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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Digital market regulation"
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Zhang, Yudi. "The Regulation of the Digital Markets." International Journal of Education and Humanities 9, no. 2 (2023): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v9i2.9720.
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The introduction of the EU Digital Market Act (draft) provides an important reference for other countries to further strengthen digital market regulation and clarify the responsibilities of digital service providers. This article explains how to regulate digital markets by introducing the contents of the draft EU Digital Market Act (draft), and provides suggestions for other countries to regulate digital markets by referring to the contents of the draft EU digital Market Act (draft). In order to maintain the absolute security of big data, a key factor of production in the national digital economy, countries should take the initiative to adopt digital market regulation measures.
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Chiarella, Maria Luisa. "Digital Markets Act (DMA) and Digital Services Act (DSA): New Rules for the EU Digital Environment." Athens Journal of Law 9, no. 1 (2022): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajl.9-1-2.
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The Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (known as DMA – “Digital Market Act”) sets clear rules for large online platforms. It aims to ensure that no large online platform that is in a “gatekeeper” position - to many users - abuses that position to the detriment of businesses wishing to access those users. The most innovative elements are the introduction of the legal figure of the “gatekeeper” and the provision of specific duties imposed on the same. The Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (known as DSA “Digital Services Act”) introduces a common set of rules on intermediaries’ obligations and accountability across the single market, aiming to ensure a high level of protection to all users. This paper aims to analyse the new provisions introduced by the Digital Service Package in the framework of market regulation policies. Keywords: Digital markets; Intermediary service; Online platforms; Online search engines; Market regulation; EU policies Ombudsman; Constitutional Institution; Unwillingness of Bureaucrats
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Ariño, Monica. "Digital War and Peace: Regulation and Competition in European Digital Broadcasting." European Public Law 10, Issue 1 (2004): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2004008.
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This article evaluates how sector specific regulation and competition law, in particular merger control, have influenced the evolution of digital broadcasting markets in Europe. Recent developments in the Spanish market are examined, as they illustrate well what are the principal challenges faced by public authorities when intervening in rapidly changing markets. The crucial and often controversial issue of market definition is discussed in greater detail. Finally, a general reflection on how competition law fails to address non-economic considerations that specifically apply to the media, such as the protection of pluralism, is presented.
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Rusche, Christian. "Wachsen regulierte digitale Märkte?" Wirtschaftsdienst 104, no. 11 (2024): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0204.
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Abstract The EU countries, the United Kingdom (UK), and China are characterised by a high level of regulation of digital markets. In recent years, the EU and the UK have significantly tightened their regulations. The less dynamic data market in the EU and the UK compared to major players in the global economy suggests that more regulation hampers digital innovation.
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Fuchikawa, Kazuhiko. "Regulations of Digital Platform Markets Under the Japanese Antimonopoly Act: Does the Regulation of Unfair Trade Practices Solve the Gordian Knot of Digital Markets?" Antitrust Bulletin 65, no. 1 (2020): 102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x19898905.
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When it comes to digital platform markets, the competition authorities of Japan, the EU, and the United States share a similar approach toward the regulation of mergers. Additionally, they share a common approach with respect to exclusive dealings but apply slightly different rules concerning a refusal to deal in the regulation of monopolization. However, the regulation of Unfair Trade Practices (UTPs) in Japan is unique in that it is possible to regulate a vertical nonprice restraint imposed by a company with a market share between 20% and 50%. The author explores the regulation in the digital platform markets by the UTPs under the Japanese Antimonopoly Act and examines the possibility of the regulations by the UTPs as an alternative method. This article argues that it is desirable, especially in the case of private suits, that the assessment of market definition and the burden of proof be simplified.
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Muliani, Alisya, Sukarmi Sukarmi, and Djumikasih Djumikasih. "Reformulation of Digital Market Regulations Against Indications of Monopolistic Practices in the Digital Spaces (Indonesian Perspective)." International Journal of Business, Law, and Education 5, no. 1 (2024): 800–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v5i1.487.
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This research aims to analyze indications of monopolistic practices in the digital space and find formulations for digital market regulation to create a fairer digital ecosystem. Law No. 5 of 1999 concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition does not yet specifically regulate the prohibition of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition in the digital space, so the incompleteness of this regulation needs to be investigated further. This research was conducted using a normative juridical approach. The results of this research show that indications of monopolistic practices in the digital space are related to the unclear categories of business actors who sell at a loss in e-commerce and the combination of social media and e-commerce. Based on these weaknesses, the author obtains a formulation based on the Digital Markets Act regulations in the European Union which creates "gatekeepers" in the digital economy to create a healthy market.
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Usova, N., M. Loginov, and E. Plakhtiy. "Problems of legal regulation of the digital services market." Management and Business Administration, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/2075-1826-2022-1-33-44.
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The service sector occupies a significant share in the national economy and the issues of legal regulation of this issue remain insufficiently studied. The digital services market is among the innovative and significant for ensuring the competitiveness of the national economy. The basis of this study was the regulatory legal acts regulating the digital services market. The authors, based on the methods of analysis, grouping and comparison, analyzed the development of the digital services market and the state of legal regulation of this market, which served as the basis for the proposed recommendations for further improvement of regulatory instruments of the market under study.
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Arutyunyan, A. A., and A. D. Berbeneva. "The evolution of antimonopoly regulation of digital platforms." Digital Law Journal 3, no. 3 (2022): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.38044/2686-9136-2022-3-3-79-96.
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This paper provides comprehensive analysis of the evolution of approaches to antimonopoly regulation of digital market participants, the so-called “digital platforms”. So far business practices of digital platforms and their compliance with the antitrust rules have been widely studied by both the watchdogs of various countries and the expert community. However, a few years ago the research into these issues was not that thorough neither in science nor in practice Today, with sufficient experience on regulation of digital markets, legal acts are being drawn up in various jurisdictions that cover approaches to assessing the market position of digital platforms, as well as acceptable and unacceptable practices. Besides, specific control mechanisms are being designed to deter antitrust violations in digital markets. At the same time, digital technologies are evolving too fast. This will inevitably pose new challenges to regulators and science. New digital services, business models and options for expanding markets, for example, by developing ecosystem products, will appear. The paper presents analysis of the main stages in the development of antimonopoly regulation of digital markets: from the first antitrust cases against IT-companies to creation of special regulatory and control mechanisms of digital platforms. Furthermore, potential development of digital markets and their antitrust regulation both in Russia and abroad is considered. The paper offers review of legal acts and regulatory initiatives in the area of digital markets in different regions worldwide and refers to the key antitrust cases that have affected the regulatory approaches.
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Kromm, M. V. "Modern trends of antimonopoly regulation of digital services market in the world." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 3 (October 7, 2021): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2021-1-3-235-242.
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The article analyzes and considers the main trends in the development of the digital services market for 2018–2021 and illustrative graphs are shown. The purpose of this article is to disclose the current problem of antimonopoly regulation and the development of competition in digital markets and to study the dynamics of the development of the global state of the digital sphere. When analyzing the current state of the digital services market and the development of antimonopoly regulation both in Kazakhstan and in foreign countries, analytical and economic and statistical methods were used, as well as methods of collecting information and abstraction for effective search, grouping, processing and generalization of data. Now the digital services market is developing dynamically and there is an active growth of Internet users around the world. There is also a constant increase in online shopping and the COVID–19 coronavirus pandemic further contributes to this growth. To protect the rights and interests of consumers, digital market players, “beginners”, and to ensure equal and fair competition conditions, it became necessary to revise the regulatory mechanisms used by the competition authorities in many countries. There is an active establishment of tighter regulation of digital platforms by focusing on their specific business models and regulating their access to data so that new entrants can compete on an equal footing with today’s large conglomerates. Important changes are being made to the rules on abuse of dominance in digital markets related to the behavior of “middlemen” That is, the task of the antimonopoly authorities is to create the necessary conditions for the development and stimulation of competition in this industry.
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Timofeev, Stanislav V. "DIGITAL MONOPOLIES: TASKS AND PROSPECTS OF LEGISLATIVE ANTIMONOPOLY REGULATION." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Economics. Management. Law, no. 4 (2022): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6304-2022-4-109-120.
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The article deals with the issues of antimonopoly regulation of the activities of companies that are global digital giants. The activity of such companies is a kind of challenge for the antimonopoly authorities in all coun- tries of the world. Against the background of the pandemic, digital platforms are gaining special importance and are rapidly increasing their market share. During the period of active development of the digital economy, which is based on the information technology and innovative solutions, issues arise that are not typical for traditional markets for goods and services. There is a need to develop a new system of antitrust regulation that can protect competition, but at the same time takes into account the interests of companies operating in digital markets. In the digital economy, the main categories of antimonopoly regulation are fundamentally changing: it is more difficult to determine whet-her the price is monopoly; the points of application of the above regulation are shifting, as more and more transactions take place online and it is impossible to determine a specific responsible person; it becomes more complicated to form an evidence base in an antitrust case. Since the Internet overcomes both physical and legal boundaries, when building a regulatory system for the digital economy, it is necessary to take into account international experience and promote synchronization of the an- titrust laws of those countries where the largest players in digital markets are based. Participants in economic activity do not try to compete in some com- modity market, where are already many players, but generate new markets where they strive to become absolute monopolists. Today, “digital giants” have a large number of market power levers through the use and creation of new platforms, control and collection of data about users and product market par- ticipants, and the use of innovative methods of personalized marketing.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Digital market regulation"
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Saxby, Stephen John. "Regulation of the market in digital information." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/192875/.
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This Thesis examines the current public policy and regulatory options likely to influence the future development of the information market. The context is the successful delivery, by digital technology, of the Internet - the precursor to a future broadband network, more popularly known as the `information superhighway'. This advance, which feeds on convergence of the information and communication technologies, will enable text, sound and image to be manipulated, exploited and communicated in digital format across a number of delivery platforms. It has introduced a new phase of intensive policy analysis among administrations intended to lead to the development of national or regional information infrastructure plans, designed ultimately to produce a global framework. A central focus of policy examined by the Thesis is what form the regulatory environment should take to encourage synergy between the public and private sectors in respect of their contributions to the plan. Throughout the work the approaches of the United Kingdom, the European Union and the United States are compared. The core of the Thesis is four papers, located in Chapters 1-4, which have either been published or accepted for publication in 1995/96. The first three will appear in the International Journal of Law and Information Technology (Oxford University Press) and the fourth in the 1995 International Yearbook of Law, Computers & Technology (Carfax). Chapter 1, `A Jurisprudence for Information Technology Law' considers the legal response to `digitization' and what the future holds. Chapter 2, `Public Sector Policy and the Information Superhighway' develops one of the themes from Chapter 1 and considers the public policy dilemmas posed by the information superhighway. Chapter 3, `Public Information Access Policy in the Digital Network Environment assesses the arguments for reform of EU access policy, its implications for the UK and the contribution it will make to the information market. Chapter 4, `A UK National Information Policy for the Electronic Age' reviews the progress of the UK in developing an integrated information policy for the information society. Chapter 5 contains a Conclusion. The author believes the Thesis to be the first sustained public policy analysis of the subject since the digital network first began to enter the public domain in 1993.
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Lefrere, Vincent. "Market of personal data and regulation." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASE005.
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Les algorithmes de traitement des contenus utilisés dans l'industrie de l'Internet sont indispensables au fonctionnement de nombreux services. Ils servent à filtrer des contenus, ordonner des réponses à une recherche, sélectionner les informations pertinentes, faire des recommandations. Ils sont devenus nécessaires à l'analyse des grandes masses de données issues des objets connectés et du e-commerce. Ces outils sont également générateurs d'innovations dans un secteur économique stratégique et très concurrentiel. La littérature en droit et en économie montrent des résultats ambivalents. D'un côté elle montre que les algorithmes soulèvent des questions (d'abus) de position dominante, de collusion et de discriminations. Chen and al. (2017) étudient la plateforme UBER et ils montrent qu'il existe un monopole algorithmique concernant l'entreprise Uber, où le prix varie selon des règles propres à l'algorithme et non selon une logique de marché où l'offre et la demande déterminent un prix d'équilibre. Dans le cas d'un oligopole cette fois, Mehra (2016), ou encore Ezrachi et Stucke (2015) ont montré des problèmes de collusion (via un parallélisme des prix) dû à la présence de robots vendeurs (robots-sellers) qui se coordonnent selon une logique haussière. Enfin, sur un plus grand nombre d'entreprises, Mikians et al. 2013 ; Hannak et al. 2014 montrent l'existence de nombreuses discriminations par les prix. Datta et al. (2015) ; Lambrecht et Tucker, (2016) observent des discriminations en ligne en fonction du genre impactant le niveau de salaire. D'un autre côté, la littérature montre que les algorithmes peuvent améliorer les choix pris par les individus notamment dans les décisions de justice. Les idées préconçues de juges américains envers les individus afro-américains induisent une décision judiciaire biaisée et l'implémentation dans ce domaine d'algorithmes à démontré une réduction du crime de 24,8% (Kleinberg and al, 2016). Pour le moment, une littérature naissante en économie et en droit tente d'identifier ce type de comportements de la part des algorithmes, mais finalement, elle ne fait que relever un problème transverse d'asymétrie d'information entre les consommateurs - mais aussi le régulateur - et les firmes, quant aux règles de fonctionnement de leur algorithme. Ces règles sont-elles compatibles avec les règles de la concurrence et l'obligation de protéger la vie privée des consommateurs, fournisseurs privilégiés de données personnelles ? Comment inciter les entreprises à être plus transparentes et loyales, étant donné qu'un algorithme est la ressource stratégique des firmes et source d'innovations et de pouvoir de marché ? Comment éviter les dangers d'un mécanisme de sélection adverse (où les entreprises les plus respectueuses des données personnelles se trouveraient hors marché) et de hasard moral (du fait d'un coût de surveillance des autorités de régulation trop élevé) ? La thèse devra travailler sur l'ensemble de ces points<br>Content processing algorithms used in the Internet industry are essential to the functioning of many services. They serve to filter content, order responses to a search, select relevant information, make recommendations. They have become necessary for the analysis of the large masses of data from connected objects and e-commerce. These tools are also generators of innovation in service in a strategic and highly competitive economic sector. The literature on law and economics shows ambivalent results related to economics impact of algorithms. On the one hand, this literature shows that the algorithms raise questions (abuse) of dominance, collusion and discrimination. Chen et al. (2017) study the UBER platform and show that there is an algorithmic monopoly on Uber, where the price varies according to algorithm-specific rules and not according to a market logic in which supply and demand determine equilibrium price. In the case of oligopoly, Mehra (2016), Ezrachi and Stucke (2015) have shown the existence of collusion (via price parallelism) due to the presence of robo-sellers who coordinate prices according to an upward trend. Finally, Mikians et al. (2013); Hannak et al. (2014) show the existence of numerous form of price discrimination in different sectors. Datta et al. (2015) ; Lambrecht and Tucker, (2016) observe gender-based discrimination on the level of wages. On the other hand, the literature shows that algorithms can improve choices made by individuals, particularly in court decisions. While, the preconceived ideas of American judges towards African-American individuals induce a biased judicial decision, the implementation of algorithms has demonstrated a crime reduction of 24.8% (Kleinberg et al, 2016). A preliminary literature in economics and law attempts to assess the algorithm behaviors with the aim to identify the cause of information asymmetry in the market and thus between consumers - Regulator - and the firms. We aim to identify the implications for regulation of economics of privacy and the extent of obligation to protect the privacy of consumers? How can companies be more transparent and fair, given that an algorithm is the strategic resource of firms and a source of innovation and market power? How to avoid the dangers of an adverse selection mechanism (where the most respectful of personal data would be out of market) and moral hazard (due to too high regulatory oversight costs)? The thesis will work on all these points
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Richter, Wolf R. "'Better' regulation through social entrepreneurship? : innovative and market-based approaches to address the digital challenge to copyright regulation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8d609027-8605-4815-a499-3d2981028a24.
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After the initial excitement about the Internet as a space outside of governmental control has evaporated and courts in several states have applied national laws to ‘Cyberspace’, there is now a consensus among scholars that regulators have in principle the authority and capacity to regulate the Internet. Nevertheless, the application of the established tools of regulation - legislation and adjudication - to the current challenges to copyright regulation posed by the Internet has proven to be ineffective and produced undesirable side effects. Although market self-regulation has been suggested as a more efficacious approach to regulating the Internet and has proven effective in content regulation and Internet governance, the market has so far been unsuccessful in providing an effective and efficient remedy to the challenges to copyright regulation. The purpose of this thesis is to examine a novel approach to regulation and analyse its benefits and limitations. The novel approach defies the conceptualisation as co- and self-regulation, but introduces the solution from outside the regulated environment through entrepreneurship and innovation, and relies on the forces of the market to become effective. In this thesis, I analyse the regulatory systems implemented by two private organisations, Noank Media and Creative Commons, in China’s reportedly ineffective copyright law environment and find that their market-based and innovative approach to regulation can be understood as a form of social entrepreneurship. Social enterprises have been claimed to deliver social goods more effectively and efficiently than governmental intervention, because they are said to rely on local knowledge, to be driven by the demand of the stakeholders, and to be focused on social value creation. Based on quantitative and qualitative fieldwork with Noank Media’s and Creative Common’s stakeholders in China I analyse to what extent these two enterprises managed to successfully leverage the assets of social entrepreneurship. I conclude that while the novel approach has demonstrated the potential to produce more effective and more efficient regulation, it does not automatically result in Better Regulation. Further efforts are required to ensure participation, transparency, and public accountability, and to avoid regulatory fragmentation.
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Čupová, Martina. "Economy Implications of Regulation." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359228.
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This thesis analyzes the implications of regulation on the transformation to a Digital Economy. A gap analysis shows that Czech Republic is significantly lagging behind in terms of connectivity, which is an essential precondition for a transformation to a digital age. The regulator promotes the entry of the new player as a solution for this situation. However, a simulation based on Herfindahl Hirschman Index does not support this view. This outcome is further supported by the results of correlation between market competitiveness and network advancement, which does not suggest any relationship. These findings are in line with empirical evidence from EU markets, which prove that a three-operator market is efficient and delivers attractive competitive services to the customers and society. The root cause of this situation lies in the current telecommunications regulation, which failed to create a sustainable digital ecosystem for the transition to a digital economy. This paper concludes, that regulatory framework needs to be redefined to address new challenges ahead. The regulatory priority should be shifted from service focus to encouraging long-term connectivity investments, differentiation, and competition.
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Dubus, Antoine. "Strategic information and competition in digital markets." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLT037.
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Cette thèse étudie les entreprises spécialisées dans la vente d'information personnelles et leurs comment leurs stratégies affectent la concurrence. Nous construisons au cours des trois chapitres des modèles théoriques représentant les interactions entre des courtiers en données spécialisés dans la collecte et dans la vente d'information, des firmes achetant des informations personnelles sur leurs clients, et les consommateurs. Nous étudions en un premier temps les stratégies des courtiers en données quant à la vente d'information pour le ciblage des consommateurs par les prix. Nous montrons que les courtiers en données ne vendent pas toute l'information dont ils disposent, et qu'une partie des consommateurs reste non identifiée. Nous étudions ensuite les stratégies des courtiers en données lorsqu’ils se font concurrence en prix et en quantité de données vendues. Nous montrons que la concurrence affecte les consommateurs de deux manières. Plus la concurrence est forte entre les courtiers, moins ils collectent d'information, mais ils font moins de rétention stratégique d'information. Enfin, nous considérons la réaction des consommateurs lorsqu’ils peuvent se cacher des courtiers en données, et nous montrons que le fait que les consommateurs ont la possibilité de se cacher va inciter le courtier à vendre plus de données consommateurs, créant ainsi une externalité de données. Ces études permettent de répondre à des questions importantes de régulation de la collecte et de la vente d'information, tout en prenant compte un potentiel rôle actif des consommateurs dans ces pratiques<br>My PhD focuses on how information sellers use consumer information to shape competition on product markets. The three chapters develop theoretical models where the interactions between data brokers specialized in collecting and selling information, firms competing on a product market, and consumers behaving strategically regarding the price they pay and their concern for privacy. Namely we study first the strategies of data brokers selling information to competing firms allowing them to price discriminate consumers. We show that data brokers do not sell all information about consumers but keep a share of unidentified consumers instead. We focus then on competition and mergers between data brokers, and we show that competition affects the uses of information in several directions. Competing data brokers collect less information than monopolists, but sell more consumer data. We show that consumers benefit from competition between data brokers regarding the price they pay on the product market, but the effects on their privacy are two fold. Finally we consider the reactions of consumers who can hide from data brokers and pay a homogeneous price. We show that in order to moderate consumers' willingness to hide, data brokers will identify more consumers on the product market and thus increase competition between firms. Thus the possibility to hide positively affects consumers on the price they pay, as competition is increased, but as more consumers are identified, their privacy concern increases. Overall, this study answers some key questions on the mechanisms of information collection, and uses by data brokers, how they affect competition on the product market, and how consumers react to it when they are concerned both by the price they pay and by their privacy
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Lundström, Justus, Jonas Widriksson, and Viktor Zaunders. "Changes in media consumption and file sharing : The impact of legislation and new digital media services." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Informatics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12534.
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<p>In this study we investigate how the attitude and behaviour concerning illegal file shar-ing have changed among the young population in Sweden. The study will analyze the impact of the IPRED law that was introduced in April 2008 and new digital media ser-vices that have emerged in the last couple of years. It is also evaluated which of these have had the most impact on the attitude and behaviour of the selected population.</p><p>The main part of our research consists of a quantitative survey handed out to a sample population among high school students (ages 16-20) in Jönköping, Sweden. This pri-mary data is later compared to secondary data from a similar study that was done on the same demographics two years prior to this research in order to measure the change in behaviour and attitude. The previous study was conducted prior to the IPRED law im-plementation by one of the authors. We also used prior research within this subject and related fields to further understand and interpret our data.</p><p>What we have discovered through our research is that there has been a decrease in ille-gal file sharing, especially when considering music, however this decrease is much more an effect of the adopting of new media services then it can be attributed to the IPRED law. Furthermore, the attitudes towards file sharing have remained unchanged and a large number of young adults do not feel that file sharing should be illegal.</p><p>It is also concluded that good legal alternatives to file sharing have a large market po-tential if these services can fulfil consumers demand on availability and price. Addition-ally we have found that good legal alternatives are important if the public is to refrain from returning to their old file sharing habits once the initial scare from new legislation has worn off.</p>
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Piletta, Massaro Andrea. "Competition Law Between Old Goals and New Challenges. New tools for a ‘multi-value’ approach vis-à-vis: Digitalisation, Inequalities, and Climate Changes." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/360943.
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The research question that moves the present work is whether and how competition law shall play a role in making our society more ‘sustainable’, intending this term in a broad meaning, and therefore linked to social, economic and environmental sustainability. The question raises from the awareness of the problems that are affecting our society, also if we refer at its democratic foundations. In particular, we considered that issues such as increasing income inequalities, raising market concentration rates and the even faster climate changes are topics that cannot be outside the academic analysis of the various policies. Therefore, if we try to answer at the question if competition law shall play a role in this context, the analysis should start from the very foundations of this discipline. At this purpose, in our research, we scrutinised how the most representative competition law regimes in the world - i.e., the US antitrust law and the EU competition law systems – developed during their history. This analysis is conducted by reading through legislative sources, policy statements, judicial decisions and scholar works. What emerges is that competition law shall not only be focused on mere economic and econometric objectives, such economic efficiency, but it was intended more as a structural instrument, created for preventing the concentration of an excessive degree of economic power on the same subject or on a bounce of entities. Therefore, after having affirmed this structuralist aim of competition law, it is possible to understand how every other objective shall be considered as a by-product of a healthy competitive process, and not as an end of competition law in itself. This is particularly clear in the European context, as competition law ought not to be intended as a separate or lone subject, but as a field of law well rooted into the EU and its Member States’ constitutional traditions. After having established that competition law shall play a role in the transition towards a more sustainable society, the focus moves on how this task shall be performed. For this purpose, the present research scrutinised the issues we mentioned before, by making a comparative analysis between the EU and the U.S. competition law and antitrust models and, inside the EU environment, among the various solutions adopted in the Member States. This analysis first needed to be carried out by means of an empirical assessment of the issue at stake, especially from an economic standpoint. Then, the legal tools needed in order to reach the desired outcomes were scrutinised, first by making reference to the solutions already adopted by enforcers and Courts on the basis of the existing rules, and, subsequently, new tools are analysed and proposed. In particular, the research establishes a connection between income inequalities and the increasing rates of market concentration. The latter dynamic was deemed particularly intense in the digital market context, which are characterised by market dynamics which escape from the common understanding of competition, as they lead the market to tip in favour of a firm, usually the first mover. In a nutshell, they are characterised by a sort of winner takes all structure. This field represents the core of this research, as it is where excessive market concentration shows most its detrimental effects and the need to a structuralist approach to competition law appears much needed. Therefore, this work aims to provide its contribution to the very active academic debate on this field. However, this research does not want to be limited to the digital market problem but is directed at casting lights on the need for a multi-value approach to competition law at 360 degrees, which can turn into a multi-tool enforcement to better tailor the application of competition rules to all the analysed issues, which are however interrelated thanks to the broad concept of ‘sustainability’ outlined above, in line with the Brundtland Report on sustainability issued in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development. What emerges is that competition law ought to play a role in the transition towards a more sustainable economy and society. This depends on policy choices, and this work is aimed – in the realm of the current scholar debate on this topic – at providing its constructive contribution. However, what is important to affirm is that policy choices directed at establishing the multi-value and multi-tool competition law described above are not only based on progressive or hipster academic ideas, but they are deeply rooted into our societies’ constitutional traditions, and, in the end, in a healthy conception of the liberal economy itself.
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Bazylev, Y. S. "Economic consequences of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies in the context of global financial market development." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2019. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/75523.
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У роботі досліджено історію створення криптовалюти та технології блокчейн, передумови виникнення та існування, як єдиної системи, так і порізно. Був проведений аналіз впливу криптовалюти і технологій блокчейн, на фінансову систему, виявлені основні індикатори, які підтверджують цей вплив. Проведений аналіз заборони цифрової валюти та законодавчу підтримку у розрізі країн світу, виявлені основні причини та наслідки. Проаналізовано блокчейн, як технологію майбутнього, для сфер, як фінансових, так і поза фінансових. Висвітлені світові тенденції, щодо впровадження блокчейну в світові організації, їх сильні та слабкі сторони, можливості та загрози. Були надані основні рекомендації, як сучасним розробникам криптовалют, так і майбутнім, за для уникнення проблем.<br>The master’s thesis focuses on the history of digital currency and blockchain technology, the prerequisites for the emergence and existence of a system separately and as a whole. Analyzed of the impact of cryptorcurrency and blockchain technologies on the financial system was conducted, and the main indicators were found to confirm this influence. Emphasized approaches of the digital currency ban and legislative support in the context of the world identified the main causes and consequences. Blockchain is analyzed as a technology of the future, for areas both financial and non-financial. Global trends in blockchain implementation in world organizations, their strengths, and weaknesses, opportunities and threats are highlighted. Basic recommendations were given, to modern cryptocurrency developers and future ones, to further avoiding problems.
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CONGIU, RAFFAELE. "Essays on Regulation and Competition in the Digital Markets." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2966331.
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Allouard, Hugo. "Three essays in digital economics : privacy, regulation & labor markets." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASI005.
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Cette thèse étudie les implications économiques et comportementales de la numérisation. Le chapitre 1 étudie la sensibilité à la vie privée des consommateurs sur le marché des applications mobiles en tenant compte du gain en qualité résultant de l'utilisation des données utilisateurs. Les résultats indiquent que ne pas tenir compte des bénéfices du consommateur à partager ses informations personnelles conduit à une sous-estimation de la sensibilité à la vie privée. De plus, je montre que la sensibilité à la collecte de données augmente avec le temps, mais avec une hétérogénéité persistante entre les pays. Le chapitre 2 étudie les implications de la non-discrimination des politiques de collecte de données entre les marchés qui est en vigueur sur le marché des applications mobiles. En estimant un modèle structurel de demande et d'offre et en simulant des scénarios contrefactuels, je démontre qu'une régulation imposant la discrimination de la collecte de données entre les pays augmenterait le surplus du consommateur et la vie privée en Europe, mais aurait des effets contraires aux États-Unis. Le chapitre 3 étudie l'impact de l'essor des plateformes de livraison de repas à la demande sur la criminalité, en exploitant les disparités temporelles et géographiques de leur introduction en France. Notre approche en différence de différences étagées révèle que l'arrivée d'une plateforme de livraison dans une zone d'emploi entraîne une forte réduction des crimes liés à la drogue. Ces résultats indiquent que la "gig economy" favorise les opportunités d'emploi pour les travailleurs peu qualifiés, les jeunes et les groupes minoritaires, facilitant leur engagement dans des activités économiques légales<br>Certainly! Here is the revised paragraph with corrected grammar:This thesis studies the economic and behavioral implications of digitization. Chapter 1 investigates the privacy sensitivity of consumers in the mobile app market, accounting for the quality enhancement resulting from the use of user data. The findings indicate that not accounting for the consumer benefit of sharing personal information leads to an underestimation of privacy sensitivity. As a result, the sensitivity to data collection is higher than commonly reported in the literature. Furthermore, I show that privacy sensitivity increases over time, but with persistent heterogeneity across countries. Chapter 2 examines the implications of non-discrimination in data collection policies across markets, which is prevalent in the mobile app industry. By estimating a structural model of demand and supply and simulating counterfactual scenarios, I demonstrate that a regulation enforcing discrimination in data collection across countries would increase consumer surplus and privacy in Europe, but with opposite effects in the US. Chapter 3 investigates the impact of the boom in on-demand food delivery platforms on crime, leveraging the temporal and geographic disparities in their introduction in France. Our staggered difference-in-differences approach reveals that the arrival of a delivery platform in an employment area leads to a significant reduction in drug-related crimes. These results indicate that the gig economy fosters employment opportunities for low-skilled workers, youth, and minority groups, facilitating their engagement in lawful economic activities
Livros sobre o assunto "Digital market regulation"
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Saxby, Stephen. Public policy and legal regulation of the information market in the digital network environment. Tano, 1996.
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Manganelli, Antonio, and Antonio Nicita. Regulating Digital Markets. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89388-0.
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European Television and Film Forum. Meeting. Towards the digital revolution: European television and film between market and regulation = Vers la révolution numérique : la télévision et le cinéma européens entre le marché et la réglementation. Edited by Contamine Claude, Dusseldorp Monique van, and European Institute for the Media. European Institute for the Media, 1995.
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Efremov, A., F. Leschenkov, K. Mefod'eva, et al. Modernization of state regulation of activities in the field of communications. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1080398.
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The communications industry is one of the most important sectors of economy in conditions of digitalization, which becomes the basis for further innovative development, to a large extent depends on adequate legal regulation and state participation. In the presented scientific and practical Handbook gives a General characteristic of the legal regulation in the field of communications in the Russian Federation, covers the approaches to state regulation and deregulation of the industry. A separate Chapter is devoted to questions of regulation of communication services of new generation, the analysis of the relevant contractual structures.
 Deals with the foreign and international experience, identifies trends of legal regulation of relations in the age of digital economy, ways of overcoming of contradictions between the market and legal constraints. Proposals on modernization of legislation in accordance with new conditions and possibilities of technical progress.
 For researchers, practitioners, professionals engaged in law enforcement and legislative activities, teachers, students and postgraduates of law schools and faculties.
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Inglese, Marco. Regulating the Collaborative Economy in the European Union Digital Single Market. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30040-1.
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Gantzias, George K. The info-communication industry: Digital services, global markets : a dynamic regulatory model : Product and Process Regulation. Loizou Publications, 1998.
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Savel'eva, Ekaterina. Digital labor platforms: new forms of labor organization and regulation. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1818511.
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The monograph presents an extensive study of new forms of labor organization in the context of the development of technical, technological, financial, economic and socio-cultural factors. The distinctive features of digital labor platforms, their classification, as well as the strategies of key players in the global and Russian-speaking distance labor markets are given. Based on the analysis of current international analytical reviews, foreign and domestic scientific publications, current legislation and court decisions, the author gives approaches and methods of regulatory regulation of platform labor.
 The author does not ignore such controversial issues as: direct and indirect methods of state influence on the activities of digital labor platforms, problems of social responsibility, as well as prospects for the development of platform cooperativism in the world and Russia as an alternative to labor platforms focused on the global level.
 It is of interest to researchers, government authorities, teachers of higher educational institutions, graduate students and students studying these problems.
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Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Characteristics and competitiveness of the Internet backbone market : report to the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Business Rights and Competition, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate. U.S. General Accounting Office, 2001.
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Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Development of competition in local telephone markets : report to the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Business Rights, and Competition, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate. The Office, 2000.
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Tyagi, Kalpana, Anselm Kamperman Sanders, and Caroline Cauffman, eds. Digital Platforms, Competition Law, and Regulation. Hart Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509969418.
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This open access book offers a comparative and inter-disciplinary perspective on the unique competition law challenges presented by the converged digital markets. Following the digitalisation of even the most traditional bricks-and-mortar sectors of the economy, a well-functioning internal market can only be guaranteed by ensuring the competitiveness of the digital markets. What role do intellectual property law and competition law play in this digital world? How can a more economic analysis strengthen innovation policies to achieve a truly competitive digital single market? The book provides a rigorous discussion of the many reasons why the regulatory responses, not just in Europe but in other jurisdictions too, may fall short. It addresses an array of procedural, substantive and other issues that are generating intense debate across the antitrust community. This includes the scope and objectives of digital regulation, whether the application of ex-ante rules would result in fragmentation and inconsistencies, and whether such regulatory regimes are an appropriate tool for substantive assessment. The book explores whether the application of these rules would effectively tackle the contestability-related concerns in the platform markets, whether they can be applied without undermining other rights such as privacy, and whether they are appropriate for this digital age as well as the new digital era ahead of us. Part 1 offers a detailed inter-disciplinary perspective on the most recent legislative solutions in the European Union, namely, the Digital Services Act, the Digital Markets Act, and the Data Act. Part 2 offers competition and regulatory responses to these ever-emerging digital challenges by the UK, US, Latin American, Indian and Chinese regulators.
Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Digital market regulation"
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Müller, Martin, and Matthias C. Kettemann. "European Approaches to the Regulation of Digital Technologies." In Introduction to Digital Humanism. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45304-5_39.
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AbstractFollowing years of a liberal approach to digital technologies, platforms, services, and markets, the EU has stepped up its action in recent years. The adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation), OJ L 119, 1) in 2016 can be seen as a starting point for new regulations that are now enacted and proposed under the European Commission’s strategy “A Europe fit for the digital age.” This article will briefly summarize the contents of the GDPR as well as the Digital Services Act (DSA) (Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market for Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act), OJ L 277, 1), Digital Markets Act (DMA) (Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act), OJ L 265, 1), Data Governance Act (DGA) (Regulation (EU) 2022/868 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2022 on European data governance and amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 (Data Governance Act), OJ L 152, 1), and the proposals for the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) (Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonized rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain Union legislative acts, 21 April 2021, COM(2021) 206 final.) as well as the Data Act (Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on harmonized rules on fair access to and use of data (Data Act), 23 February 2022, COM(2022) 68 final.). We identify the underpinnings of the normative approach and its potential and shortcomings, thus providing an assessment of the role of Europe as a technology regulator more broadly and its relationship to digital humanism.
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Plana Casado, Maria Jose. "Regulating Food Official Controls in the Digital Single Market." In Studies in European Economic Law and Regulation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79504-7_4.
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Abdullayev, Nizami V., and Andrey A. Antonov. "Antitrust Regulation in the Context of Digitalization." In Imitation Market Modeling in Digital Economy: Game Theoretic Approaches. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93244-2_12.
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Metakides, George. "A Crucial Decade for European Digital Sovereignty." In Perspectives on Digital Humanism. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86144-5_29.
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AbstractThe current decade will be critical for Europe’s aspiration to attain and maintain digital sovereignty so as to effectively protect and promote its humanistic values in the evolving digital ecosystem. Digital sovereignty in the current geopolitical context remains a fluid concept as it must rely on a balanced strategic interdependence with the USA, China, and other global actors. The developing strategy for achieving this relies on the coordinated use of three basic instruments, investment, regulation, and completion of the digital internal market. Investment, in addition to the multiannual financial framework (2021–2027) instruments, will draw upon the 20% of the 750 billion recovery fund. Regulation, in addition to the Digital Governance Act and the Digital Market Act, will include the Data Act, the new AI regulation, and more that is in the pipeline, leveraging the so-called Brussels effect. Of key importance for the success of this effort remains the timing and “dovetailing” of the particular actions taken.
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Georgosouli, Andromachi, and Jeremmy Okonjo. "The Algorithmic Future of Insurance Supervision in the EU: A Reality Check." In AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85817-9_10.
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AbstractRecent developments in FinTech and RegTech marked the EU’s pivot towards a digitally driven Capital Markets Union and a concomitant algorithmic turn in EU financial supervision under the leadership of the three European Supervisory Authorities (ESMA, EBA, EIOPA). Starting from the premise that the EIOPA’s relevant initiatives are driven from the Authority’s normative and institutional environment as well as the perceived technological affordances of RegTech, this chapter provides a ‘reality check’ of the algorithmic future of EU financial supervision in the field of insurance as an aspect of EU financial markets’ governance. On the one hand, it finds that an important blind-spot in the EIOPA’s agenda is the absence of a concrete plan for a system of digital reporting. On the other hand, it examines what it takes to set up a system of digital reporting. To that end, it focuses on three interrelated issues: The technology that will be required to provide the infrastructure of digital reporting and its limitations, difficulties with the conversion of regulatory content into code, and issues of reporting architecture and governance. The ultimate objective of this chapter is to inform the agenda of the digital transformation of EU financial market oversight in anticipation of future challenges while relevant policy and legal debates are still on-going.
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Codagnone, Cristiano. "The Platform Economy After COVID-19: Regulation and the Precautionary Principle." In Perspectives on Digital Humanism. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86144-5_24.
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AbstractOnline platforms are two-sided or multisided markets whose main function is matching different groups (of producers, consumers, users, advertisers, i.e., hosts and guest in Airbnb, audiences and advertised in Google, etc.) that might otherwise find it more difficult to interact and possibly transact. Some of the potential critical issues associated with the platform economy include the relationship between personhood (the quality and condition of being an individual person with protected sphere of privacy and intimacy) and personal data, on which the platform economy thrives by extracting behavioral surplus, scale to dominance and market power, and lockin for businesses. In this chapter, I first shortly review how the pandemic crisis has impacted the platform economy and what problems are being exacerbated. I then conclude and focus the core part of my analysis on the issue of regulation and particularly on the merits and limits of applying the precautionary principle when addressing the online platform economy.
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Kunitskaya, Olga M. "Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in the Area of Investment in the Economy." In Imitation Market Modeling in Digital Economy: Game Theoretic Approaches. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93244-2_36.
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Bordakova, A. G. "Regulatory “Sandboxes” on Russian Market: Theoretical and Legal Aspect of Specialized Regulation." In Digital Technologies in the New Socio-Economic Reality. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83175-2_4.
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Luna, Ferlanda, and Armela Maxhelaku. "Digital Constitutionalism and the Data Economy." In Transforming Media Accessibility in Europe. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60049-4_6.
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AbstractThe recent development of virtual data processing has brought about an entirely new perspective on the issues of regulation and the access to information. Information, in turn, has become a crucial component of the changing dynamics of the global market. It is crucial to address the potential of insurgent digital constitutionalism in establishing legal frameworks that ensure Internet security for both users and online platform managers, including private companies and government agencies. This applies to the usage and dissemination of data. With the development of technology, data management has become an important asset in the market. Considering these conditions, it is essential to establish legal frameworks in order to regulate the newly assigned responsibilities pertaining to information.
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Prastitou-Merdi, Thalia. "The Notion of “Online Intermediation Services” Found in the New EU Platform Regulation: Who Is Caught After All?" In EU Internet Law in the Digital Single Market. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69583-5_23.
Texto completo da fonteTrabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Digital market regulation"
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Flores, Alexis Morales, Michael He, William Wu, and Imani N. S. Munyaka. "A License to Prey: Investigating the Impact of Digital Loan App Regulations on Permission Requests and Privacy Policies in the Kenyan Market." In 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istas61960.2024.10732051.
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Halkevych, Serhii. "CRYPTOCURRENCY MARKET REGULATION IN UKRAINE." In International Scientific Conference ‘Digitalization of legal deeds in the context of the modernization of public services’. Moldova State University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59295/daj2022.16.
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Law, as the main regulator of social relations, should objectively keep up with their rapid modern changes, respond to the fact that new relations are emerging based on the latest digital technologies. Cryptocurrency, as the general name of the latest technologies, is a new factor that affects economic relations more and more every year. During the last five years, when many countries have already actively begun to include the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies in the framework of national legislation, Ukraine remained aloof from this law-making process. However, every year it became more and more obvious that such a state policy would only lead to lagging behind other states in the development of the latest technologies. Since the beginning of 2022, the understanding of the need for the development of digital technologies, including with the help of adequate legal regulation of “cryptocurrency” in Ukraine has begun.
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Natalia, Safronovа, Maslevich Tatiana, Siaglova Yulia, and Kozyrev Igor. "Methods regulation an affordable housing market on global markets." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FRONTIER OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0124844.
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Lazović, Vujica, Samo Bobek, Biljana Rondović, and Tamara Djuričković. "Regulation of the Digital Market in Post-COVID Times." In Challenges in Economics and Business in the Post-COVID Times. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.5.2022.8.
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of e-business and the digital economy came to the fore. It is certain that the growth of the digital economy will continue in postCOVID times. This raises many questions and challenges, one of which is especially important – the tendency of monopolisation in the digital market and possible regulation related to it. In this paper, the authors have dealt with this topic by presenting it as paradox: digital giants or ‘Big Tech’, created as start-ups on the waves of a competitive market of equal opportunities, have grown with the general support of consumers because their platforms offer connectivity and a more comfortable and interesting life full of creativity. In the meantime, they have become unstoppable monopolists making users/consumers dependent and subordinate with their privacy endangered. In the paper, the authors reveal the reasons for the monopolisation of the digital market as well as related problems faced by regulators. In addition, they analysed some of the approaches that individual countries are trying to apply, and suggest a possible scenario for how to reach quality and stable solutions for regulation at the global level.
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Hulicki, Maciej. "ALGORITHM TRANSPARENCY AS A SINE QUA NON PREREQUISITE FOR A SUSTAINABLE COMPETITION IN A DIGITAL MARKET?" In International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times): Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18823.
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Algorithms play a fundamental role in the digital economy. Their impact on the situation of market participants is significant. Hence, ensuring transparency of algorithms, through access to them, is crucial for the proper functioning of the market. Several models of algorithmic transparency are analyzed in the paper: from lack of transparency to complete regulation of algorithms. In particular, transparency through explanation, and “on-demand transparency” were proposed. The goal of the paper is to determine the optimal form and scope of regulation of this area, in order to ensure sustainable competition in the digital market. Hence, the paper focuses on the concept of algorithmic transparency, the nature of the competition in the digital market, the role of algorithms within the digital trade, and problems related to the regulation of algorithms. This allows to answering the question of whether algorithmic transparency is an indispensable condition for sustainable competition in the digital market, and what are the legal challenges, which may arise with respect to various models of algorithm transparency. The paper is embedded within the EU legal framework, discusses new legislative developments in the EU law, such as the proposal for the Digital Markets Act, and includes analysis of EU antitrust case-law and market practices.
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Zhou, Zejia. "Antirust of Digital Economy : Technology Spillover and Dynamic Market Regulation." In 2019 4th IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics (Cybconf). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cybconf47073.2019.9436544.
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Patakyová, Mária T. "COMPETITION LAW IN DIGITAL ERA – HOW TO DEFINE THE RELEVANT MARKET?" In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.171.
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Competition law serves as an important tool for regulation of undertakings. In order to conduct a competition law analysis, one must first define the relevant market. However, this task is becoming more intricate in today’s digital era, especially in relation to so-called zero-price markets. These markets are characterised as markets where users of products or services do not pay for the use, at least they do not pay by money. This paper asks how to define relevant market in such case. Three methods of relevant market definition are presented, namely qualitative analysis, SSNIP test and SSNDQ test. The paper briefly explores positive and negative elements of these tests and compares the findings with the European Commission’s 2019 report. It leads to the answer that qualitative method might have certain advantages in this regard.
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Thiel, Florian, and Jan Wetzlich. "The European Metrology Cloud: Impact of European Regulations on Data Protection and the Free Flow of Non-Personal Data." In 19th International Congress of Metrology (CIM2019), edited by Sandrine Gazal. EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201901001.
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New digital technologies, such as cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT) are designed to maximize efficiency, enable economies of scale and develop new services. They offer benefits to users, such as agility, productivity, speed of deployment and autonomy. In the sector of Legal Metrology, it must be ensured that digital system architectures, digital services, and digital infrastructures are legally compatible. To benefit the stakeholders in this sector, the industry, the notified bodies and the market surveillance/verification authorities alike, the digital transformation of Legal Metrology shall remove barriers to innovation within the legal processes and reduce costs and time to market for new digital products. To this end a European consortium has formed to establish a digital quality infrastructure; the “European Metrology Cloud”, designed to support the processes of conformity assessment and market surveillance/verification and the development of reference architectures and new technology- and data-driven services for this infrastructure. With this approach, the digital single market that the European Commission envisions will be fostered. This article analyzes how recent regulations within the digital single market strategy of the commission - the Data Protection Police Directive (2016/679/EU) and the Regulation on a framework for the free flow of non-personal data in the European Union (Regulation (EU) 2018/1807) – may be integrated into the European Metrology Cloud initiative to, e.g. guaranty that its underlying Blockchain approach complies to these norms and exploit their benefits.
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Thiel, Christian, and Christoph Thiel. "Quantum Computer Resistant Cryptographic Methods and Their Suitability for Long-Term Preservation of Evidential Value." In Digital Support from Crisis to Progressive Change. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-485-9.35.
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In the areas of electronic identification and electronic trust services, the Regulation No. 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC (eIDAS) creates uniform regulations for electronic signatures, seals, time stamps, registered mail and website certificates in the European single market. All developments that affect the security of signature procedures have an impact. In this study, we consider the candidates for quantum computer-resistant asymmetric cryptographic (PQC) methods currently under investigation in international research and standardization and evaluate their suitability for PKI systems with a focus on long-term preservation of evidential value, as is the case in particular with eIDAS-compliant signature solutions. Based on an evaluation system proposed by us - an adaptation of the system from [2] - we compare the application requirements with the properties of the candidates and recommend suitable methods.
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Rudohradská, Simona, and Diana Treščáková. "PROPOSALS FOR THE DIGITAL MARKETS ACT AND DIGITAL SERVICES ACT: BROADER CONSIDERATIONS IN CONTEXT OF ONLINE PLATFORMS." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18317.
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Proposals for a Regulation on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and Regulation on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Atc) of 15th of December, 2020 were long-avaited tools, through which, in the field of digital services, a higher degree of legal certainty for the consumer should be ensured and the functional responsibility regime of online platforms should be secured, in direct proportion. Submitted proposals preceded open public consultation of interested stakeholders, including the general public, academics, digital companies and other businesses, associations, civil society public authorities, and trade unions. The need to adopt adequate legislation in line with rapid technological development also stemmed from the fact that the E-commerce Directive was adopted in 2000 and has so far been considered as the main legal framework governing the issue of digital platforms, but it is also necessary to add that the regulation of online platforms has been mainly left to the Member States. As much of the activity has shifted to the online enviroment, digital platforms are playing an increasingly important role in our lives. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relevant provisions of the proposal in the context of competition rules and also in view of the increased use of online platforms due to the global crisis. The content of the article will also contain a brief comparison with the current legal situation with reference to the practical implications that await us with the adoption of the new legislation.
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Digital market regulation"
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Deisenroth, Daniel, Utsav Manjeer, Zarak Sohail, Steven Tadelis, and Nils Wernerfelt. Digital Advertising and Market Structure: Implications for Privacy Regulation. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w32726.
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Castillo Parrilla, José Antonio. The Legal Regulation of Digital Wealth: Commerce, Ownership and Inheritance of Data. Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.64581.
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Digital wealth and its necessary regulation have gained prominence in recent years. The European Commission has published several documents and policy proposals relating, directly or indirectly, to the data economy. A data economy can be defined as an ecosystem of different types of market players collaborating to ensure that data is accessible and usable in order to extract value from data through, for example, creating a variety of applications with great potential to improve daily life. The value of data can increase from EUR 257 billion (1.85 of EU Gross Domestic Product (GDP)) to EUR 643 billion by 2020 (3.17% of EU GDP), according to the EU Commission. The legal implications of the increasing value of the data economy are clear; hence the need to address the challenges presented by its legal regulation.
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Hsu, Yun-Hsiang. Policies for Enhancing Productivity with New Skills. Asian Productivity Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61145/cmue6726.
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Digital transformation presents huge opportunities but also poses serious challenges for governments. This research, based on data and evidence from 11 APO member economies, identifies navigational policy frameworks and recommendations for equipping labor forces with future-ready skills while focusing on four key areas: education and training; labor market regulation; social protection; and social dialog.
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Hsu, Yun-Hsiang. Policies for Enhancing Productivity with New Skills. Asian Productivity Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61145/absy5223.
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Digital transformation presents huge opportunities but also poses serious challenges for governments. This research, based on data and evidence from 11 APO member economies, identifies navigational policy frameworks and recommendations for equipping labor forces with future-ready skills while focusing on four key areas: education and training; labor market regulation; social protection; and social dialog.
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Colomb, Claire, and Tatiana Moreira de Souza. Regulating Short-Term Rentals: Platform-based property rentals in European cities: the policy debates. Property Research Trust, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/kkkd3578.
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Short-term rentals mediated by digital platforms have positive and negative impacts that are unevenly distributed among socio-economic groups and places. Detrimental impacts on the housing market and quality of life of long-term residents have been particular contentious in some cities. • In the 12 cities studied in the report (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Prague, Rome and Vienna), city governments have responded differently to the growth of short-term rentals. • The emerging local regulations of short-term rentals take multiple forms and exhibit various degrees of stringency, ranging from rare cases of laissez-faire to a few cases of partial prohibition or strict quantitative control. Most city governments have sought to find a middle-ground approach that differentiates between the professional rental of whole units and the occasional rental of one’s home/ primary residence. • The regulation of short-term rentals is contentious and highly politicised. Six broad categories of interest groups and non-state actors actively participate in the debates with contrasting positions: advocates of the ‘sharing’ or ‘collaborative’ economy; corporate platforms; professional organisatons of short-term rental operators; new associations of hosts or ‘home-sharers’; the hotel and hospitality industry; and residents’ associations/citizens’ movements. • All city governments face difficulties in implementing and enforcing the regulations, due to a lack of sufficient resources and to the absence of accurate and comprehensive data on individual hosts. That data is held by corporate platforms, which have generally not accepted to release it (with a few exceptions) nor to monitor the content of their listings against local rules. • The relationships between platforms and city governments have oscillated between collaboration and conflict. Effective implementation is impossible without the cooperation of platforms. • In the context of the European Union, the debate has taken a supranational dimension, as two pieces of EU law frame the possibility — and acceptable forms — of regulation of online platforms and of short-term rentals in EU member states: the 2000 E-Commerce Directive and the 2006 Services Directive. • For regulation to be effective, the EU legal framework should be revised to ensure platform account- ability and data disclosure. This would allow city (and other ti ers of) governments to effectively enforce the regulations that they deem appropriate. • Besides, national and regional governments, who often control the legislative framework that defines particular types of short-term rentals, need to give local governments the necessary tools to be able to exercise their ‘right to regulate’ in the name of public interest objectives.
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Marty, Frédéric, and Thierry Warin. Deciphering Algorithmic Collusion: Insights from Bandit Algorithms and Implications for Antitrust Enforcement. CIRANO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/iwpg7510.
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This paper examines algorithmic collusion from legal and economic perspectives, highlighting the growing role of algorithms in digital markets and their potential for anti-competitive behavior. Using bandit algorithms as a model, traditionally applied in uncertain decision-making contexts, we illuminate the dynamics of implicit collusion without overt communication. Legally, the challenge is discerning and classifying these algorithmic signals, especially as unilateral communications. Economically, distinguishing between rational pricing and collusive patterns becomes intricate with algorithm-driven decisions. The paper emphasizes the imperative for competition authorities to identify unusual market behaviors, hinting at shifting the burden of proof to firms with algorithmic pricing. Balancing algorithmic transparency and collusion prevention is crucial. While regulations might address these concerns, they could hinder algorithmic development. As this form of collusion becomes central in antitrust, understanding through models like bandit algorithms is vital, since these last ones may converge faster towards an anticompetitive equilibrium.
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Micco, Alejandro, and Natalia Pérez. Determinants of Maritime Transport Costs. Inter-American Development Bank, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011324.
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Recent literature has emphasized the importance of transport costs and infrastructure in explaining trade, access to markets, and increases in per capita income. For most Latin American countries, transport costs are a greater barrier to U.S. markets than import tariffs. The authors investigate the determinants of shipping costs to the U.S. with a large database of more than 300,000 observations per year on shipments of products at the six-digit HS level from different ports around the world. In addition, the authors find that efficiency of ports is an important determinant of shipping costs. Inefficient ports also increase handling costs, which are one of the components of shipping costs. The authors try to explain variations in port efficiency and find that they are linked to excessive regulation, the prevalence of organized crime, and the general condition of the country's infrastructure. Finally, the authors present a number of success stories in Latin America to show that private involvement in port management leads to efficiency and lower costs whenever it is accompanied by labor reform, and when monopoly power is reduced through either regulation or competition.
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Albanesi, Stefania, António Dias da Silva, Juan F. Jimeno, Ana Lamo, and Alena Wabitsch. New technologies and jobs in Europe. Banco de España, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/33414.
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We examine the link between labour market developments and new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and software in 16 European countries over the period 2011-2019. Using data for occupations at the 3-digit level in Europe, we find that on average employment shares have increased in occupations more exposed to AI. This is particularly the case for occupations with a relatively higher proportion of younger and skilled workers. This evidence is in line with the Skill-Biased Technological Change theory. While there is heterogeneity across countries, very few countries show a decline in the employment shares of occupations more exposed to AI-enabled automation. Country heterogeneity for this result appears to be linked to the pace of technology diffusion and education, but also to the level of product market regulation (competition) and employment protection laws. In contrast to the findings for employment, we find little evidence for any correlation between wages and potential exposures to new technologies.
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Owusu, Samuel Ening, and Bahman Peyravi. The Impact of Trade Policies on International Marketing Strategies. Vilnius Business College, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57005/ab.2024.1.3.
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This study explores the dynamic interplay between trade rules and worldwide marketing tactics, with the goal of elucidating the varied influence of global economic regulations on multinational firms. The research takes a mixed-methods approach, focusing on various industries and geographical locations and includes qualitative studies of trade regulations as well as quantitative assessments of their consequences for marketing tactics. The extensive literature analysis establishes a theoretical framework by investigating how tariff reductions, non-tariff obstacles, and free trade agreements affect market entrance tactics, supply chain resilience, and digital marketing adaptations. The study investigates the changing character of trade policies, recognizing their temporal and spatial dynamics, and evaluating their impact on enterprises of various sizes. The study design is guided by ethical concerns, which ensure the confidentiality of sensitive information and obtaining participants' informed consent. The research intends to provide significant insights on the flexibility of worldwide marketing strategies in the face of changing trade environments by admitting potential limits and offering a comprehensive schedule and budget. The intended outcomes include contributions to academic knowledge and practical applications that will assist firms, governments, and stakeholders in managing the difficulties of the worldwide economy. In all, this study adds to the current discussion about the junction of trade policy and international marketing, encouraging a better knowledge of the difficulties and possibilities in today's linked and ever-changing global economy.
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Ex Ante Regulation and Competition in Digital Markets. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/c83e178d-en.
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