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1

Bock, Gregory, e Jamie Goode, eds. Novel and Re-Emerging Respiratory Viral Diseases. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470770672.

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2

Symposium, CIBA Foundation. Novel and Re-emerging Respiratory Viral Diseases. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

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3

Antonio, Morilla González, Yoon Kyoung-Jin e Zimmerman Jeff J, eds. Trends in emerging viral infections of swine. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press, 2002.

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4

K, Lal Sunil, e New York Academy of Sciences, eds. Biology of emerging viruses: SARS, avian and human influenza, metapneumovirus, Nipah, West Nile, and Ross River virus. Boston, Mass: Blackwell Pub. on behalf of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2007.

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5

Zumla, Alimuddin, David S. C. Hui e Wing-Wai Yew. Emerging respiratory infections in the 21st century. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2010.

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6

Karen, Bellenir, ed. Infectious diseases sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about non-contagious bacterial, viral, prion, fungal, and parasitic diseases spread by food and water, insects and animals, or environmental contact, including botulism, E. coli, encephalitis, Legionnaires' disease, Lyme disease, malaria, plague, rabies, salmonella, tetanus, and others, and facts about newly emerging diseases, such as hantavirus, mad cow disease, monkeypox, and West Nile virus, along with information about preventing disease transmission, the threat of bioterrorism, and current research initiatives, with a glossary and directory of resources for more information. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2004.

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7

Emerging Viral Diseases. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/18975.

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8

Mackenzie, J. S. Hantaviruses: Emerging Viral Diseases. DIANE Publishing Company, 1999.

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9

Lal, S. K., ed. Emerging Viral Diseases of Southeast Asia. S. Karger AG, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-01394-8.

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10

Role of Animals in Emerging Viral Diseases. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.

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11

Johnson, Nicholas. Role of Animals in Emerging Viral Diseases. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.

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12

Goode, Jamie A., Gregory R. Bock e Novartis Foundation Staff. Novel and Re-Emerging Respiratory Viral Diseases. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2008.

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13

Novel and re-emerging respiratory viral diseases. Chichester, UK: Novartis Foundation, 2008.

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14

Zimmerman, Jeffrey J., Antonio Morilla e Kyoung-Jin Yoon. Trends in Emerging Viral Infections of Swine. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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15

Zimmerman, Jeffrey J., Antonio Morilla, Kyoung-Jin Yoon, Antonio Morilla e Kyoung-Jin Yoon. Trends in Emerging Viral Infections of Swine. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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16

The Role of Animals in Emerging Viral Diseases. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2011-0-09654-0.

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17

Emerging Viral Diseases: The One Health Connection - Workshop Summary. National Academies Press, 2015.

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18

Medicine, Institute of, Board on Global Health, Forum on Microbial Threats, Eileen R. Choffnes e Alison Mack. Emerging Viral Diseases : The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press, 2015.

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19

Medicine, Institute of, Board on Global Health, Forum on Microbial Threats, Eileen R. Choffnes e Alison Mack. Emerging Viral Diseases : The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press, 2015.

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20

Medicine, Institute of, Board on Global Health, Forum on Microbial Threats, Eileen R. Choffnes e Alison Mack. Emerging Viral Diseases : The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press, 2015.

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21

Sharma, Pradeep, Rajarshri K. Gaur e Masato Ikegami. Emerging Geminiviral Diseases and their Management. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2011.

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22

Lal, Sunil K. Emerging Viral Diseases of Southeast Asia (Issues in Infectious Diseases, V. 4). S. Karger AG (Switzerland), 2006.

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23

Ippolito, Giuseppe, e Giovanni Rezza. Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Infections: Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health Volume 6. Springer, 2018.

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24

Ippolito, Giuseppe, e Giovanni Rezza. Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Infections: Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health Volume 6. Springer, 2017.

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25

Novartis Foundation Symposium 290 - Novel and Re-emerging Respiratory Viral Diseases (Novartis Foundation Symposia). Wiley, 2008.

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26

The Biology of Emerging Viruses. Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.

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27

Herbal antivirals: Natural remedies for emerging resistant and epidemic viral infections. 2013.

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28

Buhner, Stephen Harrod. Herbal Antivirals: Natural Remedies for Emerging and Resistant Viral Infections. Storey Publishing, LLC, 2013.

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29

Warrell, David A., Matthew Dryden, Alastair Miller, Clare Morgan e David A. Warrell. Treatment: infectious diseases. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688418.003.0015.

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Introduction: infectious diseases - Viral infections - Bacterial infections - Malaria - Other protozoal infections - Filarial worms - Worm infections - Flukes - Emerging infections - Sexually transmitted infections
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30

Warrell, David A., Matthew Dryden, Alastair Miller, Clare Morgan e David A. Warrell. Treatment: infectious diseases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688418.003.0015_update_001.

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Introduction: infectious diseases - Viral infections - Bacterial infections - Malaria - Other protozoal infections - Filarial worms - Worm infections - Flukes - Emerging infections - Sexually transmitted infections
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31

Viral Proteases And Antiviral Protease Inhibitor Therapy. Springer, 2009.

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32

Hooper, Nigel M., e Uwe Lendeckel. Viral Proteases and Antiviral Protease Inhibitor Therapy. Springer, 2009.

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33

Hooper, Nigel M., e Uwe Lendeckel. Viral Proteases and Antiviral Protease Inhibitor Therapy: Proteases in Biology and Disease. Springer, 2009.

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34

Hooper, Nigel M., e Uwe Lendeckel. Viral Proteases and Antiviral Protease Inhibitor Therapy: Proteases in Biology and Disease. Springer, 2011.

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35

Monsonego, Joseph. Emerging Issues on HPV Infections: From Science to Practice. S. Karger AG (Switzerland), 2006.

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36

(Editor), Stacey Knobler, Joshua Lederberg (Editor) e Leslie A. Pray (Editor), eds. Considerations for Viral Disease Eradication: Lessons Learned and Future Strategies: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press, 2002.

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37

Lederberg, Joshua, Institute of Medicine, Forum on Emerging Infections, Board on Global Health e Leslie A. Pray. Considerations for Viral Disease Eradication : Lessons Learned and Future Strategies: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press, 2002.

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38

Lederberg, Joshua, Institute of Medicine, Forum on Emerging Infections, Board on Global Health e Leslie A. Pray. Considerations for Viral Disease Eradication : Lessons Learned and Future Strategies: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press, 2002.

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39

Webster, Jessica Lynn, e Marco Vignuzzi. Viral evolution and impact for public health strategies in low-income countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0007.

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Viruses, the simplest organisms, obligate parasites that encode structural proteins and replicative functions requiring the cellular machinery of the host to ensure their propagation. Viruses are masters of evolution. An analysis of infectious diseases emerging since the 1980s revealed that most were caused by viruses, especially those with RNA genomes. New viral emergences are generally the result of intrinsic changes in the genetics of the virus to increase transmission, virulence or host range, and environmental or ecological changes that favor contacts between viruses and humans or other hosts. We describe the molecular mechanisms of viruses that ensure their rapid adaptation and evolution. We describe instances where viral evolution appears partially responsible for recent outbreaks and discuss the challenges in identifying the cause or consequence of viral evolution in the context of resource-rich versus -limited countries.
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40

Cooke, Brian Douglas. Australia's War Against Rabbits. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486301744.

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The management of wild rabbits is a vexing problem worldwide. In countries such as Australia and New Zealand, wild rabbits are regarded as serious pests to agriculture and the environment, while in many European countries they are considered an important hunting resource, and are a cornerstone species in Mediterranean ecosystems, modifying habitats and supporting important predator populations such as the Iberian lynx. The introduction of two viral diseases, myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease, as biological control agents in Australia has been met favourably, yet their spread in southern Europe threatens natural rabbit populations. Despite this, scientists with very different goals still work together with a common interest in understanding rabbit biology and epidemiology. Australia's War Against Rabbits uses rabbit haemorrhagic disease as an important case study in understanding how animal populations adapt to diseases, caused in this case by an RNA virus. Looking at rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) in an ecological framework enables insights into both virus and rabbit biology that are relevant for understanding other emerging diseases of importance to humans. This book provides up-to-date information on recent advances in areas ranging from virus structure and disease mechanics through to the sociological implications of using biological control agents and the benefits to the economy and biodiversity. It is a compelling read for wildlife disease researchers, wildlife managers, rabbit biologists, people working in the public health and education sectors, and landholders and farmers with experience or interest in RHD.
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41

Mesquita, Emersom C., e Fernando A. Bozza. Diagnosis and management of viral haemorrhagic fevers in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0293.

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In a globalized scenario where widespread international travel allows viral agents to migrate from endemic to non-endemic areas, health care providers and critical care specialists must be able to readily recognize a suspected case of viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF). Early suspicion is pivotal for improving patient outcome and to ensure that appropriate biosafety measures be applied. VHFs are acute febrile illnesses marked by coagulation disorders and organ specific syndromes. VHFs represent a great medical challenge because diseases are associated with a high mortality rate and many VHFs have the potential for person-to-person transmission (Filoviruses, Arenavioruses, and Bunyaviroses). Dengue is the most frequent haemorrhagic viral disease and re-emergent infection in the world and, due to its public health relevance, severe dengue will receive special attention in this chapter. The diagnosis of VHFs is made by detecting specific antibodies, viral antigens (ELISA) and viral nucleic acid (RT-PCR) on blood samples. Supportive care is the cornerstone in the treatment of VHFs. Ribavirin should be started as soon as a case of VHF is suspected and discontinued if a diagnosis of Filovirus or Flavivirus infection is established. Adjunctive antimicrobial therapy is usually implemented to treat co-existing or secondary infections. Antimalarial treatment should also be initiated if a malaria test (thick blood films) is not quickly available and/or reliable and patients travel history is compatible. It is always recommended to apply appropriate biosafety measures and notify local infection control unit and state and national authorities.
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42

Clement, Jan. Acute kidney injury and hantavirus disease. Editado por Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0242_update_001.

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Hantavirus disease or at least its renal form, the so-called haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is the only globally emerging acute kidney injury (AKI) form, and currently without doubt the most underestimated form of community-acquired AKI. Hantavirus disease is a viral zoonosis, caused by inhalation of infectious aerosolized excreta from chronically infected rodents, which are both the reservoir and the vector of different hantavirus species. Clinical presentation consists of sudden flu-like symptoms (fever, headache, myalgia), followed by gastrointestinal discomfort and AKI, often with anuria or oliguria. More rarely, acute myopia and/or non-cardiogenic acute lung oedema or injury is the presenting or complicating symptom. Laboratory hallmarks are initial thrombocytopenia and proteinuria, raised C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase, left-shift leucocytosis, and typical but transient serum lipid disturbances. Spontaneous remission occurs within 2–3 weeks without sequelae. Case fatality rate is between 0.1% and 15% according to the infecting hantavirus species, but most infections show in fact an asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic presentation. Treatment is only supportive, but may necessitate life-saving intensive care techniques. Together with leptospirosis, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is the only form of AKI against which different vaccines are in use, but a World Health Organization-licensed hantavirus vaccine is still lacking.
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43

Damani, Nizam. Manual of Infection Prevention and Control. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198815938.001.0001.

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The Manual of Infection Prevention and Control provides practical guidance on all aspects of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). It outlines the basic concepts of infection prevention and control (IPC), modes of transmission, surveillance, control of outbreaks, epidemiology, and biostatistics. The book provides up-to-date advice on the triage and isolation of patients and on new and emerging infectious diseases, and with the use of illustrations, it provides a step-by-step approach on how to perform hand hygiene and how to don and take off personal protective equipment correctly. In addition, this section also outlines how to minimize cross-infection by healthcare building design and prevent the transmission of various infectious diseases from infected patients after death. The disinfection and sterilization section reviews how to risk assess, disinfect and/or sterilize medical items and equipment, antimicrobial activities, and the use of various chemical disinfectants and antiseptics, and how to decontaminate endoscopes. The section on the prevention of HAIs reviews and updates IPC guidance on the prevention of the most common HAIs, i.e. surgical site infections, infections associated with intravascular and urinary catheters, and hospital- and ventilator-acquired pneumonias. In view of the global emergence of antimicrobial resistance to the various pathogens, the book examines and provides practical advice on how to implement an antibiotic stewardship programme and prevent cross-infection against various multi-drug resistant pathogens. Amongst other pathogens, the book also reviews IPC precautions against various haemorrhagic and bloodborne viral infections. The section on support services discusses the protection of healthcare workers, kitchen, environmental cleaning, catering, laundry services, and clinical waste disposal services.
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44

Visweswara Rao, Pasupuleti, Balam Satheesh Krishna e Mohammad Saffree Jeffree, eds. Coronaviruses Transmission, Frontliners, Nanotechnology and Economy. UMS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/coronavirusesdrraoums2021.

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Coronaviruses are the viruses which cause different types of diseases in humans and animals. They belong to Coronaviridae family. Coronaviruses have unique shape which consists of spiked rings and sometimes to deal with them is a tough task. They are the tiny organisms which can only be seen under the microscopes. Even though the corona viruses exist in nature since decades, however the seriousness is only seen with the pandemic SARS-CoV II or COVID-19. It has taken so many lives away and the loss of various businesses. Keeping in view these situations, the authors and editors try to bring few of the important aspects together and compiled this book. The transmissions occur through different means and the vaccines are under production by various giant companies. Second chapter deals with animals as sources of transmitting agents to spread corona virus. Up to date the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognizes 7 species of coronaviruses that infect humans, with the earliest known species identified in the mid-1960s. The known human coronaviruses are 229E (alpha coronavirus), NL63 (alpha coronavirus), OC43 (beta coronavirus), HKU1 (beta coronavirus), MERS-CoV (causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, MERS), SARS-CoV (causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS) and SARS-CoV-2 (causes the coronavirus disease also in 2019, also known as COVID-19). Third chapter dealt with risk assessment for front liners during COVID-19 pandemic and clearly explained about the risk assessment factors. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are on the frontline of treating patients infected with COVID-19. However, data related to its infection rate among HCWs are limited. Chapter 4 deals with the nanotechnology and its applications on viral diseases. Nanobiotechnology is science of nanoparticle synthesis by using biotechnological applications in biology, physics, engineering, drug delivery, diagnostics, and chemistry. The use of metal/ polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery systems has become extensive in last two decades. The commercialization of developed novel nanoparticles/drug loaded polymeric nanoparticles delivery systems are required to eradicate virus with improved safety measures in the humans with affordable cost. Chapter 5 mainly focused on the impact of COVID -19 on China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and India. The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic is an unprecedented shock to the Emerging economies. The evidence reported in various studies indicates that epidemic disease impacts on a country's economy through several channels, including the health, transportation, agricultural and tourism sectors. In the chapter 6, the authors discussed the psychological response, ranges from adaptive to maladaptive spectrum. We wish to express our gratitude to all the authors and contributors from Malaysia, Indonesia, and India for readily accepting our invitation and timely contributions without any delay. We greatly appreciate their commitment. We also thank Universiti Malaysia Sabah and Universitas Abdurrab for the great collaboration and collaborative efforts.
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45

Vaheri, Antti, James N. Mills, Christina F. Spiropoulou e Brian Hjelle. Hantaviruses. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0035.

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Hantaviruses (genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae) are rodent- and insectivore-borne zoonotic viruses. Several hantaviruses are human pathogens, some with 10-35% mortality, and cause two diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia, and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. Hantaviruses are enveloped and have a three-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. The L gene encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the M gene encodes two glycoproteins (Gn and Gc), and the S gene encodes a nucleocapsid protein. In addition, the S genes of some hantaviruses have an NSs open reading frame that can act as an interferon antagonist. Similarities between phylogenies have suggested ancient codivergence of the viruses and their hosts to many authors, but increasing evidence for frequent, recent host switching and local adaptation has led to questioning of this model. Infected rodents establish persistent infections with little or no effect on the host. Humans are infected from aerosols of rodent excreta, direct contact of broken skin or mucous membranes with infectious virus, or rodent bite. One hantavirus, Andes virus, is unique in that it is known to be transmitted from person-to-person. HFRS and HCPS, although primarily affecting kidneys and lungs, respectively, share a number of clinical features, such as capillary leakage, TNF-, and thrombocytopenia; notably, hemorrhages and alterations in renal function also occur in HCPS and cardiac and pulmonary involvement are not rare in HFRS. Of the four structural proteins, both in humoral and cellular immunity, the nucleocapsid protein appears to be the principal immunogen. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses are seen in both HFRS and HCPS and may be important for both protective immunity and pathogenesis. Diagnosis is mainly based on detection of IgM antibodies although viral RNA (vRNA) may be readily, although not invariably, detected in blood, urine and saliva. For sero/genotyping neutralization tests/RNA sequencing are required. Formalin-inactivated vaccines have been widely used in China and Korea but not outside Asia. Hantaviruses are prime examples of emerging and re-emerging infections and, given the limited number of rodents and insectivores thus far studied, it is likely that many new hantaviruses will be detected in the near future.
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