Bibliografias temáticas / Diseases Causes and theories of causation

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Diseases Causes and theories of causation"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021
Última modificação: 30 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Diseases Causes and theories of causation"

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Gad ELhak, Seham A., Abdel Aziz A. Ghanem, Hassan AbdelGhaffar, Sahar El Dakroury, and Mohamed M. Salama. "Parkinson's Disease: Is It a Toxic Syndrome?" Neurology Research International 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/103094.

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases which we can by certainty identify its pathology, however, this confidence disappeares when talking about the cause. A long history of trials, suggestions, and theories tried linking PD to a specific causation. In this paper, a new suggestion is trying to find its way, could it be toxicology? Can we—in the future—look to PD as an occupational disease, in fact, many clues point to the possible toxic responsibility—either total or partial—in causing this disease. Searching for possible toxic causes for PD would help in designing p
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PADMANABHAN, SANDOSH, CLAIRE HASTIE, CHRISTOPHER A. SAINSBURY, MARTIN W. MCBRIDE, JOHN M. CONNELL, and ANNA F. DOMINICZAK. "THE CAT, THE FLY AND THE BEETLE — WHY GENETICS NEEDS A SEMANTIC EDUCATION." International Journal of Semantic Computing 03, no. 01 (March 2009): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x09000665.

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Major advances have been made in the understanding of the genetic basis of diseases since Mendel's publication of the results of plant breeding experiments in 1866. To date these advances have been largely confined to the monogenic disorders — caused by mutations in a single gene. The public-health implications of these advances is relatively limited. In this review we explore our current understanding of the genetic basis of human traits and the reasons why current theories may account for the difficulties in identifying the genes for common diseases. We then postulate that semantic computing
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Wright, James R. "A Fresh Look at the History of SIDS." Academic Forensic Pathology 7, no. 2 (June 2017): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2017.017.

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Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) became a named entity in 1969 and the term has been used to certify sudden unexpected infant deaths meeting certain demographic, epidemiologic, and pathologic criteria. Since it is a diagnosis of exclusion, there is inherent imprecision, and this has led the National Association of Medical Examiners to recommend that these deaths now be classified as “undetermined.” This historical review article briefly analyzes anecdotal instances of SIDS described centuries ago as overlying, smothering, infanticide, and suffocation by bedclothes followed by a more detaile
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P.K, Jyothi. "Endometriosis an Ayurvedic View." International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga 05, no. 09 (2022): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47223/irjay.2022.5921.

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Endometriosis is a chronic estrogen dependent condition characterized by the ectopic implantation of functional tissue lining of uterus. The exact cause of endometriosis is not detected yet even though there are some theories which explain the pathogenesisof endometriosis. Retrograde menstruation and Coelomic metaplasia theories are included under this. Based on the site of appearance classification of endometriosis can be done as pelvic, extra pelvic and remote. Appearance of endometrial tissue in myometrium is termed as adenomyosis and endometriotic deep lesions in ovary is Endometrioma. The
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Hitchcock, Christopher Read. "Farewell to Binary Causation." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 26, no. 2 (June 1996): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1996.10717454.

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Causation is a topic of perennial philosophical concern. As well as being of intrinsic interest, almost all philosophical concepts — such as knowledge, beauty, and moral responsibility — involve a causal dimension. Nonetheless, attempts to provide a satisfactory account of the nature of causation have typically led to barrages of counterexamples. I hope to show that a number of the difficulties plaguing theories of causation have a common source.Most philosophical theories of causation describe a binary relation between cause and effect, or at any rate, a relation that reduces to such a binary
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CLARKE, RANDOLPH. "Absence Causation for Causal Dispositionalists." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 4, no. 3 (2018): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2018.16.

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AbstractSeveral theories of causation rule out causation of or by lacks, omissions, or absences of things. They thereby conflict with much of what we think and say about what causes what. This article proposes a modification of one kind of theory, causal dispositionalism, so that it accepts absence causation while retaining a fundamental commitment of dispositionalism.
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Grenda, Vytautas. "DEVYNIŲ KONTRAFAKTINIŲ PRIEŽASTINGUMO TEORIJŲ PALYGINIMAS PASITELKIANT SEPTYNIS PAVYZDŽIUS." Problemos 76 (January 1, 2009): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2009.0.1937.

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Straipsnyje lyginamos ir vertinamos devynios per pastarąjį dešimtmetį pasirodžiusios kontrafaktinės vienetinio priežastingumo teorijos, kurias visas sukūrė arba inspiravo D. Lewisas, J. Y. Halpernas ir J. Pearlas, o savo tekstuose išdėstė šeši kiti autoriai. Parodomi kai kurie literatūroje dar neaprašyti šių teorijų skirtumai. Įrodinėjama, kad dauguma šių teorijų intuityviai panašius pavyzdžius nagrinėja skirtingai, ir šiuo požiūriu primeta perskyras, kurių buitinės priežastingumo sampratos požiūriu ne tik nėra, bet ir neturėtų būti.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: vienetinis priežastingumas, kontrafakti
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Bedford, K. Juliet A., Paul Chidothi, Harris Sakala, John Cashman, and Chris Lavy. "Clubfoot in Malawi: local theories of causation." Tropical Doctor 41, no. 2 (January 24, 2011): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/td.2010.100261.

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Singh, Garima Vipin, Renu Bharat Rathi, and Bharat Jagdish Rathi. "Ayurvedic Management of Shwitra - A Case Report." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 525–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2022/105.

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Shwitra or Shwet-Kushtha can be correlated with skin disease “Vitiligo”.[1] Vata and Bhrajaka pitta reside in skin. An imbalance in those may cause skin diseases. Shwitra is of two types, that is kilas and varuna.[2] Shwitra differs from other skin disorders by the normal functioning of all but the skin tissue (twak)[3] resulting in discoloration of the skin (twakvaivarnyata), without discharge (aparisarav stravi). [4,5] There are many theories regarding the cause of vitiligo. The main cause is autoimmune, genetic, psychological, endocrine disorder, chemical contact and adverse drug interactio
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Nera, Kenzo. "Analyzing the Causation Between Conspiracy Mentality and Belief in Conspiracy Theories." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 232, no. 1 (January 2024): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000533.

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Abstract: The dispositional approach to conspiracy mentality suggests that it causally precedes belief in conspiracy theories. I identify two potential pitfalls when analyzing this causal relationship: circular reasoning (in which the two constructs are conflated and interchangeable) and black box explanations (in which conspiracy mentality is merely defined as a disposition to believe in conspiracy theories). I argue that avoiding black box explanations requires theoretical and empirical works to clarify the content and antecedents of conspiracy mentality. To guide future research, I formulat
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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Diseases Causes and theories of causation"

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Allen, Scott Brian. "Optimal scheduling of disease-screening examinations based on detection delay." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28621.

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Crott, Jimmy. "The effects of folic acid deficiency and defects in folate metabolism on chromosome damage in vitro." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc9515.pdf.

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Reprints of the author's previously published articles included as an appendix. Bibliography: leaves 165-188. "This thesis describes a series of experiments that aimed to investigate the effects of folic acid deficiency and defects in folate metabolism on chromosome damage rates in human lymphocytes. The accumulation of chromosome damage over time is an important issue because it is thought to contribute to the mechanism of ageing and the aetiology of diseases of age such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease."
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Shepherd, Gareth William Safety Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "Automating the aetiological classification of descriptive injury data." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Safety Science, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24934.

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Injury now surpasses disease as the leading global cause of premature death and disability, claiming over 5.8 millions lives each year. However, unlike disease, which has been subjected to a rigorous epidemiologic approach, the field of injury prevention and control has been a relative newcomer to scientific investigation. With the distribution of injury now well described (i.e. ???who???, ???what???, ???where??? and ???when???), the underlying hypothesis is that progress in understanding ???how??? and ???why??? lies in classifying injury occurrences aetiologically. The advancement of a means
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Carman, Judith Anne. "The metabolic relationship between nutrition and cancer /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc287.pdf.

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Munthali, Alister Chaundumuka. "Change and continuity : perceptions about childhood diseases among the Tumbuka of Northern Malawi." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007718.

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The objectives of this study were to determine what the Tumbuka people of northern Malawi consider to be the most dangerous childhood diseases, to explore their perceptions about the aetiology, prevention and treatment of these diseases, and to determine how such perceptions have changed over the years. The study was done in Chisinde and surrounding villages in western Rumphi District, northern Malawi. Although a household questionnaire was used to collect some quantitative data, the major data collection methods comprised participant observation, in-depth interviews with mothers with children
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Lenkiewicz, Marie. "Contribución al estudio del léxico médico del español medieval : "Secretos de medicina" del licenciado don Juan Enriquez y "Pronóstica del pseudo-Galeno"." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63991.

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Kerr, Samantha Elizabeth. "The perception, aetiology and clinical assessment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12702.

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thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2013<br>Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Limb Movements (PLM) are common neurological disorders for which the underlying aetiology is not fully understood. Currently RLS and PLM are thought to be caused by a central deficiency of dopamine or other functional abnormalities of the central nervous system. The work included in this thesis investigated different new methods of assessing the sensory and motor featur
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Hsieh, Alexander Lin. "Mosaicism and the genetic architecture of congenital heart disease." Thesis, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-30fy-f349.

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Congenital heart disease (CHD) is characterized by structural defects of the heart and great vessels. It is the most common birth defect, affecting an estimated 1% of live births, and is the leading cause of mortality among birth defects. Despite recent progress in genetic research, more than 50% of CHD cases remain unexplained. An estimated 23% are due to aneuploidies and copy number variants and up to 30% has been attributed to de novo variation, though that number ranges between 3-30% depending on CHD complexity. The contribution of somatic mosaicism, or de novo genetic mutations ari
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Boland, Mary Regina. "A Systems-Level Approach to Understand The Seasonal Factors Of Early Development With Clinical and Pharmacological Applications." Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8WQ0G21.

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Major developmental defects occur in 100,000 to 200,000 children born each year in the United States of America. 97% of these defects are from unidentified causes. Many fetal outcomes (e.g., developmental defects), result from interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The lifetime effects from prenatal exposures with low impact (e.g., air pollution) are often understudied. Even when these exposures are studied, the focus is often placed on immediate effects of the exposure (e.g., fetal anomalies, miscarriage rates) leaving lifetime effects largely unexplored. This makes prolonged
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"The effects of folic acid deficiency and defects in folate metabolism on chromosome damage in vitro / Jimmy Walter Crott." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21696.

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Reprints of the author's previously published articles included as an appendix.<br>Bibliography: leaves 165-188.<br>xiv, 189 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.<br>"This thesis describes a series of experiments that aimed to investigate the effects of folic acid deficiency and defects in folate metabolism on chromosome damage rates in human lymphocytes. The accumulation of chromosome damage over time is an important issue because it is thought to contribute to the mechanism of ageing and the aetiology of diseases of age such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease."<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of A
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Livros sobre o assunto "Diseases Causes and theories of causation"

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Cornelius, Margaret. Fiji non-communicable diseases (NCD) steps survey 2002. Suva, Fiji: Ministry of Health, 2002.

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Hurster, Madeline M. Communicable and non-communicable disease basics: A primer. Westport, Conn: Bergin & Garvey, 1997.

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B, Purtilo Ruth, ed. A survey of human diseases. 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1989.

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Cotran, Ramzi S. Robbins' pathologic basis of disease. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1989.

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Treichler, Markus. Neue Zeiten, neue Leiden: Zeittendenzen, Krankheitsbilder, Chancen. Stuttgart: Mayer, 1998.

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Zumaylī, Zuhayr Muḥammad. Li-mādhā jaʻala Allāh al-amrāḍ!?: Min ḥikam khalq Allāh lil-amrāḍ. ʻAmmān, al-Urdun: Dār al-Furqān, 1988.

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Kroeger, Hanna. The basic causes of modern diseases and how to remedy them. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, 1998.

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1914-, Doerr Wilhelm, Becker V, and Schipperges Heinrich, eds. Krankheitsbegriff, Krankheitsforschung, Krankheitswesen: Wissenschaftliche Festsitzung der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften zum 80. Geburtstag von Wilhelm Doerr. Berlin: Springer, 1995.

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MacCallum, W. G. A textbook of pathology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1996.

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Adami, J. George. Pathological notes. Montreal: J. Lovell, 1985.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Diseases Causes and theories of causation"

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Shaw, James A. "Historical Theories of Disease Causation, Prevention, and Cure." In Historical Diseases from a Modern Perspective, 1–13. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52346-5_1.

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Loke, Andrew. "Causation and Laws of Nature." In The Teleological and Kalam Cosmological Arguments Revisited, 37–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94403-2_2.

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AbstractI define the key terms of the Causal Principle, namely ‘whatever’, ‘begins to exist’, and ‘cause’, and the related terms ‘time’, ‘eternal’, ‘event’, ‘change’, ‘perdurantism’, and ‘uncaused’. In particular, something has a beginning if it has a temporal extension, the extension is finite, and it has temporal edges/boundaries, that is, it does not have a static closed loop or a changeless/timeless phase that avoids an edge. This definition is compatible with both dynamic and static theories of time. While causal eliminativists and causal reductionists have claimed that causation has no basis in fundamental physics others have replied that fundamental physics does not provide a complete description of reality, and that it does not exclude causation and causal properties which operate at a more fundamental level as the ground of the regularities described by fundamental physics (Weaver, Fundamental Causation: Physics, Metaphysics, and the Deep Structure of the World. London: Routledge, 2019). Quantum physics has not shown that the Causal Principle is violated given that (1) quantum particles emerge from the quantum vacuum which is not non-being but something with vacuum fields, (2) radioactive disintegration of atomic nuclei exhibit statistical regularities that strongly indicate the existence of more fundamental ordered causes, and (3) many different interpretations of quantum physics exist, and some are perfectly deterministic.
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Gentilcore, David, and Egidio Priani. "The Aetiological Turn (The Nineteenth Century)." In Mental Health in Historical Perspective, 41–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22496-6_3.

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AbstractBeginning in the 1830s, medical investigators began to think of organic disorders as having single causes that were both universal and necessary. For this to be possible required a radical shift in the way doctors defined diseases: from symptoms to causes. The so-called aetiological approach to disease meant that every case of the disease had the same cause. This, in turn, meant that any prophylactic or therapeutic measures directed at that cause, which were effective in one case, would be effective in every case. The crux of the matter now shifted to identifying a disease’s causation, beyond dispute. And when it came to pellagra, this was precisely the problem. By the middle of the nineteenth century, all the medical actors involved agreed on the close link between pellagra and maize consumption. What they disagreed on was the exact causal nature of that link, propounding two divergent, indeed mutually exclusive, explanatory models. How the cultural dominance of one explanatory model, at the expense of another, came about; what it tells us about the nature of Italian medical science in the second half of the nineteenth century; and what its dominance meant for sufferers, is the subject of this chapter.
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Shmidt, Victoria. "Vitalist Arguments in the Struggle for Human (Im)Perfection: The Debate Between Biologists and Theologians in the 1960s–1980s." In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 217–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12604-8_12.

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AbstractIn this chapter, I explore and offer critical reflections on the widespread practice of attributing negative value to “vital forces” in debates on health and disease, as the direct result of the extensive dissemination of genetics and its implications since the late 1960s. This historical reconstruction focuses on the most heated debates in popular science periodicals and editions, having the longest-lasting public “echo,” which have shaped an intergenerational continuity in the reproduction of vitalist arguments in discursive practices regarding health, disease, and their genetic factors.Mapping attacks on vital forces as various forms of negation addresses three different debates in the historically interrelated repertoire of potentially rival approaches to health, disease, and their genetic components: (1) the attribution of negative value to primal instinct as an obstacle to the progress of human civilization; (2) the normative vitalism mainly associated with French philosophers George Canguilhem, Michel Foucault, and Gilles Deleuze; and (3) the movement for the deinstitutionalization of health care within the negative theology presented by Ivan Illich.The reproduction of vitalist arguments in the each of the three realms is seen as a historical continuity of the medical vitalism that appeared in the Enlightenment and that produced a less monolithic and more conceptually coherent continuum of the positions regarding health, diseases, and their causes. In line with the Lakatosian division into internalist and externalist histories of science, I focus on the multiple functions of vitalist arguments: as a main force in the contest among rival theories regarding health and disease (as a part of the internalist narrative); as a signifier of the boundary work delineating science and not-science, whether labeled as theology or as “bad” science aimed at legitimizing science (as a part of externalist history); and as an ideological platform for bridging science and its performance in policies concerning reproduction .
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Loomis, Dana, and Steve Wing. "Theories of Causation." In Epiden1iologic Methods for the Study of Infectious Diseases, 43–55. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121124.003.0003.

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Abstract How does scientific work, including epidemiology, relate to knowing the causes of events, why things happen? How do we decide on the cause of a person’s disease was it the germ, un boiled water, inadequate knowledge about health behaviors, poor nutrition, lack of water purification, poverty, economic inequality, or a legacy of racist colonial development? And how do we make judgments not only about a particular case of disease but about the cause of disease in general? These questions are critically important because the scientific answers play a role in public health action and policy, both in justifying continuation of accepted practices and in promoting different approaches. This chapter reviews the topic of causal thinking in epidemiology, with a focus on infectious diseases.
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Brewer, George J. "The Copper Hypothesis Fits Nicely With Known Risk Factors and Theories of Alzheimer’s Disease Causation." In Environmental Causes and Prevention Measures for Alzheimer's Disease, 101–5. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811162-8.00010-x.

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Krieger, Nancy. "Contemporary Mainstream Epidemiologic Theory." In Epidemiology and the People's Health, 149–93. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197695555.003.0005.

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Abstract Chapter 5 critically examines the origins, assumptions, and features of theories dominant since the 1950s: the biomedical model and lifestyle theories of disease distribution. The chapter analyzes these theories in their societal and ecological context, including the Cold War and rise of methodological individualism in the social sciences. It explores the foundations these theories of disease distribution set for the “spiderless” web of causation, still spinning since its formulation in the 1960s. It also examines their role in entrenching reductionist approaches to analyzing and intervening upon population health and health inequities, and their emphasis on disease mechanisms over causes of disease distribution. Revision updates to this chapter include new work regarding precision medicine, evolutionary medicine, analysis of gene-environment interactions, and the “developmental origins of adult health and disease” (DoHAD).
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Noordhof, Paul. "Processes and Prevention." In A Variety of Causes, 305–43. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199251469.003.0011.

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The proposed analysis of causation is compatible with allowing that there are ways to distinguish the variety that falls under it. The same characteristics as those who take causation to involve substantial causal processes characterize kinds of causation without these characteristics themselves serve to characterize causation in general. This is an advantage because the theories that make an appeal to substantial processes in understanding causation face considerable difficulties. The attempt to tie causation to the presence of substantial causal processes between cause and effect fails to be justified by appeal to responsibility, or by its capacity to make sense of causal locality and the intrinsic character of causal processes. Some claim that a counterfactual theory closes off certain options with regard to the property understanding of Bell inequalities. This is not the case.
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Bobzien, Susanne. "Chrysippus’ Theory of Causes." In Topics in Stoic Philosophy, 196–242. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198237686.003.0009.

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Abstract We know very little about Chrysippus’ theory of causation. Our textual evidence which names Chrysippus directly and can be straightforwardly considered as belonging to a theory of causes is this: a passage in Stobaeus (Eel. 1.138.23-139.4) that presents Chrysippus’ basic account of causation; a distinction of causes in Cicero’s On Fate (Fat. 41-5); and an indirect reference to a distinction of causes in Plutarch’s On Stoic Self-Contradictions (Stoic rep., ch. 47).various works by Galen, Sextus’ Outlines of Pyrrhonism book 3 and Against the Mathematicians book 9, and Clement’s Miscellanies book 8.9 we find excerpts and summaries of causal theories of medical, later Stoic, and Peripatetic origin. (A trace of a later Stoic theory of causes can be found in Alexander of Aphrodisias’ On Fate 192.18-19.) The reports are mainly eclectic in character, often uncritically juxtaposing and mixing together various theories. But they have one thing in common: they treat the theories they report as finished taxonomies of causes. They present sets of technical terms that are used as names for mutually exclusive classes of causes, so that it is possible to assign any cause to precisely one class (and naturally there are no empty classes). In most cases, causes of more than one type are described as cooperating in one instance of causation.
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Noordhof, Paul. "Agency, Intervention, and the Past." In A Variety of Causes, 382–423. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199251469.003.0013.

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Although agency theories of causation are unsuccessful, they draw on two plausible contributions to the analysis of causation: a characterization of agent non-symmetry in terms of effective means and an insight into nature of the similarity weighting for counterfactuals. A development of evidential decision theory provides the most immediately plausible way of understanding agency asymmetry. However, a problem with the proposed development reveals the importance of causal thinking—captured in causal decision theory—in characterizing when an action fails to be the most effective means to a certain end. Non-reductive interventionist approaches to causation are unnecessary because the recommended similarity weighting captures the appropriate notion of intervention. The recommended approach to causal non-symmetry can explain the fact that, metaphysically necessarily, causes usually precede their effect because temporal direction is preponderant causal direction. The non-symmetry of agency is related to two de facto asymmetries relating to knowledge and intervention.
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Weiner, Frank H. "Learning from Leibniz: Navigating the Twin Labyrinths of Academia and Practice." In 2019 ACSA Teachers Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.teach.2019.45.

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This essay is prompted by a single phrase embedded in the call for papers – “…the best of all available knowledge…” It would be easy to overlook the significance of this brief extracted fragment by taking for granted we know and understand what is indeed the best in the context of the education of an architect. Within the overall frame-work of the conference such considerations could be seen as offering a relevant dialectical antithesis to the main thesis of the conference. It is important to consider how questions of the ‘best’ in relation to knowledge have come to be seen by some as being of
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