Ruijie, Yunfei Chen, Kedong Bi, Meihui Lin e Zan Wang. "A Modified Thermal Boundary Resistance Model for FCC Structures". In ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18175.
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A modified lattice-dynamical model is proposed to calculate the thermal boundary resistance at the interface between two fcc lattices. The nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is employed to verify the theoretical calculations. In our physical model, solid crystal argon is set at the left side and the right side structure properties are tunable by setting the atomic mass and the interactive energy strength among atoms with different values. In the case of mass mismatch, the predictions of the lattice-dynamical (LD) model agree well at low temperature while the calculations of the diffuse mismatch model (DMM) based on the detailed phonon dispersion agree well at high temperature with the MD simulations. The modified LD model, considering a partially specular and partially diffuse phonon scattering, can explain the simulations reasonably in the whole temperature rage. The good agreement between the theoretical calculations and the simulations may be attributed to that phonon scattering mechanisms are dominated by elastic scattering at the perfect interfaces. In the case of interactive energy strength mismatch, the simulations are under the predictions of both the theoretical models, which may be attributed to the fact that this mismatch can bring about an outstanding contribution to opening up an inelastic channel for heat transfer at the interfaces.
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Gu, Yandong, Ji Pei, Shouqi Yuan, Jinfeng Zhang, Ernst Nikolajew e Xingcheng Gan. "Investigations on Flow Characteristics in Diffuser-Discharge-Channel of Volute Casing". In ASME 2018 5th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2018-83051.
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The volute casing used in centrifugal pumps is efficient for the transformation of kinetic energy into pressure energy, however, its asymmetric hydraulic design makes the flow in diffuser-discharge-channel (DDC) inhomogeneous, resulting in unsatisfactory flow patterns. In this study, the unsteady numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the transient flow characteristics in DDC. The accuracy of numerical results is found to agree well with experimental performance and pressure fluctuations. It is observed that the flow in DDC is significantly uneven. At the elbow of DDC, the static pressure on the volute left side (VL) is larger than the volute right side (VR) due to the flow impact and flow separation respectively. Thereby, this high-pressure gradient induces the secondary flow on the cross sections of DDC. Further, there is an obvious dependency of pressure fluctuations in the discharge pipe on the strong interaction between the impeller and tongue, in which four small peaks and four large peaks can be observed. At each moment, the pressure on VL gradually decreases from the inlet of discharge pipe to the pump outlet, while it increases on VR, finally, two sides tend to be the same. The pressure fluctuation intensity gradually becomes equivalent-distributed. In particular, it should be noticed that the energy loss in the diffuser part is larger than the discharge pipe, which requires a redesign concerning hydraulic performance. This study can help to better understand the transient flow characteristics and provide guidance for reducing flow loss in the volute casing.
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Japikse, David, e Eric M. Krivitzky. "Radial Stages With Non-Uniform Pressures at Diffuser Inlet". In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57956.
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The design of centrifugal stages with an impeller and a downstream diffuser has generally been based on the assumption of axisymmetric flow at the impeller discharge. Flow entering the diffuser has customarily been assumed to also be axisymmetric, at least on a time-averaged basis, while laying out the diffuser vanes, establishing the preferred incidence, and sizing the throat areas. Recent stage studies have shown that the flow is often not fully axisymmetric, that not all diffuser passages perform the same way even at the design or best efficiency points, and that the actual time-averaged diffuser inlet flow conditions (distortion) may be changing from one operating point to another. In this study, comprehensive time-averaged (steady) results from one test rig with a large array of impeller exit pressure taps is examined. Supporting results from five other test rigs are reviewed to broaden the picture of possible flow states. Hypotheses, suitable for future evaluation, are given to begin the explanation of the actual flow states and to guide further research. The current status of CFD to understand these phenomena is discussed.
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Menon, Prahlad G., Srilakshmi M. Adhyapak e Kiron Varghese. "Regional Vascular Characterization of Ectatic Coronary Arteries From Fluoroscopy". In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65510.
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Coronary artery ectasia is designated as abnormal focal dilatation of segments of the coronary artery and less frequently or diffuse dilatation along the entire coronary artery. In this study, we describe an image processing pipeline for automatic segmentation and centerline characterization from conventional X-ray angiography images. Two patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and coronary artery ectasia are examined. Fluoroscopic views showing left and right coronary arteries were automatically quantified for vascular centerlines and arterial centerlines are rendered color-coded plots of regional vascular radius, to objectively characterize patient-specific regional vascular dilatation. Ectasia was found to be most pronounced in the proximal and mid-coronary segments and occurred preferentially in the areas of high curvature of the coronaries, along their course over the epicardial surface of the heart.
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Ni, Ming, Shaojuan Geng, Zuojun Wei e Xiaohua Gan. "A Numerical Study on the Effect of Inter-Stage Water Injection in an Opposed-Setting-Two-Stage Centrifugal Compressor". In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-16150.
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Abstract Inter-stage water injection is currently a common method to reduce the compression work. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of this approach on an opposed-setting-two-stage centrifugal compressor which is designed for a small gas turbine numerically. The Eulerian-Lagrangian method is adopted to calculate the continuous flow field and discrete particle terms with the k-ε turbulence model. 6 water injection conditions are conducted to compare with the dry air condition. The performance curve shift to the right-up side, i.e. higher total pressure ratio, higher efficiency and larger choking mass flow. However, the larger the performance improvement gained by inter-stage injection, the worse the stability will be. Under the micro injection ratio (about 0.1%), the stall margin of the compressor is improved. Additionally, with a proper injection parameter, the loading in the diffuser can be reduced and promise a wider stall margin. Nevertheless, there still exists droplets at the outlet of the high-pressure diffuser because of the insufficient time for evaporation.
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Diffuse rights"
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Global Education Monitoring Report - Non-state actors in education: Who chooses? Who loses? UNESCO, dezembro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54676/ytjt5864.
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Non-state actors’ role extends beyond provision of schooling to interventions at various education levels and influence spheres. Alongside its review of progress towards SDG 4, including emerging evidence on the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact, the 2021/2 Global Education Monitoring Report urges governments to see all institutions, students and teachers as part of a single system. Standards, information, incentives and accountability should help governments protect, respect and fulfil the right to education of all, without turning their eyes away from privilege or exploitation. Publicly funded education does not have to be publicly provided but disparity in education processes, student outcomes and teacher working conditions must be addressed. Efficiency and innovation, rather than being commercial secrets, should be diffused and practised by all. To that end, transparency and integrity in the public education policy process need to be maintained to block vested interests. The report’s rallying call – Who chooses? Who loses? – invites policymakers to question relationships with non-state actors in terms of fundamental choices: between equity and freedom of choice; between encouraging initiative and setting standards; between groups of varying means and needs; between immediate commitments under SDG 4 and those to be progressively realized (e.g. post-secondary education); and between education and other social sectors. Supporting the fifth Global Education Monitoring Report are two online tools: PEER, a policy dialogue resource describing non-state activity and regulations in the world’s education systems; and VIEW, a new website consolidating sources and providing new completion rate estimates over time.