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1
Scott, Dianne. "'Creative Destruction': Early Modernist Planning in the South Durban Industrial Zone, South Africa*". Journal of Southern African Studies 29, n.º 1 (março de 2003): 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305707032000060458a.
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Leonard, Llewellyn. "Participatory Democracy Against Industrial Risks: Environmental Justice in Durban, South Africa". Politikon 41, n.º 2 (10 de abril de 2014): 311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2014.905263.
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Leonard, Llewellyn, e Rolf Lidskog. "Conditions and Constrains for Reflexive Governance of Industrial Risks: The Case of the South Durban Industrial Basin, South Africa". Sustainability 13, n.º 10 (19 de maio de 2021): 5679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105679.
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Within sustainability development paradigms, state governance is considered important in interventions to address risks produced by the industrial society. However, there is largely a lack of understanding, especially in the Global South, about the nature and workings of the governance institutions necessary to tackle risks effectively. Reflexive governance, as a new mode of governance, has been developed as a way to be more inclusive and more reflexive and respond to complex risks. Conversely, there is limited scholarly work that has examined the theoretical and empirical foundations of this governance approach, especially how it may unfold in the Global South. This paper explores the conditions and constrains for reflexive governance in a particular case: that of the South Durban Industrial Basin. South Durban is one of the most polluted regions in southern Africa and has been the most active industrial site of contention between local residents and industry and government during apartheid and into the new democracy. Empirical analysis found a number of constrains involved in enabling reflexive governance. It also found that a close alliance between government and industry to promote economic development has overshadowed social and environmental protection. Reflexive governance practitioners need to be cognisant of its applicability across diverse geographic settings and beyond western notions of reflexive governance.
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Muttoo, Sheena, Lisa Ramsay, Bert Brunekreef, Rob Beelen, Kees Meliefste e Rajen N. Naidoo. "Land use regression modelling estimating nitrogen oxides exposure in industrial south Durban, South Africa". Science of The Total Environment 610-611 (janeiro de 2018): 1439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.278.
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Leonard, Llewellyn. "Civil Society Leadership and Industrial Risks: Environmental Justice in Durban, South Africa". Journal of Asian and African Studies 46, n.º 2 (2 de fevereiro de 2011): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909610391049.
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Leonard, Llewellyn, e Mark Pelling. "Civil society response to industrial contamination of groundwater in Durban, South Africa". Environment and Urbanization 22, n.º 2 (outubro de 2010): 579–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247810380181.
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Vetrimurugan, E., V. C. Shruti, M. P. Jonathan, Priyadarsi D. Roy, N. W. Kunene e Lorena Elizabeth Campos Villegas. "Metal concentration in the tourist beaches of South Durban: An industrial hub of South Africa". Marine Pollution Bulletin 117, n.º 1-2 (abril de 2017): 538–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.036.
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Tularam, Hasheel, Lisa F. Ramsay, Sheena Muttoo, Rajen N. Naidoo, Bert Brunekreef, Kees Meliefste e Kees de Hoogh. "Harbor and Intra-City Drivers of Air Pollution: Findings from a Land Use Regression Model, Durban, South Africa". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 15 (27 de julho de 2020): 5406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155406.
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Multiple land use regression models (LUR) were developed for different air pollutants to characterize exposure, in the Durban metropolitan area, South Africa. Based on the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) methodology, concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were measured over a 1-year period, at 41 sites, with Ogawa Badges and 21 sites with PM Monitors. Sampling was undertaken in two regions of the city of Durban, South Africa, one with high levels of heavy industry as well as a harbor, and the other small-scale business activity. Air pollution concentrations showed a clear seasonal trend with higher concentrations being measured during winter (25.8, 4.2, 50.4, and 20.9 µg/m3 for NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5, respectively) as compared to summer (10.5, 2.8, 20.5, and 8.5 µg/m3 for NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5, respectively). Furthermore, higher levels of NO2 and SO2 were measured in south Durban as compared to north Durban as these are industrial related pollutants, while higher levels of PM were measured in north Durban as compared to south Durban and can be attributed to either traffic or domestic fuel burning. The LUR NO2 models for annual, summer, and winter explained 56%, 41%, and 63% of the variance with elevation, traffic, population, and Harbor being identified as important predictors. The SO2 models were less robust with lower R2 annual (37%), summer (46%), and winter (46%) with industrial and traffic variables being important predictors. The R2 for PM10 models ranged from 52% to 80% while for PM2.5 models this range was 61–76% with traffic, elevation, population, and urban land use type emerging as predictor variables. While these results demonstrate the influence of industrial and traffic emissions on air pollution concentrations, our study highlighted the importance of a Harbor variable, which may serve as a proxy for NO2 concentrations suggesting the presence of not only ship emissions, but also other sources such as heavy duty motor vehicles associated with the port activities.
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Alfers, Laura, Phumzile Xulu e Richard Dobson. "Promoting workplace health and safety in urban public space: reflections from Durban, South Africa". Environment and Urbanization 28, n.º 2 (8 de julho de 2016): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247816647845.
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Shikwambana, Lerato, e Venkataraman Sivakumar. "Observation of Clouds Using the CSIR Transportable LIDAR: A Case Study over Durban, South Africa". Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4184512.
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The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) transportable Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) was used to collect data over Durban (29.9°S, 30.9°E) during 20–23 November 2012. Aerosol measurements have been carried out in the past over Durban; however, no cloud measurements using LIDAR have ever been performed. Therefore, this study further motivates the continuation of LIDAR for atmospheric research over Durban. Low level clouds were observed on 20–22 November 2012 and high level clouds were observed on 23 November 2012. The low level cloud could be classified as stratocumulus clouds, whereas the high level clouds could be classified as cirrus clouds. Low level cloud layers showed high extinction coefficients values ranging between 0.0009 and 0.0044 m−1, whereas low extinction coefficients for high level clouds were observed at values ranging between 0.000001 and 0.000002 m−1. Optical depth showed a high variability for 20 and 21 November 2012. This indicates a change in the composition and/or thickness of the cloud. For 22 and 23 November 2012, almost similar values of optical depth were observed. Cloud-Aerosol LIDAR and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) revealed high level clouds while the CSIR LIDAR could not. However, the two instruments complement each other well to describe the cloudy condition.
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Thambiran, Tirusha, e Roseanne D. Diab. "Air quality and climate change co-benefits for the industrial sector in Durban, South Africa". Energy Policy 39, n.º 10 (outubro de 2011): 6658–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.08.027.
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Adebayo, Ambrose A., Godfrey G. Musvoto e P. Adebayo. "Towards the Creation of Healthier City Neighbourhoods for Marginalised Communities in South Africa: a Case Study of the South Durban Industrial Basin in the City of Durban". Urban Forum 24, n.º 3 (2 de outubro de 2012): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-012-9172-y.
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Pillay, S. D., E. Friedrich e C. A. Buckley. "Life cycle assessment of an industrial water recycling plant". Water Science and Technology 46, n.º 9 (1 de novembro de 2002): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0204.
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An industrial water recycling plant was recently commissioned in Durban, South Africa. As with any industrial activity there are environmental burdens associated with water recycling. To assess these burdens a relatively new environmental tool - the life cycle assessment (LCA) - was used. LCA is a systematic way to evaluate the environmental impact of a product or process. This study presents the environmental burdens associated with industrial water and identifies the areas for improvement for the processes involved for recycling water. It was shown that the majority of the environmental burdens for producing industrial water could be traced back to the consumption of electricity for the operation of the plant.
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Mammino, Liliana. "5th International IUPAC Conference on Green Chemistry (Durban, South Africa, August 17–21, 2014)". Green Processing and Synthesis 3, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2014): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2014-0012.
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Khoza, Nduduzo, Therisha Moodley, Sinenhlanhla Sokhulu, Ntombethemba O Sotyana, Aneesa Suliman, Rekha Hansraj e Diane Van Staden. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices of contact lens use in a South African adolescent population". African Health Sciences 20, n.º 2 (22 de julho de 2020): 768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.29.
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Background: Contact lens usage is becoming increasingly popular amongst young people. Assessing their knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to contact lens wear is therefore important, so that gaps in understanding or incorrect practices can be rectified to promote continued safety and success of contact lens wear.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess and describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices of contact lens wearers aged 18 to 30 years, in the greater Durban area of South Africa.
Methods: A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice of the participants.
Results: Two hundred and forty six participants completed the survey. Young contact lens wearers in this sample generally had poor knowledge with regards to appropriate hygiene and contact lens wear complications. Despite wearers exhibiting a positive attitude with satisfactory hand hygiene and lens cleaning practices, important aspects such as lens case hygiene, storage and lens removal practices were found to be unsatisfactory. Compliance with after-care visits was also unsatisfactory.
Conclusion: There is a need for contact lens practitioners to educate young contact lens wearers regarding appropriate contact lens-related care, to promote long term ocular health and contact lens-related safety.
Keywords: Contact lens use; adolescent population; South Africa.
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Breckenridge, Keith. "Promiscuous Method: The Historiographical Effects of the Search for the Rural Origins of the Urban Working Class in South Africa". International Labor and Working-Class History 65 (abril de 2004): 26–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547904000043.
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Class in contemporary South Africa is undergoing an identity crisis. The demographic decline of the industrial working class, and the terrible predicament of the unemployed, especially in the countryside, lends support to the argument that we should, as Geoff Eley and Keith Neald have recently suggested in the pages of this journal, reconsider the class-centered theory that has dominated social history since the early 1970s. This paper examines the recent labor history of the coastal center of Durban, the urban epicenter of the contemporary disease and subsistence crisis in South Africa. Three distinct, ethnically defined, working-class groups have made the journey to this city from Zululand, Mozambique and India. And the histories of each of these groups suggest that class-centered histories in South Africa have been methodologically promiscuous, considering themes, problems and narratives that have no obvious connection to the industrial lives of the working class. The wide-ranging scope of South African labor history and its tremendous explanatory power in fields far from the industrial workplace follow directly from the effort to explore the rural roots of the working class. In following the paths that migrant workers have used to come to the city, historians have strayed into fields of social life—sex, marriage, identity, desire, witchcraft, nationalism—that have much greater significance today than the old working-class politics. Yet these studies never lose sight of the real powers of local, regional and imperial states and the capitalist institutions that harnessed them. The study of class has been recast in South Africa by the search for rural culture. Class may not be the most useful tool for understanding South Africa today, but it has proved extremely powerful as a means of understanding how we got here.
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Robbins, Glen, e Myriam Velia. "In with the New and Out with the Old? Industrial Estates and the Prospects of Manufacturing in Durban, South Africa". Urban Forum 30, n.º 1 (22 de janeiro de 2019): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-018-9359-y.
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Leonard, Llewellyn. "Reconsidering the ‘risk society theory’ in the South: The case of civil society actions against a proposed industrial risk facility in Durban, South Africa". South African Review of Sociology 45, n.º 3 (2 de setembro de 2014): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21528586.2014.945947.
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Marie, Veronna, e Johnson Lin. "Viruses in the environment – presence and diversity of bacteriophage and enteric virus populations in the Umhlangane River, Durban, South Africa". Journal of Water and Health 15, n.º 6 (19 de outubro de 2017): 966–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.066.
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Abstract Due to the continued persistence of waterborne viral-associated infections, the presence of enteric viruses is a concern. Notwithstanding the health implications, viral diversity and abundance is an indicator of water quality declination in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of viruses (bacteriophage and enteric viruses) in a highly polluted, anthropogenic-influenced river system over a 6-month period at five sampling points. Cytopathic-based tissue culture assays revealed that the isolated viruses were infectious when tested on Hep-G2, HEK293 and Vero cells. While transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the majority of the viruses were bacteriophages, a number of presumptive enteric virus families were visualized, some of which include Picornaviridae, Adenoviridae, Polyomaviridae and Reoviridae. Finally, primer specific nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR)/reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) coupled with BLAST analysis identified human adenovirus, polyomavirus and hepatitis A and C virus genomes in river water samples. Taken together, the complexity of both bacteriophage and enteric virus populations in the river has potential health implications. Finally, a systematic integrated risk assessment and management plan to identify and minimize sources of faecal contamination is the most effective way of ensuring water safety and should be established in all future guidelines.
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MacDonald, Andrew. "In the Pink of Health or the Yellow of Condition? Chinese Workers, Colonial Medicine and the Journey to South Africa, 1904–1907". Journal of Chinese Overseas 4, n.º 1 (2008): 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325408788691435.
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AbstractThis article develops recent trans-national perspectives by considering Chinese indentured labor to South Africa (1904–1907), with a spatial focus on the port of Durban and the adjacent Indian Ocean. I examine the relationship of Chinese workers with medicine as a particular form of colonial authority. Far from being part of the notoriously unregulated exchanges of “coolie-labor” characterized by high mortality rates, the South African case is unusual in its extensive state and capital regulation in the healthy transport of workers. I consider the mediating role played by colonial doctors on board the vessels in managing the steamships as “floating compounds” closely allied to the imperatives of discipline-discipline. This article thus details quasi-medical efforts at control and management of miners in the shift to industrial capitalism, and assesses where these measures failed or encountered forms of resistance from the Chinese.
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Chili, Nsizwazikhona Simon. "Township Tourism: The politics and socio-economic dynamics of tourism in the South African township: Umlazi, Durban". Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 7, n.º 4(J) (30 de agosto de 2015): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v7i4(j).590.
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The paper analyses how tourism development at Umlazi which is one of the second biggest Townships in the Southern hemisphere has been hampered by politics and socio economic dynamics that stifle the empowerment of both tourism entrepreneurs and local communities respectively. The impacts of tourism have been given much attention by scholars to examine the perceptions and attitudes of local residents towards Township tourism in South Africa. However, there is little research that focuses on how much political and economic dynamics of the past and present dispensations have adversely impacted on the tourism economic development of small emerging entrepreneurs and local residents of the Townships. This study attempts to make a little contribution to South African Township tourism by examining political and economic dimensions that hinder small businesses and local residents of uMlazi to thrive and get empowered through tourism. Township tourism in South Africa has slightly improved and grown in popularity since 1994 and is considered by the government and other social agents to be an appropriate opportunity for small businesses and the stimulation of local economic development. However, the paper argues that tourism fails to act as a panacea of economic development in the township of Umlazi, since there is lack of business opportunities, intervention and support of local government, private sector and racial groups that are endowed with more than enough financial resources. Data were collected by means of interviews that allowed the interviewer to pose some open-ended questions so that the interviewee could express his or her own opinion freely for the extraction of more information. Based on 30 respondents surveyed, the findings show that there are numerous obstacles that are directly linked to political and economic dynamics. These obstacles include lack of political intervention and financial support for tourism entrepreneurs and local residents of UMlazi Township. On the whole respondents viewed Township tourism negatively. They were generally of the idea that township tourism can only be of benefit to residents once it is often visited by racial groups who are better off financially after their fears about safety and security have been allayed.
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Hersey, S. P., R. M. Garland, E. Crosbie, T. Shingler, A. Sorooshian, S. Piketh e R. Burger. "An overview of regional and local characteristics of aerosols in South Africa using satellite, ground, and modeling data". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, n.º 8 (24 de abril de 2015): 4259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4259-2015.
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Abstract. We present a comprehensive overview of particulate air quality across the five major metropolitan areas of South Africa (Cape Town, Bloemfontein, Johannesburg and Tshwane (Gauteng Province), the Industrial Highveld Air Quality Priority Area (HVAPA), and Durban), based on a decadal (1 January 2000 to 31 December 2009) aerosol climatology from multiple satellite platforms and detailed analysis of ground-based data from 19 sites throughout Gauteng Province. Satellite analysis was based on aerosol optical depth (AOD) from MODIS Aqua and Terra (550 nm) and MISR (555 nm) platforms, Ångström Exponent (α) from MODIS Aqua (550/865 nm) and Terra (470/660 nm), ultraviolet aerosol index (UVAI) from TOMS, and results from the Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model. At continentally influenced sites, AOD, α, and UVAI reach maxima (0.12–0.20, 1.0–1.8, and 1.0–1.2, respectively) during austral spring (September–October), coinciding with a period of enhanced dust generation and the maximum integrated intensity of close-proximity and subtropical fires identified by MODIS Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS). Minima in AOD, α, and UVAI occur during winter. Results from ground monitoring indicate that low-income township sites experience by far the worst particulate air quality in South Africa, with seasonally averaged PM10 concentrations as much as 136% higher in townships that in industrial areas. We report poor agreement between satellite and ground aerosol measurements, with maximum surface aerosol concentrations coinciding with minima in AOD, α, and UVAI. This result suggests that remotely sensed data are not an appropriate surrogate for ground air quality in metropolitan South Africa.
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Erlmann, Veit. "‘Horses in the race course’: the domestication of ingoma dancing in South Africa, 1929–39". Popular Music 8, n.º 3 (outubro de 1989): 259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026114300000355x.
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On a Saturday night of January 1930 several thousand African men clad in loin cloths and the calico uniforms of domestic servants thronged a concert in the Workers' Hall of the Durban branch of the Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union (ICU) in Prince Edward Street. To the pounding sounds of hundreds of sticks, successive teams of dancers, some of them trained by Union officials from the rural hinterland, rushed to the stage performing the virile, stamping ingoma dance. The Zulu term ingoma (lit. ‘song’) covers a broad range of male group dances like isikhuze, isicathulo, ukukomika, isiZulu, isiBhaca, umzansi and isishameni. The kinesic patterns of ingoma are inseparably linked to choral songs in call-and-response structure and, as such, constitute a complex statement of the unity of dance and song in Zulu performance culture. The peak of Zulu-speaking migrants' dance culture, ingoma evolved out of the profound transformation of traditional rural Zulu culture through impoverishment, dispossession and labour migration around the first World War. But on that night of January 1930, at the climax of the spectacle, the ingoma dancers struck a particularly defiant note:Who has taken our country from us?Who has taken it?Come out! Let us fight!The land was ours. Now it is taken.We have no more freedom left in it.Come out and fight!The land is ours, now it is taken.Fight! Fight!Shame on the man who is burnt in his hut!Come out and fight! (Perham 1974, p. 196
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Leonard, Llewellyn. "Another political ecology of civil society reflexiveness against urban industrial risks for environmental justice: The case of the Bisasar landfill, Durban, South Africa". Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 33, n.º 1 (março de 2012): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.2012.00448.x.
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McGlashan, J. E., e D. C. Macleod. "The Effect of Sewage Sludge Disposal to Sea through Pipelines Previously Discharging only Settled Effluent". Water Science and Technology 18, n.º 11 (1 de novembro de 1986): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0145.
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The City of Durban has two submarine outfall sewers designed for the disposal of approximately 365 000 m3/d of domestic and industrial effluents. Until recently these outfall sewers were only permitted to discharge settled effluents, the resultant sludge having to be treated and disposed of on land in the one instance and incinerated in the other. As the result of a two year programme of research the city has been permitted to discharge settled effluent from both outfalls to which the underflow from the sedimentation basins has been reintroduced. Retention of the sedimentation basins has permitted effective removal of floatable material. The pipelines were operated during the research period by discharging only settled effluent from the one whilst from the other the discharge consisted of the settled effluent stream to which the sludge had been reintroduced. Halfway through the programme the roles of the two pipelines were reversed. This paper briefly reviews marine disposal in South Africa, the Durban submarine outfalls, the events which preceded the research project, the design of the research programme and the results of the study in terms of bacteriological, biological and chemical monitoring, current measurements in the immediate vicinity of the pipelines and dilution calculations with the aid of more rigorous mathematical treatment.
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Okonkwo, Patrick Nwabueze, e Jan Wium. "Health and Safety Management Systems within Construction Contractor Organizations: Case Study of South Africa". Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 146, n.º 5 (maio de 2020): 05020003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001833.
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Bachoo, Shaneel, Anil Bhagwanjee e Kaymarlin Govender. "The influence of anger, impulsivity, sensation seeking and driver attitudes on risky driving behaviour among post-graduate university students in Durban, South Africa". Accident Analysis & Prevention 55 (junho de 2013): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.021.
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Buthelezi, S. A., e T. C. Davies. "Carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure from vehicular transportation and other industrial activities in the vicinity of Umlazi Township, South of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 70, n.º 3 (6 de julho de 2015): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0035919x.2015.1046972.
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Vermeulen, Werner, e Rick Edgeman. "CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE RETAIL BANKING INDUSTRY OF SOUTH AFRICA". Quality Engineering 13, n.º 2 (dezembro de 2000): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08982110108918647.
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Vermeulen, Leo. "Line managements involvement in people management: A comparison between South Africa and Australia". South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 6, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2003): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v6i3.3304.
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The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical data on expected shifts of people management activities from human resources managers to line managers. The research was done by means of a cross-cultural survey in South Africa (n=381) and Australia (n=653). The research results clearly indicate that there was a perceived shift of traditional people management functions to line management in both countries. This shift was more prominent in South Africa than in Australia. The main shift in South Africa seemed to be that line managers are increasingly involved in training and development. Equal employment opportunity was seen as the second most important area of change, followed by the use of human resources information systems, industrial relations, and occupational health and safety. Recruitment and selection were seen as the least important areas of change.
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Menyuka, Sibanda e Bob. "Perceptions of the Challenges and Opportunities of Utilising Organic Waste through Urban Agriculture in the Durban South Basin". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 4 (12 de fevereiro de 2020): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041158.
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Waste management has become pertinent in urban regions, along with rapid population growth. The current ways of managing waste, such as refuse collection and recycling, are failing to minimise waste in cities. With urban populations growing worldwide, there is the challenge of increased pressure to import food from rural areas. Urban agriculture not only presents an opportunity to explore other means of sustainable food production, but for managing organic waste in cities. However, this opportunity is not taken advantage of. Besides, there is a challenge of mixed reactions from urban planners and policymakers concerning the challenges and benefits presented by using organic waste in urban agriculture. The current paper explores the perceived challenges and opportunities for organic waste utilisation and management through urban agriculture in the Durban South Basin in eThekwini Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Province of South Africa. It is anticipated that this information will be of use to the eThekwini Municipality, policymakers, researchers, urban agriculture initiatives, households and relevant stakeholders in the study areas and similar contexts globally. Two hundred (200) households involved in any urban farming activity and ten (10) key informants (six (6) staff from the Cleaning and Solid Waste Unit of the eThekwini Municipality and four (4) from the urban agricultural initiative) were selected using convenient sampling. Descriptive statistics and inductive thematic analysis were used to analyse data. The significant perceived challenges and risks associated with the utilisation of organic waste through urban agriculture included lack of a supporting policy, climatic variation, lack of land tenure rights, soil contamination and food safety concerns. Qualitative data further showed that the difficulty in segregating waste, water scarcity, difficulty in accessing inputs, limited transportation of organic waste, inadequate handling and treatment of organic waste, and being a health hazard were some important challenges. On the other hand, the significant perceived benefits associated with the utilisation of organic waste through urban agriculture were enhanced food and nutrition security, and opportunities for business incubation. Other important benefits established through qualitative data were an improved market expansion for farmers and improved productivity. Overall, despite the perceived challenges and risks, there is an opportunity to manage organic waste through urban agriculture. It is imperative for an integrated policy encompassing the food, climate and waste management to be developed to support this strategy. All stakeholders—the government, municipal authorities and urban agricultural initiatives should also, guided by the policy, support urban farmers, for example, through pieces of training on how to properly manage and recycle organic waste, land distribution, inputs availability and water usage rights among other things.
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Lalbahadur, T., S. Pillay, N. Rodda, M. Smith, C. Buckley, F. Holder, F. Bux e K. Foxon. "Microbiological studies of an anaerobic baffled reactor: microbial community characterisation and deactivation of health-related indicator bacteria". Water Science and Technology 51, n.º 10 (1 de maio de 2005): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0362.
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This WRC funded project has studied the appropriateness of the ABR (anaerobic baffled reactor) for on-site primary sanitation in low-income communities. A 3,000 L pilot reactor was located at the Kingsburgh wastewater treatment plant south of Durban, South Africa. Feed to the reactor was raw domestic wastewater containing a significant proportion of particulate organic matter. The compartments of the ABR were routinely monitored for pH, COD, and gas production, among other physical-chemical determinants. The microbial population in each compartment was analysed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation, using general oligonucleotide probes for eubacteria and archeae and a suite of 10 genera or family specific probes. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted on the sludge fraction of each compartment. Mixed fractions from each compartment were also analysed for health-related indicator bacteria (total coliforms and E. coli). Results indicated that methanogenesis was not occurring to the expected extent in the latter compartments, and that this was probably due to a hydraulic load limitation. This contrasted with earlier studies on industrial effluent, for which the organic load was exclusively in soluble form. Inactivation of health-related indicator bacteria was less than 1 log, indicating the need for an additional post-treatment of the effluent to protect community health.
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Rokyatou, Samassy, Akobe Apie Colette, Fossi Yannick Fosti, Monde Sylvain, Angora Aman e Sangare Seydou. "Caracteristique Et Vitesse De Propagation D’une Onde De Maree Semi-Diurne A Inegalite Diurne Au Port Autonome D’abidjan : Incidence De La Morphologie Du Systeme Lagunaire Ebrie". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, n.º 26 (30 de setembro de 2018): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n26p282.
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The autonomous port of Abidjan, qualified as "lung of the Ivorian economy", is ranked first in West Africa and second in Africa, after the port of Durban in South Africa. It is a transhipment and container port, thanks to the Vridi channel with a depth of 15 m, the boats with deep draft can dock in deep water. Thus for the safety of the port navigation, it is important to know the speed of propagation of the tidal wave in order to know exactly the tide times in all parts of the Ebrié lagoon. This lagoon in connection with inflows of external waters considerably modify its hydrodynamism. For a mastery of the hydrodynamics of this complex environment we have subdivided the lagoon into three parts depending on the different inputs (fluvial / marine) or not. As a result, the tidal wave spreads much faster in the western part with a speed of 0.83 ms-1 over 1 km, than in the eastern part of the Ebrié Lagoon, is a speed of 0.38 m.s-1. It is also slowing down in the Vridi Channel 0.79 m.s-1. Thus the propagation of the tidal wave in the lagoon would be hampered by fluvial inputs and also by a restricted basin such as the Vridi Canal. In addition, the marine influence is dominant in the dry season, however in high flood season the tide phenomenon is more important in the lagoon. The ebb tide is faster and longer than the lagoon flow, but the reverse phenomenon is observed at sea.
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Hersey, S. P., R. M. Garland, E. Crosbie, T. Shingler, A. Sorooshian, S. Piketh e R. Burger. "An overview of regional and local characteristics of aerosols in South Africa using satellite, ground, and modeling data". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, n.º 17 (25 de setembro de 2014): 24701–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-24701-2014.
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Abstract. We present a comprehensive overview of particulate air quality across the five major metropolitan areas of South Africa (Cape Town, Bloemfontein, Johannesburg and Tshwane (Gauteng Province), the Industrial Highveld Air Quality Priority Area (HVAPA), and Durban), based on a decadal (1 January 2000 to 31 December 2009) aerosol climatology from multiple satellite platforms and a detailed analysis of ground-based data from 19 sites throughout Gauteng. Data include Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD550, 555) from Aqua (550 nm), Terra (550 nm), and MISR (555 nm) platforms, Ängström Exponent (α550/865, 470/660) from Aqua (550/865 nm) and Terra (470/660 nm), Ultraviolet Aerosol Index (UVAI) from TOMS, and model results from the Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model. Results in Cape Town are distinct, owing to a typically clean, marine airmass origin and infrequent continental influence. At continentally-influenced sites, AOD550, AOD555, α550/865, α470/660 and UVAI reach maxima (0.12–0.20, 1.0–1.8, and 1.0–1.2, respectively) during late winter and early spring (August–October), coinciding with a period of enhanced dust generation and the maximum frequency of close-proximity and subtropical fires identified by MODIS Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS). The adjacent metropolitan and industrial Gauteng and HVAPA areas have been identified as a megacity based on NO2 concentrations, but AOD is a factor of 3–6 lower than other megacities worldwide. GOCART results suggest that the contributions of organics and black carbon to AOD are significantly enhanced during biomass burning season (ASO), but that sulfate is the most significant contributor to AOD (~70–80%) through the rest of the year. Dust appears to be underestimated by GOCART emissions inventories at continentally-influenced metropolitan areas of South Africa. Ground monitoring sites were classified according to site type: (1) township and informal settlement sites with domestic burning influence, (2) urban and suburban residential sites with no domestic burning in the immediate vicinity, (3) industrial sites, and (4) one traffic site situated at a major freeway interchange. PM10 concentrations in township areas are 56% higher than in developed residential areas and 78% higher than in industrial areas as an annual average, with PM10 in townships 63 and 136% higher than developed residential and industrial areas, respectively, in winter (June, July, August). Monthly PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations reach annual maxima during winter at all sites except in industrial areas. At industrial sites, maxima in PM10 and PM2.5 tend to occur during summer (December–February), when photochemical generation of secondary aerosol is expected and when deep and unstable boundary layers allow high stack emissions (emitted above the boundary layer during winter) to reach the ground in close proximity to point sources. Diurnal profiles of PM10 and PM2.5 display maxima during morning (06:00–09:00 LT) and evening (17:00–22:00 LT) at nearly every site – especially during winter – and underscore the importance of domestic burning as a major source of primary particles. Multi-year averages indicate that evening maxima at some township sites average in excess of 400 μg m−3. These results from the urban/industrial Gauteng area quantitatively confirm previous studies suggesting that the lowest-income populations of South Africa experience the poorest air quality, and demonstrate that domestic burning results in frequent exposure to high concentrations of particulate pollution in the region comprising the cities of Johannesburg and Tshwane. While remotely-sensed data are frequently used as a proxy for ground air quality, we report poor correlations between PM concentrations and satellite parameters and suggest that this practice is not appropriate in metropolitan South Africa. Disagreement between satellite and ground data may be attributed to a number of factors: (1) vertical inhomogeneity and stratified pollution layers aloft during much of the year, (2) extremely shallow winter boundary layers, (3) discrepancy between satellite passover times and elevated diurnal PM concentrations, and (4) poor spatial resolution of satellites compared with highly localized PM sources. While remotely-sensed data provide a good picture of regional, seasonal properties of column aerosol, a complete understanding of South Africa's air quality at the ground will necessitate more extensive monitoring at the ground and intensive, multi-platform campaigns to understand the relationship between ground and satellite data.
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Beksinska, Mags, Jennifer Smit, Nonhlanhla Mphili, Ross Greener e Virginia Maphumulo. "The panty condom: a pilot study of the function and acceptability of an alternative female condom design". International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, n.º 11 (19 de setembro de 2019): 1080–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419845543.
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New female condom (FC) products, different in design and materials that have the potential to lower cost and improve acceptability are being developed. A pilot study of the Panty Condom was conducted among experienced FC users in Durban, South Africa. This pilot function trial enrolled 19 women who were asked to use five Panty Condoms each and collect information on use in a condom diary at home, followed by one follow-up interview. Primary endpoints were total clinical failure and total female condom failure. Non-inferiority of component modes, clinical breakage, non-clinical breakage, slippage, misdirection, and invagination were also determined. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for each failure mode. The mean age of the participants was 27.8 years (SD 4.9). Safety and acceptability data were also assessed. In 95 condom uses nine failure events occurred in eight condoms. Clinical breakage occurred in 8.4% (n = 8) of condoms and slippage in one condom. Total FC failure was 8.4% of all condom uses. Of the eight breakage events there were two reports of the condom ripping during sex and six reports of the condom detaching from the panty. Fifteen women either liked very much or liked somewhat using the Panty Condom. Total clinical failure was approximately twice that seen in other FC functionality studies.
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Sipio, Galgaro, Carli, Greggio, Mantovan e Sukha. "How Different Natural Energy Sources Affect the Shallow Geothermal Suitability in Urban Areas: The South Africa Case Study". Proceedings 30, n.º 1 (21 de novembro de 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030022.
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In recent years, the overall worldwide demand for energy has been increasing due to the constant growth of both global population and industrialization, which is particularly intensifying in emerging countries (China, India, South Africa, Brazil) and recently industrialized ones (i.e., Mexico, Turkey). In this framework, the exploitation of shallow geothermal energy through heat geo-exchange systems, as borehole heat exchangers (closed loop systems) or groundwater systems (open loop systems) coupled with a heat pump (Ground Source Heat Pump—GSHP), is really appealing, due to its versatility and energy efficiency. The heat exchanged with the underground, a reliable and green thermal energy source, is used mainly for heating and cooling of residential, industrial or commercial buildings and greenhouses. Several technologies are available and combinations with other local renewable energy sources are also possible, representing very interesting efficient and environmentally friendly solutions to be adopted in urban areas. The integration of different natural energy sources brings significant advantages, such as the reduction of CO2 emissions, the mitigation of the subsurface urban heat island effect, the minimization of electricity consumption. However, the underground suitability to low enthalpy geothermal systems is strictly related to the climatic, geological, hydrogeological, geothermal and thermophysical properties, typical of the area under investigation. The evaluation of these parameters allows to assess the amount of heat at disposal and the possibility to exchange it. On one hand, it is necessary to select and collect the data related to the factors that better characterize the ground behavior from the point of view of the heat exchange capacity. On the other, it is essential to integrate them in thematic maps created by Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, providing a preliminary evaluation of the territory suitability to geo-exchange and supporting the land use geothermal management both for closed and open loop systems. A preliminary representation of low-enthalpy geothermal resources suitability maps for Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town, the three main urbanized cities of South Africa, representing the geological and climatic national variability of the country, is here presented. From a methodological point of view, these maps are created by assigning to each value of the descriptive parameters selected (i.e., lithology, type of aquifer, thermal conductivity, average annual air and ground temperature) a corresponding quantitative value, assessing its different attitude for thermal purposes. In this way, one of the first contribution to the suitability of geothermal energy resources in South Africa is obtained.
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Molekoa, Mmasabata, Ram Avtar, Pankaj Kumar, Huynh Thu Minh, Rajarshi Dasgupta, Brian Johnson, Netrananda Sahu, Ram Verma e Ali Yunus. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Mokopane Area, Limpopo, South Africa". Water 13, n.º 2 (18 de janeiro de 2021): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020220.
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Considering the well-documented impacts of land-use change on water resources and the rapid land-use conversions occurring throughout Africa, in this study, we conducted a spatiotemporal analysis of surface water quality and its relation with the land use and land cover (LULC) pattern in Mokopane, Limpopo province of South Africa. Various physico-chemical parameters were analyzed for surface water samples collected from five sampling locations from 2016 to 2020. Time-series analysis of key surface water quality parameters was performed to identify the essential hydrological processes governing water quality. The analyzed water quality data were also used to calculate the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and weighted water quality index (WQI). Also, the spatial trend of water quality is compared with LULC changes from 2015 to 2020. Results revealed that the concentration of most of the physico-chemical parameters in the water samples was beyond the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted permissible limit, except for a few parameters in some locations. Based on the calculated values of HPI and HEI, water quality samples were categorized as low to moderately polluted water bodies, whereas all water samples fell under the poor category (>100) and beyond based on the calculated WQI. Looking precisely at the water quality’s temporal trend, it is found that most of the sampling shows a deteriorating trend from 2016 to 2019. However, the year 2020 shows a slightly improving trend on water quality, which can be justified by lowering human activities during the lockdown period imposed by COVID-19. Land use has a significant relationship with surface water quality, and it was evident that built-up land had a more significant negative impact on water quality than the other land use classes. Both natural processes (rock weathering) and anthropogenic activities (wastewater discharge, industrial activities etc.) were found to be playing a vital role in water quality evolution. This study suggests that continuous assessment and monitoring of the spatial and temporal variability of water quality in Limpopo is important to control pollution and health safety in the future.
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Mabade, Avhurengwi Samson. "Ensuring Quality Safety in Schools: A Participatory Action Research Approach". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, n.º 1 (2 de fevereiro de 2021): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.81.9637.
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The focus of this article is on the quality safety in Schools. Although safety in schools is a worldwide problem, in South Africa this seems to be getting worse for they are broken into, vandalized and set alight in vast majority. Taking a heed to around 1600 number of schools robbed, vandalized and torched during this frustrating and terrifying period of COVID -19, one would agree that schools are not protected. People seemed to have lost ethics and ownership towards schools. Schools appeared to be the safest place as well as conducive for study in the previous decades. Safety school promotes social and creative learning. Schools are robbed their groceries, equipments including computers and other paraphernalia for learning and teaching support. On the 10th July 2020, four schools in Limpopo Province had been broken into and all groceries were robbed at a gun point.
Taking a number of instances into consideration, which occurred before horrifying situation of Covid-19, one would see a need for an investigation. Although schools are advised to establish tight and quality security fence, school equipments and groceries are still not safe. There is a variety of literature which focused on the roles of teachers, administrators and students in creating safe schools. For this study, the researcher focused on the role of Community towards ensuring quality safety in school as a Community resource. Therefore it is the Community’s obligation to ensure quality safety in Schools. Community needs to develop strategies to ensure safety in Schools for their children. In this study, the researcher established a model which is Community Support Team versus School Support Team.
Therefore the researcher adopted a Participatory Action Research Approach to empower Community to strategize for ensuring quality safety in Schools. The researcher employed qualitative technique to collect data from the community members around four selected schools in a rural area.
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Hipkin, Ian. "Managing protection in high reliability organisations in an emerging country context". Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 25, n.º 7 (26 de agosto de 2014): 1068–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-07-2013-0091.
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Purpose – Catastrophic failures in high-reliability installations result from technical and human factors. The purpose of this paper is to use reports of the BP Texas refinery accident and the UK Buncefield oil storage explosions as the basis for exploring how protection and safety are managed in high-reliability manufacturing organisations in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach – A survey of 21 high-reliability firms was undertaken to establish how firms perceived their safety and protection systems in relation to the findings of the Buncefield and BP Texas accidents. Interviews were held with staff in two firms. Findings – The study identifies technical and behavioural shortcomings in managing safety and protective systems in manufacturing organisations. There are profound differences in perceptions of managers, supervisors and operators regarding a number of safety-related factors. Firms fail to identify all protective systems. Essential failure data for determining appropriate policies for failure finding are not collected. Research limitations/implications – Quantitative results are based on a relatively small sample and qualitative perspectives derive from two case studies. Practical implications – Managers are unsure how protective devices should be managed. The paper highlights areas where significant improvements are essential if the South African firms are to meet developed world standards. Social implications – High-reliability organisations are obliged to minimise the possibility of serious incidents whose consequences may extend far beyond the physical bounds of the organisation. Originality/value – Limited research has been published on the management of protective systems. This paper highlights a number of technical and behavioural issues that should be addressed for safe operation of high-reliability manufacturing organisations.
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Busari, Ayobami A. "Non-Motorized Trip Pattern in Sub-Saharan Africa: Assessment of Walk Trip". Open Transportation Journal 13, n.º 1 (13 de dezembro de 2019): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447801913010194.
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Background: Walking as a parent mode of transportation has received little or no attention regarding planning, design, and development, thereby leading to chaotic outcomes when it comes to controlling and future estimation in most sub-Saharan Africa countries. This necessitated the research on the pertinent factors and variables that affect walking as a means of transportation in the study area, a semi-urban industrial cluster in South-Western Nigeria. Methods: One Thousand five hundred (1500) information cards were distributed for seven months. This was done to accumulate information on trip patterns, modal split, walk trip volume and so on. The data obtained was analysed using SPSS version 23. Results: The result revealed that 53.2% of the respondent engages in a walk trip every day either to access mode, access sub-mode or for recreation purposes. The commercial zone showed the highest percentage of walk trips of 40%. The mathematical model showed that age and walk trips are inversely proportional. Based on the result of the analysis, cost, safety and exercise are the primary reason why people engage in a walking trip. The R2 value of 0.83 established the robustness of the model. Conclusion: The created model can be utilized for anticipating the future modular part by inputting anticipated future estimation of exploratory variables, which will also aid the planning of a better transport system for the locality. The lack of essential infrastructure poses a big problem for the utilisation of this mode of transportation.
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Kongolo, Joelle Ilunga, Laura Suzanne Da Silva, Obiro Cuthbert Wokadala, Belinda Du Plessis, Johan Husselman, Mduduzi E. K. Ngcobo, Naushad M. Emmambux e Mieke Daneel. "Pasting, thermal, gel texture, resistant starch and colour properties of unripe banana flour from 10 desert banana varieties cultivated in South Africa". Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 11, n.º 3 (6 de fevereiro de 2017): 1056–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11694-017-9481-x.
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Brito Fernandes, Óscar, Mukhethwa Netshiombo, László Gulácsi, Niek S. Klazinga, Márta Péntek e Petra Baji. "Patient experiences in a public primary health care clinic: A South African case study". Society and Economy 42, n.º 3 (setembro de 2020): 333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00014.
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Abstract The South African Ministry of Health has recognized experiences of care as key to strengthen patient-centred care. This case study aims to measure patient-reported experiences of care at a clinic in South Africa, and its associations with the respondents' sociodemographic characteristics. A survey was conducted in 2019 on a convenience sample of 179 respondents. Questions on experiences of care were based on a standardised set of questions by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Logistic regression was used to examine the effects of respondents' characteristics on their experiences. The proportion of respondents who reported that a nurse spent adequate time with them during consultation was significantly higher among literate respondents (92.3 vs. 79.5%). Those who reported past negative experiences were significantly more likely to report a positive experience in regard to perceiving adequate consulting time (odds ratio = 3.865, with a 95% confidence interval between 1.555 and 9.607), receiving easy-to-understand explanations (4.308; 1.665–11.145), being given the opportunity to ask questions (2.156; 1.013–4.589) and shared decision–making (3.822; 1.728–8.457). The results can spur comparisons with other clinics in a similar setting and inform key stakeholders on aspects of the care experience that need greater improvement within the national framework for quality and safety assurance and patient experience measurement.
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Cole, Peter. "“The Ships Must Sail on Time”: Histories of Longshore Workers and Why Their Unions Still Matter". International Labor and Working-Class History 83 (2013): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547913000124.
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Before dawn on Sunday morning, June 20, 2010, upwards of one thousand people gathered near the Port of Oakland, an industrial, sometimes barren section of west Oakland. They then converged on four gates operated by the Stevedore Services of America, one of the main shipping companies on the US Pacific coast and in the world. The protesters were awaiting the arrival of an Israeli cargo vessel in order to protest Israel's ongoing blockade of the Palestinian residents of Gaza as well as the recent Israeli assault on Turkish vessels in the Mediterranean that had resulted in the deaths of nine civilians, part of an international group sympathetic to the Gaza Palestinians. For hours activists protested, including a chant that referenced both the Wobblies and antiapartheid struggle: “An injury to one is an injury to all, bring down the apartheid wall.” Crucially—and not coincidentally—members of Local 10 of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) refused to cross this picket line, citing safety reasons. After several hours of negotiations, an arbitrator agreed with the ILWU members that the situation could cause harm to the workers, who therefore could not be punished for not unloading the vessel. Subsequently, the Zim (Israeli shipping line) vessel departed from San Francisco Bay, looking to be unloaded in nearby Monterey Bay. Simultaneously, dock unions in Norway, South Africa, Sweden, and Turkey—all members of The International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF)—also announced that they would join the “Boycott against Israel campaign.” These dramatic, militant, and overtly political actions by longshore workers across the globe are not unprecedented—at least for union dockers—though they are almost unheard of in the twenty-first century for other sorts of workers on any continent.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (December 2020)". Journal of Petroleum Technology 72, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 2020): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1220-0016-jpt.
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China Shale-Gas Field Sets Production Record Sinopec recorded China’s highest daily output of shale gas at 20.62 million cubic meters (Mcm) at its Fuling shale-gas field in Chongqing, China, a key gas source for the Sichuan-East gas pipeline. The first major commercial shale-gas project in China, Fuling has continuously broken records for the shortest gasfield drilling cycle while significantly increasing the drilling of high-quality reservoirs covering more than 3 million m, according to Sinopec. Gasfield production construction was also expanded to raise production capacity. The company said the field maintains a daily output of 20 Mcm, producing an estimated 6.7 Bcm per year. Apache and Total Plan Suriname Appraisals Apache filed appraisal plans for its Maka and Sapakara oil discoveries in block 58 offshore Suriname. The company said another submission is expected for Kwaskwasi, the largest find in the block, by the end of the year. Operations continue for Keskesi, the fourth exploration target. There are plans to drill a fifth prospect at Bonboni in the North-Central portion of the concession. Partner company Total is assuming operatorship of the block ahead of next year’s campaigns. BP Emerges as Sole Bid for Offshore Canada Parcels BP was the only operator to place a bid in the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board (C-NLOPB) Call for Bids NL20-CFB01, which offered 17 parcels (4,170,509 hectares) in the eastern Newfoundland region. The successful bid was for Parcel 9 (covering 264,500 hectares) for $27 million in work commitments from BP Canada Energy Group. Subject to BP satisfying specified requirements and receiving government approval, the exploration license will be issued in January 2021. No bids were received for the remaining 16 parcels, which may be reposted in a future Call for Bids. Criteria for selecting a winning bid is the total amount the bidder commits to spend on exploration of the parcel during the first period of a 9-year license, with a minimum acceptable bid of $10 million in work commitments for each parcel. Beach Energy To Drill Otway Basin Well Beach Energy plans to drill at its Artisan-1 well about 32 km offshore Victoria, Australia, in the Otway basin, before the end of 2021. The well, located on Block Vic/P43, was to be spudded in 1H 2020 but was delayed due to COVID-19. The timeframe for drilling was confirmed by the National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority, which also said Beach is keeping open the option to suspend the well and develop it, pending reservoir analysis. Anchors, mooring chains, and surface buoys have already been laid for the well, which is in a water depth of approximately 71 m. The well is expected to take approximately 35–55 days to drill, depending on the final work program and potential operational delays. Diamond Offshore’s semisubmersible Ocean Onyx was contracted for the drilling program. Artisan is the first of Beach’s planned multiwell campaigns, which also include development wells at the Geographe and Thylacine fields. Hess Completes Sale of Interest in Gulf of Mexico Field Hess completed the sale of its 28% working interest in the Shenzi Field in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM) to BHP, the field’s operator, for $505 million. Shenzi is a six-lease development structured as a joint ownership: BHP (operator, 44%), Hess (28%), and Repsol (28%). The acquisition would bring BHP’s working interest to 72%, adding approximately 11,000 BOE/D of production (90% oil). The sale is expected to close by December 2020. Hess CEO John Hess said proceeds from the sale will help fund the company’s investment in Guyana. Greenland Opens New Offshore Areas Greenland opened three new offshore areas for application of oil and gas exploitation licenses off West Greenland. The areas are Baffin Bay, Disko West, and Davis Strait. The country also said it is working on an oil strategy to reduce geological uncertainty by offering an investment package to companies that engage in its Open Door Procedures. The procedures are a first-mover advantage to remove national oil company Nunaoil, as a carried partner, reducing turnover and surplus royalties. It is estimated to reduce the government take by 51.3% to 40.6%. Shell and Impact Oil & Gas Agree to South Africa Farmout Africa Oil announced Impact Oil & Gas entered into two agreements for exploration areas offshore South Africa. The company has a 31.10% share-holding in Impact, a privately owned exploration company. Impact entered into an agreement with BG International, a Shell subsidiary, for the farm-out of a 50% working interest and operatorship in the Transkei and Algoa exploration rights. Shell was also granted the option to acquire an additional 5% working interest should the joint venture (JV) elect to move into the third renewal period, expected in 2024. Algoa is located in the South Outeniqua Basin, east of Block 11B/12B, containing the Brulpadda gas condensate discovery and where Total recently discovered gas condensate. The Transkei block is northeast of Algoa in the Natal Trough Basin where Impact has identified highly material prospectivity associated with several large submarine fan bodies, which the JV will explore with 3D seismic data and then potential exploratory drilling. Impact and Shell plan to acquire over 6,000 km² of 3D seismic data during the first available seismic window following completion of the transaction. This window is expected to be in the Q1 2022. After the closing of the deal, Shell will hold a 50% interest as the operator and Impact will hold 50%. Impact also entered into an agreement with Silver Wave Energy for the farm-in of a 90% working interest and operatorship of Area 2, offshore South Africa. East and adjacent to Impact’s Transkei and Algoa blocks, Area 2 complements Impact’s existing position by extending the entire length of the ultradeepwater part of the Transkei margin. Together, the Transkei and Algoa Blocks and Area 2 cover over 124,000 km2. Area 2 has been opened by the Brulpadda and Luiperd discoveries in the Outeniqua Basin and will be further tested during 2021 by the well on the giant Venus prospect in ultradeepwater Namibia, where Impact is a partner. Impact believes there is good evidence for this Southern African Aptian play to have a common world-class Lower Cretaceous source rock, similar excellent-quality Apto-Albian reservoir sands, and a geological setting suitable for the formation of large stratigraphic traps. Following completion of the farm-in, Impact will hold 90% interest and serve as the operator; Silver Wave will hold 10%. Petronas Awards Sarawak Contract to Seismic Consortium The seismic consortium comprising PGS, TGS, and WesternGeco was awarded a multiyear contract by Petronas to acquire and process up to 105,000 km2 of multisensor, multiclient 3D data in the Sarawak Basin, offshore Malaysia. The contract award follows an ongoing campaign by the consortium in the Sabah offshore region, awarded in 2016, in which over 50,000 km2 of high-quality 3D seismic data have been acquired and licensed to the oil and gas industry to support Malaysia license round and exploration activity. The Sarawak award will allow for a multiphase program to promote exploration efforts in the prolific Sarawak East Natuna Basin (Deepwater North Luconia and West Luconia Province). The consortium is planning the initial phases and is engaging with the oil and gas industry to secure prefunding ahead of planned acquisition, covering both open blocks and areas of existing farm-in opportunities. Total Discovers Second Gas Condensate in South Africa Total made a significant second gas condensate discovery on the Luiperd prospect, located on Block 11B/12B in the Outeniqua Basin, 175 km off the southern coast of South Africa. The discovery follows the adjacent play-opening Brulpadda discovery in 2019. The Luiperd-1X well was drilled to a total depth of about 3,400 m and encountered 73 m of net gas condensate pay in well-developed, good-quality Lower Cretaceous reservoirs. Following a coring and logging program, the well will be tested to assess the dynamic reservoir characteristics and deliverability. The Block 11B/12B covers an area of 19,000 km2, with water depths ranging from 200 to 1800 m. It is operated by Total with a 45% working interest, alongside Qatar Petroleum (25%), CNR International (20%), and Main Street, a South African consortium (10%). The Luiperd prospect is the second to be drilled in a series of five large submarine fan prospects with direct hydrocarbon indicators defined utilizing 2D and 3D seismic data. BP Gas Field Offshore Egypt Begins Production BP started gas production from its Qattameya gasfield development offshore Egypt in the North Damietta offshore concession. Through BP’s joint venture Pharaonic Petroleum Company working with state-owned Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Co., the field, which is expected to produce up to 50 MMcf/D, was developed through a one-well subsea development and tieback to existing infrastructure. Qattameya, whose discovery was announced in 2017, is located approximately 45 km west of the Ha’py platform, in 108 m of water. It is tied back to the Ha’py and Tuart field development via a new 50-km pipeline and connected to existing subsea utilities via a 50-km umbilical. BP holds 100% equity in the North Damietta offshore concession in the East Nile Delta. Gas production from the field is directed to Egypt’s national grid.
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Appel, Peter W. U. "Small-scale mining – hazards and opportunities in Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia". Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 7 (29 de julho de 2005): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v7.4847.
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Small-scale mining is the main source of income for about 100 million people in Asia, Africa and South America. However, the processing of raw materials during this mining activity results in the release of large amounts of mercury to the environment, creating serious environmental problems. Small-scale mining, or artisanal mining, is exploitation using only shovels, picks and hammers, carried out by individuals or small groups. A wide variety of commodities are exploited in this way, ranging from gold, diamonds, precious stones, tin, coal, dimension stones and slate. Small-scale mining is often carried out by labourers with virtually no knowledge of safety procedures. Tunnel cave-ins leading to loss of life are common, and the widespread use of mercury in gold extraction causes many long-term health problems for the miners. It is estimated that about 650 tonnes of mercury are annually released during small-scale mining to the environment, and this figure is likely to increase in the future. Mercury is highly toxic and its use causes health problems not only for the miners, but also to the entire population in areas where small-scale mining takes place. Some miners are aware of the dangers of using mercury, but have no knowledge of recycling procedures. Several international organisations, such as the World Bank, UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation), ILO (International Labour Organisation) and UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), have launched programmes to examine the problems associated with small-scale mining. Progress so far has been slow, and much more international awareness of the global mercury pollution of the environment from smallscale mining is required. The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) has worked as consultant to the World Bank on projects involving small-scale mining in Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and Laos, and has also undertaken programmes concerning small-scale mining in Lesotho for UNDP and in Tanzania for the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA). This paper reports on some of the initiatives carried out in Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia, to secure and sustain the small-scale mining industry in these regions.
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Ziegler, Robert. "Technology Focus: High-Pressure/High-Temperature (March 2021)". Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, n.º 03 (1 de março de 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0321-0055-jpt.
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For the past several months, the rig count in North America has been slowly but steadily improving and some pockets of deepwater operations are finally showing some activity, especially in Central and South America and Africa, where interesting discoveries continue. Arctic operations also are picking up, though not in North America, where a new administration in the US is bringing some uncertainty to upstream operations. Looking at leasing activity in 2020, however, the operators on federal land seem to have built up a backlog, so the immediate consequences of recent executive action seem not to be significant, though they do set an important precedent. More significant seems to be the opposition to pipelines, which are the most-efficient and safest way to transport any form of bulk material, be it gas, liquid, or slurry. Even if the most-stretched targets of an energy transition become reality, the need for pipeline transport will remain, and even increase, if the gas transported is biogas and hydrogen, where much larger volumes must be transported for the same calorific value of natural gas. In my tenure as a reviewer for JPT, I had refrained from a materials-focused special simply because high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) conferences and sessions seem to be dominated by them and I wanted to demonstrate a wider spectrum of the challenges of HP/HT operations. With the energy transition leading to the possibility of free hydrogen being introduced into the energy system outside of established chemical feedstock installations (which are all low-pressure), this is a good time to remind our industry (and the outside world) that vast experience exists in the oil and gas industry on the interaction of hydrogen and metal (at very high pressures), a challenge that is still not completely understood and that is still a large cause of pressure-vessel failures (e.g., in refineries). Also, if carbon dioxide is intended to be captured and contained in metal vessels, another set of metallurgical challenges emerges. This Technology Focus looks at two papers from Asia, where these challenges were discovered and mitigated, and one paper from Gulf of Mexico deepwater operations. Many learnings can be taken from these papers, and extremely costly and safety-critical failures and loss of containment can be avoided. Addressing technical risk, thorough and detailed front-end engineering is a cost-effective and cost-saving activity, and this applies especially for front-end corrosion engineering and testing, as we have seen from several megaprojects in the past where this was not done to the extent finally understood to have been required. So, I invite you all to understand and embrace the fact that sound and competent engineering, as well as communicating learnings across functions and industries, is the key enabler for future success in our stressed industry, and to use our engineering brainpower and imagination to bring those HP/HT projects currently deemed too expensive to develop within the realm of the current oil-price environment.
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McEwan, Cheryl. "Building a Postcolonial Archive? Gender, Collective Memory and Citizenship in Post-apartheid South Africa* The research upon which this paper is based was funded by ESRC (R000223286) and was conducted in May and June 2001, while I was a visiting researcher at the Centre of Industrial Organisation and Labour Studies/Sociology, University of Natal, Durban. I owe a debt of thanks to Debby Bonnin and Richard Ballard for their friendship, hospitality and encouragement and to the women of Amazwi Abesifazane . Thanks are also due to Alan Lester, who encouraged me to write this paper and to two anonymous referees for their helpful comments on an earlier draft." Journal of Southern African Studies 29, n.º 3 (1 de janeiro de 2003): 739–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070306220.
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Leonard, Llewellyn, e Rolf Lidskog. "Industrial scientific expertise and civil society engagement: reflexive scientisation in the South Durban Industrial Basin, South Africa". Journal of Risk Research, 12 de agosto de 2020, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1805638.
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Shezi, Busisiwe, Angela Mathee, Laura Alfers, Richard Dobson, Patrick Ndlovu, Tarylee Reddy e Renee A. Street. "Respiratory outcomes among plant processing workers in Durban, South Africa". International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 5 de maio de 2020, 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2020.1748840.
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Havenga, Jan H., Zane Simpson, Pieter F. Fourie e Anneke De Bod. "Sustainable freight transport in South Africa:Domestic intermodal solutions". Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management 5, n.º 1 (26 de novembro de 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jtscm.v5i1.26.
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Due to the rapid deregulation of freight transport in South Africa two decades ago, and low historical investment in rail (with resultant poor service delivery), an integrated alternative to road and rail competition was never developed. High national freight logistics costs, significant road infrastructure challenges and environmental impact concerns of a road-dominated freight transport market have, however, fuelled renewed interest in intermodal transport solutions. In this article, a high-level business case for domestic intermodal solutions in South Africa is presented. The results demonstrate that building three intermodal terminals to connect the three major industrial hubs (i.e. Gauteng, Durban and Cape Town) through an intermodal solution could reduce transport costs (including externalities) for the identified 11.5 million tons of intermodalfriendly freight flows on the Cape and Natal corridors by 42% (including externalities).