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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Flax oil"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 28 de maio de 2022

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1

Alp, Hayriye. "Flax Seed". Gastroenterology Pancreatology and Hepatobilary Disorders 5, n.º 5 (10 de setembro de 2021): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-5194/045.

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Flax sed also known as flax oil and linseed oil, is derived from the seeds of the plant Linium usitatissimum. Flax seed oil is a very rich source of alpha-linolenic acid. Alpha-linolenic acid concentration in flaxseed oil ranges from approximately 40 to 60%.lower amounts of linoleic acid and oleic acid (each about 15%) are also present in flaxseed oil.ın addition, flaxseed contains varying amounts of the lignan, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG).

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Bauerová, Pavla, Pavel Reiterman, Milena Pavlíková, Magdalena Kracík Štorkánová e Martin Keppert. "FRESH STATE PROPERTIES OF LIME MORTARS WITH FLAX OIL ADMIXTURE". Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 22 (25 de julho de 2019): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2019.22.0007.

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Flax oil has been used as mortar improving, hydrophobic, admixture already in ancient times. The paper describes the identification of flax oil in mosaic mortar from ca. 1900 by help of FTIR spectroscopy. This historic mortar was reproduced by nowadays raw materials and the influence of flax oil on consistency and air entraining of fresh mortar was tested. It was found that already small amount of oil caused significant air entrainment, which, simultaneously with water repellency action, may contribute to higher durability of mortar with oil admixture. The flux oil influenced also consistency of mortar; its presence caused higher flow value of mortar. Moreover, the introduction of the paper summarizes principal knowledge about action of natural admixtures in lime mortars and plasters on basis of current literature.

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ROWLAND, G. G., R. S. BHATTY e E. O. KENASCHUK. "SOMME FLAX". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1990): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-066.

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Somme, a medium early-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum) with increased yield potential over other medium early cultivars, has been released by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan. It is of medium seed size, average oil and protein content and higher oil quality. Somme is resistant to all North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and is moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, flax (oilseed), cultivar description

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Duguid, S. D., E. O. Kenaschuk e K. Y. Rashid. "Hanley Flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2003): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-050.

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Hanley, a medium maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was released in 2001 by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. This cultivar has medium oil content, very high oil quality, medium seed size, very good lodging resistance, and high yield when seeded in all soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Desmaz, and resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini Schlecht. f. sp. lini (Bolley) Snyder & Hansen. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description

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Duguid, S. D., E. O. Kenaschuk e K. Y. Rashid. "Lightning flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2003): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-051.

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Lightning, a medium-late maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was released in 2001 by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. This cultivar has high oil content, high oil quality, large seed size, good lodging resistance and high yield when seeded in the Black, Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Desmaz, and resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. lini (Bolley) Snyder & Hansen. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description

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Duguid, S. D., E. O. Kenaschuk e K. Y. Rashid. "Macbeth flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 2003): 803–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-026.

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Macbeth, a medium-late maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was released in 2002 by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. This cultivar has high oil content, high oil quality, large seed size, very good lodging resistance and high yield when seeded in all the soil zones of the Canadian prairies as compared to Flanders. It is immune to current North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Desmaz,, moderate resistance to wilt by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. lini (Bolley) Snyder & Hansen and moderate resistance to powdery mildew by Oidium lini Skoric. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description

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Duguid, S. D., K. Y. Rashid e E. O. Kenaschuk. "Shape flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2014): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-197.

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Duguid, S. D., Rashid, K. Y. and Kenaschuk, E. O. 2014. Shape flax. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 157–160. Shape, a medium maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), was released in 2007 by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. Developed from the cross M4684/FP1043 made in 1997, Shape was evaluated in the Flax Cooperative Trials in (2004–2006) before being registered in 2007. Shape's desirable combination of agronomic traits and seed quality, particularly its significantly improved oil and protein content, oil quality profile and disease resistance, should make it a useful and unique cultivar for producers and the flax industry.

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Côrtes, Cristiano, Ricardo Kazama, Daniele da Silva-Kazama, Chaouki Benchaar, Lucia M. Zeoula, Geraldo TD Santos e Hélène V. Petit. "Digestion, milk production and milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows fed flax hulls and infused with flax oil in the abomasum". Journal of Dairy Research 78, n.º 3 (21 de julho de 2011): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029911000446.

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Flax hull, a co-product obtained from flax processing, is a rich source of n-3 fatty acids (FA) but there is little information on digestion of flax hull based diets and nutritive value of flax hull for dairy production. Flax oil is rich in α-linolenic acid (LNA) and rumen bypass of flax oil contributes to increase n-3 FA proportions in milk. Therefore, the main objective of the experiment was to determine the effects of abomasal infusion of increasing amounts of flax oil on apparent digestibility, dry matter (DM) intake, milk production, milk composition, and milk FA profile with emphasis on the proportion of LNA when cows were supplemented or not with another source of LNA such as flax hull. Six multiparous Holstein cows averaging 650±36 kg body weight and 95±20 d in milk were assigned to a 6×6 Latin square design (21-d experimental periods) with a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were: 1) control, neither flax hull nor flax oil (CON), 2) diet containing (DM basis) 15·9% flaxseed hull (FHU); 3) CON with abomasal infusion of 250 g/d flax oil; 4) CON with abomasal infusion of 500 g/d flax oil; 5) FHU with abomasal infusion of 250 g/d flax oil; 6) FHU with abomasal infusion of 500 g/d flax oil. Infusion of flax oil in the abomasum resulted in a more pronounce decrease in DM intake for cows fed the CON diets than for those fed the FHU diets. Abomasal infusion of flax oil had little effect on digestibility and FHU supplementation increased digestibility of DM and crude protein. Milk yield was not changed by abomasal infusion of flax oil where it was decreased with FHU supplementation. Cows fed FHU had higher proportions of 18:0, cis9-18:1, trans dienes, trans monoenes and total trans in milk fat than those fed CON. Proportion of LNA was similar in milk fat of cows infused with 250 and 500 g/d flax oil in the abomasum. Independently of the basal diet, abomasal infusion of flax oil resulted in the lowest n-6:n-3 FA ratio in milk fat, suggesting that the most important factor for modification of milk FA profile was the amount of n-3 FA bypassing the rumen and not the amount of flax hull fed to dairy cows. Moreover, these data suggest that there is no advantage to supply more than 250 g/d of flax oil in the abomasum to increase the proportion of LNA in milk fat.

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Ryabenko, L. G., V. S. Zelentsov, L. R. Ovcharova, G. G. Galkina, S. V. Sklyarov, S. V. Zelentsov e E. V. Moshnenko. "The oil flax variety RFN". Oil Crops 177, n.º 1 (25 de maio de 2019): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2019-1-177-143-145.

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Sukeymenova, A. K., e I. A. Loshkomoynikov. "The oil flax variety Amber". Oil Crops 184, n.º 4 (25 de dezembro de 2020): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2020-4-184-103-105.

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To use flax oil in food, it is necessary to decrease the content of linolenic acid. We developed the oil flax variety Amber by individual selection from the hybrid population of the 3rd generation from crossing of the low-linolenic variety Linol and the breeding line 34725. The variety is mid-ripening, the duration of its growth season is 90-98 days, it is well adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of Siberia. It differs from the standard variety by its low content of linolenic acid in oil – 4.8-6.3 %. According to the results of competitive variety testing in 2016-2018, the variety Amber exceeded the standard variety Severny in terms of seed productivity by 0.29 t/ha. The variety ripens in uniformity, it is resistant to Fusarium blight, lodging and shedding, it is suitable for mechanized harvesting, it is developed to obtain edible oil of high quality. The potential cultivation areas of the oil flax variety are Volgo-Vyatsky region, Ural and West Siberia.

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Kosykh, L. A. "Oil flax – food culture (review)". Agrarian science, n.º 10 (13 de janeiro de 2022): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2021-353-10-56-59.

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Flax is an agricultural crop for complex use; it is widely used in textile, paint and varnish, electrical, rubber, leather, pharmaceutical, soap-making, as well as food and other industries. The interest in using flax as a food product is explained by its component structure. Flax seeds contain 25–48% oil and up to 30% protein, they also contain nitrogen – up to 5%, ash – up to 4%, fiber – up to 4.5%. Linseed oil contains up to 16–20% oleic fatty acid, 50–60% linolenic acid, 14–17% linoleic acid, 5–7% palmitic acid, 3–4% stearic acid. Recent studies have revealed the amazing healing properties of flaxseed oil, due to the presence of a large amount of linolenic acid in it. Unsaturated fatty acids accelerate the metabolism of cholesterol in the blood and promote its elimination from the body, improve the metabolism of proteins and fats, have a beneficial effect on blood pressure, relieve spasms of blood vessels and prevent the formation of blood clots and tumors. Flaxseed oil significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular and cancer diseases, allergic reactions. Whole flaxseed does not lose its nutritional qualities for 3 years and is widely used in various countries of the world as popular additive to various types of bread and cereal mixtures, for sprinkling confectionery products. The flour obtained from fat-free seeds is used in various mixtures for baking bread and pastry.

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Soboleva, E. V., E. V. Novikov e A. V. Bezbabchenko. "Oil Flax for Long Fiber Production". Machinery and Equipment for Rural Area, n.º 2 (25 de fevereiro de 2021): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33267/2072-9642-2021-2-32-35.

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The paper presents the results of studies on the possibility of producing long flax fiber in scutching-and-breaking machines from flax straw obtained from modern varieties of oil flax in the form of whole stems of autumn and spring harvesting. The inexpediency of obtaining scutched flax from this type of raw material has been determined.

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Kenaschuk, E. O., e K. Y. Rashid. "AC Linora flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 1993): 839–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-108.

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AC Linora, a medium early-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), with high yield potential in both early and late seeding, was released by Agriculture Canada, Research Station, Morden, Manitoba, in 1991. The cultivar has high oil content and high oil quality. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév. and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description

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Rowland, G. G., Y. A. Hormis e K. Y. Rashid. "CDC Valour flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2002): 427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-064.

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CDC Valour, an early-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), was developed in 1996 at the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar has medium oil content, good oil quality, brown seeds and medium seed size, fair lodging resistance and high yield when seeded early in the Black and the Brown Soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description

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Rowland, G. G., Y. A. Hormis e K. Y. Rashid. "CDC Arras flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2002): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-065.

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CDC Arras is a medium-early-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) developed at the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar has medium oil content, good oil quality, large seed size, fair lodging resistance and high yield when seeded early in the Black and the Brown Soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description

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Rowland, G. G., Y. A. Hormis e K. Y. Rashid. "CDC Bethune flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2002): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-066.

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CDC Bethune, is a medium-late-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) developed by Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar has medium oil content, medium oil quality, medium seed size, good lodging resistance and high yield when seeded early in the Black and the Brown Soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description

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Duguid, S. D., E. O. Kenaschuk e K. Y. Rashid. "Prairie Blue flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 2004): 801–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-102.

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Prairie Blue, a medium- late maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), was released in 2003 by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. This cultivar has high oil content, high oil quality, small seed size, very good lodging resistance and high yield in all soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to current North American races of rust [Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Desmaz], and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. lini (Bolley) Snyder & Hansen. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description

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Kenaschuk, E. O., e K. Y. Rashid. "AC Carnduff flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 1999): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-123.

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AC Carnduff, a medium-late maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, Morden, Manitoba. This cultivar has medium-high oil content, high oil quality, medium seed size, good lodging resistance and high yield when seeded early in the Black and the Brown Soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description

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Stramkale, Veneranda, Aldis Stramkalis, Ļubova Komlajeva, Māra Selecka, Māra Vikmane e Arturs Stalažs. "EVALUATION OF LATVIAN FLAX VARIETIES BY SEED YIELD AND QUALITY". Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (3 de agosto de 2015): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol1.1116.

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Flax cultures give dual-purpose production – flax fibre and seeds. Flax varieties adapted to local climate conditions have breeded but up to now the profound research of its quality was not carried out. In our investigation we analysed flax varieties of Latvia selection for seed yield and quality in comparison with standard varieties ‘Vega 2’ and ‘Lirina’. In Latgale Agricultural Scientific Centre 10 Latvian flax varieties are cultivated and seed yield, 1000-seed weight, seed oil content (extracted by hot pressing method) and fatty acid content in flax seed oil (detected with gas chromatography method) have evaluated. Seed yields of fibre flax Latvian varieties are significantly higher in comparison with standard variety ‘Vega’. All analysed seed samples have high oil content (27- 47%) and there is high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in oil (linoleic acid 10,6-16,9%, linolenic acid 54,7-62,1%). There is little difference in 1000-seed weight, content of oil in seeds, percentage of linoleic, linolenic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acid in oil between fibre flax and oil seed flax varieties. The difference between the varieties is more influential. Flaxes seeds from Latvian varieties are in high quality and can be used for food, medical and technical purposes.

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Zhao, Rong Ying, Min Wang, Zhan Hai Dang, Zhao Dang e Gui Zhang. "Visual Analysis of International Oil Flax Research". Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (setembro de 2011): 673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.673.

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Oil flax is one of five major oil crops. Linseed and linseed oil have important uses. Linseed is rich in flax gum, and it can be used as food additives, cosmetics raw powder, pharmaceutical raw materials. Linseed oil is a kind of high quality edible oil, rich in α-linolenic acid and various unsaturated fatty acids, and it plays an important role in the promotion of human intelligence, physical brain, preventing cardiovascular disease, and the suppression of disease genes.This paper selects the SCI database as the data source, and do visual analysis on the international literature related to oil flax. With the help of information visualization software CiteSpace, we can clearly display and analyze the annual published articles within and outside the country, main nations and institutions doing oil flax research, subject distribution and highly cited works. Through these analyses, we can clearly see the overall situation of oil flax.

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Śpitalniak-Bajerska, Kinga, Robert Kupczyński, Antoni Szumny, Alicja Zofia Kucharska e Andrzej Vogt. "Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation". Open Chemistry 17, n.º 1 (12 de outubro de 2019): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0090.

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AbstractThe research aimed to assess the effect of whole lyophilized apples added to flax oil or flax ethyl esters for oxidation processes and fatty acid profiles. The samples were washed with nitrogen and sealed in PE pouches. The analyses were performed on day 0 and afterwards on 7th, 14th, 28th, 56th and 84th day of storage. The antioxidant capacity was determined by stating in the samples DPPH, ABTS•+, and FRAP. Fatty acid profiles of the test samples were analyzed using GC-MS. The addition of lyophilized apples did not limit the decrease in C18: 3, n-3 after storage. The reduction of free radicals (ABTS, DPPH) was the lowest in samples with ethyl esters mixed with lyophilized apples rather than in the case of specimens that were a mixture of flax oil and lyophilized apples. The addition of lyophilized apples limited the decrease of IV and PV in ethyl esters, and in the case of flax oil AV. Obtained data show the possibility of wider usage of apple for the improvement of stability of the ethyl esters or flax oils and at the same time there are the real possibilities of the development of such kinds of preparations for the feeding industry.

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Rowland, G. G., A. G. McHughen, Y. A. Hormis e K. Y. Rashid. "CDC Normandy flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2002): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-063.

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CDC Normandy, a tissue-culture-derived oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was released in 1995 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar is a medium-early maturing, with medium oil content, good oil quality, brown seeds and medium seed size, fair lodging resistance and high yields when seeded early in the Black and the Brown Soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description, somaclonal variation

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Rowland, G. G., Y. A. Hormis e K. Y. Rashid. "CDC Mons flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 2003): 801–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-169.

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CDC Mons, a mediumlate maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was released in 2002 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar has medium oil content, medium oil quality, small seed size, good lodging resistance and high yield when seeded early in the Black Soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini, moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini and moderately resistant to powdery mildew caused by Oidium lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description

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Ryabenko, L. G., V. S. Zelentsov, S. V. Zelentsov, L. R. Ovcharova, E. V. Moshnenko e S. V. Sklyarov. "Cultivar of oil flax Y 220". Oil Crops 188, n.º 4 (25 de dezembro de 2021): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2021-4-188-99-102.

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The oil flax cultivar Y 220 is developed by a method of individual selection from a line k4165 at severe background after 6-field flax monocrop. It was estimated by resistance to fusariose in epicentrum of fusariose infection and to flax sickness at monocrop cultivation. Due to results of variety trials for 2019–2020, the cultivar Y 220 exceeded the standard cultivar FLIZ by yield by 0.77 t per ha. Plant height is 80–90 cm. Vegetative period is 75–80 days. Weight of 1000 seeds is equal to 6.02–6.06 g. Seeds color is brown. Oil content is 44.4%; linolenic acid content is lowered (23.3%). The cultivar Y 220 is differed with full resistance to flax sickness and high field resistance to fusarium wilt. This makes it possible to cultivate it in short crop rotations and at monocrop.

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Ertuğ, Füsun. "Linseed oil and oil mills in central Turkey Flax/Linum and Eruca, important oil plants of Anatolia". Anatolian Studies 50 (dezembro de 2000): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643022.

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This article is a preliminary case-study concerning the importance of flax/Linum and Eruca as oil plants in central Anatolia. Linseed oil (‘beziryaği’) was produced from both Linum and Eruca seeds, and this oil was used in Anatolian culinary culture, in addition to olive, sesame, cotton, poppy, sunflower, hazel, Cephalaria, safflower and hackberry oils. Linseed oil was also used in oil lamps, to oil wooden-wheeled carts and to rub on the skins of water-buffalo. Both linseed oil and flax seeds were widely used in folk medicine.The production of linseed oil may have started thousands of years ago in central Anatolia. Both plants are native to Anatolia, and flax seeds have been found at several Neolithic sites. The earliest historical documents concerning linseed oil mills (‘bezirhane’) are Ottoman tax records from 1500–1. Until the 1970s there were still several oil mills in the Aksaray area producing linseed oil during the winter. The residue was used as fodder for draft animals.

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Rozhmina, T. A., e A. P. Kolotov. "NEW VARIETY OF OIL FLAX URALSKY". Oil Crops. Scientific and technical bulletin of All-Russian Research Insitute of Oil Crops by the name of Pustovoit V.S. 1, n.º 173 (25 de maio de 2018): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2018-1-173-121-122.

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Zelentsov, V. S., L. G. Ryabenko, S. V. Zelentsov, E. V. Moshnenko, L. R. Ovcharova e S. V. Sklyarov. "The oil flax variety Y 117". Oil Crops 176, n.º 4 (25 de dezembro de 2018): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2018-4-176-181-184.

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Ryabenko, L. G., S. V. Zelentsov, L. R. Ovcharova, V. S. Zelentsov, S. V. Sklyarov e E. V. Moshnenko. "Winter variety of oil flax Snegurok". Oil Crops 184, n.º 4 (25 de dezembro de 2020): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2020-4-184-99-102.

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Based on the use of our own original technology of polyploid genome recombination (PGR), at VNIIMK, Krasnodar, frost-resistant parental reploid germplasm was obtained, and then a line k-4207 highly resistant to negative winter temperatures was isolated. In 2019, the frost-resistant line of oil flax k4207, under the commercial name "Snegurok", was submitted to the State variety testing. Four-year field trials during winter sowing have shown that the new winter oil flax variety Snegurok is highly resistant to winter, including snowless frosts, and can withstand negative temperatures down to 20-23 °C without significant cryo-damages. In the conditions of the Krasnodar region, the flowering phase of this variety begins after 20th of April. Ripening of plants begins after 10th of June, when the spring sowing varieties of oil flax are in the flowering phase. The growing season of the variety, taking into account the winter period, is 238–244 days. The yield of the variety, on average for 2018–2019, was 2.27 t/ha, which exceeded the same indicator for the standard variety FLIZ of the spring sowing period, on average by 0.61 t/ha. The winter variety of oil flax Snegurok may be of commercial interest for agricultural producers in the dry steppe regions of southern Russia with rainfall up to 250–350 mm/year. It is developed for cultivation in the Central Black Earth, North Caucasus and Lower Volga regions of Russian Federation.

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Bushnev, A. S., G. I. Orekhov, S. P. Podlesny, Yu V. Mamyrko e T. N. Luchkina. "Protection of oil flax of weeds". Oil Crops 4, n.º 184 (25 de dezembro de 2020): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2020-4-184-38-44.

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Potential seed yield of the modern oil flax varieties is equal to 2.5–3.0 t per ha, and its real meanings in 2019 in average in Russia was 0.83 t per ha, in the Southern federal region – 0.77 t per ha. One of the reasons of such low productivity of the crop is poorly effective measures of weed control. We studied the methods of herbicides application to select the most effective ones in 2019–2020 in a zone of unstable moistening (Krasnodar) on leached black soil and in a zone of insufficient moistening of the south of Russia (Oporny settl., Rostov region) on typical black soil in sowings of oil flax varieties FLIZ and Raduga bred at VNIIMK. We established the best way of a chemical plant protection of oil flax against weeds is a separate application of the herbicides Secator Turbo, MD (0.1 I per ha) and Miura, EC (1.2 l per ha). This variant did not demonstrate a negative effect of preparations on the crop and caused yield increase up to 0.20 t per ha. Also the high flax productivity, at the level of control variant with hand weeding of crops, were stated under separate application of the herbicides Magnum and Miura, Tifi and Miura. We recommended using these methods of herbicides application in zones of unstable and insufficient moistening of the south of Russia. We do not recommend to treat the crops with the herbicide Tifi after before-soeing application of Frontier Optima or Dual Gold and with tank mixture Magnum + Miura, Tifi + Miura, Secator Turbo + Miura due to their phytotoxic impact on the crop and negative effect on the indicators of plant productivity.

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30

Lucomets, V. M., A. S. Bushnev e G. I. Orekhov. "Weed control in oil flax sowings". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 650, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2021): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/650/1/012040.

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KENASCHUK, EDWARD O., e JOHN A. HOES. "NORMAN FLAX". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 1986): 993–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-121.

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NorMan is a medium-early, high-oil, high yielding oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. The cultivar is immune to all North American races of rust (Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév.), resistance being conditioned by the L6 gene. NorMan is adapted to all flax production areas of the Canadian prairies but is particularly well adapted to Manitoba conditions.Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description

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ROWLAND, G. G., A. McHUGHEN e R. S. BHATTY. "ANDRO FLAX". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 1989): 911–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-108.

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Andro is an early-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum) of moderate yield potential released by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan. It has a medium seed size with acceptable oil quality, is immune to all North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and is moderately susceptible to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. It is expected that Andro will replace the rust susceptible cultivar Noralta.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, flax (oilseed), cultivar description

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33

Kuzmina, T. О., M. B. Yedynovych, Yu V. Berezovsky, S. V. Bobyr, V. V. Yevtushenko e I. A. Rudenko. "Application of Biologically Active Substances for Storage of Oil Flax Straw". Science and innovation 14, n.º 4 (31 de julho de 2018): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine14.04.025.

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FRIESEN, G. H. "EFFECT OF WEED INTERFERENCE ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF FLAX SEED OIL". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 1986): 1037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-137.

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In 26 field experiments over a 4-yr period, weed interference significantly reduced the oil content of flax seed (Linum usitatissimum L. ’Linott’) in 21 of the experiments and the iodine value of flax seed oil in 19 of the experiments, regardless of dominant weed species. Seed density and seed weight were not seriously affected by weed interference. Flax seed yields were reduced by weed interference in 25 of the experiments.Key words: Flax, weed competition, linseed oil

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35

Côrtes, Cristiano, Daniele da Silva-Kazama, Ricardo Kazama, Chaouki Benchaar, Geraldo dos Santos, Lucia M. Zeoula, N. Gagnon e Hélène V. Petit. "Effects of abomasal infusion of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) oil on microbial β-glucuronidase activity and concentration of the mammalian lignan enterolactone in ruminal fluid, plasma, urine and milk of dairy cows". British Journal of Nutrition 109, n.º 3 (1 de maio de 2012): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512001341.

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Ruminal microbiota plays an important role in the conversion of plant lignans into mammalian lignans. The main mammalian lignan present in the milk of dairy cows fed flax products is enterolactone (EL). The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of abomasal infusion of flax oil on the metabolism of flax lignans and concentrations of EL in biological fluids of dairy cows. A total of six rumen-cannulated dairy cows were assigned within a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of six treatments utilising flax hulls (0 and 15·9 % of DM) and abomasal infusion of flax oil (0, 250 and 500 g/d). There were six periods of 21 d each. Samples were collected during the last 7 d of each period and subjected to chemical analysis. Flax hull supplementation increased concentrations of EL in ruminal fluid, plasma, urine and milk, while flax oil infusion had no effect. Post-feeding, β-glucuronidase activity in the ruminal fluid of cows infused with 250 g flax oil was significantly lower for cows fed hulls than for those fed the control diet. The present study demonstrated that the presence of a rich source of n-3 fatty acids such as flax oil in the small intestine does not interfere with the absorption of the mammalian lignan EL and that lower ruminal β-glucuronidase activity had no effect on the conversion of flax lignans into EL in the rumen of dairy cows.

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Novikov, E. V., N. V. Basova e A. V. Bezbabchenko. "ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR OIL FLAX PROCESSING". Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 12, n.º 4 (27 de setembro de 2018): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2018-12-4-35-40.

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Oil flax grows in many countries of the world. Fibre production on its basis can significantly increase the profitability of flax-growing farms. At the present stage, taking into account the real possibilities of the national economy, for its effective development it is necessary to introduce advanced technologies. Cur-rently, processing enterprises may choose among different technological equipment lines to process oil flax into fibre and thus get additional profit. (Research purpose) The determination of a technologically and economical-ly effective line for oil flax processing. (Materials and methods) The main materials for calculation were represent-ed by the indicators of production capacity, the average annual value of fixed as-sets, the amount of money spent on salaries and wages, etc. The main research method is the balance method that allows making a plan in the form of a balance sheet that takes into account the sources of inputs and the requirements for these inputs. (Results and discussions) The authors have considered low-cost lines for oil flax processing into short fibre on the basis of disintegrators of various brands (from domestic and foreign producers), offered characteristics of the fibre obtained in the lines, and analyzed technical and economic indicators of various technologi-cal lines under different conditions, and the payback period of capital expenditures for different oil flax acreages. (Conclusions) The authors have determined that the most effective is the pro-cessing of oil flax from an area of at least 1000 hectares, with a throughput capaci-ty of raw materials of at least 1000 kg/h and a distance of the transportation of straw rolls to a processing site of 50 km. They have also obtained technological and economic data that can be used in the organization of oil flax processing into marketable fibre.

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Booker, Helen M., Gordon G. Rowland, H. Randy Kutcher e Khalid Y. Rashid. "CDC Neela oilseed flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, n.º 7 (setembro de 2014): 1313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-174.

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Booker, H. M., Rowland, G. G., Kutcher, H. R. and Rashid, K. Y. 2014. CDC Neela oilseed flax. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1313–1314. CDC Neela, a medium–late-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), was released in 2013 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar has medium oil content, medium oil quality, medium seed size, good lodging resistance, and high seed yield in all soil zones of the Prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini, and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini.

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Koroleva, E. N., E. V. Novikov e A. V. Bezbabchenko. "Possibility of Obtaining Long Fiber from Oilseed Flax Trusts Using Various Technological Equipment". Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 15, n.º 2 (23 de junho de 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2021-15-2-19-25.

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The authors showed that the short fiber of oilseed flax was usually obtained from a tangled mass of broken stems. However, recently, the question of the processing possibility of the culture whole stems left after harvesting into long fiber was raised. (Research purpose) To study the possibility of obtaining long fiber from oil flax stems on various technological equipment with the substantiation of the fiber characteristics. (Materials and methods) Whole oil flax stems of various qualities of six different varieties were taken. The samples were processed on an SMT-500 machine and in an ALS-1 crumpling and scutching machine, after which the quality parameters of the long fiber were determined. (Results and discussion) The authors found that most of the quality indicators of oil flax trusts corresponded to the fiber flax trusts characteristics, but the fiber strength had unacceptably low values. The number of flax stems from oil flax did not exceed 0.5, and the yield of long fiber varied from 0.4 to 11 percent, which was much lower than from fiber flax, so the fiber bulk fell into waste. It was determined that on the SMT-500 machine it was impossible to obtain a long fiber of even the lowest number due to the small value of the gristle length, and after the ALS-1 machine, the number of the long fiber was not higher than 8. During the analysis of individual characteristics of the long fiber from oilseed flax, it was determined that oil flax fiber was thicker, less strong and flexible in comparison with fiber flax. (Conclusions) The authors proved that long fiber could be obtained from flax whole stems, but of poor quality. They determined that up to 67 percent of flax varieties could be processed into long fiber. Of the flax types considered, oilseed flax seeds revealed the best quality-grade LM-98 and the worst – Biryuza and Rucheek.

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Palin, Marie-France, Cristiano Côrtes, Chaouki Benchaar, Pierre Lacasse e Hélène V. Petit. "mRNA Expression of lipogenic enzymes in mammary tissue and fatty acid profile in milk of dairy cows fed flax hulls and infused with flax oil in the abomasum". British Journal of Nutrition 111, n.º 6 (13 de novembro de 2013): 1011–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513003589.

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In the present study, the effect of flax hulls with or without flax oil bypassing the rumen on the expression of lipogenic genes in the mammary tissue of dairy cows was investigated. A total of eight dairy cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. There were four periods of 21 d each and four treatments: control diet with no flax hulls (CONT); diet with 9·88 % flax hulls in the DM (HULL); control diet with 500 g flax oil/d infused in the abomasum (COFO); diet with 9·88 % flax hulls in the DM and 500 g flax oil/d infused in the abomasum (HUFO). A higher mRNA abundance of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor, fatty acid (FA) synthase, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), PPARγ1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase-α was observed in cows fed HULL than in those fed CONT, and HUFO had the opposite effect. Compared with CONT, COFO and HUFO lowered the mRNA abundance of SCD, which may explain the lower proportions of MUFA in milk fat with flax oil infusion. The mRNA abundance of LPL in mammary tissue and proportions of long-chain FA in milk fat were higher in cows fed COFO than in those fed CONT. The highest proportions of trans FA were observed when cows were fed HULL. The present study demonstrates that flax hulls with or without flax oil infusion in the abomasum can affect the expression of lipogenic genes in the mammary tissue of dairy cows, which may contribute to the improvement of milk FA profile.

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Dribnenki, J. C. P., S. F. McEachern, Y. Chen, A. G. Green e K. Y. Rashid. "2126 low linolenic flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2005): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-051.

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2126 was developed by Agricore United and combines very high oil content with high yield. In all soil zones of western Canada, the yield of 2126 was similar to the check cultivar, 1084. The 1000 seed weight, oil content and meal protein content of 2126 are significantly higher than 1084. 2126 has higher levels of linoleic fatty acid and lower levels of saturated fatty acids. It is immune to North American races of rust, is moderately resistant to Fusarium wilt and is moderately resistant to powdery mildew. 2126, 2090, 2047 and 1084 are yellow seedcoat, solin cultivars. Key words: Flax, low linolenic acid, cultivar description, solin

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Booker, H. M., G. G. Rowland e K. Y. Rashid. "CDC Glas oilseed flax". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, n.º 2 (março de 2014): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-158.

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Booker, H. M., Rowland, G. G. and Rashid, K. Y. 2014. CDC Glas oilseed flax. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 451–452. CDC Glas, a medium-late maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was released in 2012 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar has medium oil content, medium oil quality, medium seed size, good lodging resistance and high seed yield in all the soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini, moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini and moderately resistant to powdery mildew caused by Oidium lini.

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Gagnon, Nathalie, Cristiano Côrtes, Daniele da Silva, Ricardo Kazama, Chaouki Benchaar, Geraldo dos Santos, Lucia Zeoula e Hélène V. Petit. "Ruminal metabolism of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) lignans to the mammalian lignan enterolactone and its concentration in ruminal fluid, plasma, urine and milk of dairy cows". British Journal of Nutrition 102, n.º 7 (27 de abril de 2009): 1015–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509344104.

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Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is the main flax (Linum usitatissimum) lignan that is converted to the mammalian lignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) by gastrointestinal microbiota. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the role of ruminal microbiota and the effects of flax oil onin vivometabolism of flax lignans and concentration of EL in biological fluids. Four rumen-cannulated dairy cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. There were four periods of 21 d each and four treatments utilising flax hulls (1800 g/d) and oil (400 g/d) supplements. The treatments were: (1) oil and hulls administered in the rumen and abomasal infusion of water; (2) oil and hulls administered in the abomasum; (3) oil infused in the abomasum and hulls placed in the rumen; (4) oil placed in the rumen and hulls administered in the abomasum. Samples were collected during the last week of each period and subjected to chemical analysis. The site of supplementation of oil and hulls had no effect on ruminal EL concentration. Supplementing flax oil in the rumen and the abomasum led to similar EL concentrations in urine, plasma and milk. Concentrations of EL were higher in the urine, plasma and milk of cows supplemented with hulls in the rumen than in those placed with hulls in the abomasum. The present study demonstrated that ruminal microbiota play an important role in the metabolism of flax lignans.

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ROWLAND, G. G., e R. S. BHATTY. "VIMY FLAX". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1987): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-031.

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Vimy is a medium-early and high-yielding oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) released by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan. It is large seeded, has a high oil content of excellent quality, is immune to all North American races of rust (Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév.) and is moderately resistant to fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. lini (Bolley) Snyd. & Hansen). In western Canada, Vimy is particularly well adapted to the Black soils, outside the Red River Valley, and the Brown soils. As Vimy has only fair resistance to lodging it is not recommended for growing in areas with high rainfall or under irrigation.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, flax, oilseed, cultivar description

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Sim, J., E. Nwokolo e Z. Jiang. "Modulation of plasma and tissue cholesterol and fatty acid composition by feeding flax and canola seeds and oils to rats". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 1991): 1207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-142.

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Intact full-fat oil seeds might be more resistant to oxidation than extracted and refined oils and might therefore be used as sources of dietary fat. The present study was conducted to examine and compare the influence of feeding full-fat flax and canola seeds and oils on the plasma and tissue lipids of the rat. Male weanling Sprague Dawley rats (n = 4) were housed individually in metabolic cages and fed isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing full-fat flax (FFF), flax meal + flax oil (FO), full-fat canola (FFC), canola meal + canola oil (CO), and soybean meal + animal tallow (AT). After 6 wk of feeding, plasma cholesterol levels were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in rats fed flax diets (FF and FO) but not in those fed canola diets (FFC and CO). Liver cholesterol levels were not affected by dietary treatment. The highest levels of α-linolenic acid (LNA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were recorded in the plasma, liver, heart and epididymal fat of rats fed the flax-containing diets. Intermediate levels of LNA and EPA in plasma and tissues were found in rats fed canola-containing diets. Rats fed flax diets had less arachidonic acid (AA) in plasma, liver, and heart tissues than those fed control and canola diets, indicating inhibition of AA synthesis by high dietary LNA provided by full-fat flax seed and flax oil. These results demonstrated that full-fat flax and canola seeds could be used as sources of dietary LNA to modify plasma and tissue lipids. Key words: Flax seed, canola seed, cholesterol, fatty acid, rat

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Kuznetsova, G. N., I. A. Loshkomoynikov e K. M. Krivoshlykov. "Economic efficiency of oil crops cultivation in the Omsk region". Oil Crops 187, n.º 3 (25 de novembro de 2021): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2021-3-187-53-57.

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We observed the production of oil crops in the Omsk region in 2016–2020. There are presented data on dynamics of sowing areas under oil crops (sunflower, soybean, oil flax, spring rapeseed, false flax, etc.). Production of oil crops is economically profitable due to sharp rise in sale prices of seeds and decrease in prime cost as a result of lowering of expenses for production. A level of profitability during a research period varied hard depending on expenses for chemicals. The most economically resulting was 2020, yields of oil flax and spring rapeseed was the highest. We studied impact of climatic conditions on yield of oil crops, namely precipitation amount in a period flowering–maturing. Increased interest to oil flax, rapeseed and soybean is conditioned with high economic efficiency of production, good adaptability to the climate of the Western Siberia, high yield and oil content, creating of favorable background for the further crops in rotation. Growth of oil crops production in the Omsk region can be reached both by intensive and extensive components of production. Intensive direction is realized by a range of factors including formation of varietal structure of crops, implementation of an intensive technology including all elements of oil crops cultivation. An extensive way proposes expansion of sowing areas involving fallow lands into sowing structure and northward expansion of early maturing crops cultivation, such as spring turnip rape, false flax and mustard.

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Efimenko, S. G., e S. K. Efimenko. "Rapid assessment of oil and moisture content in seeds of oil flax using IR spectrometry". Oil Crops 3, n.º 183 (30 de novembro de 2020): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2020-3-183-63-70.

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We used near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess biochemical parameters in whole oil flax seeds, regardless of differences in seed coat color of the samples. At the first stage of work, the set the task to develop calibration models for the MATRIX-I IR analyzer to determine the oil and moisture content in flax seeds. The carried out the research in the laboratory of biochemistry on brown and yellow seed samples of oil flax, grown in 2015-2020 in various agro-ecological conditions of the Russian Federation. We determined the oil content on an AMV 1006M NMR analyzer in accordance with the GOST 8.597- 2010 measurement procedure; we assessed the moisture content by the standard method of GOST 10856- 96. We used the results of determination of the oil and moisture content of the seeds of test lot in accordance with the accuracy indicator of the calibration of GOST 32749-2014 to verify the reliability of the developed models. We received the best indicators of the quality of calibration models (root-mean-square prediction error, coefficient of determination and the value of the residual deviation of prediction for the rank displayed on the graph) by determining the oil content (RMSEP = 0.27 %, R2 = 99.2 and RPD = 11.2) and moisture content (RMSEP = 0.06 %, R2 = 99.9 and RPD = 39). In the OPUS LAB program we developed the “Flax 51” method for mass analysis based on the developed calibration models for the determination of oil and moisture content in whole oil flax seeds (9-20 g) in a sample cell with a diameter of 51 mm. It enables the quick carrying out a preliminary assessment of the breeding material at a high speed – more than 120 samples in 7 hours without seed destruction.

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Novikov, Eduard Valerievich, Elena Valeryevna Soboleva e Alexander Vladislavovich Bezbabchenko. "Justification of the line for the production of short fibers from whole stems of oil flax retted straw". Agrarian Scientific Journal, n.º 4 (22 de abril de 2021): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i4pp98-101.

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The article substantiates the production line of short flax fiber from the oil flax retted straw in the form of whole stems of autumn and spring harvesting from the field, consisting of a mill machine, a disintegrator and two shaking machines with a lower comb field, which can also process the mass of oil flax in the form of confused stems.

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Semerenko, S. A. "Protection of oil flax plants from phytophages". Oil Crops 177, n.º 1 (25 de maio de 2019): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2019-1-177-99-103.

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Bushnev, A. S., G. I. Orekhov, S. P. Podlesny, Yu V. Mamyrko e A. B. Khatit. "Application of soil herbicides under oil flax". Oil Crops 179, n.º 3 (30 de novembro de 2019): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2019-3-179-130-140.

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Sharma, Deepa. "PA01.53. Flax seed oil role in hypercholesterolemia". Ancient Science of Life 32, n.º 5 (2012): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.112106.

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