Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Gröna upphandlingar"

Det miljömässiga hållbarhetstänket inom inköpsorganisationer har idag snarare blivit en skyldighet än en valmöjlighet. Både externa och interna drivkrafter förmår företag att integrera ett miljötänk i sin upphandlingsprocess. Upphandlingsenheten inom organisationer har samtidigt fått en större roll inom organisationer och spelar idag en ledande roll i att integrera miljömässig hållbarhet i organisationer. Detta miljötänk i upphandlingsprocessen benämns idag som gröna upphandlingar. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fem stycken chefer inom inköp och upphandlingar syftar denna studie till att analysera gröna upphandlingar inom organisationer med produktion och förädling i den privata sektorn. Intervjupersonernas upplevelser och erfarenheter används som utgångspunkt i studien och jämförs sedan med teorin. Resultatet av studien visar bland annat organisationernas arbete med miljöledningsstandarder och certifieringar ligger till grund för valet av leverantörer. Definitionerna av uttrycket gröna upphandlingar varierar, men i grunden arbetar samtliga studerade organisationer med just detta. Tryck från kunder i form av miljökrav och transparens samt ett gott anseende av omvärlden upplevs som de största drivkrafterna till att genomföra gröna upphandlingar. Barriärerna av gröna upphandlingar består i sin tur dels av en oförståelse, men framförallt av finansiella hinder både internt och externt.

Grön offentlig upphandling är enligt studier och statliga rapporter ett kraftfullt bidragande verktyg i arbetet för en bättre miljö och hållbar framtid. Då det har möjligheten att direkt påverka en stor del av det aktiva flödet av miljövänliga produkter på marknaden. Trots dess betydelse så går arbetet långsamt. Flera studier undersöker de bakomliggande orsakerna till detta och lyfter fram flera barriärer och lösningar. Denna studie ämnar undersöka hur dessa barriärer ser ut hos sex kommunala upphandlare i fem olika Svenska kommuner, samt ställa det i förhållande till tidigare forskning. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med en intervjuguide som baseras på föregående studier. Utifrån svaren från respondenterna kunde det noterades skiftningar mellan barriärerna idag och de tidigare studierna. I denna studie diskuteras sju olika barriärer där kunskap spelar en central roll. Green public procurement is according to studies and official reports a powerful tool in the work for a better environment and sustainable future. This is because it has the ability to influence a big part of the flow of environmentally friendly products on the market. But the work goes slow despite its importance. Several studies have been done on the subject, where they present several barriers and solutions. This study will take a look at how these barriers is perceived by six different municipality procurement workers in five different Swedish municipalities today, as well as put this in perspective to previous studies. Qualitative interviews were performed with an interview guide based on previous studies. From the answers of the respondents a shift between barriers today and previous studies could be identified. This study discusses seven different barriers where knowledge play a central role.

The building and plant sectors represent a large part of Sweden’s energy use. Putting energy requirements in public procurement as a tool for reducing energy consumption in the building and plant sectors is therefor an opportunity that operators can take advantage of. The aim of this thesis was to map the energy requirements in procurement that operators in the public sector use today in building and plant projects. The analysis was made with respect to if the energy requirements corresponded to the parts with large energy use in building and plant projects and also in which way energy requirements in procurement are written in the contract. From the mapping were also good examples further investigated to serve as recommendations to operators who want to develop their work with energy requirements in procurement. The study show that participants in the building sector use the greatest number of energy requirements in the operational phase of the building, which studies have shown to be the phase with greatest energy use. The plant sector uses most energy requirements for fuel, vehicles and machinery used in the construction phase. Building materials are also a major energy user in both sectors, but neither of them has energy requirements for that. Both sectors consider more requirements on the service that the contractor shall perform than on the contractor. The study also shows that efforts to make sure that the requirements are fulfilled are a critical point where there are major flaws today. The best operators identified in case studies are Dalarna County, Akademiska Hus, Transport Administration and Tyreso municipality. Based on the mapping, these operators all proved to have distinctive energy requirements or working method with energy requirements in contracts.

Miljökrav vid upphandling av busstrafik är ett effektivt styrmedel för att nå Sveriges uppsatta klimatmål. Enligt tidigare forskning är andelen förnybart drivmedel för busstrafiken i Sverige olika beroende på vilken region.  Upphandlingsförfarandet kan enligt Lagen om miljökrav vid upphandling (2011:846) se olika ut beroende på framförandet av miljökraven. Uppsatsen behandlar region Hallands, Kalmar läns och region Skånes upphandlingsförfarande. Uppsatsen innehåller även ett antal mindre aktörer inom upphandling av busstrafik per region för att identifiera eventuella skillnader gällande upphandlingsförfarandet. Syfte med uppsatsen är att identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av drivmedel och hur anbudsprövningen ser ut när offentliga myndigheter upphandlar busstrafik. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att identifiera eventuella skillnader gällande upphandlingsförfarandet mellan kommun och region samt vad det i så fall beror på. Uppsatsens metodansats är i huvudsak induktiv med en kvalitativ insamlingsmetod då syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa den empiriska verkligheten.  Den insamlade empirin analyserades med teorin för att komma fram till uppsatsens slutsats. Faktorer som påverkar valet av drivmedel är politiska mål, pris, miljöpåverkan, resurser, infrastruktur samt organisatoriska strategier. I huvudsak används tekniska krav- och specifikationer av de studerade aktörerna vid framförandet av miljökrav vid upphandling. Författarna har fått indikationen att uppsatsens valda regioner kommer att använda sig utav tilldelningskriterium vid nästa upphandling. Skillnaden mellan region, kommun och universitet kan härledas till pris, mål, strategier, teknikutveckling samt ramavtalens olika utformning.

Large volumes of excavated soil and rock are generated in building- and construction projects. These materials need to be transported longer and longer distances due to the densifications of cities. The transportation affects the environment in terms of noise and emissions, but also makes high demands on road infrastructure. To reduce the transport distances an increased responsibility for the excavated rock generated needs to be taken. Responsibility can be increased through an introduction of means of control. Previous studies describe public procurement as an effective tool to increase the responsibility taken by public authorities. Public procurement is regulated by law but the inclusive of environmental requirements is optional, which makes procurement as a tool flexible. The aim of this thesis is to examine public procurement as a tool to control and reduce the environmental impacts from handling, and specifically transporting excavated rock generated in municipal construction projects. The study consists of a case study conducted in Södertörns eight municipalities and a wider analysis that has been carried out in the regions of Stockholm, Västra Götaland and Skåne. The two studies showed that municipal officials generally do not believe that the handling of excavated rock is a municipal responsibility, it lies in the entrepreneurs self-interest to implement regional mass balances. Entrepreneurs instead, consider it to be a municipal problem that can be resolved only when the municipality begins to take responsibility for the excavated rock generated, by example through developing regional plans. As in previous studies, the result indicates that the supplier and purchaser consider the environmental requirements in the procurement process differently. The thesis identify four different factors, which limits the municipalities ability and willingness to take more responsibility in the procurement process regarding the matter excavated rock from construction. These factors are different political position, short term planning, centralization of the procurement units and lack of national and municipal regulations. The study presents that the knowledge in municipal procurement entities is low when it comes to the handling of excavated rock from municipal construction projects. The major knowledge gaps are probably due to the fact that excavated rock for a long time has been seen as an unwanted issue and interest in managing their materials has therefore been low. The knowledge gap must be decreased before the municipalities are able to develop an ethical maturity and take more responsibility in the management of excavated rock. Increased dialogue between different municipal sections and other stakeholders may increase the knowledge.
OptiMass

That the environmental issue is on the agenda today has hardly escaped anyone. The emissions that we humans cause affect the climate, in the form of greenhouse gases but also elevated levels of hazardous particles and high levels of noise. The biggest causes of greenhouse gas emissions in Sweden are due to road transport. In accordance with the Paris agreement that Sweden has signed, we must reduce emissions from transport by 8% each year to reach the target by 2030. The municipal transport is an area where efforts are being made today to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. One way to proceed is to make use of coordinated distribution of goods, as the municipality uses a distribution center where goods are delivered together. The purpose of this study is to show how coordinated distribution of goods can affect the environmental and local trade from a municipality's perspective. The goal is to make compilations for the environmental impact this distribution method can have, in order for a municipality to be able to see the potential affect this can obtain. In addition, the work should provide an understanding of how local trade can be affected by co-distribution. To investigate this, we have built up a theoretical framework, focused on the basics of logistics, distribution strategies, environment, and the public procurement act (LOU, 2016: 1145). Then we have studied a good example of a municipality that implemented coordinated product distribution, where we have used existing data. We have then compared this information to a commune that does not use the distribution strategy today, to see what effects it could have if a municipality implemented it. To obtain information about the municipality, we conducted a qualitative interview with the municipality's purchasing manager. With this we have been able to answer the study's problem statement: How can coordinated distribution of food products affect the environment, transport and competition in the municipality of Umeå? The results of the study show that a coordinated distribution of food in Umeå municipality can reduce the number of transports and the amount of emissions. Furthermore, there are indications that this distribution strategy enables small local manufacturers to participate in procurement and to be awarded contracts.