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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Industrial safety – Government policy – United States"
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Dwyer, Tom. "The Industrial Safety Professionals: A Comparative Analysis from World War I until the 1980S." International Journal of Health Services 22, no. 4 (1992): 705–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/x3kl-exyc-12g7-ptx3.
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The birth of industrial society produced demand for the services of professionals specialized in matters related to industrial safety. Three professions—safety engineering, industrial medicine, and ergonomics—are examined. These professions are observed to either submit to single sets of demands, to integrate contradictory demands, or to experience scission. Until the late 1960s their growth appears to have been relatively peaceful and uncontroversial. From this period onward, controversy breaks out over questions related to industrial safety, and professions and government administrations grow. Increasingly, the traditional approach of safety professionals is called into question, and they adopt new orientations. These changes are mapped through the examination of data drawn principally from the United States, France, Great Britain, and to a lesser extent Brazil. The traditional standards approach competes with cost-benefit analysis and with systemic safety for influence; in addition, an emergent approach that analyzes accident causes in terms of social relations of work is detected. From Bhopal to Chernobyl, new technologies subject civilian populations to risks of catastrophic accidents, and the action of safety professionals comes under the spotlight. The analysis constructed permits new understandings of the past and the future of these professions.
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Vogel, David. "When Consumers Oppose Consumer Protection: The Politics of Regulatory Backlash." Journal of Public Policy 10, no. 4 (1990): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00006085.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines a neglected phenomenon in the existing literature on social regulation, namely political opposition to regulation that comes not from business but from consumers. It examines four cases of successful grass-roots consumer opposition to government health and safety regulations in the United States. Two involve rules issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, a 1974 requirement that all new automobiles be equipped with an engine-interlock system, and a 1967 rule that denied federal highway funds to states that did not require motorcyclists to wear a helmet. In 1977, Congress overturned the Food and Drug Administration's ban on the artificial sweetener, saccharin. Beginning in 1987, the FDA began to yield to pressures from the gay community by agreeing to streamline its procedures for the testing and approval of new drugs designed to fight AIDS and other fatal diseases. The article identifies what these regulations have in common and examines their significance for our understanding the politics of social regulation in the United States and other industrial nations.
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Luckett, Jonathan. "Regulating Generative AI: A Pathway to Ethical and Responsible Implementation." International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics 12, no. 5 (2023): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijci.2023.120508.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming more and more prevalent in our daily lives, and its potential applications are practically limitless. However, as with any technology, there are concerns about how AI could be misused or abused. One of the most serious concerns is the potential for discrimination, particularly against women or minorities, when AI systems are used for tasks like job hiring. Additionally, there are concerns about privacy and security, as AI could be used to monitor people's movements or launch cyberattacks. To address these concerns, regulations must be developed to ensure that AI is developed and used ethically and responsibly. These regulations should address issues like safety, privacy, security, and discrimination. Finally, it is important to educate the public about AI and how to use it safely and responsibly. In this paper, I will examine the AI regulations and challenges that exist today, particularly in the United States. Two regulations I will focus on are the AI in Government Act of 2020 and the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020. Additionally, I will examine two Executive Orders that have addressed the issue of AI in the federal government. Finally, I will conclude with some policy considerations and recommendations for federal agencies.
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Langinen, Alexei. "Sparsely populated and rural areas in the United Kingdom: measures to solve governance challenges." Socium i vlast 6 (2020): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2020-6-29-39.
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Introduction. The problems of state and local governance in sparsely populated and rural areas is relevant for the Russian Federation due to the presence of depressed areas, depopulation of the countryside, small towns, monotowns, migration of the rural population to large cities, regional capitals, other regions and abroad. These processes are typical for many other modern states. Solving the problems of rural and sparsely populated areas includes providing socially significant services, protecting the health and safety of residents, developing education, creating and maintaining social infrastructure, and creating jobs. The purpose of the article is to identify the most important management problems in rural and sparsely populated areas and reveal possible solutions to these problems using the example of Great Britain. Methods. The research is based on a systematic approach to management in rural and sparsely populated areas. Analysis of factual data, legal sources, published survey results, foreign Internet sources. Comparative analysis of problems and measures of state policy in different states. Scientific novelty of the research. The author highlights the current measures taken in the UK at the central, local levels in order to overcome the problems of rural and sparsely populated areas. These activities as a basis for developing practical recommendations may be important for solving similar problems in Russian regions, including in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic and economic problems in the near future. Results. As a result the author identifies problems in the field of management in rural and sparsely populated and hard-to-reach areas, as well as possible directions of state policy in the UK and Russia to overcome these problems. Conclusions. The most important direction of state policy for solving the problems highlighted in the study is the development of local interests of the community, the integration of state support measures and local events. As measures aimed at solving social and infrastructural problems of sparsely populated areas in the UK, one can single out government programs implemented at the national and regional levels with the participation of industrial enterprises and businesses, a grant mechanism for the implementation of financial support, combined with the empowerment of local communities. There is no such policy in Russia yet.
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GUDZ, PETER, MARYNA GUDZ, and BARBARA DĄBROWSKA. "COMMON POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE SPHERE OF INDUSTRY: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN THE NEW REALITY OF POSTPANDEMIC." Economic innovations 23, no. 3(80) (2021): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.3(80).85-100.
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Topicality. The urgency of studying the problems and challenges of the European Union's common industrial policy in the post-pandemic is due to the need to overcome the recession caused by the epidemic crisis and find innovative ways and means to transform European economies to rebuild the economy for the welfare of citizens and environmental security. Another prerequisite for the intensification of industrial policy as a driver of development of the EU common market is the realization of competitive advantages over the economies of the United States and China.Aim and tasks. The aim of the work is to analyze the problems and general challenges of the European Union's industrial policy in the new realities after the pandemic. The COVID-19 crisis has created many problems and posed many challenges to the European Union, but this is not the first crisis it has faced. The paper analyzes the challenges that have arisen during the measures taken to correct the economic downturn, as well as plans for the recovery and development of the European Union, including on the basis of digitization of the common industrial policy.Research results. The day, the genesis of the new, the fourth stage of the development of the industrial policy of the European Union has been designated. Established, according to the main method of industrial policy, and at the same time, 24 industrial halls of the 27 countries ЄC to improve the competitiveness of the European industry, as a step towards the development of the age of the mainstream of work. It was approved by the tools for the implementation of the industrial policy and criteria and indicators of evaluation and development. Sectoral analysis of industry, allowing you to camp for 2018 p. advanced development of machinery and equipment for the indicator of additional costs for production of coke and products of naphtha processing, automobiles, hairstyles and applications, industrial production of metal products for machinery. An analysis of the indicator of security to the given variability in the industrial spheres has taken into account the tendency to the concentration of security in the five countries of the world, some of the economies of Nimechchin. Analyzed the Eurocomisin's praise for April 2020. The plan for the development of Europe and the plan for the middle of the initial ones is the concept of industrial ecosystems. The concept of Europe is a light leader and ecology of the economy, realizing the industry and economy of the state government, the energy and economics of the program “Green Ladies”, as well as the economics of the economy.Conclusion. Problems and directions of overcoming challenges, determined by coronary crisis in industry and economy in general are identified: assistance in resumption of activity of industrial enterprises, coordination of partnership principles, limitation of pandemic expansion, preservation of jobs, tax benefits and credit policy of national banks aimed at investment development, financial assistance governments to support small and medium-sized businesses, assistance to relevant sectors of economic activity. The common industrial policy of the European Union covers many areas. Therefore, it is known that in times of the COVID-19 pandemic, the common industrial policy will face many challenges and problems. The article highlights not only the difficulties that the European Union had to overcome, but also the measures and measures it has taken to solve these problems. Putting the safety of its citizens first, the European Union has temporarily suspended its common industrial policy to focus on priorities. The most important aim was to help the most needy Member States and to support the economic sectors most affected. In addition, the Union has also launched a ten- action plan to rebuild Europe. The reconstruction plan for Europe allowed the European Union authorities to focus on the original goals of the Union, thus putting the new industrial strategy for Europe into effect. The European Council plans not only to increase the global competitiveness of its industry as well as its autonomy and resilience, but also to increase the resilience of the single market and ensure the leading role of the EU in the ecological and digital transformation.
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Melnykova, Maryna, Mykola Boichenko, Nadiia Ragulina, and Iryna Kocheshkova. "The Task of "recycling-revitalization" as a Priority of Sustainable Development of Ukrainian Industrial Cities." European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 1 (2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n1p212.
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Ukrainian industrial cities are characterized by a high level of technogenic load and pollution of the territory, which determines the priority of strengthening environmental safety in comparison with the other two components of sustainable development, ensuring social consensus and rational using of local resources. The environmental safety fortification actualizes the research of the processes of introducing of circular economy elements into production and restoration of urban territories which are occupied by industrial waste, i.e. solving the "recycling-revitalization" task in an industrial city. The general scientific and special methods of cognition have been used during the research. So, it allowed us to obtain the following results. The objective necessity and possibility of the "recycling-revitalization" task solving by Ukrainian industrial cities on the basis of the development and implementation of programs and projects, as well as the formation of eco-industrial parks has been substantiated. The experience of introducing of circular economy elements and ecological revitalization of the industrial cities’ territories in Europe and the United States has been analyzed including industrial symbiosis and powers in the environmental sphere of local governments. Three approaches to the management of industrial waste in the city have been considered: production-oriented, social-oriented, marketing-oriented. It has been determined that the production-oriented approach allows to form and implement of "recycling-revitalization" task solutions within the city. The organizational and economic solutions of "recycling-revitalization" task have been presented. The organizational solutions include coordinated interaction of enterprises of the city-forming, urban maintenance and urban planning sector in the management of industrial waste. Economic solutions to the “recycling-revitalization” task involve the using of three matrix models: a model of balanced resource allocation; assessing the impact of local indicators on the integral indicator of economic efficiency; model for accounting for uncertainty and risk factors. It has been argued that a socially-oriented and marketing-oriented approach to waste management in Ukrainian industrial cities presupposes concerted actions of participants at the regional and interregional level, which requires institutional and logistical support, which should be the subject of further research 
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Vasiliev, V. S. "Federal debt pyramid and record budget deficits as a threat to national security of the USA." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 11 (November 18, 2022): 804–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2211-04.
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The article analyzes the transformation of the problem of federal debt and budget defi cits in the United States from a sphere that has a purely economic dimension to the most acute task of ensuring the US national security. It is emphasized that the main demarcation line that predetermined the distinction between the purely economic dimension of the problem of debts and defi cits and national economic security was the ratio of federal debt to GDP, equal to 119 %, recorded in the mid-1940s after the end of World War II. This indicator was considered a benchmark for the historical strength and stability of the entire US federal fi nance system. Before the start of the fi nancial and economic crisis of 2020–2021, provoked by COVID-19 pandemic, the United States believed that they had about 10–15 years during which they could solve the problem of debts and defi cits relatively painlessly, but already in 2020 as a result "Super-aggressive" fi scal policy aimed at keeping the American economy afl oat, the United States has come close to the debt-to-GDP ratio of 130 %. Forecasts by federal government offi cials indicate that the debtto- GDP ratio will not fall below this level over the next 30 years, leaving the federal fi nance system highly vulnerable to shocks and economic blows that could potentially lead to a sudden collapse of the accumulated debt pyramid. The rapid transformation of the situation with debts and defi cits into the most acute problem of national economic security has already led to an almost complete paralysis of fiscal policy, which, in the context of the recession of 2022, turned out to be almost completely devoid of a countercyclical orientation. In addition, the US Federal Reserve took the path of using inflation to reduce the debt burden on the US economy, which predetermined the formation of a "toxic" inflationary environment both in the US and in the global economy in the near foreseeable future. The debt trap that the United States fell into at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century predetermined the extremely aggressive forms of US behavior in the system of international economic relations, including the unleashing of economic wars, with the ultimate goal of demonstrating to the world community that the United States will never, under any circumstances, pay off their accumulated public debt, as well as the debts of other sectors of the US economy.
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G. Mujtaba, Bahaudin, and Belal A. Kaifi. "Safety Audit Considerations for a Healthy Workplace that Puts «People Before Profit» and OSHA Compliance." Health Economics and Management Review 4, no. 1 (2023): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/hem.2023.1-02.
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Every organization should provide a safe and healthy workplace for all stakeholders by putting “people before profit”. Such a workplace must be consciously created, assessed, and internally examined through regular audits before the government conducts their inspections. Business owners, managers, and employees should know that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspections do not always come with a warning, as inspectors can enter a business at any day or time without scheduling their arrival. As such, all employees must work safely and be prepared for an unannounced inspection. Every business should have a formal checklist for audits and daily usage on a periodic basis to ensure the safety of their workers in a healthy work environment. The benefits of implementing an effective safety and health program can be many, including higher optimism of the workforce, improved company reputation, and lower Workers’ Compensation Insurance rates. This paper provides an overview of common safety measures in accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration requirements. Data, statistics, examples, checklist recommendations, and audit suggestions are provided for managers and human resource professionals to internally assess the organization on a periodic basis to proactively prevent accidents, injuries, and possible citations by the federal government or state health inspectors. Managers must pay even closer attention and provide additional training for underage school children that work part-time as they are more vulnerable and not allowed to use certain machines and heavy equipment in the workplace. Leaders and managers must develop and emphasize a “people before profit” mindset to create an organizational culture that is focused on safe work practices. It is important that all managers and human resources professionals understand that all USA companies must provide their employees with a safe and healthy work environment. Furthermore, these professionals must know the OSHA regulations and state laws which are applicable to their firms and industries so that the organization can be in full compliance with the requirements. Of course, we recommend that managers and firms go above and beyond the law to put “people before profit” in the organization’s culture. The Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act of 1970, which is enforced by OSHA, has done an excellent job of getting managers and human resource professionals to make sure their places of work are as safe as possible. They have produced many great informational content and training materials that are freely available for all workers, managers, owners, and corporate executives to use in their pursuit of a safe and wholesome workplace. Consequently, OSHA standards and rules have become a part of corporate America, which has been a positive approach. A practical example that most American workers are familiar with is the “Fire Safety” procedures as all employers have a Fire Prevention Plan. Consequently, most firms and institutions in the United States regularly practice for fire safety drills; as such, it has become a part of their organization’s culture. And so should be the mindset of putting “people before profit”.
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Kang, Sangjun, and Jin-Oh Kim. "Global Community Safety Policy Cases and Policy Implications." Institute of Art & Design Research 25, no. 1 (2022): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.59386/jadr.2022.25.1.35.
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Community safety is a very comprehensive concept that extends from traditional disaster disasters to environmental pollution, crime, traffic, and domestic violence. The purpose of this study is to examine the global community safety policy cases and to derive policy implications. This study employs a literature review method and the countries investigated are the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Singapore, Japan with diverse geographical and social environments.
 The major finding is that a public-private cooperation system based on the active participation of citizens is important. In addition, it is necessary to revisit the related legal system and promote an incentive system supported by the central government.
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Lane, Bradley W., Natalie Messer–Betts, Devin Hartmann, Sanya Carley, Rachel M. Krause, and John D. Graham. "Government Promotion of the Electric Car: Risk Management or Industrial Policy?" European Journal of Risk Regulation 4, no. 2 (2013): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00003366.
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There are two prominent motivations for why governments seek to promote the electric car: risk management and industrial policy. This article provides operational definitions of these two motivations and uses them to characterize the public policies of six political jurisdictions: California, China, the European Union, France, Germany, and the United States. The article finds that while the European Union is focused primarily on risk management, China, Germany and the United States are primarily engaged in industrial policy. California and France are intermediate cases with a substantial blend of industrial policy and risk management. Future research into the ramifications of industrial policy for liberalized international trade is recommended.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Industrial safety – Government policy – United States"
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Gregg, Tricia. "Industrial policy in a new era : government roles in the U.S. semiconductor industry and its value chain." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607883.
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Ndembe, Elvis Mokake. "Offsetting Behavior and the Benefits of Food Safety Policies in Vegetable Preparation and Consumption." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2007. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29801.
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Foodbome disease outbreaks have a tremendous impact on society, including foodbome illnesses, hospitalizations, lost work time, and deaths. These food-safety events have a significant influence in shaping consumers' perception of risk. Outbreaks of foodbome illnesses also have an effect on the development of public health policy. Due to these safety-related uncertainties in the food supply chain, various regulatory, safety, and health policies are implemented to decrease harm to potential victims. The total effect of such food-safety policies looked at in terms of reduction of foodbome illness, mortality, and food-related diseases may possibly be smaller than the forecasted effect because of failure to consider offsetting behavior. Attenuation and possibly reversal of the direct policy effect on expected injuries may arise because of offsetting behavior. This study combines both theoretical and empirical models to test the presence of dominant or partial offsetting behavior (OB) in the preparation and consumption of vegetables if a food-safety policy such as the Pathogen Reduction/Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (PR/HACCP) is mandated in the vegetable sector. Our findings indicate that food-safety information that has an effect on outrage and locus of control, both factors which have an effect on consumers' perception of risk, will lead consumers to become lax in response to this food-safety policy.
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Leybovich, Michael Elliot. "A technoregulatory analysis of government regulation and oversight in the United States for the protection of passenger safety in commercial human spaceflight." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57522.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis. Vita.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-91).<br>Commercial human spaceflight looks ready to take off as an industry, with "space tourism" as its first application. Paying passengers are likely to begin taking suborbital spaceflights within the next several years, both despite and because of the risks and hazards inherent in human spaceflight. As this activity poses dangers to passengers, there will be an increasing degree of government regulation and oversight to protect participant safety. Though human spaceflight is not a new endeavour, commercial human spaceflight poses a new set of challenges for regulators to grapple with. As is the case with many emerging technological industries, the regulatory challenge is to protect the safety of both participants and the uninvolved without regulating to a degree that stifles industry innovation and growth. This thesis examines the history and regulation of commercial human spaceflight to date. The technical background, systems engineering, and risk management of human spaceflight are explored, to determine which particular subsystem-mission phase combinations warrant closer regulatory attention. Finally, this paper gives recommendations on how future regulation of this nascent industry ought to be approached by the federal government and its regulatory agencies.<br>by Michael Elliot Leybovich.<br>S.M.<br>S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Hunzeker, Audrey Marie. "Coworker justice perceptions toward workplace accommodations and what justice criteria are used to make these justice perceptions." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3135.
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The purpose of this study is to examine if in the accommodation situation, coworkers are likely to use the need rule when determining whether an accommodation is warranted or not, and if they do, if using the need rule is likely to result in more positive justice judgments.
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Camp, Joe Harden. "Birch rod to arsenal : a study of the Naval Ordnance Plant at South Charleston, West Virginia and the search for a government industrial policy /." VIEW WEB VERSION, 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2359.
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Brannon, Brittany Ann. "Faulty Measurements and Shaky Tools: An Exploration into Hazus and the Seismic Vulnerabilities of Portland, OR." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1410.
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Events or forces of nature with catastrophic consequences, or "natural disasters," have increased in both frequency and force due to climate change and increased urbanization in climate-sensitive areas. To create capacity to face these dangers, an entity must first quantify the threat and translate scientific knowledge on nature into comprehensible estimates of cost and loss. These estimates equip those at risk with knowledge to enact policy, formulate mitigation plans, raise awareness, and promote preparedness in light of potential destruction. Hazards-United States, or Hazus, is one such tool created by the federal government to estimate loss from a variety of threats, including earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods. Private and governmental agencies use Hazus to provide information and support to enact mitigation measures, craft plans, and create insurance assessments; hence the results of Hazus can have lasting and irreversible effects once the hazard in question occurs. This thesis addresses this problem and sheds light on the obvious and deterministic failings of Hazus in the context of the probable earthquake in Portland, OR; stripping away the tool's black box and exposing the grim vulnerabilities it fails to account for.
The purpose of this thesis is twofold. First, this thesis aims to examine the critical flaws within Hazus and the omitted vulnerabilities particular to the Portland region and likely relevant in other areas of study. Second and more nationally applicable, this thesis intends to examine the influence Hazus outputs can have in the framing of seismic risk by the non-expert public. Combining the problem of inadequate understanding of risk in Portland with the questionable faith in Hazus alludes to a larger, socio-technical situation in need of attention by the academic and hazard mitigation community. This thesis addresses those issues in scope and adds to the growing body of literature on defining risk, hazard mitigation, and the consequences of natural disasters to urban environments.
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Bang-Jensen, Lars. "State, industry, and the character of consensus government intervention in the primary aluminum industry in the United States and Japan /." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/20687070.html.
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Voight, Susan Amy. "Cracked skulls and social liability : relating helmet safety messages to motorcycle riders." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/4208.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>Grounded theory analysis, informed by a socio-cultural lens, was applied to the narratives of eighteen motorcycle riders in order to understand, from the rider’s perspective, receptivity to warning messages regarding motorcycle helmet use. This study relied upon narrative analysis to identify patterns in communication that surround motorcycle riders’ experiences. Socio-cultural cues identified importance in the process of interest development in motorcycle riding, search for information regarding motorcycle riding, response to danger within the motorcycle riding experience, and attitude toward protection messages. Narratives specific to danger, or experiences of motorcycle accidents were analyzed for comparison with fear appeal theory. Special focus was applied to Terror Management Theory (TMT) and applied to the communication surrounding the real experiences of motorcycle accident and the perceived threat of danger while motorcycle riding. Communication evidencing relational influence was examined for examples of socially constructed interpretation of social identity and an individual rider's perspective of their lifeworld. The analysis revealed evidence of the TMT concept of burying or denying thoughts of danger. The TMT concept of lifeworld influence on behavior was evidenced in riders who did not accept warning messages involving helmet use. Examples of attitude and behavior change where present in two study participants’ narratives that described experience of severe injury and also the death of a friend. The riders cited these occurrences as experiences that inhibited their previous behavior of placing thoughts of motorcycle injury and death in the back of mind. Although small in number, this participant group offered multiple categorizations of rider descriptions. The narratives offered distinction in time of life when riding interest developed. As well, motorcycle training facilities were often noted as a source of communication from which riders obtained influence on their future behaviors. From this information insight was gained to offer suggestions for future research on time of message delivery. Riders who develop interest in riding as adults represent a category on which to focus preliminary educational messages. Individuals who have not yet developed an interest in motorcycle riding may benefit from societal cues that demonstrate safe riding behavior. Future research in mass media appeals focused on motorcycle riders are suggested, as is development of educational programs for delivery to high school audiences.
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Wu, Caiwen. "Essays on location decisions and carbon sequestration strategies of U.S. firms." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36544.
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Location is a critical component of business decisions. A firm's location decision may be influenced not only by market forces, such as the location of input suppliers, output processors and competitors, but also by government policies if such policies impact their expected profits and are applied non-uniformly across space. Likewise, a firm may adjust its business strategy, including opening and closing establishments and laying off employees as responses to changes in environmental regulations. In certain polluting industries, location decisions may include choosing potential storage sites for geologic carbon sequestration or finding landfills for industrial solid waste.
There is extensive literature discussing the effects of environmental regulations or agglomeration economies on firm location decisions but few studies analyze the interactive effect of environmental regulations and agglomeration economies across regions in the United States. The potential consequences of changes in environmental regulations may include loss of polluting establishments, jobs, and income. Geological carbon sequestration offers long term storage opportunities to mitigate greenhouse gases (GHGs). Incorporating environmental risk into economic assessments of geological
sequestration choices is crucial for finding optimal strategies in using alternative carbon storage sites with limited capacity. This dissertation consists of three essays that address the above issues.
The first essay examines the interactive effects of air quality regulation and agglomeration economies on polluting firms' location decisions in the United States. Newly available annual (1989-2006) county-level manufacturing plant location data for the United States on seven pollution intensive manufacturing industries are applied in the analysis. Conditional Poisson and negative binomial models are estimated, an efficient GMM estimator is also employed to control for endogenous regulatory and agglomeration variables. Results indicate that births of pollution intensive manufacturers are deterred by stricter environmental regulation; and are attracted by local agglomeration economies. County attainment/nonattainment designations can impose heterogeneous impacts over space and across industries. The magnitude of the regulatory effect depends on the level of local agglomeration. Urbanization economies offset the negative impacts of environmental regulation, whereas localization economies can reinforce or offset the negative impacts of environmental regulation, depending on the industry.
The second essay analyzes the effect of changes in regulatory environmental standards on the total stocks of establishments and local jobs and income Results indicate the effects vary across counties in the United States. When the standards were raised to 80 percent of the current level, from 2007 to 2009, the affected counties would lose a total of 326 establishments, 14,711 jobs with $705 million U.S. dollars of income each year. At the national economy level, the impacts of tightening environmental regulations are relatively small.
The third essay constructs a dynamic optimization framework that deals with optimal utilization of alternative nonrenewable resource sites (geological formations) with possible negative externalities. We apply the model to an optimal usage problem of alternative long term CO₂ geologic storage sites for carbon. The storage sites are different in terms of capacity and potential leakage after CO₂ injection; the problem is determining the minimum cost for storing a fixed amount of CO₂ (sequestered) within a
certain time period. Analytical solutions show the decision rule depends on the discount rate, storage capacities, marginal CO₂ storage costs, and environmental damage costs associated with CO₂ leakage from alternative sinks. The framework provides critical information about the optimal timing of switching from one resource sequestration site to another.<br>Graduation date: 2013<br>Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from Feb. 1, 2013 - Feb. 1, 2015
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Rodgers, Manana Wanyonyi Edison. "Integration of unmanned aircraft systems into civil aviation : a study of the U.S., South Africa and Kenya." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27124.
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The rapid increase and popularity of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in civil usage around the world is due to their versatility. With advancement in technology across the globe, there are UAS of different sizes and capabilities in the market. It is imperative to note that the use and operation of UAS have numerous merits and equally, potentially poses serious risks to aviation safety, unlawful interference with States’ security as well as invasion of the privacy of persons. This reality poses a challenge to integration of UAS into the civil airspaces of different States.
Accordingly, the international community developed the Chicago Convention that provides the principal framework to address the threefold concerns. At the international level, however, there is lack of a unified system of regulation of UAS. Consequently, the Chicago Convention requires States to develop national institutions and legal frameworks to not only effectively address these concerns, but also create a delicate balance between national security and right to privacy.
This thesis evaluates how the legal, institutional and policy frameworks for UAS in the US, South Africa and Kenya have addressed the current needs and challenges in operation and integrating them into regulatory frameworks for civil aviation. It follows that the three States have developed constitutional frameworks, legislation, regulations, policies and strategic plans as they seek to address the challenges that emanate from integrating UAS into the civil aviation airspace. This encompasses ineffective enforcement mechanism of regulations.
The thesis maps out experiences of integration in the three countries, emanating from research goals including investigating the extent to which existing international regulatory frameworks address the threefold concerns. The study establishes that the common thread running through UAS regulation is each country’s unique issues and paths to integration. Additionally, that the approach for integration of UAS into civil aviation needs be gradual and pragmatic. For this reason, this thesis recommends the development of institutional capacity, coordination and funding, and increase in regional efforts to revamp UAS integration efforts into civil aviation.<br>Public, Constitutional, and International Law<br>LL. D. (Public, Constitutional and International Law)
Livros sobre o assunto "Industrial safety – Government policy – United States"
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F, Himmelberg Robert, ed. New issues in government-business relations since 1964: Consumerist and safety regulation, and the debate over industrial policy. Garland Pub., 1994.
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Occupational safety and health laws in the United States, Mexico and Canada: An overview. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1999.
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OSHA: New mission for a new workplace : hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, October 17, 1995. U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
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1948-, Gore Albert, and National Performance Review (U.S.), eds. The new OSHA: Reinventing worker safety and health. National Performance Review, 1995.
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Clinton, Bill. The new OSHA: Reinventing worker safety and health. National Performance Review, 1995.
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Clinton, Bill. The new OSHA: Reinventing worker safety and health. National Performance Review, 1995.
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Clinton, Bill. The new OSHA: Reinventing worker safety and health. National Performance Review, 1995.
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Clinton, Bill. The new OSHA: Reinventing worker safety and health. National Performance Review, 1995.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Health and Safety. Oversight hearing on Occupatinal Safety and Health Administration: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and Safety of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, One hundredth Congress, first session, hearing held in Washington, DC, April 29, 1987. U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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OSHA reform and relief for small business: What needs to be done? : hearing before the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, Washington, DC, September 25, 1996. U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Industrial safety – Government policy – United States"
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Merrill, Stephen A. "The Politics of Micropolicy: Innovation and Industrial Policy in the United States." In Government Innovation Policy. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08882-9_4.
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Raja, Samina, Subhashni Raj, and Carol E. Ramos-Gerena. "Municipal Planning Response to Urban Agriculture: Equity is Not Quite on the Table." In Urban Agriculture. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32076-7_13.
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AbstractPublic policy is the decision to act, or not to act, by a government entity in response to a societal issue. Nearly 40,000 local, regional, and metropolitan governments across the United States routinely develop and implement policies in a variety of domains, ranging from ensuring public safety to the provision of physical infrastructure. Since the early 2000s, community advocates and scholars, in part urged by Jerome Kaufman and colleagues, called on local governments to develop, support, and/or implement policies that strengthen, rather than hinder, urban agriculture and food systems. This chapter, an overview of a section on municipal policy for a book that honors Jerome Kaufman’s legacy, describes the extent to which local and regional governments engage in urban agriculture policy using an equity-centered, ethically grounded approach. The chapter summarizes a collection of perspectives on municipal policy co-authored by scholars and policy practitioners from around the United States. Since Jerry’s call to action for planners, urban agriculture is increasingly recognized as a space for local government engagement. That said, the authors conclude that municipal governments continue to struggle to center questions of equity and ethics in their policymaking even as they claim to have a progressive approach toward urban agriculture.
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Lin, Christine. "Examining Refugee Protection in Non-Signatories to the Refugee Convention and Protocol: Lessons Learned for the Taiwan Context." In Palgrave Macmillan Studies on Human Rights in Asia. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2867-1_3.
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AbstractTaiwan is not a member of the United Nations (UN) and is neither a signatory to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees nor the 1967 Protocol. While Taiwan’s enactment of a refugee act remains stalled, individuals fearing return to their countries of origin continue arriving on the island and need protection. Drafts of the refugee act contemplate the Taiwanese government’s cooperation with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), whose mandate is to lead and coordinate the global protection of refugees. While the UNHCR does not have a presence in Taiwan, it has operated in other areas that are neither UN members nor signatories to the Refugee Convention or Protocol. Filling a gap in current literature, this chapter examines the UNHCR’s role in other non-UN member and non-signatory states with asylum seeking and refugee populations, to explore potential collaboration between Taiwan and the UNHCR. To identify challenges in refugee protection in Taiwan and potential involvement from the UNHCR, I interviewed advocates representing asylum seekers in Taiwan. I also compared various versions of the draft refugee act and reviewed existing secondary sources. Through a literature review and interviews, I examined the successes and challenges of local frameworks for asylum and refugee protection and the UNHCR’s role in select non-UN member and non-signatory states. This chapter concludes with policy recommendations to the Taiwanese government and the UNHCR for establishing mechanisms that can better provide protection and safety for vulnerable individuals arriving on the island.
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de Jong, Greta. "Government Cannot Solve Our Problems." In You Can't Eat Freedom. University of North Carolina Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469629308.003.0009.
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This chapter examines connections between reponses to labor displacement in the 1960s rural South and the mass layoffs that afflicted industrial workers later in the twentieth century. Antigovernment sentiment and extreme individualism of the type promoted by those who opposed government intervention to address the southern agricultural crisis made their way into mainstream thinking after the 1960s. Despite rising unemployment rates resulting from deindustrialization and globalization, economic policy in the 1980s and 1990s emphasized spending cuts, deregulation of businesses, and evisceration of the social safety net. These decisions generated increasing economic inequality throughout the United States. When the global financial crisis of 2008 threw millions of people out of work, opposition to government intervention in the economy prevented Congress from adopting the kinds of creative solutions to poverty and unemployment that had been advocated by social justice activists in the 1960s.
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Foreman-Peck, James, and Leslie Hannah. "Britain: From Economic Liberalism to Socialism-And Back?" In European Industrial Policy. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198289982.003.0002.
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Abstract Much of early European industrial policy was concerned to promote industrialization, often to support defence industries deemed essential to national security. British policy in the nineteenth century was rather different. Economic liberal ism required that, as Prime Minister Gladstone said, money should be left to fructify in the pockets of individuals. But the state’s embrace of British industry progressively tightened over the following century. Government expenditure and taxation as a proportion of national output rose, while firm size and con centration grew, technology became far more sophisticated and productivity soared. Adjustments of the policy framework to changed economic circumstances depended on electoral and other political contingencies, among which the two world wars have been considered the most prominent causes (Tomlinson 1994). As early as 1886, the Royal Commission on the Depression of Trade and Industry complained of ‘a falling off of energy’ amongst manufacturers. Despite this and other concerns, the gap between what might reasonably be achieved by industry, and what was accomplished, did not become substantial until per haps the Edwardian years. The Boer War and the First World War both shook the complacency of British nineteenth-century liberal approaches to industrial or supply-side policy, already threatened by the rise of the economies of Imperial Germany and the United States.
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Peritz, Rudolph J. R. "Afterword The “New Economy” at Century’s End: Market Access, Innovation, and Being Bill Gates." In Competition Policy in America. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195144093.003.0009.
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Abstract For more than a century in the United States, images of free competition have inspired policy debate about commerce, government, and their proper relationship. In the process, this imagery has given form to our aspirations for freedom from the abuses of both government and private economic power. Championing the cause of “industrial liberty” in Trans-Missouri (1896), Justice Rufus Wheeler Peckham dismantled the railroad cartel and extolled the virtues of “small dealers and worthy men.”
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Simon, Jonathan. "Introduction: Crime and American Governance." In Governing Through Crime. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195181081.003.0001.
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Abstract For a long time before that in the United States it had not been safe to walk in the big cities at night: sometimes in certain areas not in the day. For years they had moved about by the grace of paternal or brutal police; or under the protection of some gang. (It was in the mid-seventies that it came out for how long the United States had been run by an only partly concealed conspiracy linking crime, the military machine, the industries to do with war, and government.) Whether he chose to be protected by the bully men of the gangster groups, or by the police, or by the deliberate choice of a living area that was safe and respectable and inside which he lived as once the Jews had lived in ghettoes, in America the citizen had long since become used to an organized barbarism. —Doris Lessing, The Four-Gated CityIn her 1969 book The Four-Gated City, Doris Lessing writes of the 1970s from the perspective of someone looking back at the end of the twentieth century. Her imagined observations of the United States, presumably based on the tumult and civil violence of the late 1960s, remind us that fear of sudden and terrible violence was a major feature of American life long before September 11, 2001.
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Landrigan, Philip J. "Public Policy on Children’s Environmental Health in the United States." In Textbook of Children's Environmental Health, 2nd ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197662526.003.0058.
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Abstract In the United States, no single law protects children against environmental threats to health; instead a series of laws have been enacted, each intended to protect against a particular class of hazard. Most establish legally enforceable standards that regulate the levels of toxic chemicals permitted in air, water, food, or consumer products. These environmental standards are generally based on quantitative risk assessments. Prior to the 1990s, virtually all risk assessment in the US focused on the “average adult,” with little attention paid to the unique risks of infants and children. In 1976, the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was passed in 1996 to regulate industrial and consumer chemicals. Mandatory testing of chemicals for potential toxicity was intended as the centerpiece of TSCA, but in the decades since its passage, only five chemicals have been banned and few chemicals have been evaluated. The passage of the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act in 2016 offers a path to resolution of the current crisis in US chemical policy.
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Becker, William H. "Postwar US Antitrust Policy, Corporate Strategy, and International Competitiveness." In Policies For Competitiveness. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198293231.003.0007.
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Abstract The United States did not adopt explicit industrial policies in the postwar period. This is not to say that the American government failed to affect the behaviour of business. Indeed, the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Second World War had markedly increased the power of the government in Washington over economic activity, with important consequences for corporate enterprise.
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Hero, Rodney E. "Social Diversity and the Study of State Politics and Policy." In Faces of Inequality. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117141.003.0001.
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Abstract The federal structure of the U.S. political system is important in numerous and varied ways. One major implication of federalism as an institutional feature is that states are permitted-indeed, expected-to be significant governments and policymakers (i.e., “polities”) in the United States. States have historically been the primary domestic public policymakers, and despite tremendous changes in the U.S. political and social systems over time, they remain so.1 By many accounts the policymaking importance of the states has grown over the last generation. In such major policy areas as education, welfare, health, crime and law enforcement, taxation, economic development, and transportation, the states and local governments are equally or more directly involved in policymaking and policy implementation than is the federal government. State governments wield a major portion of the “police power” of government-the power to make laws concerning the health, safety, morals, and well-being of the citizenry-in the United States because of the “reserved powers” clause of the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Industrial safety – Government policy – United States"
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Hanson, John. "The Federal Government’s Role in Enabling the Nuclear Renaissance and a Low-Carbon Energy Future." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89997.
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The electric power industry in the United States will face a number of great challenges in the next two decades, including increasing electricity demand and the aging of the current fleet of power plants. These challenges present a major test for the industry, which must invest between $1.5 trillion and $2 trillion by 2030 to meet the increased demand. In addition to these challenges, the potential for climate legislation, controversy over hydraulic fracturing, and post-Fukushima safety concerns have all resulted in significant uncertainty regarding the economics of all major sources of base-load electricity. Currently nuclear power produces 22% of the nation’s electricity, and over 70% of the nation’s low-carbon electricity, even though unfavorable economic conditions have stalled construction of new reactors for over 30 years. The economics are changing, however, as evidenced by the recent construction and operating licenses (COLs) awarded by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to Southern Company and SCANA Corporation to build two new units each. The successful construction of these units could lead to more favorable financing for future plants. This improved financing, especially if combined with appropriate additional government support, could provide serious momentum for the resurgence of nuclear power in the United States. The most important way in which government support could benefit nuclear power is by increasing the amount of loan guarantees provided to the first wave of new nuclear power plants. This will help encourage additional new builds, which will help reduce the financing risk premium for new nuclear and improve interest rates for future plants. Instead of simply increasing loan guarantees for nuclear energy, a permanent federal financing structure should be established to provide loan guarantees for “clean energy” technologies in general, a category in which nuclear energy should be included. Most importantly, any changes should be made as part of a coherent, long-term energy policy, which would provide utilities with the correct tools to make the necessary investments, and the confidence that will allow them to undertake large-scale projects.
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Shi, Lei, Chao Chen, Hongjun Liu, et al. "Study on the Policy and Legislative System of Spent Nuclear Fuel Management in Different Developed Countries." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92948.
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Abstract Spent nuclear fuel is an inevitable product from the development of nuclear energy. Almost all of the fuel content is radioactive, and long systematic process are required for the safety management, which has always been an important global issue. In order to make sure that spent nuclear fuel should be safely managed in different countries developing nuclear power, IAEA is establishing a sharing system of spent nuclear fuel management by concluding joint conventions and issuing safety standards. For different countries, the United States, France and Russia with nuclear power have all established a complete policy and legislative system for spent fuel management. In the US, policy decision of open-cycle has been made, and no commercial reprocessing is being conducted. In France and Russia, closed-cycle strategy is implemented with industrial-scale reprocessing plant in operation. At present, China has become the country with the largest scale of nuclear power under construction in the world. There will be a large number of spent nuclear fuel requiring properly and safely managed. The lessons-learning of how developed countries managing spent nuclear fuel arising is important for China. The authors suggest that it is necessary to combine the top-level design to the legal practice, so that there are laws to respect during all steps of spent fuel management, and responsibilities of all parties are clear.
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Cooper, Jennifer. "Global Occupational Hazard: Silica Dust." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87509.
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One of the oldest industrial diseases, silicosis, results from exposures to respirable crystalline silica, also known as silica dust. Workers worldwide exposed to silica dust span a variety of industries from construction, mining, sandblasting, to masonry, and machinery. In the United States alone 1.7 million workers are exposed to crystalline silica, which can also lead to lung cancer, tuberculosis, and other chronic airway diseases [1]. This paper will examine the health effects of silica dust on the worker, discussing exposure paths, work groups affected, occupational safety measures, worker health policies, and compare these among the developed and developing world. Implementing worker safety programs, which include wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and health monitoring and developing exposure limits, can help mitigate the adverse health risks of working with silica dust. A comparison of the successes and limitations of several programs from around the world will show that strong national occupational safety programs can reduce the mortality and illness rates of silicosis due to occupational silica dust exposure. Without a strong national occupational safety program history shows that workers will remain unprotected until they rally together under tragedy to fight for safety. Before more workers suffer and die tragically and unnecessarily, global safety policy makers can take a lesson from history, examine and compare current programs, and implement strong national occupational safety programs that save lives.
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Zeng, Lei, and Hong Chen. "A case study of the Shanghai No. 20 tram on cultural bus service design based on the AT-ONE Rule." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003817.
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In the new era environment, the metropolitan public transportation system is constantly evolving. The relevant administrative departments in Shanghai have proposed measures to create cultural buses and build characteristic lines in order to promote Shanghai culture and improve bus service. Using the Shanghai NO.20 tram as an example, this paper investigates how to combine Shanghai culture with tram ride service in order to make the NO.20 tram a distinctive route. The study employed participatory observation and the AT-ONE rule to investigate the entire waiting, boarding, and alighting process, as well as to analyze the passenger experience and service flow of the NO.20 tram, in combined with the urban cultural elements of Shanghai. Based on the service design concept, the corresponding design strategies and measures were proposed.Study content. 1.Service design and the AT-ONE rule The goal of service design, which establishes the service from the customer's perspective, is to ensure that the service meets the user's requirements. One of the most common methods in service design research is the AT-ONE rule. It is a method of user-centered design that connects stakeholders through various touch points.2.Analysis of Shanghai culture Shanghai culture is a unique cultural phenomenon based on the traditional culture of Jiangnan (Wu-Yue culture) and the fusion of modern industrial civilization from Europe and the United States, which had a profound impact on Shanghai after the opening of the port. 3.Analysis of No.20 tram and design elements The "Mobile Bus Museum" is the name given to the No. 20 tram, which connects Jing'an Temple Station and Zhaofeng Park Station. Passengers, ride process, primary touch points, and other design components are all examined. This section examines individual passenger characteristics, focusing primarily on the elderly, with less emphasis on the young and middle-aged populations. The ride has three stages: waiting, riding, and getting off. The main points of contact are the armrests, seats, LED screen, and so on. Analyzing numerous design features is an important part of improving passenger riding experience and creating a cultural bus.4. No.20 tram design strategy External design strategy（1）External painting artistry The purpose of exterior painting artistry is to improve the appearance of the vehicle and the passenger riding experience. It primarily mixes Shanghai's history and contemporary style, with a concentration on Art Deco, technology, Pop, and retro styles.（2）Stylized external shape The outside shape is mostly mixed with Shanghai's characteristic architectural style for local enhancement, such as Art Deco style, in order to evoke a nostalgic feeling of Shanghai culture among local passengers and increase the recognition of No. 20 tram. Internal design strategy （1）Scientific interior layout The scientific layout of the car ensures the passengers' ease, comfort, and safety during the voyage. This part is concerned with the scientific design of the interior space in order to fulfill the needs of various passengers and improve their riding experience.（2）Humanized design of interior facilities Humanized design is a growing trend and an unavoidable requirement in modern urban bus design, and humanized interior facilities can improve passenger travel quality. The intelligent facilities (LED screen, intelligent audio, etc.) and infrastructure (seats, handrails, etc.) inside the bus are designed to effectively improve the comfort and fun of passenger travel based on the results of the pre-AT-ONE rule analysis. 5. 20 cultural bus prototype test The styling elements of the No. 20 tram were taken from the old trolleybus, and the side of the body depicts the major changes of Shanghai trams over the past century, presenting an overall retro style. The interior is predominantly blue, echoing the body painting. To meet the travel needs of different passengers, the interior space is divided into love seat area, wheelchair area, and seating area; the interior facilities are also optimized based on the preliminary contact analysis, such as more beautiful and intelligent LED screen style and interactive interface, more comfortable and safe seats and handrails, etc., which not only improve the travel experience of passengers but also promote the spread of Shanghai culture. 6. Summary Creating an image of Shanghai's 'Century Bus' culture and bus service is a major goal proposed by the Shanghai government, with the goal of combining Shanghai culture with buses, improving bus service, and promoting Shanghai's cultural heritage. The AT-ONE rule guides the exploration of cultural bus service design strategies for its five dimensions of service subjects, touchpoints, service supply, user needs, and user experience, with the goal of improving the original bus service model and enhancing user experience.
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Industrial safety – Government policy – United States"
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Lazonick, William. Investing in Innovation: A Policy Framework for Attaining Sustainable Prosperity in the United States. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp182.
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“Sustainable prosperity” denotes an economy that generates stable and equitable growth for a large and growing middle class. From the 1940s into the 1970s, the United States appeared to be on a trajectory of sustainable prosperity, especially for white-male members of the U.S. labor force. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing proportion of the U.S labor force has experienced unstable employment and inequitable income, while growing numbers of the business firms upon which they rely for employment have generated anemic productivity growth. Stable and equitable growth requires innovative enterprise. The essence of innovative enterprise is investment in productive capabilities that can generate higher-quality, lower-cost goods and services than those previously available. The innovative enterprise tends to be a business firm—a unit of strategic control that, by selling products, must make profits over time to survive. In a modern society, however, business firms are not alone in making investments in the productive capabilities required to generate innovative goods and services. Household units and government agencies also make investments in productive capabilities upon which business firms rely for their own investment activities. When they work in a harmonious fashion, these three types of organizations—household units, government agencies, and business firms—constitute “the investment triad.” The Biden administration’s Build Back Better agenda to restore sustainable prosperity in the United States focuses on investment in productive capabilities by two of the three types of organizations in the triad: government agencies, implementing the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and household units, implementing the yet-to-be-passed American Families Act. Absent, however, is a policy agenda to encourage and enable investment in innovation by business firms. This gaping lacuna is particularly problematic because many of the largest industrial corporations in the United States place a far higher priority on distributing the contents of the corporate treasury to shareholders in the form of cash dividends and stock buybacks for the sake of higher stock yields than on investing in the productive capabilities of their workforces for the sake of innovation. Based on analyzes of the “financialization” of major U.S. business corporations, I argue that, unless Build Back Better includes an effective policy agenda to encourage and enable corporate investment in innovation, the Biden administration’s program for attaining stable and equitable growth will fail. Drawing on the experience of the U.S. economy over the past seven decades, I summarize how the United States moved toward stable and equitable growth from the late 1940s through the 1970s under a “retain-and-reinvest” resource-allocation regime at major U.S. business firms. Companies retained a substantial portion of their profits to reinvest in productive capabilities, including those of career employees. In contrast, since the early 1980s, under a “downsize-and-distribute” corporate resource-allocation regime, unstable employment, inequitable income, and sagging productivity have characterized the U.S. economy. In transition from retain-and-reinvest to downsize-and-distribute, many of the largest, most powerful corporations have adopted a “dominate-and-distribute” resource-allocation regime: Based on the innovative capabilities that they have previously developed, these companies dominate market segments of their industries but prioritize shareholders in corporate resource allocation. The practice of open-market share repurchases—aka stock buybacks—at major U.S. business corporations has been central to the dominate-and-distribute and downsize-and-distribute regimes. Since the mid-1980s, stock buybacks have become the prime mode for the legalized looting of the business corporation. I call this looting process “predatory value extraction” and contend that it is the fundamental cause of the increasing concentration of income among the richest household units and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities for most other Americans. I conclude the paper by outlining a policy framework that could stop the looting of the business corporation and put in place social institutions that support sustainable prosperity. The agenda includes a ban on stock buybacks done as open-market repurchases, radical changes in incentives for senior corporate executives, representation of workers and taxpayers as directors on corporate boards, reform of the tax system to reward innovation and penalize financialization, and, guided by the investment-triad framework, government programs to support “collective and cumulative careers” of members of the U.S. labor force. Sustained investment in human capabilities by the investment triad, including business firms, would make it possible for an ever-increasing portion of the U.S. labor force to engage in the productive careers that underpin upward socioeconomic mobility, which would be manifested by a growing, robust, and hopeful American middle class.
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Kelsey, Tom. When Missions Fail: Lessons in ‘High Technology’ From Post-War Britain. Blavatnik School of Government, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp_2023/056.
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The idea that national security and economic prosperity stem from being at the technological frontier (‘techno-nationalism’) is once again a dominant feature of global politics. The post-war United States has emerged as the key model in these discussions, with the ‘moonshot’ seen as an outstanding example of how to direct state resources towards technological breakthroughs, while the capacity of the American government is praised more generally for its ability to sponsor ground-breaking technology. This paper, however, suggests that the United States was the exception, not the rule, and that the failures of post-war Britain highlight the limitations of ‘techno-nationalism’ with vivid clarity. During the 1950s and 1960s, the British state took long-term bets on securing a leading role in the world’s technological future, specifically in the areas of supersonic flight via Concorde and nuclear power generation. The result, however, was not export glory but industrial calamity. These long-running programmes were eventually cut back in the 1970s, when it became accepted in Whitehall that Britain should no longer try to be the Science and Tech Superpower, attempting to leapfrog the United States to technological glory. Understanding this trajectory in Britain dislodges the sense that focusing on emerging technology and the long term is a silver bullet in policymaking. We must appreciate that the realities of technological power matter, and grasp that the post-war US was an unrepresentative case: no country today will have the relative level of industrial and technological might that it enjoyed at that time. While my arguments will resonate in other national contexts, my focus is on ensuring that any strategy for ‘high technology’ in the UK today continues to learn the lessons from the errors of the post-war period. It must be wary of expert capture within the state. It must also think about industrial strategy in an integrated way, across national security, economics, and foreign policy, with a policymaking machinery set up to deal with this level of complexity. Moreover, despite the attention afforded to national state funding, the UK should continue to see forging alliances as essential alongside working with international business and be clear-eyed about where it does and does not need to sustain national capabilities.
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Pulugurtha, Srinivas S., Sarvani Duvvuri, and Sonu Mathew. Risk Factors Associated with Crash Injury Severity Involving Trucks. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2117.
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Nearly 499,000 motor vehicle crashes involving trucks were reported across the United States in 2018, out of which 22% resulted in fatalities and injuries. Given the growing economy and demand for trucking in the future, it is crucial to identify the risk factors to understand where, when, and why the likelihood of getting involved in a severe or moderate injury crash with a truck is higher. This research, therefore, focuses on capturing and exploring risk factors associated with surrounding land use and demographic characteristics in addition to crash, driver, and on-network characteristics by modeling injury severity of crashes involving trucks. Crash data for Mecklenburg County in North Carolina from 2013 to 2017 was used to develop partial proportionality odds model and identify risk factors influencing injury severity of crashes involving trucks. The findings from this research indicate that dark lighting condition, inclement weather condition, the presence of double yellow or no-passing zone, road sections with speed limit >40 mph and curves, and driver fatigue, impairment, and inattention have a significant influence on injury severity of crashes involving trucks. These outcomes indicate the need for effective geometric design and improved visibility to reduce the injury severity of crashes involving trucks. The likelihood of getting involved in a crash with a truck is also high in areas with high employment, government, light commercial, and light industrial land uses. The findings can be used to proactively plan and prioritize the allocation of resources to improve safety of transportation system users in these areas.