Teses / dissertações: "Ecological surveys"

1

Cooper, V. A. "Development of the role of biological investigations in UK water pollution management". Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262880.

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2

Bushman, Matthew M. "Plant species change in northern Wisconsin wet-mesic forest communities from 1952 to 2005 /". Link to full-text, 2006. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2006/Bushman.pdf.

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3

Chalwell, Shane Thomas Samuel. "Plant communities of greenstone hills of the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia as analogues for the rehabilitation of rocky waste dumps". Thesis, Chalwell, Shane Thomas Samuel (2003) Plant communities of greenstone hills of the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia as analogues for the rehabilitation of rocky waste dumps. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/510/.

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The vegetation of greenstone hills in the Kalgoorlie area of the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia was studied to identify the key environmental influences on community and species distribution. This information was needed to determine if plant communities of the hills could provide analogues for the rehabilitation of waste rock dumps that are produced as a consequence of open cut mining. The ridges, slopes and flats adjacent to the main slope were examined and the floristic data sorted into communities. Two structurally and floristically distinct alliances were identified, one dominated by eucalypt species and the other by Acacia quadrimarginea. The eucalypt woodland displayed a taller upper stratum and few groundlayer species and was the dominant vegetation of the flats at the base of the hills. The acacia community was a low woodland and is the dominant vegetation of the hill slopes. Both communities were dominant at an equal number of sites on the ridges of the hills. An investigation of the environmental variables found that edaphic, rather than topographic, factors were responsible for the community distribution on the hills. The eucalypt woodland showed a strong affinity to soils derived from calcrete, which had higher levels of electrical conductivity and lower exchangeable sodium percentages than the soils of the acacia low woodland. Under such conditions, the clay fraction of the soil remains in a more flocculated state allowing higher rates of water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity compared to the acacia soils. Soil nutrients were found to have a secondary influence on community distribution and had a greater effect on species distribution within alliances. A study of the seasonal variation in water content of the soils showed that more moisture is retained in the upper soil horizons in the acacia community than in the eucalypt community during the wetter part of the year, indicating the acacia soils had poorer infiltration properties than the eucalypt soils. The distribution of drought tolerant species such as A. quadrimarginea and Prostanthera incurvata was found to be correlated to soil moisture content of the dry season whilst no correlation was found for the eucalypts at any time of the year. Seasonal comparisons of leaf moisture content and xylem pressure potential showed that the eucalypts maintained their total leaf moisture content throughout the year whereas species such as A. quadrimarginea and Allocasuarina campestris recorded high levels of desiccation of their leaf tissue over the summer. The eucalypts also maintained a more consistent pre-dawn xylem pressure potential throughout the year than either A. quadrimarginea or the shrub species Dodonaea microzyga, indicating a greater degree of stomatal control and access to a more consistent soil water supply. The eucalypts require access to a greater soil volume than the acacias or shrubs in order to ensure sufficient water supplies for the maintenance of tissue moisture levels throughout the year. In this way, the eucalypts are able to effectively avoid the summer drought, whereas the acacias and shrubs are able to tolerate desiccation of their leaf tissues over this period. Investigations of the germination requirements and early seedling survival of prominent species from the greenstone hills indicated that fire may be a factor in the regeneration of most hills species. All studied species were either tolerant of or responded positively to the application of dry heat. In relation to seedling establishment on waste dumps, increasing the soil moisture content of waste dump soils increased the germination rate of most species but did not result in greater seedling survival at the end of the first summer. The provision of microsites which encouraged root development and provided protection for the young seedlings was found to be more important in reducing mortality rates in the first year than increasing the total germination. The study emphasized the importance of physical soil factors and the soil moisture regime in the distribution of eucalypt and acacia communities on the greenstone hills. A species' response to drought stress strongly influences its ability to compete for soil water on different soil types. The eucalypts studied in this project dominated on soils where there is better recharge of subsoil water reserves which can be accessed over the summer period to maintain tissue water levels. Acacias are tolerant of tissue desiccation and will compete successfully on shallower soils and where hydraulic conductivity is poor. Although the project was valuable in identifying water relations as the main control on community distribution on the hills, waste dumps are not strictly analogues of intact greenstone hills due to the differences in rock type and profile formation. Electrical conductivity levels are also higher due to extraction processes. However, the environmental relationships of the different species show that the more drought tolerant species such as Allocasuarina campestris, Acacia quadrimarginea and understorey species associated with them, may be suitable species to form the basis of vegetation reinstatement on waste dumps in the Kalgoorlie region.

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4

Chalwell, Shane Thomas Samuel. "Plant communities of greenstone hills of the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia as analogues for the rehabilitation of rocky waste dumps". Chalwell, Shane Thomas Samuel (2003) Plant communities of greenstone hills of the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia as analogues for the rehabilitation of rocky waste dumps. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/510/.

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The vegetation of greenstone hills in the Kalgoorlie area of the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia was studied to identify the key environmental influences on community and species distribution. This information was needed to determine if plant communities of the hills could provide analogues for the rehabilitation of waste rock dumps that are produced as a consequence of open cut mining. The ridges, slopes and flats adjacent to the main slope were examined and the floristic data sorted into communities. Two structurally and floristically distinct alliances were identified, one dominated by eucalypt species and the other by Acacia quadrimarginea. The eucalypt woodland displayed a taller upper stratum and few groundlayer species and was the dominant vegetation of the flats at the base of the hills. The acacia community was a low woodland and is the dominant vegetation of the hill slopes. Both communities were dominant at an equal number of sites on the ridges of the hills. An investigation of the environmental variables found that edaphic, rather than topographic, factors were responsible for the community distribution on the hills. The eucalypt woodland showed a strong affinity to soils derived from calcrete, which had higher levels of electrical conductivity and lower exchangeable sodium percentages than the soils of the acacia low woodland. Under such conditions, the clay fraction of the soil remains in a more flocculated state allowing higher rates of water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity compared to the acacia soils. Soil nutrients were found to have a secondary influence on community distribution and had a greater effect on species distribution within alliances. A study of the seasonal variation in water content of the soils showed that more moisture is retained in the upper soil horizons in the acacia community than in the eucalypt community during the wetter part of the year, indicating the acacia soils had poorer infiltration properties than the eucalypt soils. The distribution of drought tolerant species such as A. quadrimarginea and Prostanthera incurvata was found to be correlated to soil moisture content of the dry season whilst no correlation was found for the eucalypts at any time of the year. Seasonal comparisons of leaf moisture content and xylem pressure potential showed that the eucalypts maintained their total leaf moisture content throughout the year whereas species such as A. quadrimarginea and Allocasuarina campestris recorded high levels of desiccation of their leaf tissue over the summer. The eucalypts also maintained a more consistent pre-dawn xylem pressure potential throughout the year than either A. quadrimarginea or the shrub species Dodonaea microzyga, indicating a greater degree of stomatal control and access to a more consistent soil water supply. The eucalypts require access to a greater soil volume than the acacias or shrubs in order to ensure sufficient water supplies for the maintenance of tissue moisture levels throughout the year. In this way, the eucalypts are able to effectively avoid the summer drought, whereas the acacias and shrubs are able to tolerate desiccation of their leaf tissues over this period. Investigations of the germination requirements and early seedling survival of prominent species from the greenstone hills indicated that fire may be a factor in the regeneration of most hills species. All studied species were either tolerant of or responded positively to the application of dry heat. In relation to seedling establishment on waste dumps, increasing the soil moisture content of waste dump soils increased the germination rate of most species but did not result in greater seedling survival at the end of the first summer. The provision of microsites which encouraged root development and provided protection for the young seedlings was found to be more important in reducing mortality rates in the first year than increasing the total germination. The study emphasized the importance of physical soil factors and the soil moisture regime in the distribution of eucalypt and acacia communities on the greenstone hills. A species' response to drought stress strongly influences its ability to compete for soil water on different soil types. The eucalypts studied in this project dominated on soils where there is better recharge of subsoil water reserves which can be accessed over the summer period to maintain tissue water levels. Acacias are tolerant of tissue desiccation and will compete successfully on shallower soils and where hydraulic conductivity is poor. Although the project was valuable in identifying water relations as the main control on community distribution on the hills, waste dumps are not strictly analogues of intact greenstone hills due to the differences in rock type and profile formation. Electrical conductivity levels are also higher due to extraction processes. However, the environmental relationships of the different species show that the more drought tolerant species such as Allocasuarina campestris, Acacia quadrimarginea and understorey species associated with them, may be suitable species to form the basis of vegetation reinstatement on waste dumps in the Kalgoorlie region.

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5

Henderson, Cynthia Joan. "A comparison of three rapid evaluation procedures for pine savanna wetlands". Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2001. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07132001-162123.

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6

Lu, Ruey-Pyng. "Multivariate nichemetrics". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74739.

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In the study of ecological community structure, the multivariate niche model has always been the assumed structural model. This model is closely connected to the multivariate two-sample problem. Important to the understanding of species interactions in a community is the measurement of the degree to which the niches of two species overlap, or to measure the similarity between the resource use distributions of the species. Discriminant analysis is the tool used most often to analyze the similarity. In this study, we discuss the most commonly used similarity measures, and develop measures that are less dependent on the assumptions of the usual discriminant analysis. Specifically measures arc derived assuming normal distributions with heterogeneous variance-covariance matrices arc derived. The problem of estimating the measures and their precision and accuracy is investigated. Two methods, the jackknife and the bootstrap, arc described for estimating the bias and variance of an estimated measure. The performance of these methods was evaluated using simulation. When the number of variables involved in the model is large, the estimates of these measures may be severely biased, and the bias is consistently negative. By collecting larger samples the bias can be reasonably adjusted. Two potentially important factors affecting results arc the disparity in the means and the heterogeneity of the variance-covariance matrices. It is shown that when the mean separation is small, the heterogeneity of the covariance matrices has a moderate effect on the bias, but the effect is diminished when the mean separation becomes larger. The variance of the similarity estimates is also related to the value of the measure and is a quadratic function of the similarity. The logarithmic transformation of the similarity is seen to linearize the variance of the similarity estimate. The jackknife method gives good adjustment of the bias of the estimated measures. Generally, the bootstrap method performs worse than the jackknife method. In some cases, especially when there are many redundant variables neither method gives reliable results.
Ph. D.

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7

Korn, Jennifer Marie. "Evaluating avian communities of the Blanco River Valley using occupancy modeling and landowner conducted surveys /". View online, 2008. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/bioltad/6.

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8

Brooks, Edward James. "Elasmobranch longline capture : ecological application, physiological impacts and alternative techniques". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1570.

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Longline fishing is the most common elasmobranch capture method in the world, both for commercial fishing, and to a lesser extent for scientific surveys. The capture of an animal on a longline initiates a series of physiological responses designed to promote survivorship in the short term, but if unchecked, can cause reduced individual fitness and/or mortality in the long term. Given widespread declines in shark populations, an improved understanding of the physiological costs of longline capture is needed. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the physiological response of sharks to capture and restraint, to assess novel, non-invasive alternatives to scientific longline surveys, and to generate scientific insight into poorly understood elasmobranch populations in The Bahamas. The results presented herein suggest that some species of shark are able to recover from the physiological stress of capture despite the presence of persistent negative stimuli. Tonic immobility was assessed as a means of generating baseline blood chemistry data, but was found to be inappropriate given that it increases the magnitude of physiological perturbation in the short term. To avoid the stress of capture altogether, Baited Remote Underwater Video Surveys (BRUVS) were considered as a non-invasive alternative to capture based surveys, however, it was concluded that they lack the resolution necessary to answer fine scale demographic questions. For the Caribbean reef shark, longline surveys yielded high resolution data allowing the identification of fine scale spatiotemporal shifts in demographic population structure with minimal cost (mortality). Nevertheless, the ethics of using capture based surveys on sensitive species are questionable when alternative techniques are available. Deep water sharks caught on longline surveys exhibited high mortality rates, however, for these very poorly understood species moribund specimens have great scientific value which in some cases can offset the high ecological costs of the surveys. The results presented in this thesis highlight the on-going need for improved biological and ecological research into the majority of elasmobranch populations, particularly with regards to anthropogenic interactions such as capture. Given the tenuous conservation status of many species, the acquisition of applied, management focused data should remain the priority of elasmobranch scientists.

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9

Lane, Karl. "The feasibility of using remote sensing and field-based checks to monitor the impact caused by collection of wood in the Eastern Cape/Ciskei forest and thicket formations". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21929.

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Bibliography: pages 71-83.
A variety of studies have shown the problems of energy supply faced by low-income communities in southern Africa. Most of these communities are dependent upon indigenous fuelwood supplies. In addition, many of these communities use indigenous wood for construction. This largely uncontrolled utilisation imposes severe threats on woody vegetation communities. The Eastern Cape/Ciskei region is an area where energy supply problems are particularly severe and impacts on woody vegetation correspondingly severe. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using remote sensing techniques to monitor the the impact caused by collection of wood in the Eastern Cape/Ciskei forest and thicket communities. A variety of remote sensing techniques for landcover analysis were investigated. In all cases, visual interpretation was used because it is considerably cheaper and demands less technical expertise than would computer processing. In addition, many studies have shown visual interpretation to be superior. Maps were drawn from multitemporal aerial photograph sequences and from Landsat and SPOT satellite images. These maps showed that there has been relatively little change in area of woody vegetation in the study area since 1956. However, field studies showed that vegetation community structure had been degraded as a result of intense and sustained human impact. This qualitative decline also reflected a decline in usefulness of the woody vegetation of the area to local communities. This substantial degradation was not visible on any of the remote sensing imageries. This emphasises that field-based checks to monitor human impacts on forest and thicket formations are essential. Strategies for reducing the dependence of low-income communities on indigenous vegetation for energy supplies and constructional timber have been reviewed from the literature and these are descibed in Appendix 1. Most successful strategies in other parts of the world have been the result of a national commitment to tree planting, recognition of a multiplicity of constraints and the voluntary involvement of the communities the strategies are intended to assist.

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10

Veldsman, Stephan Gerhardus. "Vegetation degradation gradients and ecological index of key grass species in the south-eastern Kalahari South Africa". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08112009-165447.

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11

O'Casey, Carol Elaine. "A floristic and vegetational analysis of the Mill Creek drainage area of the San Bernardino Mountains, California". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1988. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/323.

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12

Cox, Martin James. "Acoustic and ecological investigations into predator-prey interactions between Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and seal and bird predators". Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/579.

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13

Jankovic-Karasoulos, Tanja. "A case study of the physical, chemical and biological factors affecting dissolved organic carbon in the Warren Reservoir, South Australia /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phj339.pdf.

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14

Kroloff, Emily K. N. "Where Are All the Bonefish? Using Angler Perceptions to Estimate Trends of Bonefish (Albula vulpes) Decline in South Florida". FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2541.

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Local ecological knowledge (LEK) is a useful method to capture environmental or resource changes when there is an absence of biological data. Since the bonefish fishery is data limited, this study aims to understand the trend of bonefish decline over the last 40 years using LEK and to assess whether varying fisher experience and fisher type would influence perception of bonefish decline. Semi-structured surveys and key informant interviews were conducted to collect LEK data. Along with perceiving an overall decline (p

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15

Scott, Matthew B., e n/a. "Fine-scale ecology of alpine patterned ground, Old Man Range, Central Otago, New Zealand". University of Otago. Department of Botany, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080130.093120.

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This study is an interdisciplinary ecological study addressing the fine-scale relationships between plants, invertebrates and the environment in an alpine ecosystem. Alpine environments are marked by steep environmental gradients and complex habitat mosaics at various spatial scales. Regular forming periglacial patterned ground landforms on the Old Man Range, Central Otago, South Island, New Zealand present an ideal medium for studying plant-invertebrate-environment relationships due to their partitioning of the landscape into discrete units of contrasting environmental conditions, and the existence of some baseline knowledge of the soil, microclimate, vegetation and flora. The study was conducted in three types of patterned ground (hummocks, stripes and solifluction terraces) on the Old Man Range. Each component of the study was sampled at the same spatial scale for comparison. Temperature was recorded in the soil and ground surface from April 2001 to March 2004 in microtopographic subunits (microsites) of each patterned ground landform. Plant species cover was sampled within each microsite; invertebrates were sampled from soil cores taken from the same locations as plant samples in April 2001 and September 2001. The two sampling occasions coincided with autumn before the soil freezes, and winter when maximum freezing was expected. Fine-scale changes in the topographic relief of the patterned ground led to notable differences in the timing and duration of snow. The steepest environmental gradients existed during periods of uneven snow distribution. The soil in exposed or south-facing microsites froze first, beginning in May, and typically froze to more than 40cm depth. Least exposed microsites rarely froze. Within the microtopography, patterns of freezing at specific locations were consistent between years with only minor differences in the timing or depths of freezing; however, notable variation in freezing existed between similar microsites. Within the microtopography, different assemblages of organisms were associated with different microsites. In total, 84 plant and lichen species were recorded, grouping into six community types. Species composition was best explained by growing degree-days, freeze-thaw cycles, time frozen and snow-free days; species diversity and richness increased with increasing environmental stress as indicated by freeze-thaw cycles, time frozen and exposure. In total 20,494 invertebrates, representing four Phyla, 12 Classes, 23 Orders and 295 morpho-taxa were collected from 0.17m� of soil. Acari, Collembola and Pseudococcidae were the most abundant invertebrates. Over 95% of the invertebrates were found in the plant material and first 10cm depth of soil. Few significant relationships were found between diversity, richness or abundance of invertebrate taxa and the microsites; however, multivariate analyses identified distinct invertebrate assemblages based on abundance. Invertebrate composition was best explained by recent low temperature and moisture, particularly in winter; however, plant composition also explained invertebrate composition, but more so in autumn. This research has shown that organisms in the alpine environment of the Old Man Range are sensitive to fine-scale changes in their environment. These results have implications as to how historical changes to the ecosystem may have had long-lasting influences on the biota, as well as how a currently changing climate may have further impacts on the composition and distribution of organisms.

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16

Brown, Jennifer. "Human responses, resilience and vulnerability : an interdisciplinary approach to understanding past farm success and failure in Mývatnssveit, northern Iceland". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2828.

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This thesis presents a new perspective on the study of past farm success and failure; it builds on the concepts of resilience and vulnerability to construct a theoretical framework which integrates environmental, historical and ethnographical data. The basic framework establishes that the resilience or vulnerability of a social-ecological system is a function of three factors: i) the exposure of the system to external (environmental) stresses, ii) the sensitivity of the system to these stresses and iii) the ability of the human component of the system to respond to them. The research focused on the component of human capacity of response (the sum of coping and adaptive capacity) within this framework. The temporal scale of the study was the 18th century, although reference is made to earlier periods for comparison. The location of the study area was Mývatnssveit, a livestock-based farming community in northern Iceland, while the spatial scale of the study is that of individual farms in the area. The results showed that successful farms had a higher capacity of response than failed farms, and that this was conferred by a greater availability and quality of resources, including human resources, natural resources and productive resources (those directly involved in agriculture). Human resources were assessed by records of number of servants per farm and by evidence of learning/knowledge transfer obtained via micromorphological analyses of home-field soils. Natural resources considered to be of particular importance were fish and eggs. Indicators of productive resources included tax value, land rent, livestock numbers and phosphorus content in home-fields. The latter revealed that the soil condition pre-settlement was linked to its post-settlement quality. An analysis of present day perceptions of historical farm abandonment in the area corresponds with the conclusions reached through the data integration in placing the human factor above the environmental one in influencing success and failure. The thesis concludes by highlighting the individuality of the study farms and the historical resilience of the livestock-based farming system. Additionally, areas of potential for future research are identified.

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17

King, Jessica Jane. "Ecologically Friendly Food Buying and Recycling: Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors in a Tennessee Survey". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2257.

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This thesis focuses on pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors and the interactions between recycling behavior, food buying attitudes, food buying behaviors, and ecological beliefs. Following an introductory chapter, I present an article-length paper on recycling behavior to be submitted to Environment and Behavior. Data for this study came from a telephone survey of Tennessee residents (N=270). Using OLS regression analysis, I find that recycling behavior is significantly related to access to recycling facilities. I do not find a significant interaction effect between access to recycling facilities and willingness to recycle. I conclude by suggesting that pro-environmental policies need to make structural resources more available to all in order to promote recycling (and protect the environment in general). Positive attitudes alone do not get us very far. My additional thesis research goal of developing an accurate measure of ecological food buying attitudes and behaviors needs further work.

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18

La, Salle Tamika. "Cultural and Ecological Considerations within the Context of School Climate". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/cps_diss/92.

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School climate has been established as an important construct to measure because of its connections to student psychological, social, and academic outcomes. Existing research has examined school climate in relation to individual (i.e., race and gender) and school level (i.e., teacher characteristics or school size) variables. The current paper presents a cultural-ecological model for research on school climate. The cultural-ecological model of school climate supports future research incorporating a broadened view of culture, extending beyond race and ethnicity, and a more comprehensive examination of ecological contexts such as the family and community in understanding student perceptions of school climate. Within this model, individual, family, school, and community variables that may influence student perceptions of school climate are described and a research agenda is presented for utilizing the cultural-ecological model of school climate in future school climate research and for developing, implementing and evaluating strategies designed to enhance school climate and school performance based on prevention and intervention. The current study examined the relationship between cultural and ecological variables at the individual, school, and community levels and student perceptions of school climate. A multi-level (HLM) model examining the relationships between individual, cultural, and ecological variables and school climate was evaluated. Results of the current study indicated that for the relationship between student and school characteristics and school climate remain relatively consistent for both groups. Specifically, both individual and school variables influenced student perceptions of school climate. However, this data also confirms the need to further examine additional cultural and ecological variables in order to increase our understanding of how such variables are related to perceptions of climate.

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19

Proulx, Michèle. "The uranium mining industry of the Bancroft area, an environmental history and heritage assessment". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq21696.pdf.

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20

Causton, Charlotte E. "Survey and ecological studies of natural enemies of Passiflora mollissima (H.K.B.) bailey in Venezuela". Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360770.

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21

McWilliam, Jamie Neish. "Coral reef soundscapes: The use of passive acoustic monitoring for long-term ecological survey". Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/66550.

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Ecosystem health assessment relies on effective long-term survey techniques. Passive acoustics offers an alternative approach to long-term monitoring of coral reefs, yet its full management applicability remains undetermined. This thesis investigates several coral reef soundscape topics, with Australia’s Great Barrier Reef as an example, including categorising biological reef sounds, identifying and explaining fish choruses temporal patterns, quantifying the contribution of anthropogenic noise, and determining how large disturbance events may influence coral reef soundscapes over time.

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22

Gomez, Sharon N. "The application of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) in a Mediterranean ecological survey". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319903.

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23

Manfredi, Chiara <1974&gt. "Distribution and state of fishery resources in the Northern and Central Adriatic Sea using trawl surveys data". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3796/1/Manfredi_Chiara_Tesi.pdf.

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The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries represents the most recent research line in the international context, showing interest both towards the whole community and toward the identification and protection of all the “critical habitats” in which marine resources complete their life cycles. Using data coming from trawl surveys performed in the Northern and Central Adriatic from 1996 to 2010, this study provides the first attempt to appraise the status of the whole demersal community. It took into account not only fishery target species but also by-catch and discharge species by the use of a suite of biological indicators both at population and multi-specific level, allowing to have a global picture of the status of the demersal system. This study underlined the decline of extremely important species for the Adriatic fishery in recent years; adverse impact on catches is expected for these species in the coming years, since also minimum values of recruits recently were recorded. Both the excessive exploitation and environmental factors affected availability of resources. Moreover both distribution and nursery areas of the most important resources were pinpointed by means of geostatistical methods. The geospatial analysis also confirmed the presence of relevant recruitment areas in the North and Central Adriatic for several commercial species, as reported in the literature. The morphological and oceanographic features, the relevant rivers inflow together with the mosaic pattern of biocenoses with different food availability affected the location of the observed relevant nursery areas.

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24

Manfredi, Chiara <1974&gt. "Distribution and state of fishery resources in the Northern and Central Adriatic Sea using trawl surveys data". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3796/.

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The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries represents the most recent research line in the international context, showing interest both towards the whole community and toward the identification and protection of all the “critical habitats” in which marine resources complete their life cycles. Using data coming from trawl surveys performed in the Northern and Central Adriatic from 1996 to 2010, this study provides the first attempt to appraise the status of the whole demersal community. It took into account not only fishery target species but also by-catch and discharge species by the use of a suite of biological indicators both at population and multi-specific level, allowing to have a global picture of the status of the demersal system. This study underlined the decline of extremely important species for the Adriatic fishery in recent years; adverse impact on catches is expected for these species in the coming years, since also minimum values of recruits recently were recorded. Both the excessive exploitation and environmental factors affected availability of resources. Moreover both distribution and nursery areas of the most important resources were pinpointed by means of geostatistical methods. The geospatial analysis also confirmed the presence of relevant recruitment areas in the North and Central Adriatic for several commercial species, as reported in the literature. The morphological and oceanographic features, the relevant rivers inflow together with the mosaic pattern of biocenoses with different food availability affected the location of the observed relevant nursery areas.

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25

Farthing, Brendan J. "Statistical aspects in the design and analysis of long term ecological monitoring efforts". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37118/1/37118_Farthing_2002.pdf.

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There is increasing public concern about the health of our environment and the burden placed on it by the way the world uses its natural resources. This requires decisions be made about the best manner to care for these resources. To make these decisions, long term ecological monitoring efforts are necessary as they provide decision makers with accurate information concerning the status of measures in time. The planning of such efforts is a study of decision making in itself. This thesis has considered ways in which those responsible for the planning of long term ecological monitoring surveys can go about this process. To start, the concept of a Decision Support System (DSS) is explored. This provides a framework under which a number of alternative decisions may be considered and the best one chosen to solve a problem. We then move on to model based methods for survey design, using the DSS concept to varying degrees. This involves specifying a model for data analysis and then designing a sampling scheme to best estimate parameters of interest under this model. One such method is to consider the power of a linear regression to detect changes in a variable over time (Gerrodette 1987). This is explored and extended upon, but it was found that some assumptions underlying the procedure may be violated in practice. In an attempt to rectify such violations a Bayesian spatiotemporal model was developed and applied to a real data set from the Queensland Department of Natural Resources (QDNR). Three approaches that use the output of this model to help design future schemes are then discussed. The first being a survey sampling approach similar to the power analysis approach already explored. The second is a simulation method, in which a hypothetical data set is sampled and modelled in an effort to select the best procedure for the decision to be made. The final approach is Bayesian survey design which closely follows the ideas of Bayesian experimental design (Chaloner & Verdinelli 1995). The aim of this approach is to select a plan that maximises a utility function which assigns a value of worth to various decisions outcomes. In this way, the decision-theoretic principles of a DSS are satisfied. This may be the best manner to proceed with the planning of a future survey design, however it is a mathematically and numerically challenging exercise.

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Yan, Wai Kit. "The impact of ecological education program of non-government organizations : an empirical survey of the Guangzhou Green Country Ecological Education Centre and the Hong Kong Produce Green". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2002. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/396.

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Vonesh, James R. "The amphibians and reptiles of Kibale Forest, Uganda herpetofaunal survey and ecological study of the forest floor litter community /". [Florida] : State University System of Florida, 1998. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/amd0037.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 1998.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 101 p.; also contains graphics (some in color). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-100).

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Edmond, Yanique Marie. "Ecological determinants of parenting practices among Latin American and Caribbean mothers of adolescents findings from the new immigrant survey /". College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7306.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Family Studies. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Clark, Jamyia. "Assessing Asthma-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life in Children With an Ecological Systems Approach". ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5841.

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Despite initiatives and management efforts to minimize exacerbation and adverse outcomes, asthma remains a leading cause of childhood chronic disease in the United States. Environmental, personal, and social factors have been associated with an increase of asthma morbidity. However, little is known about how they cumulatively affect children's quality of life. This study applied a multifactorial conceptual model grounded by the ecological systems theory framework to ascertain which environmental, personal, and social factors were cumulatively associated with adverse health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children with asthma ages 5-17 years. A national, cross-sectional survey, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Asthma Call-back Survey, of 2,968 (unweighted) participants were used to identify the association between the factors and HRQoL outcomes, symptom-free days, missed school, and activity limitations. Multiple linear regression and cumulative regression models for complex survey data were used to assess the associations. Factors associated with the HRQoL outcomes included cost barriers to asthma medications and primary care physicians, insurance status, having an insurance gap, the type of health insurance, the presence of mold in the school, the guardian's diminished mental health, and environmental tobacco smoke. Understanding which factors influence asthma HRQoL may foster positive social change by enlightening and empowering the child, caregivers, health care professionals, and other stakeholders to become active participants in the asthma management process. Therefore, quality of life is optimized by all participants taking an active role in the asthma management process through conversations and developing synergistic strategies.

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Pinto, Luiz Fernando Rodrigues. "Avaliação da relação entre certificação ISO 14001 e ecologia industrial: survey no setor automotivo brasileiro". Universidade Nove de Julho, 2016. http://bibliotecatede.uninove.br/handle/tede/1571.

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The automotive industry is known to develop methodologies and practices that, subsequent, they are adopted by companies of other sectors. The growing concern about environmental preservation has encouraged vehicle manufactures to extend environmental practices to their suppliers, among them the Environmental Management System. Such mobilization suggests that companies would be in the right way to achieve high level of Industrial Ecology. This research objective is to analyze Industrial Ecology in the Brazilian automotive sector, through the compliance with the Environmental Management System requirements. Specifically aims: to identify types of Industrial Ecology and its variables; to assess the use of Industrial Ecology resources and compliance for each Environmental Management System requirement and; to verify the relation of Environmental Management System with the evolutive levels of Industrial Ecology. The method adopted to reach this objective was a survey in companies of Brazilian automotive sector. The results have shown signs that companies are at initial level in the evolutive scale of Industrial Ecology. The main contribution of this research consists in developing a relation model of constructs, Environmental Management System and types of Industrial Ecology that can measure the contributions and relations of the respective constructs for companies inside and outside the automotive sector.
A indústria automotiva é conhecida por desenvolver metodologias que, posteriormente, são adotadas por empresas de outros setores. A crescente preocupação com a preservação do meio ambiente tem estimulado as grandes montadoras a disseminar, para seus fornecedores, a importância da adoção de práticas ambientais, entre elas o Sistema de Gestão Ambiental. Tal mobilização sugere que as empresas estejam no caminho certo para alcançar um elevado nível de Ecologia Industrial. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é analisar a Ecologia Industrial no setor automotivo brasileiro, por meio do atendimento aos requisitos do Sistema de Gestão Ambiental. Em específico visa: identificar os tipos de Ecologia Industrial e suas variáveis; avaliar a utilização de recursos da Ecologia Industrial e o atendimento a cada requisito de Sistema de Gestão Ambiental e; verificar a relação entre Sistema de Gestão Ambiental com os níveis evolutivos de Ecologia Industrial. A metodologia de pesquisa adotada para alcançar esse objetivo foi a survey em empresas do setor automotivo brasileiro, com certificação ISO 14001. Os resultados apontaram indícios de que as empresas estão posicionadas no estágio inicial da escala evolutiva da Ecologia Industrial. A principal contribuição dessa pesquisa reside na elaboração do modelo das relações dos constructos, Sistema de Gestão Ambiental e tipos de Ecologia Industrial que podem medir as contribuições e as relações dos respectivos constructos, para empresas certificadas ISO 14001 do setor automotivo ou mesmo fora dele.

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Ferreira, Bruno da Silva. "Levantamento populacional de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e de fitonematoides em áreas produtoras de algodão no estado de Goiás". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6408.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Different management strategies are necessary for the control of plant nematodes. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been an option as potential microorganisms for biological control. There is a demand of ways to manage plant parasitic nematode with less environmental impact and lower cost. Thus, the aim of this study was to survey nematodes and AMF in cotton producing areas in the state of Goiás and evaluate the interaction between AMF and nematodes, and relate their populations to the physical and chemical soil traits. The survey was conducted during two crop seasons (June/2013 and February/2014) in ten cotton producing areas. Three samples composed of ten subsamples were collected in each area. Soil and roots were collected in the depth of 0 to 20 cm. For quantification and identification of AMF and nematodes soil and root analysis were carried out in the laboratory. There was also the analysis of physical and chemical soil properties. For data analysis we used the Pearson correlation coefficient, principal component analysis (PCA) and the diversity indexes of Shannon-Wiener, Simpson and Margalef. In all sampled areas was observed occurrence of nematodes, the main genera being Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Aphelenchus and Criconemoide. The Helicotylenchus and Pratylenchus genres presented higher abundance in the two years of study, followed by Meloidogyne. The major cause of cotton damage, Rotylenchulus sp. was not observed in 80% of the sampled areas, with presence only in two areas in the first crop season (2013). Different AMF species were found, being the main genre Glomus, with most species. AMF were distributed evenly among the evaluated areas and in the two crop seasons. The correlation between Aphelenchus species and AMF Cetraspora pellucida was positive, as well as between Meloidogyne and Glomus sp. On the contrary, the correlation between G. macrocarpum and Pratylenchus was negative. The largest quantity of organic matter negatively affected Helicotylenchus sp. and positively the AMF R. intraradices. The higher phosphorus content influenced positively the population of Glomus sp. Areas cultivated with cotton in the state of Goiás with greater presence of AMF have a lower number of nematodes in the soil and roots.
Para o controle dos fitonematoides é necessário que se utilize diferentes estratégias de manejo. Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) são empregados como uma opção de microrganismos com potencial controle de patógenos. Existe uma demanda por formas de manejo de fitonematoides com menor impacto ambiental e de menor custo. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar o levantamento de fitonematoides e de FMAs em áreas produtoras de algodão no estado de Goiás e avaliar a interação entre FMAs e fitonematoides, além de relacionar com os atributos físico-químicos do solo de Cerrado. Foi realizado o levantamento de espécies de FMAs e fitonematoides associados à cultura do algodoeiro em dois anos de cultivo agrícola (junho/2013 e fevereiro/2014) em dez áreas no estado de Goiás. Em cada área foram coletadas três amostras compostas por dez pontos (subamostras). Em cada ponto retirou-se solo e raiz na profundidade de 0 a 20 cm. Para quantificação e identificação de FMAs e fitonematoides em solo e raiz realizou-se análises em laboratório. Também realizou-se a análise dos atributos físicos e químicos do solo. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, análise de componentes principais (PCA) e os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, Simpson e Margalef. Em todas as áreas amostradas foi observada ocorrência de fitonematoides, sendo os principais gêneros Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Aphelenchus e Criconemoide. Os gêneros Helicotylenchus e Pratylenchus apresentaram maior abundância nos dois anos de estudo, seguido de Meloidogyne. Um dos principais causadores de danos em algodoeiro, o gênero Rotylenchulus não foi observado em 80% das áreas amostradas, com presença apenas em duas áreas na primeira amostragem (2013). Foram encontradas diferentes espécies de FMAs, sendo o principal gênero Glomus, com maior número de espécies. Os FMAs distribuíram- se uniformemente entre as áreas avaliadas e entre os anos avaliados. A correlação entre Aphelenchus e a espécie de FMA Cetraspora pellucida foi positiva, bem como, entre Meloidogyne e Glomus sp. Ao contrário disso a correlação entre G. macrocarpum e Pratylenchus foi negativa. A maior quantidade de matéria orgânica afetou de forma negativa Helicotylenchus sp. e positiva o FMA R. intraradices. O maior teor de fósforo influenciou de maneira positiva a população de Glomus sp. Áreas cultivadas com algodão no estado de Goiás com maior presença de FMAs apresentam menor número de nematoides no solo e nas raízes.

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Williams, Alison Kay. "The influence of probability of detection when modeling species occurrence using GIS and survey data". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11129.

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I compared the performance of habitat models created from data of differing reliability. Because the reliability is dependent on the probability of detecting the species, I experimented to estimate detectability for a salamander species. Based on these estimates, I investigated the sensitivity of habitat models to varying detectability. Models were created using a database of amphibian and reptile observations at Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia, USA. Performance was compared among modeling methods, taxa, life histories, and sample sizes. Model performance was poor for all methods and species, except for the carpenter frog (Rana virgatipes). Discriminant function analysis and ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA) predicted presence better than logistic regression and Bayesian logistic regression models. Database collections of observations have limited value as input for modeling because of the lack of absence data. Without knowledge of detectability, it is unknown whether non-detection represents absence. To estimate detectability, I experimented with red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) using daytime, cover-object searches and nighttime, visual surveys. Salamanders were maintained in enclosures (n = 124) assigned to four treatments, daytime__low density, daytime__high density, nighttime__low density, and nighttime__high density. Multiple observations of each enclosure were made. Detectability was higher using daytime, cover-object searches (64%) than nighttime, visual surveys (20%). Detection was also higher in high-density (49%) versus low-density enclosures (35%). Because of variation in detectability, I tested model sensitivity to the probability of detection. A simulated distribution was created using functions relating habitat suitability to environmental variables from a landscape. Surveys were replicated by randomly selecting locations (n = 50, 100, 200, or 500) and determining whether the species was observed, based on the probability of detection (p = 40%, 60%, 80%, or 100%). Bayesian logistic regression and ENFA models were created for each sample. When detection was 80 __ 100%, Bayesian predictions were more correlated with the known suitability and identified presence more accurately than ENFA. Probability of detection was variable among sampling methods and effort. Models created from presence/absence data were sensitive to the probability of detection in the input data. This stresses the importance of quantifying detectability and using presence-only modeling methods when detectability is low. If planning for sampling as an input for suitability modeling, it is important to choose sampling methods to ensure that detection is 80% or higher.
Ph. D.

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Schmidt, Anne Candace. "A vascular plant inventory and description of the twelve plant community types found in the University of South Florida ecological research area, Hillsborough County, Florida". [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001208.

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Tomé, Ricardo Scherrer. "As práticas e as barreiras da ecologia industrial nas primeiras e segundas camadas de fornecimento: survey no setor automotivo brasileiro". Universidade Nove de Julho, 2016. http://bibliotecadigital.uninove.br/handle/tede/1478.

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The process of vehicle assembly in Brazil is led by transnational companies that follow strict quality systems on manufacturing plants. These systems are inserted directly standards related to environmental issues, procedures and audits processes are performed periodically to ensure that the harmful impacts on the environment are minimized. However, what the true extent of environmental practices? What the true extent of environmental practices? Is it possible observe effective controls on manufacturers, due to its structure and power of investment, what about your supply chain? The pressure for lower costs for acquisition of auto parts destined for assembly of vehicles, creates a competitive environment in the supply chain where their members generate great efforts to meet the requirements linked to environmental issues, requirements that can interfere with productivity requiring changes on production processes, high investments in equipment for waste treatment and specialized personnel for implementation and monitoring of requirements relating to environmental protection. In this context, the concept of Industrial Ecology, in order to check out beyond the gates of the manufacturing plants, inside the factories of the first and second tier of suppliers of auto parts, if there are integrated environmental practices. This dissertation conducted a field survey in the first and second tier of parts suppliers called Tier1 and Tier2, if noting that the industrial ecology practices are over-represented in companies Tier 1 than in Tier 2 companies, and the barriers that hinder the adoption of IE practices are more present on suppliers Tier 1 than Tier 2 companies, making it possible to conclude that the pressure from automakers are focused on the Tier 1 suppliers that despite barriers that hinder the adoption of the IE practices, they have three times more practical than its suppliers Tier 2 that limited service internal practices of IE. The methodology used was the survey method in 110 companies in the Brazilian automotive industry and the analysis and discussion of the data were made by means of structural equations using the PLS system.
O processo de montagem de veículos no Brasil é liderado por empresas transacionais que seguem rigorosos padrões de qualidade em suas plantas industriais. Nestes padrões estão inseridas normas diretamente ligadas às questões ambientais. Procedimentos e auditorias em processos produtivos são realizados periodicamente para garantir que os impactos nocivos ao meio ambiente sejam minimizados. Entretanto, qual a verdadeira extensão das práticas ambientais? A pressão por baixos custos para aquisição das autopeças destinadas a montagem de veículos, cria um cenário competitivo na cadeia de fornecimento onde seus integrantes geram grandes esforços para atendimento aos requisitos ligados a questões ambientais. Neste contexto, surge o conceito de Ecologia Industrial, com o objetivo de verificar além dos portões das montadoras, no interior das instalações dos fornecedores das primeiras e segundas camadas de autopeças, se existem práticas ambientais integradas. Este trabalho desenvolveu uma pesquisa de campo nas primeiras e segundas camadas de fornecedores de autopeças denominados Tier1 e Tier2, constatando-se que as práticas da ecologia industrial são mais presentes nas empresas Tier 1 do que nas empresas Tier 2 e que as barreiras que prejudicam a adoção das práticas da EI são mais presentes nos fornecedores Tier 1 do que nas empresas Tier 2, possibilitando concluir que a pressão das montadoras está voltada para os fornecedores Tier 1 que apesar de barreiras que prejudicam a adoção de práticas da EI, possuem três vezes mais práticas que seus fornecedores Tier 2 que se limitam ao atendimento de práticas internas da EI. A metodologia utilizada foi o método survey em 110 empresas do setor automotivo brasileiro e a análise e discussão dos dados foram feitas por meio de equações estruturais utilizando o sistema PLS.

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Moore, Michael. "Perceptions and interpretations of "environmental flows" and implications for future water resource management: A survey study". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2565.

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An understanding of the impacts on freshwater systems from water management and development practices and the recognition that freshwater ecosystems are dependent on various aspects of the natural hydrological variability has given rise to a relatively new field of science commonly referred to as environmental flows. The assessment and application of environmental flows has advanced considerably in the last ten years. To coincide with the emergence and expansion of the environmental flows concept around the world, this survey study was undertaken aiming to identify people’s perceptions and interpretations of the environmental flows concept and its role in water management. It also aims to add to existing knowledge of the extent to which the concept is being applied, how it is being translated into policy and practice and the major challenges and opportunities that exist for continued understanding and implementation. The survey was distributed to a range of people representing different water-related sectors and regions around the world. A total of 272 responses representing 64 countries in the six major regions of the world was received. The responses were compiled and analysis of aspects of the respondents backgrounds as well as the questions were conducted using the computer statistical program SPSS. Representation of specific groups, particularly water user groups, and specific regions in the survey however was low, demonstrating possible limitations of the survey distribution method as well as the lack of concept awareness and application in many parts of the world. The ways in which people define and interpret the concept varied widely. The degree to which the concept was applied shows the growing recognition around the world of the need to consider the environmental water requirements when making decisions on water allocations. Despite the growing recognition many areas do not yet apply the concept. The survey allowed the opportunity for respondents to highlight what they perceived asthe major obstacles and difficulties for the concept within their respective areas. Lack of understanding among stakeholders of the socio-economic costs and benefits associated with concept implementation and a lack of political will were the two most common obstacles for the continued adoption and application of environmental flows around the world. Overall, the survey delivered promising signs for the continued evolution of environmental flows within water management. There was widespread opinion that the concept of environmental flows was an essential element in the efforts to achieve sustainable management of water resources.

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Vital, Manuella Rezende. "Diversidade de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em praças urbanas de Juiz de Fora, MG". Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2008. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/3934.

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Levantamentos da mirmecofauna têm sido realizados com freqüência em fragmentos de mata e em ambientes domiciliares, porém existem poucos estudos quanto à freqüência destes insetos em praças urbanas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar o levantamento das espécies de formigas presentes em praças urbanas no município de Juiz de Fora (21?41’20’’ Sul e 43?20’40’’ Norte), Minas Gerais, Brasil. O inventário ocorreu entre os meses de novembro de 2005 e junho de 2006, totalizando 36 coletas. Para a coleta dos indivíduos utilizou-se o consórcio de três metodologias: iscas atrativas, busca ativa e pitfall. Foram encontradas 82 espécies de formigas pertencentes a 27 gêneros e seis subfamílias. A subfamília Myrmicinae foi a mais diversa, totalizando 33 espécies (40,24%), seguida de Ponerinae com 17 espécies (20,73%) e Formicinae com 15 espécies (18,29%). Dentre as espécies encontradas a mais freqüente foi Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger), encontrada em 100% das coletas seguida de Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868), Camponotus crassus (Mayr, 1861) e Pheidole megacephala (Westwood, 1848). O método mais eficiente para coleta das espécies de formigas foi a busca ativa que coletou 92, 12% das espécies encontradas. Este método proporcionou uma maior diversidade de espécies, xi provavelmente em virtude de ser o que coletou o maior número de espécies exclusivas (n=47). A diversidade de espécies encontradas esteve correlacionada com o tamanho de áreas verdes. As formigas presentes nestes ambientes não apresentam diferença significativa em sua diversidade entre as duas épocas do ano consideradas neste estudo (quente e chuvosa e fria e seca) com exceção de uma praça. Isto pode estar relacionado ao fato de que algumas espécies registradas para este ambiente são classificadas como oportunistas.
The survey about ant’s fauna have been realized frequently in fragments of forest and domestic backyground. There are few studies about the frequence of these insects in urban squares. The present study has the intention to realize a survey of ants who liven in urban squares in the town of Juiz de Fora (21°41’’20’ South e 43°20’’40’ North), MG, Brasil. The survey hapnned between November of 2005 and june of 2006, totalize 36 collections. Had been found 82 species of ants who belong to 27 genera and six subfamilies. The subfamilie Mymicinae was the most various, totalize 33 species (40.24%) followed by Ponerinae with 17 species (20.73%) and Formicinae with 15 species (19.29%). Between the most found species, the most frequent was Wasmannia auropuncata, found in 100% in the collections followed by Linepithema humile, Camponotus crassus and Pheidole megacephala. The most efficient method to collect ant species was the active search that collected, 92,12% of the species that were found. This method enables the great various of species, probably of because it is being find were related with the size of green areas. The present ants in these backyground were not different in their diversity between the two seasons of the year considered in these study (hot and rainy and cold and dry). xiii Except one square it could be related with the fact that some species registered in the backyground are classifying in opportunists.

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D'Elia, Marta <1981&gt. "Caratterizzazione e identificazione di banchi di specie pelagiche mediante l'uso di descrittori struttutali e parametri ambientali". Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1206.

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Le metodologie acustiche sono tecniche molto efficienti per stimare l’abbondanza delle risorse pelagiche. Tuttavia l’identificazione dei target acustici richiede ancora un processo caratterizzato da una certa soggettività perché basato sull’esperienza di chi interpreta gli ecogrammi e sulle informazioni biologiche. In questo lavoro diverse procedure sono state applicate ai dati acquisiti durante i survey acustici condotti nel Canale di Sicilia per identificare le specie più abbondanti, E. encrasicolus, S. pilchardus, e rendere la metodologia più oggettiva. I risultati indicano che una discriminazione tra banchi appartenenti a differenti specie appare possibile utilizzando nei modelli decisionali variabili morfologiche, batimetriche ed energetiche del banco, relative a più frequenze. Il metodo descritto ha consentito inoltre di acquisire informazioni sugli habitat preferenziali delle due principali specie target.
Acoustic techniques are efficient tools for the abundance estimation of many pelagic fish species. However the technique still requires some subjective judgment when allocating the acoustic data, fish-school echotraces, to particular species. This is assisted by trawl data and operator experience in the scrutiny of echograms. In this work different procedures are applied to acoustic data, acquired during survey carried out in the Sicilian Channel, to the aim of identify the most abundant species, E. encrasicolus, S. pilchardus, and create a tool for objective species allocation. The results indicate that a discrimination between the two species seems possible using a set of morphological, bathymetric and energetic school descriptors with a classification tree approach. The method described here was also able to get important information on the preferential habitat of the two main species.

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Tomczak, Robert S. "A greenway management plan for Salisbury & Sharon, CT". Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08292008-063009/.

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Rodrigues, Luciana Falci Theza. "Nascentes de Mata Atlântica: panorama e ecologia da fauna de Oligochaeta (Annelida) e implicações para conservação". Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2018. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/7120.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Nascentes são importantes elementos da paisagem pela sua relevância econômica, social e ecológica. Tendo em vista a crescente degradação desses ecossistemas, aliado ao pouco conhecimento sobre a sua biodiversidade em regiões tropicais, esta tese tem como objetivo geral ampliar o conhecimento sobre nascentes de regiões tropicais e prover um estudo sobre a diversidade e aspectos ecológicos de oligoquetas aquáticos nesse ecossistema. A fim de confirmar a carência de estudos em nascentes, especificamente sobre a fauna de oligoquetas, foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico sobre os estudos realizados em 30 anos (1985-2015) nos mais diversos ambientes aquáticos continentais em todo o mundo. A pesquisa mostrou que nascentes estão entre os ecossistemas menos estudados, juntamente com corpos d’água de cavernas e pântanos. Também realizamos coletas da fauna, medimos variáveis físicas e químicas e aplicamos um protocolo de avaliação rápida (PAR) em nascentes localizadas em diferentes municípios de Minas Gerais, tanto em Unidades de Conservação (UCs) quanto em áreas públicas e particulares. Os resultados mostraram que a composição de espécies de oligoquetas de nascentes que emergem de forma difusa formando uma área alagada (helocreno), é diferente daquela de nascentes que formam riachos (reocreno) e poças (limnocreno), provavelmente devido à sua maior heterogeneidade. Também verificamos que a diversidade beta foi alta nas três tipologias, indicando que os esforços para a conservação desses ecossistemas devem incluir um grande número de nascentes de todas as tipologias. Os resultados desse estudo também enfatizam, após a aplicação do PAR, que, apesar da maioria das nascentes serem classificadas como ótimas, nascentes localizadas em áreas urbanas foram classificadas como razoável ou ruim, mesmo estando algumas delas em UCs. Isso mostra a importância das UCs na preservação das nascentes, assim como sua vulnerabilidade quando inseridas em ambientes urbanos. Concluímos que este estudo sobre as nascentes contribui não apenas para o conhecimento do tema, mas também para a gestão ambiental, pois direciona para os habitats e locais que mais carecem de estudo, mostra a importância de se preservar diferentes tipos de nascentes para a manutenção da diversidade e aponta para a necessidade de maior fiscalização e cumprimento dos dispositivos legais, a fim de evitar maiores alterações nas condições naturais desses ambientes.
Springs are important landscape elements due to its economic, social and ecological importance. In view of the increasing degradation of these ecosystems, added to low knowledge about their biodiversity in tropical regions, the main goal of this study is to increase the knowledge about springs in tropical regions and to provide information on the diversity and ecological aspects of aquatic oligochaetes in this ecosystem. To confirm the lack of studies in springs, specifically considering freshwater oligochaetes, a bibliographic survey has was made basead on the studies carried in a period of 30 years (1985-2015) in various continental aquatic environments around the world. The survey showed that spring are one of the least studied ecosystems, together with cave water bodies and swamps. For this study, fauna was collected, physical and chemical variables were measured, and a rapid assessment protocol (RAP) were applied at spring located in different cities of Minas Gerais State, either in Conservation Units or in public and private areas. The results showed differences among the oligochaetes species composition found in spring that rises diffusely forming a flooded area (helocrene), in comparasion to spring that forms streams (rheocrene) and that ones that forms a pond (limnocrene). Probably, it is due to the high heterogeneity of this kind of spring. We also verified that beta diversity was high at the three types of springs, suggesting that efforts to conserve these ecosystems should include many spring systems of all types. After applying RAP, this study emphasized that, besides the major numbers of spring, water have been classified as optimum also the springs located in urban areas were classified as moderate or poor, even when some of them were located in Conservation Units. This result highlights importance of Conservation Units on spring preservation, and also the vulnerability of these systems when inserted in urban environments. This study contributes not only for academic knowledge, but also for environmental management, once it points out the habitats and places that need more studies, showing the importance of preserving different types of spring systems for the maintenance of diversity. It also indicate the requirements for major inspections and the legal enforcement provisions needed, in order to avoid further transformations in the natural conditions of these systems.

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Alves, Demian de Oliveira e. "Uso de serviços de saúde em São Paulo: ecologia do cuidado em saúde". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6143/tde-28112018-111728/.

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Introdução: A análise do uso de serviços de saúde é fundamental para o planejamento sanitário e tem grande contribuição dos inquéritos de saúde de base populacional, com destaque ao ISA CAPITAL, no Município de São Paulo (MSP). Os inquéritos provem informações privilegiadas para a compreensão das mudanças epidemiológicas e organização dos serviços de saúde, principalmente quando se reconhece o posicionamento da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) como eixo central organizador do sistema. A expansão da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) nos estado e município de São Paulo, devido às terceirizações da gestão da saúde, por meio de Organizações Sociais de Saúde (OSS), evidencia, neste sentido, o fundamental papel regulatório do Estado. Objetivo: Descrever o uso de serviços de saúde no município de São Paulo e analisar os fatores associados. Método: Foram utilizados dados do ISA CAPITAL 2015, inquérito de saúde de base populacional, de corte transversal, com amostra representativa do Município de São Paulo (MSP). A análise foi realizada em função dos indicadores de utilização dos serviços e sua tipologia foi apresentada em quadro de prevalências de eventos por 1.000 pessoas por mês e comparada com estudos de \"Ecologia do cuidado\". A análise estatística consistiu em modelos de regressão logística multivariados para avaliar fatores associados ao desfecho de utilização de algum serviço de saúde nos 30 dias anteriores a entrevistas e estratificado por faixa etária. Resultados: Os fatores sociodemográficos estudados, sexo, faixa etária, situação conjugal, raça ou cor de pele, escolaridade, situação de trabalho e posse de plano de saúde são associados à prevalência de doenças crônicas, e apenas raça ou cor de pele não estiveram também associados à autoavaliação de saúde. O uso de serviços de saúde nos últimos 30 dias foi de 31,4%, sendo os serviços mais utilizados consultórios ou clínicas e UBS. O tipo de serviço utilizado foi associado à posse de plano de saúde e ao tipo de atendimento e há uma tendência de utilização do tipo de serviço habitual. A tipologia de uso de serviços de saúde no MSP teve diferenças constatadas com outros países e cidades por influência da organização do sistema de saúde e fatores socioculturais. Foi associado ao uso de serviços de saúde: sexo feminino, ser idoso, posse de plano de saúde, autoavaliação da saúde como \'ruim\' e possuir alguma doença crônica, em concordância com achados da literatura. Na estratificação por faixa etária o único fator que persiste em todas as faixas estudadas foi possuir alguma doença crônica. Conclusões: O fortalecimento do SUS no MSP com a aposta na APS, como organizadora do sistema, precisa considerar a coexistência de serviços públicos e privados, bem como a alta prevalência de doenças crônicas. Tais fatores determinam diferentes tipologias de uso de serviços de saúde e, portanto, devem ser levados em consideração para o planejamento em saúde em geral, para os marcos regulatórios das OSS e para a distribuição de serviços.
Introduction: The analysis of health services utilization is fundamental for health planning and for this, has great contribution of population-based health surveys, with emphasis in the city of São Paulo on the ISA-CAPITAL study. Population-based surveys provide privileged information for understanding the epidemiological changes and organization of health services, especially when the Primary Health Care (PHC) is recognized as the organizing axis of the system. The expansion of the Family Health Strategy (FHS), in the Unified Health System (UHS) in the state and municipality of São Paulo occurred by outsourcing the management of health services through Social Health Organizations (SHO) and in this context is prominent the regulatory role of the State. Objective: To describe the use of health services in the city of São Paulo and to analyze the associated factors. Method: Data was provided from ISA CAPITAL 2015, a population-based health survey representative of the municipality of São Paulo. The descriptive analysis was performed according to the indicators of service utilization and its typology was presented in a table of prevalence of events per 1000 people per month and compared with studies of \"Ecology of Care\". Statistical analysis consisted of multivariate logistic regression models to evaluate factors associated with the outcome of use of any health service in the 30 days prior to interviews and stratified by age group. Results: The sociodemographic factors studied, gender, age, marital status, race or color of skin, schooling, work situation and health insurance coverage are associated with the prevalence of chronic diseases and only race or skin color was not associated health self-assessment. The use of health services in the last 30 days was 31.4%, with the most used services being clinics and primary care centers. The type of service used was associated with health plan ownership and type of care and there is a tendency to search for the usual type of service. The typology of the use of health services in São Paulo has had differences with other countries and cities due to the influence of the organization of the health system and socio-cultural factors. It was associated with the use of health services: female sex, being elderly, coverage of health insurance, poor self-rated health and chronic illness, in agreement with findings from the literature. In stratification by age group the only factor that persists in all the studied groups was chronic diseases. Conclusions: The strengthening of UHS in São Paulo with focus on PHC as the organizing axis of the health system needs to consider the coexistence of public and private services and the high prevalence of chronic diseases. These factors determine different typologies of health services utilization and therefore should be considered for SHO regulatory frameworks and for the distribution of health services.

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Bopape-Mabapa, Moshidi Paulina. "Yield characteristics, carbon capture and chemical composition of moringa oleifera under diverse planting population and agro-ecological conditions of the Limpopo Province". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2860.

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Thesis (Ph. D. Agric. (Plant Production)) --University of Limpopo, 2019
Moringa oleifera is a multipurpose fast growing tree which is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world due to its numerous benefits. The benefits include medicinal use, industrial use, soil fertility, water purification, climate change mitigation as well as of nutritional value for humans and livestock. Recently, many areas globally have been rendered vulnerable to climate change as well as food insecurity. Climate change increases irregularities of rainfall and temperature patterns in semi-arid conditions. One practical way to address this challenge in the agricultural sector is to introduce more trees crop species which are found to be more tolerant than annual crops under harsh growing conditions. Moringa is one species that could be considered under variable climatic conditions for positive outcomes through climate change adaptation and mitigation as well as life sustenance against food insecurity threats. Production of moringa in South Africa is exclusively for leaf processing and consumption. To date, there is no documented information available about seed and oil yield production of moringa mainly in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The aim of the study was to generate knowledge on moringa growth, nutritional composition, seed and oil yield production as well as its response to drought through gaseous exchange parameters, as influenced by plant density under diverse agro-ecological locations in Limpopo Province. The study was conducted in the Limpopo Province, South Africa, from November 2013 to January 2016. The study area falls within the semi-region which is characterized by low and erratic rainfall which predominately falls in summer as well as extremely low or high temperatures. A survey was conducted from November 2013 to September 2014 in five districts of the Limpopo Province. Focus group discussion, questionnaires and field observations were used for data collection. A total of 150 moringa growers formed part of the focus group and a questionnaire was administered to only thirty-one farmers, who constitute the population of farmers producing moringa within an area of 0.25 ha or more. A second study was conducted at two experimental sites in the Limpopo Province of northern part of South Africa to evaluate for the first time, the effect of plant density and cutting interval on biomass production and chemical composition of moringa grown under two diverse climatic conditions. Four different planting densities (435 000, 300 000, 200 000 and 100 000 plants/ha) were arranged in a randomized complete block design and experimental samples were replicated four times. A third study was conducted over two years to achieve additional objectives which included evaluation of gaseous exchange, biomass, seed, and oil yield. Untreated seeds of Moringa oleifera were used for establishing the trial at densities of 5 000, 2 500, 1 667 and 1 250 plants ha-1, with eight replicates. The same study was used to achieve the objective on gaseous exchange in comparison with other two naturally growing tree species of mopane (Colophospermum mopane) and marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees growing within the moringa trial vicinity. The study was further used to evaluate the effect of planting density on biomass, grain, oil yield production and nutritional composition of Moringa oleifera trees. The last part of the study was carried out in the five districts of the Limpopo Province to determine the influence of soil physical and chemical properties on the nutritional composition of moringa leaves. The farms that were identified during the survey were also used to achieve other objectives of the study. In order to determine soil and leaf nutritional composition, soil samples were collected and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The harvested leaves were dried at room temperature and their nutritional compositions were determined using standard methods. Findings from the studies revealed the following: The survey indicated that there are potential moringa farmers in all the districts of the province, with the intention to commercialize the tree. Majority of farmers grow moringa on 0.251.0 ha and have been producing the crop for the past 2 years. The study on planting density and cutting frequency revealed satisfactory nutritional composition in the leaves across the cutting frequencies and that, an increase in the plant density led to enhanced biomass production. The study on the monthly and seasonal gaseous exchange revealed significant differences in net photosynthetic rate, transpiration, sub-stomatal CO2 and stomatal conductance. However, planting densities of Moringa oleifera had no significant effect on all the gaseous exchange parameters measured. In a comparison of moringa with other tree species growing in the vicinity of moringa, the results differed significantly in gaseous exchange. The highest activity in photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E) and sub-stomatal CO2 (Ci), as well as higher stomatal density, was found in moringa. The findings from the biomass, seed yield and oil yield study showed that the increase in measured biomass, seed and oil yield increased with increasing planting density. However, seed oil concentration was non-significant. Findings from the ecology study revealed that moringa improved soil nutritional composition; mainly in areas where the trees were more than three years old as compared to control soils where moringa had not been planted. The soil nutritional composition differed with soil textural classes with the clay soils recording higher nutrient ion values. The study revealed that moringa can be produced in many locations of the Limpopo Province without negatively affecting leaf nutritional composition. Moringa leaves contain high level of nutrients even under marginal production areas irrespective of the planting density. A population of 5000 plants ha-1 can be used for seed and oil yield production where temperatures are favourable for improved farmers’ livelihoods. The results strongly showed with no doubt, the superiority of moringa in capturing more carbon among the three species. Moringa maintained good leaf yield even under drought condition, which is an indication of its potential to act as a good sink for carbon dioxide absorption. It can, therefore, be recommended for many parts of Limpopo Province for climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and food security. KEY CONCEPTS: agro-ecology, biomass, climate change, commercialization, drought, food security, gas exchange, leaf chemical composition, location, Moringa oleifera, oil, seed, soil textural class, survey, trees, weather, yield

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Arikawa, Eimi. "Aplicação da amostragem por interceptação por linha no levantamento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-08112016-180703/.

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A floresta é construída por manchas de diferentes idades, cujos indivíduos têm estrutura semelhantes e idade aproximada, formando um mosaico florestal, relatando a ideia de padrão e processo. Portanto o conjunto de árvores com mesmo padrão de estrutura que pode ser definida e descritível é chamada de ecounidade ou arvoredo natural. Realizar o levantamento de florestas naturais é um desafio por conta da diversidade e complexidade natural do sistema. O Método de Amostragem por Interceptação por Linhas é um método versátil onde linhas são lançadas na área e todo elemento interceptado é amostrado. As estimativas têm como base a probabilidade que o objeto é interceptado, e qualquer atributo do arvoredo pode ser usado como variável aleatória. Neste estudo são amostrados os arvoredos naturais, e as variáveis de interesse são: diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), número de indivíduos, área basal e volume. Primeiramente foram determinadas características de identificação dos arvoredos principalmente com base nos elementos: densidade de árvores, densidade de sub-bosque, cipós lenhosos e herbáceos, sendo que estas características eram avaliadas em conjunto. Na E. E. de Caetetus, onde a floresta é mais conservada, a identificação foi fácil, sendo que as características seguiam os padrões, porém, em Mombuca, a identificação foi mais difícil, provavelmente devido ao constante e intenso distúrbio antrópico, que não tem padrão. Por isto em áreas mais degradadas é necessário identificar outras características que possam auxiliar na descrição dos tipos de arvoredos. Foram tomadas 6 medidas das distâncias do centro do arvoredo até o seu limite, com 60o entre elas, a fim obter o formato e dimensões. Todas as árvores contidas neste hexágono tiveram seu DAP medido. Ao nível de arvoredo, as análises sobre DAP médio, e DAP máximo indicam conservação dos processos ecológicos na E. E. de Caetetus, porém em Mombuca o padrão é diferente. Há desordem do DAP médio dos arvoredos, de acordo com o tipo de arvoredo que foi classificado, e portanto, com o estágio sucessional que se encontra, e há descontinuidade da distribuição diamétrica. Estes dados encontrados podem ser um indicativo de degradação ou baixa conservação da floresta estudada. O estimador usado foi o diâmetro médio do arvoredo, o qual foi estimado o número de indivíduos, área basal e volume por hectare. Os valores encontrados foram próximos a de outro trabalho em mesmo tipo de vegetação e os dados da E. E. de Caetetus foram comparados com os valores do censo realizado nas parcelas permanentes, os quais foram próximos. Pelo fato de este trabalho ter sido uma amostragem piloto para testar o método, o número de unidades de amostras foi baixo, comprometendo as análises, portanto para os próximos estudos, é recomendado que a intensidade amostral seja maior. Pela eficácia da coleta de dados em campo, e a utilização da amostragem por interceptação de linha, foi possível obter alguns resultados que sugerem que o método é promissor, sendo adequado para levantamentos de florestas naturais. É necessária uma refinação do método, além do teste em outras fisionomias, para que as estimativas possam ser mais precisas, com amostras maiores.
The forest is built by patches of different ages, whose individuals have similar structure and approximate age , forming a forest mosaic, reporting standard idea and process. Therefore the set of trees with the same pattern structure that can be defined and describable are called natural ecounits or tree clusters. To survey natural forest is a challenge because of the diversity and complexity of the natural system. The Line Interception Sampling Method is a versatile method where lines are thrown in the area and all intercepted element is sampled. The estimates are based on the probability that the object is intercepted, and any trees attribute can be used as a random variable. In this study the natural tree clusters were sampled, and the variables of interest were: diameter at breast height (DBH), number of individuals, basal area and volume. First it was determined the identification characteristics of the tree clusters, that were mainly based on elements, as density of trees, understory density, herbaceous and woody vines. These characteristics were evaluated together. In E. E. Caetetus, where the forest is more conserved, identification was easy, and the characteristics of the standards were followed, but in Mombuca identification was difficult probably due to the constant and intense anthropogenic disturbances that have no standard. So, in the most degraded areas it is necessary to identify other characteristics that may assist in the description of the types of tree clusters. 6 were distance measures were taken from the tree cluster center to its limit, with 60° between them, in order to obtain its shape and dimensions. All trees in this hexagon had their DAP measured. At tree cluster level, the analysis of average DAP, maximum DAP indicate conservation of ecological processes in E. E. Caetetus, but in Mombuca the pattern is different. There is DAP average disorder among the tree clusters, according to the type of trees that were classified, and therefore to the successional stage it is in, and there is discontinuity of the diametric distribution. These data can be found as indication of degradation or low conservation of forest studied. The estimator used was the average diameter of the tree cluster, from which it was estimated the number of individuals, basal area and volume per hectare. The values were close to other work in the same type of vegetation and the data of E. E. Caetetus was compared with the values of the census conducted in permanent plots, which were close. Because of this work was a pilot sampling to test the method, the number of sampling units was low, compromising the analysis, so for the next studies it is already recommended that the sampling intensity is greater. The effectiveness of data gathering in the field, and the use of sampling line interception made it possible to get some results suggesting that the method is promising and is suitable for natural forest surveys. It is necessary to refine the method, and calibration in other physiognomies so that the estimates would be more accurate.

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Bengtsson, Julia. "Påverkar information kring näringsinnehåll och ekologisk hållbarhet fysiskt aktiva konsumenters attityder till insekter som mat?" Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för naturvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-22211.

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Nuvarande matkonsumtion världen över bidrar till den globala miljöförstöringen. För att kunna främja en hållbar utveckling behöver alternativa näringskällor nyttjas och insekter är ett näringsriktigt livsmedel med hög proteinkvalitet som kan ersätta andra traditionella animaliska produkter. Insekter som mat är i västvärlden vanligen förknippat med negativa attityder som avsky och neofobi vilket förhindrar en global kosthållning som innefattar insekter. Fysiskt aktiva konsumenter har ofta ett engagemang i att uppnå en balanserad kost med tillräckligt med energi och näring. Syftet med studien är att undersöka fysiskt aktiva konsumenter och deras attityder till insekter som mat och jämföra om dessa påverkas av information om näringsinnehåll och ekologisk hållbarhet. Studien syftar också till att ta reda på hur deras attityder kan användas för att kunna presentera insekter som mat på ett attraktivt sätt. Studien är genomförd som en webbaserad enkätundersökning. Enkäten föregicks, för hälften av deltagarna, av information om insekter som mat utifrån ekologisk hållbarhet och näringsinnehåll. Studien, i en jämförelse mellan de båda grupperna att den typ av information som deltagarna erhöll, inte gav någon signifikant inverkan på fysiskt aktiva konsumenters attityder till insekter som mat. Acceptans av mat är ett komplext fenomen och kräver att konsumenterna får tid att vänja sig ex vid att äta insekter genom att minska avskyn successivt. Resultatet visar att det kan göras genom att servera malda insekter i en välkänd livsmedelsprodukt.
Current food consumption worldwide contributes to global environmental degradation. In order to promote sustainable development, alternative nutritional sources need to be used and insects are a nutritious food with high protein quality that can replace other traditional animal products. Insects as food are in the western world usually associated with negative attitudes such as disgust and neophobia, which prevents a global diet that includes insects. Physically active consumers are often dedicated to a balanced diet with enough energy and nutrition. The aim of this study is to analyze physically active consumers and their attitudes to insects as food and compare whether these are affected by information on nutritional content and ecological sustainability. The study also aims to find out how their attitudes can be used to present insects as food in an attractive way. The study was conducted as a web-based survey. The survey was preceded, for half of the participants, by information about insects as food based on ecological sustainability and nutritional content. The study, in a comparison between the two groups, found that the type of information the participants received did not have a significant impact on physically active consumers' attitudes towards insects as food. Acceptance of food is a complex phenomena and requires consumers to have time to get used to eating insects, for example, by gradually reducing disgust. The results show that this can be done by serving ground insects in a well-known food product.

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Silva, Nadia Martins Lemes da. "Algas e cianobactérias aerofíticas de fragmentos de floresta estacional semidecidual no noroeste paulista /". Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87898.

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Orientador: Luis Henrique Zanini Branco
Banca: Maria Teresa de Paiva Azevedo
Banca: Carlos Eduardo de Mattos Bicudo
Resumo: Grande parte dos estudos sobre algas aerofíticas aborda a flora de solos de ambientes áridos de regiões temperadas. A diversidade de algas e cianobactérias em ambientes terrestres é ainda pobremente conhecida em regiões tropicais, e no Brasil existem apenas alguns poucos trabalhos abordando estes organismos. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir com o conhecimento taxonômico das comunidades aerofíticas através do levantamento dos seus principais componentes encontrados em florestas estacionais semideciduais no noroeste do estado de São Paulo. Adicionalmente, este estudo também visou o levantamento de dados sobre a riqueza e abundância destes organismos nos fragmentos, a comparação da estrutura das comunidades e a avaliação das possíveis relações entre os parâmetros bióticos (riqueza, abundância e diversidade) e características ambientais (tamanho do fragmento, cobertura do dossel, umidade, pH e temperatura) que determinam a distribuição geográfica. O levantamento foi realizado em dez remanescentes florestais (quatro com área total entre 50 e 150ha e seis com área total maior que 200ha). 30 árvores (substrato potencial para crescimento epífita) aleatoriamente escolhidas foram analisadas em cada fragmento em três alturas pré-estabelecidas (50cm, 100cm e 150cm) quanto à presença/ausência e abundância (cobertura percentual) de crescimentos algais. Dados de temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e pH do substrato (casca) foram também coletados. Além do levantamento taxonômico, as áreas foram caracterizadas e comparadas através de suas diversidades alfa e beta, uniformidade da distribuição de espécies (equitabilidade) e dominância, enquanto análises de similaridade foram conduzidas utilizando-se os coeficientes de Jaccard e Bray-Curtis. A distribuição de abundância das algas e cianobactérias ao longo dos substratos foi comparada dentro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Many studies on terrestrial algal communities reggarding soil flora from arid environments in temperate regions. The algal and cyanobacterial diversity is still poorly known and in Brazil there are only some few works dealing with these organisms. The main objective of this work was to contribute with the taxonomic knowledge of the aerophytic epiphytic communities through the survey of the main components of these assemblages found in fragments of seasonal semidecidual forest in northwestern São Paulo State. In addition, this study also aimed to the assessment of richness and abundance of the organisms in the fragments, the comparison of the structure of the communities and the evaluation of the possible relationships among biotic parameters (richness, abundance and species diversity) and environmental characteristics (fragment size, canopy cover, humidity, pH and temperature) that determine geographical distribution. The survey was conducted in ten forest reminiscents (four with total area from 50 to 150ha and six with total area higher than 200ha). 30 trees (potential substratum for epiphytic growth) randomly found were analyzed in each fragment in three prefixed highs (50cm, 100cm and 150cm) for presence/absence and abundance (percentage cover) of algal growths. Data about temperature, relative air humidity and substrate (cork) pH were also collected. Besides the taxonomic survey, the areas were characterized and compared by their alpha and beta diversities, species distribution uniformity (evenness) and dominance, while the analysis of similarity was conducted by applying Jaccard and Bray-Curtis coefficients. The abundance distribution of the algae and cyanobacteria along the substrata was compared within a single fragment and considering the same high among all fragments by using Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric analysis of variance. Pearson's r correlation was applied to investigate... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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45

Green, Kerstin. "Comparison of Wetland Assessment Methods". NSUWorks, 2011. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/204.

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After many decades of being considered useless and often destroyed wetlands have become valued for the many functions they provide. To make informed wetland management decisions biologists have to develop practical, rapid, and inexpensive ways to assess biological conditions and functions. Ideally these assessment methods have to measure more than one attribute of the wetland to represent the overall condition of the biological community. For this project I conducted field assessments at mitigation sites in Pembroke Pines, Florida, to see how the newest method used in the State of Florida, the Uniform Mitigation Assessment Method (UMAM), compared to the older Wetland Rapid Assessment Procedure (WRAP), and a Wildlife Survey (WS). The assessments determined at what level the mitigation sites of this study functioned, and were than repeated over a thirteen month period to account for seasonal fluctuations. For each assessment method a worksheet was completed, which along with available background information for the sites, was used to determine the value, and function provided by the wetlands. The three methods were then compared using eleven evaluation criteria I developed. Based on my results UMAM was the best assessment method tested saving the most acreage while integrating risk factors and time lag.

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Wells, Marion Elizabeth. "FOUR DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING PROJECTS IN OHIO:THE SIMILARITY OF STREAM AND WETLAND ASSESSMENTS AND DIFFERENCES IN REGULATIONS". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1375793101.

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47

Audureau, Etienne. "Etude des déterminants géographiques et spatiaux de la qualité de vie liée à la santé en France". Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00800664.

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CONTEXTE : La France est caractérisée par l'existence de fortes disparités socioéconomiques et géographiquesde l'état de santé, le plus souvent objectivées par des indicateurs objectifs de morbidité et de mortalité. Ladistribution territoriale des mesures de santé perçue comme la qualité de vie liée à la santé (QdVLS) reste malconnue en population générale. Une meilleure connaissance de la répartition et des déterminants - en particuliercontextuels - de ces indicateurs subjectifs permettrait de mieux comprendre leur signification par rapport auxindicateurs objectifs et d'apprécier l'intérêt spécifique de leur suivi en population générale.OBJECTIFS : Les objectifs de cette recherche étaient [1] d'étudier l'existence de disparités spatiales de QdVLSdans la population française et d'analyser leur évolution dans le temps, [2] d'étudier les déterminants de laQdVLS à la fois individuels et contextuels dans le cadre d'une analyse multiniveau, et [3] d'évaluer lesassociations écologiques entre QdVLS et mortalité ultérieure à cinq ans d'intervalle.MATERIEL ET METHODES : Les données issues de deux enquêtes transversales nationales représentatives ont étéexploitées : l'enquête Décennale 2003 de l'Insee pour l'ensemble des travaux menés (N=22 743 [1 et 3] ; N=16 732 [2]) et l'enquête Sofres 1995 pour l'analyse de l'évolution temporelle de la QdVLS (N=3 243 [1]). Lequestionnaire utilisé dans les deux enquêtes était le SF-36. [1] Des modèles de régression linéaire multiple àeffets fixes avec recherche d'interactions ont été réalisés pour l'analyse de l'évolution temporelle. [2] L'analysemultiniveau des déterminants contextuels de la QdVLS s'appuyait sur des modèles à effets mixtes, afind'explorer une chaine causale incluant des déterminants aux niveaux individuel, du ménage, de l'unité urbaine etrégional, d'ordre démographique, socioéconomique ou intégrant la notion contextuelle plus complexed'attractivité (taux migratoire, désindustrialisation). [3] Les données de mortalité étaient issues de la statistiquenationale des décès élaborée annuellement par le CépiDc. Des modèles de régression binomiale négative ont étéréalisés pour l'analyse des associations écologiques au niveau régional entre QdVLS en 2003 et mortalitéultérieure (court terme [2003-2005] ; à 5 ans [2007-2009]) et en stratifiant sur le sexe, l'âge et les causesspécifiques de décès.RESULTATS PRINCIPAUX : [1] Une diminution significative de la QdVLS était observée entre 1995 et 2003affectant tous les groupes sociodémographiques et suggérant la possibilité d'un accroissement des disparités pourles catégories les plus fragiles de la population. [2] De fortes disparités régionales de QdVLS étaient retrouvées,persistant après ajustement sur les caractéristiques socioéconomiques individuelles. L'analyse multiniveaupermettait d'identifier des processus de médiation impliquant les variables contextuelles de désindustrialisation,le taux d'accroissement migratoire, le taux d'abstention aux élections, et les comportements liés à la santé. Desinteractions inter-niveaux et intra-régionales étaient identifiées. [3] Des associations écologiques significativesétaient retrouvées au niveau régional entre QdVLS et mortalité à cinq ans d'intervalle, persistant aprèsajustement sur le niveau socioéconomique. Des relations spécifiques étaient observées après stratification surl'âge, le genre, les causes spécifiques de décès ; le caractère prédictif de la QdVLS variait selon le délai plus oumoins court entre mesure de la QdVLS et mortalité.

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Balestrieri, G. "DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF LOWLAND PINE MARTEN (MARTES MARTES L. 1758)". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/358805.

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The pine marten (Martes martes) has been long considered a prototypical forest-specialist, but recent studies carried out in western Europe have pointed out that the species is more generalist in terms of habitat preferences than previously reported. In the western plain of the River Po residual woods mainly consist of small patches or riparian woods merged in intensively cultivated areas; nonetheless in this apparently unsuitable area the number of roadkill pine martens has increased exponentially since the beginning of the century. The expansion of the pine marten in agricultural lowlands provided an invaluable opportunity for investigating its ecological requirements and the environmental factors that shape this species’ range. To assess the actual level of pine marten penetration in lowland areas of north-western Italy, a non-invasive, faecal mDNA-based genetic method was applied at landscape scale, demonstrating that the pine marten has colonised the overall study area north of the River Po, which probably is acting as a barrier. Pine marten distribution suggests that expansion has mainly followed a north-to-south direction, following the course of major rivers as natural corridors of expansion. The unexpected high frequency of haplotypes of the central-northern European phylogroup supported the hypothesis of Alpine or trans-Alpine populations as sources of pine marten expansion. Based on presence-absence data, Species Distribution Models were applied to identify the main factors driving the colonisation by the pine marten of the western River Po plain and predict its potential south- and eastwards expansion. The distribution of residual wood patches and availability of suitable riparian corridors played a major role in shaping the potential expansion area of the pine marten in agricultural lowlands. This was high only for the western part of the River Po plain and, secondarily, for the pine wood patches bordering the Adriatic coast. The hypothesis that lowland woods may represent marginal habitats for the pine marten was not supported by the data collected about both its density and macronutrient balance. In the valley of the River Ticino, microsatellite analysis of faecal DNA allowed to point out one of the highest densities ever recorded in continental Europe. The high genetic relatedness of identified individuals suggested that the agricultural matrix may act as a barrier to the dispersal of juveniles. Genotyping allowed also to test for the effectiveness of a camera-trapping-based method (Random Encounter Model) for assessing pine marten density. The REM underestimated population size by ca. 40%. Dietary macronutrient ratios of pine marten differed from the target, as assessed by the meta-analysis of available diet data for Europe, to an almost negligible extent, confirming that plasticity in feeding behaviour plays a major role in pine marten expansion in agricultural areas. Genetic surveys confirmed that pine marten expansion is coinciding with a reduction in stone marten range or abundance. When syntopic, stone marten exclusion from woodland by the pine marten is a common output, although the mechanisms underlying the higher competitive ability of the latter are still unclear. By camera-trapping, we tested the hypothesis that spatial and temporal segregation may favour the coexistence of the pine marten with the other mesocarnivores to a wider extent than that of the stone marten. Results from two study areas suggested that pine marten higher competitive ability with respect to the stone marten could be the indirect consequence of its greater plasticity in activity patterns. As different guild compositions result into different interspecific relations among coexisting species, our findings need to be further tested across different communities and study areas.

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Guastella, Devid. "Studies on whiteflies living on herbaceous plants and their parasitoids in tropical and sub-tropical environment through combined morphological, molecular and geostatistical approaches". Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1601.

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In tropical and sub-tropical regions, whiteflies are common pests causing severe losses on food-crops and a threat to food-security. I the sub-tropics, a critical issue is the lack of spatial information about whiteflies. Moreover, outdated information is available about the current status of their parasitoid fauna. On the contrary, in the tropics no or incomplete information is available regarding the diversity of whiteflies and their parasitoids. Methods: Morphological, molecular and geostatistical methods were used to assess the whitefly and parasitoid fauna on herbaceous plants in a subtropical environment (Sicily) and in the tropics (Tanzania). Morphological techniques were adopted first to identify specimens. Moreover, molecular markers were used to confirm cryptic species. Bio-climatic aspects have been taken into account in the aim to understand which factors influence the spread of whitefly pest species. For this reason, diversity and distributional information was first accumulated to build a database. The database was then analyzed by Geographical Information System for (i) mapping richness and abundance, (ii) modeling the potential distribution of a pest species and (iii) revealing zones for parasitoid reserve selection. Finally, we showed how elevation gradient can be an additional instrument to study the cryptic species Principal findings: In Sicily, a measure of the current status of whitefly and parasitoid fauna was given. Nine whitefly species were identified: Aleurolobus marlatti, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Aleyrodes elevatus, Aleyrodes proletella, Bemisia afer, Bemisia tabaci, Dialeurodes citri, Trialeurodes lauri and T. vaporariorum. Moreover, three cryptic species were identified in the B. tabaci species complex: B. tabaci Mediterranean, B. tabaci Middle East-Asia 1 and B. tabaci Italy. Modelling the potential distribution of these major whitefly pests at regional scale revealed suitable areas where they can occur. A striking finding in this study was the replacement of the exotic invader B. tabaci Middle East Minor 1 by the B. tabaci Mediterranean species, which is at present the predominant. Another important finding was the fact that the elevational gradient functions as a filter, selecting the species of B. tabaci group. As for the parasitoid fauna, nine species were identified belonging to the genera Encarsia and Erermocerus. A reserve selection model permitted to identify two main areas that seem to function as reservoir for whitefly parasitoids. In Tanzania the diversity of whitefly species infesting cassava and other herbaceous plants was investigated. Ten whitefly species were identified: Aleurodicus dispersus; Aleurothrixus floccosus; B. tabaci species group (B. tabaci Sub-Saharan Africa 1, B. tabaci Mediterranean and B. tabaci Indian Ocean); B. afer, Bemisia sp. (formerly Asterobemisia sp.), Dialeurodes citri, Paraleyrodes bondari and T. vaporariorum. The potential distribution of super-abundant B. tabaci was modelled, revealing the presence of suitable areas extending also further to neighbouring countries such as Zambia. Moreover, unsuitable area was identified serving as an environmental barrier and avoiding the spread of the pest to the south-eastern part of the country. Six Encarsia, four Eretmocerus and one Cales species were identified, adding more species to the previous list of parasitoids recorded in East-Africa and discovering of a probable new species of Eretmocerus. For the first time En. mineoi and En. sp. pr. circumsculpturata were recorded in Tanzania. Parasitoids have been detected at very low numbers, showing the occurrence of a relatively scarce natural enemies complex. Conclusions: The research presented here documents the whitefly and parasitoid fauna colonizing herbaceous plants in the two sites chosen, respectively tropical and sub-tropical regions. Combining the methods mentioned above was useful in understanding the diversity and distribution of these insects.

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Malkassian, Anthony. "Méthodes d’analyse fonctionnelle et multivariée appliquées à l’étude du fonctionnement écologique des assemblages phytoplanctoniques de l’étang de Berre". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4108.

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L'étude de la relation entre les variations d'abondance du phytoplancton et les facteurs environnementaux (naturels ou anthropiques) dans les zones saumâtres peu profondes est essentielle à la compréhension et à la gestion de cet écosystème complexe. Les relations existant entre les variables physico-chimiques (température, salinité et les nutriments) et les assemblages de phytoplancton de l'étang de Berre ont été analysées à partir d'un suivi écologique mensuel de 16 années (1994-2010). A l'aide des données recueillies par cette étude à long terme, des questions en relation avec la gestion de ce milieu ont été abordées grâce à l'application d'analyses statistiques et à la représentation originale des données. Depuis 2004, la nouvelle politique de relargage d'eau douce a provoqué de forts changements dans la salinité globale de la lagune : une diminution de la stratification et une raréfaction des phénomènes d'anoxie dans sa partie la plus profonde. Un changement dans la structure de la communauté phytoplanctonique a également été observé en association avec l'évolution des conditions environnementales. Une augmentation de la richesse spécifique phytoplanctonique, et plus précisément, l'émergence d'espèces à affinité marine a permis de mettre en évidence la première étape d'une marinisation de la lagune. Ces résultats soulignent l'impact significatif d'un nouvelle politique de gestion de cette zone côtière particulière. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à la dynamique du phytoplancton à l'échelle de la journée reflet des variations rapides de l'environnement
The study of the relationship between variations in phytoplankton abundance and environmental forces (natural or anthropogenic) in shallow brackish areas is essential to both understanding and managing this complex ecosystem. Over a 16 year (1994-2011) monthly monitoring program the relationships between physicochemical variables (temperature, salinity and nutrients) and phytoplankton assemblages of the Berre Lagoon were analyzed. Using data collected from this long-term study, we have addressed environmental management issues through the application of advanced statistical analyses and original data displays. These analyses and data displays can readily be applied to other data sets related to the environment, with the aim of informing both researcher and practitioner. Since 2004, a new policy for freshwater discharge has induced strong changes in the global salinity of the lagoon : a weakened stratification and a rarefaction of anoxia phenomena in its deepest part. A shift in the structure of the phytoplankton community has been observed in association with changes in environmental conditions. An increase of phytoplanktonic species richness, and more precisely, the emergence of species with marine affinity highlights the first step of a marinization of the lagoon. The results underline the significant impact of a new management policy in this specific coastal zone. We then focused on the response of phytoplankton to quick environmental variations. An original approach for automated high frequency analysis of phytoplankton was adopted with the use of an autonomous flow cytometer (CytoSense)

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