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1

Krause, Douglas J., and Tracey L. Rogers. "Food caching by a marine apex predator, the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 6 (2019): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0203.

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The foraging behaviors of apex predators can fundamentally alter ecosystems through cascading predator–prey interactions. Food caching is a widely studied, taxonomically diverse behavior that can modify competitive relationships and affect population viability. We address predictions that food caching would not be observed in the marine environment by summarizing recent caching reports from two marine mammal and one marine reptile species. We also provide multiple caching observations from disparate locations for a fourth marine predator, the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx (de Blainville, 182
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2

Kelley, Laura A., and Nicola S. Clayton. "California scrub-jays reduce visual cues available to potential pilferers by matching food colour to caching substrate." Biology Letters 13, no. 7 (2017): 20170242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0242.

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Some animals hide food to consume later; however, these caches are susceptible to theft by conspecifics and heterospecifics. Caching animals can use protective strategies to minimize sensory cues available to potential pilferers, such as caching in shaded areas and in quiet substrate. Background matching (where object patterning matches the visual background) is commonly seen in prey animals to reduce conspicuousness, and caching animals may also use this tactic to hide caches, for example, by hiding coloured food in a similar coloured substrate. We tested whether California scrub-jays ( Aphel
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3

Hurly, T. Andrew, and Raleigh J. Robertson. "Scatterhoarding by territorial red squirrels: a test of the optimal density model." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 5 (1987): 1247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-194.

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We observed a high degree of scatterhoarding in a population of red squirrels and tested two predictions of the Optimal Density Model (ODM): (1) large food items will be cached at a greater distance from their source than small items; and (2) caches will be uniformly distributed about their source. Caching experiments supported prediction 1. Red squirrels carried large food items farther than small items before caching them. Prediction 2 was not supported; caches were distributed nonuniformly about their source both within and among caching bouts. We present a simple null model for scatterhoar
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4

Moldowan, Patrick D., and Hugo Kitching. "Observation of an Eastern Wolf (Canis sp. cf. lycaon) Caching Food in a Sphagnum Bog in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario." Canadian Field-Naturalist 130, no. 4 (2017): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v130i4.1930.

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We report summer caching of a partial carcass of a White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawn by an Eastern Wolf (Canis sp. cf. lycaon) in a Sphagnum bog in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. The microhabitat conditions in bogs (i.e., low temperature, acidity, and organochemical compounds) likely inhibit food spoilage, making bogs potentially important sites for food caching. Wolves in Algonquin Park experience low summer food availability and high pup mortality from starvation. Caches likely serve as necessary reserve food stores for adults and pups. Recent research has shown th
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5

Morgan, Christopher. "Modeling Modes of Hunter-Gatherer Food Storage." American Antiquity 77, no. 4 (2012): 714–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.77.4.714.

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AbstractAnalyses of the capacity and rates of different acorn storage techniques employed by the Western Mono of California’s Sierra Nevada during the very late Holacene indicate hunter-gatherers store food in at least three main modes: central-place storage, dispersed caching, and dispersed bulk caching. The advantage of caching modes over central-place ones is that they entail faster storage rates and thus the chance to maximize storage capacity when seasonality and scheduling conflicts limit storing opportunities. They also result in predictable stores of acorn separate from winter populati
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6

Waite, Thomas A., and John D. Reeve. "Caching Behaviour in the Gray Jay and the Source-Departure Decision for Rate-Maximizing Scatterhoarders." Behaviour 120, no. 1-2 (1992): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853992x00200.

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AbstractWe developed a model that concerns, in part, how long a scatterhoarder should persist in caching food from an ephemeral, locally abundant source ('bonanza') before moving on in search of other sources. The model assumes that an animal scattering food caches for later use behaves in a manner that maximizes the rate at which it stores recoverable (surviving) food in its habitat. It is shown theoretically that under some conditions it is better not to cache all available food but instead to move on in search of other food sources. This 'source-departure decision' for scatterhoarders is an
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7

Alpern, Steve, Robbert Fokkink, Thomas Lidbetter, and Nicola S. Clayton. "A search game model of the scatter hoarder's problem." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 70 (2011): 869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0581.

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Scatter hoarders are animals (e.g. squirrels) who cache food (nuts) over a number of sites for later collection. A certain minimum amount of food must be recovered, possibly after pilfering by another animal, in order to survive the winter. An optimal caching strategy is one that maximizes the survival probability, given worst case behaviour of the pilferer. We modify certain ‘accumulation games’ studied by Kikuta & Ruckle (2000 J. Optim. Theory Appl. ) and Kikuta & Ruckle (2001 Naval Res. Logist. ), which modelled the problem of optimal diversification of resources against catastrophi
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8

Clayton, N. S., D. P. Griffiths, N. J. Emery, and A. Dickinson. "Elements of episodic–like memory in animals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1413 (2001): 1483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0947.

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A number of psychologists have suggested that episodic memory is a uniquely human phenomenon and, until recently, there was little evidence that animals could recall a unique past experience and respond appropriately. Experiments on food–caching memory in scrub jays question this assumption. On the basis of a single caching episode, scrub jays can remember when and where they cached a variety of foods that differ in the rate at which they degrade, in a way that is inexplicable by relative familiarity. They can update their memory of the contents of a cache depending on whether or not they have
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9

Grodzinski, Uri, and Nicola S. Clayton. "Problems faced by food-caching corvids and the evolution of cognitive solutions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1542 (2010): 977–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0210.

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The scatter hoarding of food, or caching, is a widespread and well-studied behaviour. Recent experiments with caching corvids have provided evidence for episodic-like memory, future planning and possibly mental attribution, all cognitive abilities that were thought to be unique to humans. In addition to the complexity of making flexible, informed decisions about caching and recovering, this behaviour is underpinned by a motivationally controlled compulsion to cache. In this review, we shall first discuss the compulsive side of caching both during ontogeny and in the caching behaviour of adult
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10

Logan, Corina J., Brigit D. Harvey, Barney A. Schlinger, and Michelle Rensel. "Western scrub-jays do not appear to attend to functionality in Aesop’s Fable experiments." PeerJ 4 (February 23, 2016): e1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1707.

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Western scrub-jays are known for their highly discriminatory and flexible behaviors in a caching (food storing) context. However, it is unknown whether their cognitive abilities are restricted to a caching context. To explore this question, we tested scrub-jays in a non-caching context using the Aesop’s Fable paradigm, where a partially filled tube of water contains a floating food reward and objects must be inserted to displace the water and bring the food within reach. We tested four birds, but only two learned to drop stones proficiently. Of these, one bird participated in 4/5 experiments a
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11

Stanback, Mark T. "A Reassessment of Avian Food Caching." Bird Behavior 9, no. 1 (1990): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/015613890791749046.

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12

Lanszki, József, Attila Mórocz, and Jim W. H. Conroy. "Food caching by a Eurasian otter." Folia Zoologica 60, no. 1 (2011): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v60.i1.a7.2011.

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13

Way, Jonathan G., and Rebecca D. Cabral. "Effects of Hierarchy Rank on Caching Frequency in a Captive Coywolf (Eastern Coyote) Canis latrans × lycaon, Pack." Canadian Field-Naturalist 123, no. 2 (2009): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v123i2.699.

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Caching is useful because it ensures a consistent supply of food for animals. However, there is a relative paucity of data concerning which members of canid social units make the most caches. We provide data indicating that dominant members of a captive Coywolf “Eastern Coyote”, (Canis latrans × lycaon) pack did the majority (78%, n = 46 of 59) of caching. Caching is a common activity stereotypically performed by canids, and dominant members of a social unit tend to cache more often.
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14

LaDage, Lara D., Timothy C. Roth, Rebecca A. Fox, and Vladimir V. Pravosudov. "Flexible cue use in food-caching birds." Animal Cognition 12, no. 3 (2008): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-008-0201-0.

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15

Waite, R. K. "Food caching and recovery by farmland corvids." Bird Study 32, no. 1 (1985): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00063658509476854.

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16

KIM, S. L., K. CONLAN, D. P. MALONE, and C. V. LEWIS. "Possible food caching and defence in the Weddell seal: observations from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 17, no. 1 (2005): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102005002452.

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On the basis of observations of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii Lesson) made in the course of studying shallow-water benthic communities in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, we suggest that caching and/or defence of uneaten food may be a strategy practiced by this animal. Such a phenomenon is uncommon but taxonomically widespread among vertebrates. Depending on circumstances, it is termed hoarding, caching, or storage and may be short- or long-term, include defence of the resource, or have other variable expressions, with the common threads being deferred consumption and deterrence of consumpt
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17

Swift, K. N., E. J. Williams, and J. M. Marzluff. "An observational analysis of Canada Jay (Perisoreus canadensis) foraging and caching ecology in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA." Canadian Journal of Zoology 100, no. 2 (2022): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2021-0053.

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Arctic and subarctic wildlife are among the most vulnerable species to climate change. Canada Jays (Perisoreus canadensis (Linnaeus, 1776)) are generalist residents of northern boreal forests and scatter-hoard food to insulate against food scarcity during winter. Unlike most scatter-hoarders, however, Canada Jays primarily cache perishable food, rendering their caches more susceptible to climate change induced degradation and loss. Here we use a mostly noninvasive approach to document Canada Jay foraging ecology among a population in interior Alaska, USA, including the types of food acquired,
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18

Roth, Timothy C., Niels C. Rattenborg, and Vladimir V. Pravosudov. "The ecological relevance of sleep: the trade-off between sleep, memory and energy conservation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1542 (2010): 945–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0209.

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All animals in which sleep has been studied express signs of sleep-like behaviour, suggesting that sleep must have some fundamental functions that are sustained by natural selection. Those functions, however, are still not clear. Here, we examine the ecological relevance of sleep from the perspective of behavioural trade-offs that might affect fitness. Specifically, we highlight the advantage of using food-caching animals as a system in which a conflict might occur between engaging in sleep for memory/learning and hypothermia/torpor to conserve energy. We briefly review the evidence for the im
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19

van der Merwe, Marius, Joel S. Brown, and Burt P. Kotler. "Quantifying the future value of cacheable food using fox squirrels (sciurus niger)." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 60, no. 1 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2014.907974.

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Food caching allows foraging decisions to include both present and future food value. We developed and tested a conceptual framework for measuring animals’ perceptions of future vs. present food value. Fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) are well-known caching animals in North America. We measured giving-up densities (GUDs) of fox squirrels to test the following hypotheses: (1) all else equal, animals should prefer cacheable to non-cacheable foods, and (2) the option value of a cacheable food should change seasonally and be highest preceding lean periods. We presented squirrels with experimental foo
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20

Krupiński, Dominik, and Jerzy Lewtak. "Caching Eurasian skylarks Alauda arvensis by the Montagu's harrier Circus pygargus." Slovak Raptor Journal 4, no. 1 (2010): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10262-012-0043-1.

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Caching Eurasian skylarksAlauda arvensisby the Montagu's harrierCircus pygargusWe observed caching Eurasian skylarks by a radio-tracked male Montagu's harrier in eastern Poland. This strategy, in combination with the courtship feeding of the female, was an important element of courtship. Frequent food transfers to the female could reflect a good condition of the male and its good hunting abilities.
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21

Yang, Hunster. "A Review of the Association Between Environmental Harshness, Neurogenesis and Caching Behaviour." STEM Fellowship Journal 5, no. 1 (2019): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17975/sfj-2019-005.

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Memory is one of the most crucial cognitive functions in many organisms. It is highly implicated in everyday functioning and is an essential component for survival. Past research has revealed that spatial memory facilitates bird caching behaviours such as remembering the exact locations of their hidden food. However, there are many factors that alter the demands on memory and consequently impact the function of caching. Specifically, neurogenesis, the process of forming new neurons, has been shown to affect this behaviour. Likewise, environmental variables and selective pressures (i.e., severi
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22

Källander, Hans. "Food caching in the European Nuthatch Sitta europaea." Ornis Svecica 3, no. 2 (1993): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v3.23043.

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The behaviour and cache sites of European Nuthatches storing naturally occurring beech Fagus sylvatica and hazel Corylus avellana nuts in a South Swedish wood are described. Data are also given on the retrieval of cached nuts in winter and on recaching. On average it took a Nuthatch about 1 min to cache a beech nut. A third of all caches were below 1 m, 20% in the ground. Of those in trees, most were at heights between 5 and 15 m and less than 20% on branches thinner than 4 cm; of caches made above ground, 43% were in dead, often rotten wood. The choice of cache site was related to the kind of
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23

Shaw, Rachael C., and Nicola S. Clayton. "Careful cachers and prying pilferers: Eurasian jays ( Garrulus glandarius ) limit auditory information available to competitors." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1752 (2013): 20122238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2238.

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Food-storing corvids use many cache-protection and pilfering strategies. We tested whether Eurasian jays ( Garrulus glandarius ) reduce the transfer of auditory information to a competitor when caching and pilfering. We gave jays a noisy and a quiet substrate to cache in. Compared with when alone, birds cached less in the noisy substrate when with a conspecific that could hear but could not see them caching. By contrast, jays did not change the amount cached in the noisy substrate when they were with a competitor that could see and hear them caching compared with when they were alone. Together
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24

Clayton, Nicola S., Joanna M. Dally, and Nathan J. Emery. "Social cognition by food-caching corvids. The western scrub-jay as a natural psychologist." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1480 (2007): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1992.

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Food-caching corvids hide food, but such caches are susceptible to pilfering by other individuals. Consequently, the birds use several counter strategies to protect their caches from theft, e.g. hiding most of them out of sight. When observed by potential pilferers at the time of caching, experienced jays that have been thieves themselves, take further protective action. Once the potential pilferers have left, they move caches those birds have seen, re-hiding them in new places. Naive birds that had no thieving experience do not do so. By focusing on the counter strategies of the cacher when p
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25

de Kort, Selvino R., Anthony Dickinson, and Nicola S. Clayton. "Retrospective cognition by food-caching western scrub-jays." Learning and Motivation 36, no. 2 (2005): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2005.02.008.

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Champion de Crespigny, Fleur E., Marie E. Herberstein, and Mark A. Elgar. "Food caching in orb-web spiders (Araneae: Araneoidea)." Naturwissenschaften 88, no. 1 (2001): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140000194.

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27

Kilham, Lawrence. "Common Raven, Corax corax, caching food in snow." Canadian field-naturalist 102, no. 1 (1988): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.356505.

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28

Welklin, Joseph F., Benjamin R. Sonnenberg, Carrie L. Branch, et al. "Spatial cognitive ability is associated with longevity in food-caching chickadees." Science 385, no. 6713 (2024): 1111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adn5633.

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Cognitive abilities are hypothesized to affect survival and life span in nonhuman animals. However, most tests of this hypothesis have relied on interspecific comparisons of indirect measures of cognitive ability, such as brain size. We present direct evidence that individual variation in cognitive abilities is associated with differences in life span in a wild food caching bird. We measured the spatial cognitive abilities and tracked the life span of 227 mountain chickadees ( Poecile gambeli ) in their natural environment and found that individuals with better spatial learning and memory abil
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Payne, H. L., G. F. Lynch, and D. Aronov. "Neural representations of space in the hippocampus of a food-caching bird." Science 373, no. 6552 (2021): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg2009.

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Spatial memory in vertebrates requires brain regions homologous to the mammalian hippocampus. Between vertebrate clades, however, these regions are anatomically distinct and appear to produce different spatial patterns of neural activity. We asked whether hippocampal activity is fundamentally different even between distant vertebrates that share a strong dependence on spatial memory. We studied tufted titmice, food-caching birds capable of remembering many concealed food locations. We found mammalian-like neural activity in the titmouse hippocampus, including sharp-wave ripples and anatomicall
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Roth, Timothy C., Lara D. LaDage, and Vladimir V. Pravosudov. "Variation in hippocampal morphology along an environmental gradient: controlling for the effects of day length." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1718 (2011): 2662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2585.

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Environmental conditions may create increased demands for memory, which in turn may affect specific brain regions responsible for memory function. This may occur either via phenotypic plasticity or selection for individuals with enhanced cognitive abilities. For food-caching animals, in particular, spatial memory appears to be important because it may have a direct effect on fitness via their ability to accurately retrieve food caches. Our previous studies have shown that caching animals living in more harsh environments (characterized by low temperatures, high snow cover and short day lengths
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Kozlovsky, Dovid Y., Emily A. Weissgerber, and Vladimir V. Pravosudov. "What makes specialized food-caching mountain chickadees successful city slickers?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1855 (2017): 20162613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2613.

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Anthropogenic environments are a dominant feature of the modern world; therefore, understanding which traits allow animals to succeed in these urban environments is especially important. Overall, generalist species are thought to be most successful in urban environments, with better general cognition and less neophobia as suggested critical traits. It is less clear, however, which traits would be favoured in urban environments in highly specialized species. Here, we compared highly specialized food-caching mountain chickadees living in an urban environment (Reno, NV, USA) with those living in
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Pravosudov, V. V. "A dynamic model of short-term energy management in small food-caching and non-caching birds." Behavioral Ecology 12, no. 2 (2001): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/12.2.207.

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Bugnyar, Thomas, and Bernd Heinrich. "Ravens, Corvus corax , differentiate between knowledgeable and ignorant competitors." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1573 (2005): 1641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3144.

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Human social behaviour is influenced by attributing mental states to others. It is debated whether and to what extent such skills might occur in non-human animals. We here test for the possibility of ravens attributing knowledge about the location of food to potential competitors. In our experiments, we capitalize on the mutually antagonistic interactions that occur in these birds between those individuals that store food versus those that try to pilfer these caches. Since ravens' pilfer success depends on memory of observed caches, we manipulated the view of birds at caching, thereby designin
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Hendricks, Paul. "BLACK-BILLED MAGPIES (PICA HUDSONIA) CACHING FOOD IN SNOW." Northwestern Naturalist 101, no. 2 (2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-101.2.125.

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Mueller, Helmut C. "Food Caching Behaviour in the American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 34, no. 2 (2010): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01792.x.

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Macdonald, David W. "Food Caching by Red Foxes and Some Other Carnivores." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 42, no. 2 (2010): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00963.x.

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Daly, Martin, and Lisa Leaver. "Effects of Food Preference on Scatter-Hoarding by Kangaroo Rats (Dipodomys Merriami)." Behaviour 135, no. 6 (1998): 823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998792640468.

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AbstractTwo laboratory studies were conducted to determine whether Merriam's kangaroo rats invest greater effort in the caching of a more preferred food. As predicted, more of the preferred food was cached and yet the individual caches were smaller. The second experiment showed wider dispersion of the preferred food, and these caches were placed further away from the source. These findings imply that investment in protecting food from pilferage is adjusted in relation to the animal's evaluation of that food.
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Brecht, Katharina F., Ljerka Ostojić, Edward W. Legg, and Nicola S. Clayton. "Difficulties when using video playback to investigate social cognition in California scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica)." PeerJ 6 (March 14, 2018): e4451. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4451.

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Previous research has suggested that videos can be used to experimentally manipulate social stimuli. In the present study, we used the California scrub-jays’ cache protection strategies to assess whether video playback can be used to simulate conspecifics in a social context. In both the lab and the field, scrub-jays are known to exhibit a range of behaviours to protect their caches from potential pilferage by a conspecific, for example by hiding food in locations out of the observer’s view or by re-caching previously made caches once the observer has left. Here, we presented scrub-jays with v
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Hendricks, Paul, and Lisa M. Hendricks. "Common Ravens Using Trees For Caching Food Near the Nest." Northwestern Naturalist 98, no. 3 (2017): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1898/nwn17-03.1.

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Pruett-Jones, M. A., and S. G. Pruett-Jones. "Food Caching in the Tropical Frugivore, Macgregor's Bowerbird (Amblyornis macgregoriae)." Auk 102, no. 2 (1985): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4086776.

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Lima, Steven L., and Robert M. Lee. "Food Caching and Its Possible Origin in the Brown Creeper." Condor 95, no. 2 (1993): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369375.

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Rensel, Michelle A., Jesse M. S. Ellis, Brigit Harvey, and Barney A. Schlinger. "Sex, estradiol, and spatial memory in a food-caching corvid." Hormones and Behavior 75 (September 2015): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.022.

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Montevecchi, W. A., and B. O. Sklepkovych. "Food-caching by foxes is a selfish strategy: A comment." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14, no. 1 (1985): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(85)90041-3.

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Olech, Bogumiła, and Mikołaj Pruszyński. "Food Caching or Surplus Killing in the Common BuzzardButeo buteo?" Acta Ornithologica 35, no. 2 (2000): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/068.035.0204.

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45

Stulp, Gert, Nathan J. Emery, Simon Verhulst, and Nicola S. Clayton. "Western scrub-jays conceal auditory information when competitors can hear but cannot see." Biology Letters 5, no. 5 (2009): 583–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0330.

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Western scrub-jays ( Aphelocoma californica ) engage in a variety of cache-protection strategies to reduce the chances of cache theft by conspecifics. Many of these strategies revolve around reducing visual information to potential thieves. This study aimed to determine whether the jays also reduce auditory information during caching. Each jay was given the opportunity to cache food in two trays, one of which was filled with small pebbles that made considerable noise when cached in (‘noisy’ tray), whereas the other one contained soil that made little detectable noise when cached in (‘quiet’ tr
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46

Vetter, Sebastian G., Louise Rangheard, Lena Schaidl, Kurt Kotrschal, and Friederike Range. "Observational spatial memory in wolves and dogs." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (2023): e0290547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290547.

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Social learning is highly adaptive in transmitting essential information between individuals in many species. While several mechanisms have been observed, less is known about how much animals can remember. However, results on observational spatial memory among caching species, i.e. a form of social learning allowing individuals to remember and pilfer food caches made by others, suggest that this ability correlates with their social organization. Both wolves and their domesticated form, dogs, are social species known to make food caches, and previous studies have shown that they both can use ob
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Stone, Eric R., and Myron Charles Baker. "The Effects of Conspecifics on Food Caching by Black-Capped Chickadees." Condor 91, no. 4 (1989): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368073.

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Lahti, Kimmo, Kari Koivula, Seppo Rytkönen, et al. "Social influences on food caching in willow tits: a field experiment." Behavioral Ecology 9, no. 2 (1998): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/9.2.122.

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Gendron, Robert P., and O. J. Reichman. "Food Perishability and Inventory Management: A Comparison of Three Caching Strategies." American Naturalist 145, no. 6 (1995): 948–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285778.

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Pravosudov, Vladimir V., Timothy C. Roth, and Lara D. LaDage. "Chickadees are selfish group members when it comes to food caching." Animal Behaviour 80, no. 2 (2010): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.04.013.

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