Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Dryade"

Twenty seven taxa of the microfungi on Dryas have been recorded from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Finland, France, Horvatia, Italy, Korea, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraina, U.S.A. and Yugoslavia, including: <i>Brunnipila dryadis</i>, <i>Cainiella johansonii</i>, <i>Crocicreas dryadis</i> var. <i>dryadis</i>, <i>C. dryadis</i> var. <i>uniseptata</i>, <i>Discosia strobilina</i>, <i>Epipolaeum absconditum</i>, <i>Gnomonia dryadis</i>, <i>Hypoderma dryadis</i>, <i>Isothea rhytismoides</i>, <i>Leptosphaerulina dryadis</i>, <i>Lophiostoma macrostomum</i>, <i>L. winteri</i>, <i>Massarina balnei-ursi</i>, <i>Melanomma dryadis</i>, <i>Mycosphaerella octopetalae</i>, <i>Otthia dryadis</i>, <i>Patinella dryadea</i>, <i>Phaeosphaeria dryadea</i>, <i>Pleospora ascodedicata</i>, <i>Pseudomassaria islandica</i>, <i>P. minor</i>, <i>Scleropleella hyperborea</i>, <i>Sphaerotheca volkartii</i>, <i>Septoria sp</i>., <i>Stomiopeltis dryadis</i>, <i>Tubeufia alpina</i> and <i>Wettsteinina dryadis</i>. <i>Patinella dryadea</i> has been removed to lichenized microfungi from the genus <i>Lecidiella</i>.

The genus Phrynomedusa Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923 comprises rare and little known phyllomedusid species from southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Phrynomedusa appendiculata (Lutz, 1925) is known from three localities since its description and considered a “lost species” because it was last sighted 51 years ago. This pervasive lack of knowledge raised a significant concern about its threat status. Here, we present the rediscovery of P. appendiculata from a breeding population in the Atlantic Plateau forests of the state of São Paulo. This new record allowed the gathering of novel ecological, acoustic and morphological data for this species. Most of the novel data agreed with the variation historically reported for the species, but we found subtle divergences that we interpret as intraspecific variation. Moreover, this record also allowed a reassessment of geographic distribution of the species, and the first inference of its phylogenetic relationships based on molecular data (mitochondrial and nuclear DNA). The resulting phylogeny corroborated the generic placement and evolutionary distinctiveness of P. appendiculata, evidencing the species as sister to the clade P. marginata + P. dryade. Based on novel and historical data, we discuss some putative factors influencing the rarity of P. appendiculata and its congeners, and provide conservation perspectives. We expect that the novel data can support further assessments of threat status for this rare species, as well as initiatives aiming its conservation.

O ensaio apresenta o conto Dryaden / The Dryad de H. C. Andersen junto com referências a outros contos de fadas andersenianos, onde uma árvore tem um papel central dentro da narrativa. A partir de uma abordagem ecocrítica destaca-se a postura crítica do conto em relação ao triunfo da modernidade na Europa do século XIX.

Abstract Introduction: Due to land-use intensification at productive soils and abandonment of marginal farmland, biodiversity has dramatically declined throughout Europe. The dryad (Minois dryas) is a grassland butterfly that has strongly suffered from land-use change across Central Europe. Aims/Methods: Here, we analysed the habitat preferences of adult M. dryas and the oviposition-site preferences in common pastures located in mire ecosystems of the German pre-Alps. Results: Our study revealed that plot occupancy was equal at common pastures and control plots. However, the abundance of M. dryas was higher at common pastures, although the composition of vegetation types did not differ between the two plot types. Discussion: Open fens and transition mires traditionally managed as common pastures or litter meadows (= meadows mown in autumn to obtain bedding for livestock) were the main habitats of M. dryas in our study area. They offered (i) sufficient host plants (Carex spp.), (ii) had a high availability of nectar resources and (iii) a vegetation that was neither too sparse nor too short. In contrast, both abandonment and intensive land use had negative impacts on the occurrence of the endangered butterfly species. Implications for Insect Conservation Based on our study and other recent research from the common pastures, we recommend to maintain the current grazing regime to foster biodiversity in general and M. dryas in particular. Additionally, where possible, abandoned fens and transition mires adjacent to common pastures should be integrated into the low-intensity pasture systems. The preservation of traditionally managed litter meadows is the second important possibility to conserve M. dryas populations.

In the studied high-altitudinal phytocenoses of the Western Sayan and Kuznetsky Alatau, 22 species and 7 genera of Rosaceae Juss. family are identified, they were found in communities of 3 associations: Flavocetrario cucullatae-Dryadetum oxyodontae (lichen-dryad tundra), Cladonio stellaris-Betuletum rotundifoliae (bushy-lichen tundra) and Aquilegio glandulosae-Anthoxanthetum odorati (alpine low grass meadow). The activity of species of Rosaceae family is the highest in Flavocetrario cucullatae-Dryadetum oxyodontae association due to Dryas oxyodonta (55.90, 3 species), then in descending order Cladonio stellaris-Betuletum rotundifoliae (48.12, 19 species) and Aquilegio glandulosae-Anthoxanthetum odorati (40.80, 11 species) go.

Seventeen taxa of microfungi growing on Dryas are recorded from Greenland based on 147 collections. Five of them are new to the archipelago, <em>Lophium igoschinae</em> Chlebicki sp. nov, is described as a new species, the other four being: <em>Crocicreas variabile</em>, <em>Gnomonia dryadis</em>, <em>Naemacyclus lambertii</em> var. <em>diyadis</em>, <em>Pseudomassaria islandica</em> and <em>Stomiopeltis diyadis</em>. Short descriptions and drawings of diagnostic microscopic features are presented. <em>Lophiostoma macrostomum</em>, <em>Phueosphaeria vagans</em>, <em>Pleospora pentumera</em> and <em>Scleropleella hyperborea</em> were not previously reported on Dryas from Greenland. Specimens of <em>Stictis mollis</em> reported by Rostrup (1891) in fact belongs to <em>Naemacyclus lambertii</em> var. <em>diyadis</em>.

The paper discusses fungi of 24 glacial relict plants: <em>Arenaria ciliata</em> L. subsp. <em>ciliata, Betula nana</em> L., <em>B. pubescens</em> Ehrh. subsp. carpatica (Willd.) Asch. &amp; Graebn., <em>B. pubescens</em> subsp. <em>czerepanovii</em> (N.I. Orlova) Hämet-Ahti, <em>C. magellanica</em> Lam. subsp. <em>irrigua</em> (Wahlenb.) Hiitonen, <em>Carex rupestris</em> All., <em>Cerastium alpinum</em> L., <em>C. cerastoides</em> (L.) Britton, <em>C. eriophorum</em> Kit. in Schult., <em>Chamaedaphne calyculata</em> (L.) Moench, <em>Dryas drummondii</em> Richards, <em>D. grandis</em> Juz., <em>D. integrifolia</em> Vahl., <em>D. octopetala</em> L. s.l., <em>Empetrum hermaphroditum</em> Hagerup, <em>E. nigrum</em> L., <em>Juncus trifidus</em> L., <em>Loiseleuria procumbens</em> (L.) Desv., <em>Pedicularis sudetica</em> Willd., <em>Rubus chamaemorus</em> L., <em>Salix herbacea</em> L., <em>S. lapponum</em> L., <em>S. reticulata</em> L., and <em>Saxifraga nivalis</em> L., The work is attempt at application of some fungi (<em>Ascomycota, Chytridiales, Ustilaginales, Uredinales</em>, mitosporic fungi) as guides in vascular plant phytogeography and explanation of the origin of selected glacial relict plants. Parasites and exclusive (specialized) for particular host plant species are the most important fungi for biogeographic analysis. A fungal markers method (FMM) was used. The fungi and host plants for the present study were collected in the mountains and peat bogs of Poland, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Slovakia, Sweden, Russia and Ukraine. Also materials from Austria, Canada, France, Greenland, Korea, Spitsbergen, Switzerland and U.S.A. were examined. A total of 254 taxa of fungi were collected from 1329 localities investigated. Exclusive species of fungi for all examined host plants have been distinguished. Only <em>Dryas octopetala</em> s.l., <em>D. integrifolia, Empetrum nigrum, E. hermaphroditum, Chamaedaphne calyculata</em> and <em>Rubus chamaemorus</em> possess a number of exclusive species sufficient for analysis. In some cases it was possible to define the direction of migration of the host plants (<em>Betula nana, Juncus trifidus, Dryas octopetala</em> s.l.) on the basis of mycological data. For dryads the extremely High Arctic track is more important than the Middle Arctic or Low Arctic ones. The waves of migrants moved from the East via Spitsbergen to-wards Greenland. <em>Dryas octopetala</em> seems to have reached the Carpathians from the West. Relative age of some fungi has been estimated. Wide circumpolar and alpine distribution points out that <em>Isothea rhytismoides</em> (Bab. ex Berk.) Fr. is one of the oldest dryadicolous fungi. The limited ranges of <em>Sphaerotheca volkartii</em> Blumer, <em>Synchytrium cupulatum</em> Thomas, <em>Hypoderma dryadis</em> Nannf.: L. Holm, and <em>Epipolaeum absconditum</em> (Johanson) L. Holm indicate a relatively young age of these species. A four new taxa i.e. <em>Lachnum uralense, Leptosphaentlina sibirica, Melanomma margaretae</em> and <em>Tiarospora pirozynskii</em> are described and illustrated. 27 species arę for the first time reported from Poland.

In order to better understand the factors that most influence where researchers deposit their data when they have a choice, we collected survey data from researchers who deposited phylogenetic data in either the TreeBASE or Dryad data repositories. Respondents were asked to rank the relative importance of eight possible factors. We found that factors differed in importance for both TreeBASE and Dryad, and that the rankings differed subtly but significantly between TreeBASE and Dryad users. On average, TreeBASE users ranked the domain specialization of the repository highest, while Dryad users ranked as equal highest their trust in the persistence of the repository and the ease of its data submission process. Interestingly, respondents (particularly Dryad users) were strongly divided as to whether being directed to choose a particular repository by a journal policy or funding agency was among the most or least important factors. Some users reported depositing their data in multiple repositories and archiving their data voluntarily.

In spring 2008, yellow dryad (Dryas drummondii L.), an ornamental plant, was studied at the Research Center Conthey (Switzerland) for its possible use by the cosmetical industry. Plants grown from wild-type seeds were multiplied by transplanting cuttings in pots that were later transplanted in an experimental field plot. Before field planting, partial wilting occurred on several plants. The petioles of affected leaves appeared dry, tan, and covered with black acervuli containing black setae. Isolation from the acervuli on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing chlortetracycline (25 mg/liter) resulted in the growth of white-to-gray mycelium containing salmon-colored conidial masses but no setae. The underside of the colony was carmine red. Conidia were primarily fusiform with an average size of 13 × 4 μm. On the basis of these morphological traits, the pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds (2). PCR using the species-specific primer CaInt2 in conjunction with the conserved primer ITS4 (3) was conducted on genomic DNA from a single-spore isolate. An isolate of C. acutatum from strawberry was included as a positive control. This primer pair produced a 490-bp fragment that confirmed the identification based on morphology. A pathogenicity test was conducted at the end of August and beginning of September 2009. The single-spore isolate from yellow dryad and a single-spore isolate of C. acutatum from highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum located at Dürrenroth, Switzerland) were grown on PDA at 23 ± 2°C for 1 week. Conidial suspensions were prepared with 0.9% sterile NaCl solution and were adjusted to 3 to 5 × 105 spores/ml. For each spore suspension, five 3- to 5-cm tall, healthy, yellow dryad plants in the rosette stage were sprayed until runoff. Spraying five plants with a sterile 0.9% NaCl solution served as control treatment. Immediately after inoculation, plants were covered individually with a polyethylene bag and incubated at 23 ± 2°C for 5 days. Polyethylene bags were then removed and the plants were placed outdoors under a plastic shelter (18 ± 4°C). After 1 week, plants inoculated with either strain of C. acutatum showed the same symptoms. The most prevalent symptoms on leaves were brown necroses surrounded by a dark brown margin; the necrotic lesions were covered with black acervuli without setae. Less frequent were small, brown lesions that turned gray and were covered with acervuli containing setae. Acervuli with setae also occurred frequently on the petioles of the inoculated plants. On the control plants, none of these symptoms were observed. Leaves with lesions were incubated in a humid chamber for 1 day, resulting in abundant salmon-colored sporulation from the acervuli. C. acutatum was reisolated from such spore masses on PDA. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. acutatum on yellow dryad. Since C. acutatum is a widespread pathogen worldwide (1), it represents a potential threat to yellow dryad crops grown for ornamental and potentially cosmetical use. References: (1) S. Freeman. Page 131 in: Colletotrichum: Host Specificity, Pathology, and Host-Pathogen Interaction. D. Prusky et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2000. (2) P. S. Gunnell and W. D. Gubler. Mycologia 84:157, 1992. (3) S. K. Sreenivasaprasad et al. Plant Pathol. 45:650, 1996.

In addition to encouraging the deposit of research data into institutional data repositories, academic librarians can further support research data sharing by facilitating the deposit of data into external disciplinary data repositories. In this paper, we focus on the University of Michigan Library and Dryad, a repository for scientific and medical data, as a case study to explore possible forms of partnership between academic libraries and disciplinary data repositories. We found that although few University of Michigan researchers have submitted data to Dryad, many have recently published articles in Dryad-integrated journals, suggesting significant opportunities for Dryad use on our campus. We suggest that academic libraries could promote the sharing and preservation of science and medical data by becoming Dryad members, purchasing vouchers to cover researchers’ data submission costs, and hosting local curators who could directly work with campus researchers to improve the accuracy and completeness of data packages and thereby increase their potential for re-use. By enabling the use of both institutional and disciplinary data repositories, we argue that academic librarians can achieve greater success in capturing the vast amounts of data that presently fail to depart researchers’ hands and making that data visible to relevant communities of interest.

All the Turkish populations studied, both those previously assigned to D. dryada (Subaşı and Yoldere villages, near Hopa) and those attributed to D. clarkorum (the largest sample studied so far, 177 specimens in total), are indistinguishable from each other and therefore must all be ascribed to the natural variability of a monotypic D. clarkorum. The Georgian specimens from the Type Locality of D. dryada (Charnaly river gorge, Chevachauri district) are clearly different, so that taxon cannot be considered a simple synonym for D. clarkorum, but as a valid taxon, although its proper status (more probably as a subspecies of D. clarkorum), is yet to be clarified. It is a highly threatened population, so studies should be done in vivo or with as low intrusiveness as possible. Darevskia dryada is clearly larger (SVL) than any D. clarkorum studied, with strongly longer heads and pilei in adult males (and hence more teeth in dentary bone), and higher dorsalia counts. There also seem to be (but need to be studied in a larger sample) more longitudinal rows of temporal scales between tympanic and parietal plates, a tendency to have more supralabial scales; comparatively smaller values for longitudinal rows of scales on the ventral surface of the thigh between the femoral pores and the outer row of enlarged scales, and higher collaria, and circumanalia scales. Other differences in femoralia and gularia are also reflected in Darevsky & Tuniyev’s (1997) tables and should also be investigated with more Georgian specimens. Two supposed discriminant characters, the frontonasal index and the presence of developed masseteric, are not valid. The frontonasal index does not discriminate both taxa; D dryada specimens fall inside the variation of D. clarkorum for this character. Also the presence of a developed masseteric plate is supposed to be rare if at all in D. clarkorum but always present in D. dryada; however, it appears in nearly 75% of D. clarkorum studied and in all D. dyada, so is also no longer valid for taxa discrimination. Although very similar, D. clarkorum and D. dryada are morphologically different, and genetic studies (as the unpublished results mentioned by Fu, 1999) do not make the provenance of the specimens clear, and hence the correct identification of the supposed specimens of D. dryada used. There are no geographical clines in D. clarkorum. However, as stated by Schmidtler et al. (2002), there is an inverse relationship between altitude and dorsalia values in D. clarkorum. Both the general differentiation between populations and the scalation (dorsalia) appear statistically correlated with the altitude and also with latitude (being both factors not strictly the same). The correlation seems to be stronger with morphology in general (multiple scalation characters and head biometry) than only with dorsalia. In the case of the general differentiation among samples, it is also significantly correlated with temperatures during the activity period (April-September) and with precipitation during incubation (July-August). As these climatic parameters of temperature and precipitation are not directly correlated with the dorsalia variation, the relation with altitude (and perhaps latitude) must be linked to some other climatic parameter not studied here, perhaps solar radiation or evapotranspiration.

The efficacy of Dryacide (diatomaceous earth coated with silica aerogels) on wheat was tested in the laboratory against adult and immature stages of 4 species of Coleoptera and against immature stages of 1 species of Lepidoptera. The minimum effective level of Dryacide increased in the following order: immature Ephestia cautella (Walker) ~ immature Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) < immature Rhyzopertha dominica (F) < adult R. dominica ~ adult T. castaneum < adult Sitophilus oryzae (L) < adult Sitophilus granarius (L) < immature Sitophilus species. When wheat treated with Dryacide was milled in the laboratory without prior cleaning, less than 3% of the Dryacide carried over into the flour. Commercial cleaning of wheat removed (�s.e.) about 98 � 1% of Dryacide, and no Dryacide could be detected in the flour. Dryacide treatment did not affect flour quality as determined by the volume of sponge cakes and the production of carbon dioxide by fermenting dough.

This paper studies the vegetation cover organization of the Aryskannyg cluster of the state natural biosphere reserve Ubsunurskaya Kotlovina. In the course of the work 2 ecological and phytocoenotic profiles were laid and 2 large-scale mapping was carried out. The steppe type of vegetation is mainly represented by different variants of real turf-and-slag steppes: shrubby, petrophytic and dry. The original steppe communities are the resurrection ( Selaginella sanguinolenta ) and eastern feather grass coenoses ( Stipa orientalis ). An independent high-altitude belt forms mountain expositional forest-steppes. The forest component consists of grass and rhytidium larch forests, and the daurian rhododendron occupies an active position in the undergrowth. The steppe component consists of thickened mixed-grass-stop-grass meadow, as well as mixed-grass-fine-grained-slag petrophytic steppes. The mountain-taiga belt is represented by communities of larch and cedar formations. The high-altitude belt is dominated by yernik ( Betula rotundifolia ) and dryad ( Dryas oxyodontha ) mountain-tundra communities. It is revealed that the territory has a complex vegetation cover, which was formed in the conditions of mountain relief and sharply continental climate, the diversity of plant communities (from dry-steppe to mountain-tundra) is due to the length of the cluster territory in three high-altitude zones and the complex influence of latitudinal and local abiotic factors. The leading factors in the distribution of vegetation are the exposure of the slopes and the absolute height of the terrain.

Zonal tundra vegetation occupies slightly sloped watershed surfaces, weakly convex tops and gentle slopes of moraine hills and ridges with moderate snow cover and loamy soils (plakors). Environmental conditions of such sites are most relevant to macroclimate (Aleksandrova, 1971; Matveyeva, 1998). For the East European sector of the Arctic this vegetation was described in 30–70 years of last century by the Soviet geobotanists V. D. Aleksandrova (1956), ­ V. N. Andreyev (1932), I. D. Bogdanovskaya-Giye­nef (1938), A. A. Dedov (2006), A. E. Katenin (1972), Z. N. Smirnova (1938), who, following the dominant approach, attributed the described associations mainly to the moss vegetation type. In the Asian sector of the Arctic (Yamal and Taymyr peninsulas, Arctic Yakutia, Wrangel Isl.) and in Alaska some associations of zonal communities with Carex bigelowii s. str., C. bigelowii subsp. arctisibi­rica and C. lugens have been described according to Braun-Blanquet approach: Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietum alaskani Matveyeva 1994, Dryado integrifoliae–Caricetum bigelowii Walker et al. 1994, Salici polaris–Hylocomietum alaskani Matveyeva 1998, Carici lugentis–Hylocomietum alaskani Sekretareva 1998 ex Kholod 2007, Salici polaris–Sanionietum uncinatae Kholod 2007, Tephrosero atropurpureae–Vaccinietum vitis-idaeae Telyatnikov et Pristyazhnyuk 2012, Festuco brachyphyllae–Hylocomietum alaskani Lashchinskiy ex Telyatnikov et al. 2014. Our study area in the East European tundras (730 km of south–north and 550 km of west–east directions) covers 3 tundra subzones (arctic, typical and southern) and two floristic subprovinces (Kanin-Pechora and Ural-Novaya Zemlya) (Fig. 1). 7 associations (one with 5 subassociations) based upon 101 authors’ relevés as well 95 ones by geobotanists-predecessors were described or validated on plakors and habitats close to these. Zonal communities are comprised by thick multi-species moss layer formed by mesophylous bryophytes (Aulacomnium turgidum, Hylocomium splendens, Ptilidium ciliare, Racomitrium lanuginosum and Tomentypnum nitens), the presence of Carex bigelowii subsp. arctisibirica, Deschampsia borealis or D. glauca in the herb layer, the high abundance of dwarf-shrubs, the presence, but not always, of Dryas octopetala and shrubby willows. Their plant cover is closed or discontinuous with frost-boils (3-component module of patch of bare ground – rim – trough or 2-component one of flat surface – patches of bare ground — see Fig. 2, 3). Zonal syntaxa are the richest in species number, compare to all others because the placor habitats are moderate in such important environmental characters as moisture and nutrition of soil and snow depth. That’s why they contain, with the same constancy and sometimes abundance, some character species of alliances and classes of intrazonal vegetation: Kobresio-Dryadion Nordh. 1943 (dryad fell-fields on well drained snowless or poor snowy habitats with slightly carbonated loamy-gravelly soils at outcrops of bedrock) and Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii Ohba 1974, Loiseleurio-Arctostaphylion Kalliola ex Nordhagen 1943 (dwarf-shrub and dwarf-shrub-lichen (often with Betula nana) communities on sandy soils) and Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea Eggler ex Schubert 1960, Rubo chamaemori–Dicranion elongati Lavrinenko et Lavrinenko 2015 (dwarf-shrub-cloudberry-moss (Dicranum elongatum, Polytrichum strictum)-lichen communities of oligotrophic palsa and polygon peatlands) and Oxycocco-Sphagnetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Westhoff et al. 1946. The basic syntaxon, whose communities occupy the placor habitats in the arctic tundra subzone (southern­ variant) is Salici polaris–Polytrichetum juniperini Aleksandrova 1956, described on the Southern Island of Novaya Zemlya (Table 1). Similar syntaxa in the typical tundra subzone are Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietum splendentis Andreyev 1932 nom. mut. propos. hoc loco (Table 5, Fig. 14–17) and Dryado octopetalae–Hylocomietum splendentis Andreyev 1932 nom. mut. propos. hoc loco salicetosum nummulariae (Bogdanov­skaya-Giyenef 1938) subass. nov. (stat. nov.), nom. corr. hoc loco, described by us and earlier by I. D. Bogdanov­skaya-Giyenef (1938) and Z. N. Smirnova (1938) on the Kolguyev Isl. (Table 2, Fig. 3, 5, 6); D. o.–H. s. caricetosum redowskianae subass. nov. hoc loco and D. o.–H. s. caricetosum arctisibiricae (Koroleva et Kulyugina in Chytrý et al. 2015) subass. nov. (stat. nov.) hoc loco (Table 4, Fig. 4, 9–13) — in the most eastern part of the studied area (Vaygach Isl., Yugorskiy Peninsula and Pay-Khoy Range); D. o.–H. s. typicum subass. nov. hoc loco (Tab­le 3), described by us with use the V. N. Andreyev (1932) relevés on Vangureymusyur Upland (Bolshezemelskaya tundra). In the southern tundra subzone the basic zonal association is Calamagrostio lapponicae–Hylocomietum splenden­tis ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 6, Fig. 20–22). Even small deviations from placor habitat conditions are reflected in the community species composition. In such habitats the following syntaxa are described: Deschampsio borealis–Limprichtietum revolventis Aleksandrova 1956 nom. mut. propos. hoc loco and Flavocet­rario nivalis–Dryadetum octopetalae Aleksandrova 1956 nom. mut. propos. hoc loco on gentle slopes and loamy soils, not in moderate soil moisture, but in wet or, on the contrary, well-drained ecotopes on the Novaya Zemlya (Table 1); Dryado octopetalae–Hylocomietum splendentis caricetosum capillaris subass. nov. hoc loco — on the deluvial tails, in the mid and lower parts of the gentle slopes in Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundras (Table 4, Fig. 2, 7, 8); Oxytropido sordidae–Hylocomietum splendentis ass. nov. hoc loco — in the Pakhancheskaya Bay area (the northern part of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra) on strongly sloping well drained slopes (Table 6, Fig. 18, 19). We attributed these syntaxa to zonal vegetation due to the presence of such taxa of its differential combination as shrub Salix glauca, dwarf-shrub Salix polaris, herbs Bistorta major, Carex bigelowii subsp. arctisibirica, Deschampsia borealis, D. glauca, Eriophorum brachyantherum, Juncus biglumis, Luzula arcuata, Pedicularis lapponica, Petasites frigidus, Poa arctica, Saxifraga hieracifolia, S. hirculus, Stellaria peduncularis, Valeriana capitata, mosses Aulacomnium turgidum, Hylocomium splendens, Ptilidium ciliare, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Tomentypnum nitens and lichens Lobaria linita, Nephroma expallidum, Protopannaria pezizoides, Psoroma hypnorum. This combination of taxa differentiates (by the presence, constancy, abundance) the zonal communities in studied area from vegetation of other classes (Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii, Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea, Oxycocco-Sphagnetea) (Table 7). The borders of many species area distribution are held in the East European tundras, so the variation of the community species composition along the latitudinal and longitude gradients is quite natural. Thus, in zonal communities Ledum palustre subsp. decumbens and Salix phylicifolia occur and Betula nana as well as hypoarctic dwarf-shrubs Arctous alpina, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium uliginosum subsp. microphyllum­ and V. vitis-idaea subsp. minus are most active only in the southern tundra subzone; Salix polaris (its activity increases to the north) and, in some syntaxa, Dryas octopetala are common in the subzones of typical and arctic tundras. In zonal conditions shrubs Salix glauca, Betula nana (prostrate) and all hypoarctic dwarf-shrubs occur in the typical tundra subzone on the mainland and on Kolguyev Isl., while in the northern part of this subzone on Vaygach Isl. they are already absent, ­except the Vaccinium spp. (with low constancy). In the arctic tundra subzone there are no shrubs and hypoarctic dwarf-shrubs on plakors, while Salix polaris is abundant. We believe that these floristic differences of zonal communities can be considered as markers of their subzonal affiliation. A similar shift in species distribution on the latitudinal gradient is established (Matveyeva, 1998) for the zonal biotopes on Taymyr Peninsula. Some species (Arctagrostis latifolia, Cerastium regelii subsp. caespitosum, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Silene acaulis) have high constancy in zonal communities within the Ural-Novaya Zemlya subprovince, as opposed to the Kanin-Pechora one. Herbs Oxyria digyna, Papaver polare, Parrya nudicaulis, Pedicularis sudetica subsp. arctoeuropaea, Saxifraga cernua and S. cespitosa occur with high constancy only in zonal communities on Novaya Zemlya that brings them closer to syntaxa described in the arctic and typical tundra subzones on Taymyr Peninsula (Matveyeva, 1994, 1998). Already in 1994, N. V. Matveyeva stated the need to describe a new class for zonal vegetation. The name Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani cl. prov. has been reserved for this class in Yalta’s conference on the classification of Russian vegetation (Lavrinenko et al., 2016), Prague’s “Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Archive and Classification Workshop” (presentation by N. V. Matveyeva) and “Arctic Science Summit Week 2017” (Lavrinenko et al., 2017). We do not attribute the newly described syntaxa to alliance Dryado octopetalae–Caricion arctisibiricae Koroleva et Kulyugina in Chytrý et al. 2015, which was described at the base of 15 relevés by geobotanists-predecessors (V. N. Andreyev, A. A. Dedov) and as well the 11 ones by E. E. Kulyugina for zonal habitats in the East European tundras (Koroleva, Kulyugina, 2015). At least, it is necessary to revise this alliance, since the name of ass. Pediculari oederi–Dryadetum octopetalae (Andreev 1932) Koroleva et Kulyugina 2015 are not legitimate (nomen superfluum), ass. Salici reticulatae–Dryadetum octopetalae Koroleva et Kulyugina 2015 need to be revised and the rank of the third one (Dryado octopetalae–Caricetum arctisibiricae Koroleva et Kulyugina in Chytrý et al. 2015 was lowered by us (in this paper) to subass. Dryado octopetalae–Hylocomietum splendentis caricetosum arctisibiricae; the definitions of both vegetation and habitats are not quite appropriate to the nature reality; diagnostic species were selected randomly. The current position of this alliance within the Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii is debatable, because this makes vague the syntaxonomical content and expands the syntaxonomical boundaries of class whose communities occur in the intrazonal habitats (fell-fields and dwarf-scrub graminoid stands on base-rich substrates). New higher units of zonal vegetation with sedges Carex bigelowii subsp. arctisibirica, C. bige­lowii s. str. and C. lugens, and, most likely, with cotton grass Eriophorum vaginatum, need to be described in the near future, since the data for this are available from various sectors of the Arctic.

These lines come from the passage describing the mourning of the natural world following the death of Orpheus. A. D. Melville (Ovid, Metamorphoses [Oxford, 1986]) translates as follows:[‘ … ] and naiads wore,and Dryads too, their mourning robes of blackAnd hair dishevelled.’

The threespine stickleback is a geographically widespread and ecologically highly diverse fish that has emerged as a powerful model system for evolutionary genomics and developmental biology. Investigations in this species currently rely on a single high-quality reference genome, but would benefit from the availability of additional, independently sequenced and assembled genomes. We present here the assembly of four new stickleback genomes, based on the sequencing of microfluidic partitioned DNA libraries. The base pair lengths of the four genomes reach 92–101% of the standard reference genome length. Together with their de novo gene annotation, these assemblies offer a resource enhancing genomic investigations in stickleback. The genomes and their annotations are available from the Dryad Digital Repository (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.113j3h7).