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Katili, Moh Zulkifli, Yeni Herdiyeni, and Medria Kusuma Dewi Hardhienata. "Leveraging Biotic Interaction Knowledge Graph and Network Analysis to Uncover Insect Vectors of Plant Virus." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Business Intelligence 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jisebi.10.1.94-109.
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Background: Insect vectors spread 80% of plant viruses, causing major agricultural production losses. Direct insect vector identification is difficult due to a wide range of hosts, limited detection methods, and high PCR costs and expertise. Currently, a biodiversity database named Global Biotic Interaction (GloBI) provides an opportunity to identify virus vectors using its data. Objective: This study aims to build an insect vector search engine that can construct an virus-insect-plant interaction knowledge graph, identify insect vectors using network analysis, and extend knowledge about identified insect vectors. Methods: We leverage GloBI data to construct a graph that shows the complex relationships between insects, viruses, and plants. We identify insect vectors using interaction analysis and taxonomy analysis, then combine them into a final score. In interaction analysis, we propose Targeted Node Centric-Degree Centrality (TNC-DC) which finds insects with many directly and indirectly connections to the virus. Finally, we integrate Wikidata, DBPedia, and NCBIOntology to provide comprehensive information about insect vectors in the knowledge extension stage. Results: The interaction graph for each test virus was created. At the test stage, interaction and taxonomic analysis achieved 0.80 precision. TNC-DC succeeded in overcoming the failure of the original degree centrality which always got bees in the prediction results. During knowledge extension stage, we succeeded in finding the natural enemy of the Bemisia Tabaci (an insect vector of Pepper Yellow Leaf Curl Virus). Furthermore, an insect vector search engine is developed. The search engine provides network analysis insights, insect vector common names, photos, descriptions, natural enemies, other species, and relevant publications about the predicted insect vector. Conclusion: An insect vector search engine correctly identified virus vectors using GloBI data, TNC-DC, and entity embedding. Average precision was 0.80 in precision tests. There is a note that some insects are best in the first-to-five order. Keywords: Knowledge Graph, Network Analysis, Degree Centrality, Entity Embedding, Insect Vector
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Nie, Danyue, Jiaqiao Li, Qinghua Xie, Lele Ai, Changqiang Zhu, Yifan Wu, Qiyuan Gui, Lingling Zhang, and Weilong Tan. "Nanoparticles: A Potential and Effective Method to Control Insect-Borne Diseases." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2023 (May 11, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5898160.
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Insects act as vectors to carry a wide range of bacteria and viruses that can cause multiple vector-borne diseases in humans. Diseases such as dengue fever, epidemic encephalitis B, and epidemic typhus, which pose serious risks to humans, can be transmitted by insects. Due to the absence of effective vaccines for most arbovirus, insect control was the main strategy for vector-borne diseases control. However, the rise of drug resistance in the vectors brings a great challenge to the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases. Therefore, finding an eco-friendly method for vector control is essential to combat vector-borne diseases. Nanomaterials with the ability to resist insects and deliver drugs offer new opportunities to increase agent efficacy compared with traditional agents, and the application of nanoagents has expanded the field of vector-borne disease control. Up to now, the reviews of nanomaterials mainly focus on biomedicines, and the control of insect-borne diseases has always been a neglected field. In this study, we analyzed 425 works of the literature about different nanoparticles applied on vectors in PubMed around keywords, such as“nanoparticles against insect,” “NPs against insect,” and “metal nanoparticles against insect.” Through these articles, we focus on the application and development of nanoparticles (NPs) for vector control, discussing the lethal mechanism of NPs to vectors, which can explore the prospect of applying nanotechnology in the prevention and control of vectors.
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Constantin MONDJELI, Ismaël SADOU, and Noé WOIN. "Study of insects vectors of rice yellow mottle virus in the far north region of Cameroon." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 2 (August 30, 2024): 768–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2107.
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The present study was carried out in the research framework conducted by the Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Maroua. This investigation aimed at making an inventory of insects vectors of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in the Far-North of Cameroon. The insects vectors of rice yellow mottle virus was studied in the rainfed rice ecosystem of Maroua and in the main irrigated rice ecosystems of Yagoua and Maga in the Far North Region, Cameroon. In order to attain this objective, two collection methods were used. These included collection by D-VAC (vacuum trap) and collection by the Sweep net. The collection of the insect species with the two methods was done at the different phonological stages of the rice plant (nursery, heading, booting and maturity). The insect identification key of Heinrich and the family recognition key of Delvare and al., were used to identify the different species collected. From the samples obtained in the different rice-growing sites, the dominant structure of insect vectors of rice yellow mottle as well as their natural enemies was analyzed according to the phenology of rice. It appears from the inventory of insects in irrigated rice (Maga, Yagoua) and rainfed rice (Maroua) that this crop harbors many vectors of the rice yellow mottle virus. In the different rice-growing sites, we have numbers of vector insect individuals captured of 267, 286 and 385 respectively in Maroua (rainfed rice), Maga and Yagoua (irrigated rice). The vector insects captured are distributed as follows, eight species of vector insects in irrigated rice in Maga belonging to five families divided into three orders. In irrigated rice in Yagoua, eleven species of insects vectors of RYMV belonging to seven families divided into three orders were collected. As for rainfed rice in Maroua, thirteen vector insect species belonging to seven families and three orders were collected.
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Constantin, MONDJELI, SADOU Ismaël, and WOIN Noé. "Study of insects vectors of rice yellow mottle virus in the far north region of Cameroon." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 2 (August 30, 2024): 768–77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14844927.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The present study was carried out in the research framework conducted by the Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Maroua. This investigation aimed at making an inventory of insects vectors of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in the Far-North of Cameroon. The insects vectors of rice yellow mottle virus was studied in the rainfed rice ecosystem of Maroua and in the main irrigated rice ecosystems of Yagoua and Maga in the Far North Region, Cameroon. In order to attain this objective, two collection methods were used. These included collection by D-VAC (vacuum trap) and collection by the Sweep net. The collection of the insect species with the two methods was done at the different phonological stages of the rice plant (nursery, heading, booting and maturity). The insect identification key of Heinrich and the family recognition key of Delvare and al., were used to identify the different species collected. From the samples obtained in the different rice-growing sites, the dominant structure of insect vectors of rice yellow mottle as well as their natural enemies was analyzed according to the phenology of rice. It appears from the inventory of insects in irrigated rice (Maga, Yagoua) and rainfed rice (Maroua) that this crop harbors many vectors of the rice yellow mottle virus. In the different rice-growing sites, we have numbers of vector insect individuals captured of 267, 286 and 385 respectively in Maroua (rainfed rice), Maga and Yagoua (irrigated rice). The vector insects captured are distributed as follows, eight species of vector insects in irrigated rice in Maga belonging to five families divided into three orders. In irrigated rice in Yagoua, eleven species of insects vectors of RYMV belonging to seven families divided into three orders were collected. As for rainfed rice in Maroua, thirteen vector insect species belonging to seven families and three orders were collected.
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Chen, Qian, and Taiyun Wei. "Cell Biology During Infection of Plant Viruses in Insect Vectors and Plant Hosts." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 1 (January 2020): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0184-cr.
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Plant viruses typically cause severe pathogenicity in plants, even resulting in the death of plants. Many pathogenic plant viruses are transmitted in a persistent manner via insect vectors. Interestingly, unlike in the plant hosts, persistent viruses are either nonpathogenic or show limited pathogenicity in their insect vectors, while taking advantage of the cellular machinery of insect vectors for completing their life cycles. This review discusses why persistent plant viruses are nonpathogenic or have limited pathogenicity to their insect vectors while being pathogenic to plants hosts. Current advances in cell biology of virus–insect vector interactions are summarized, including virus-induced inclusion bodies, changes of insect cellular ultrastructure, and immune response of insects to the viruses, especially autophagy and apoptosis. The corresponding findings of virus-plant interactions are compared. An integrated view of the balance strategy achieved by the interaction between viral attack and the immune response of insect is presented. Finally, we outline progress gaps between virus-insect and virus-plant interactions, thus highlighting the contributions of cultured cells to the cell biology of virus-insect interactions. Furthermore, future prospects of studying the cell biology of virus-vector interactions are presented.
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Berasategui, Aileen, Shounak Jagdale, and Hassan Salem. "Fusarium phytopathogens as insect mutualists." PLOS Pathogens 19, no. 7 (July 27, 2023): e1011497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011497.
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As vectors of numerous plant pathogens, herbivorous insects play a key role in the epidemiology of plant disease. But how phytopathogens impact the metabolism, physiology, and fitness of their insect vectors is often unexplored within these tripartite interactions. Here, we examine the diverse symbioses forged between insects and members of the ascomycete fungal genus Fusarium. While Fusarium features numerous plant pathogens that are causal to diseases such as wilts and rots, many of these microbes also engage in stable mutualisms across several insect clades. Matching a diversity in symbiont localization and transmission routes, we highlight the various roles fusaria fulfill towards their insect hosts, from upgrading their nutritional physiology to providing defense against natural enemies. But as the insect partner is consistently herbivorous, we emphasize the convergent benefit Fusarium derives in exchange: propagation to a novel host plant. Collectively, we point to the synergy arising between a phytopathogen and its insect vector, and the consequences inflicted on their shared plant.
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Zhao, Wan, Jinting Yu, Feng Jiang, Wei Wang, Le Kang, and Feng Cui. "Coordination between terminal variation of the viral genome and insect microRNAs regulates rice stripe virus replication in insect vectors." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): e1009424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009424.
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Maintenance of a balance between the levels of viral replication and selective pressure from the immune systems of insect vectors is one of the prerequisites for efficient transmission of insect-borne propagative phytoviruses. The mechanism regulating the adaptation of RNA viruses to insect vectors by genomic variation remains unknown. Our previous study demonstrated an extension of the 3’-untranslated terminal region (UTR) of two genomic segments of rice stripe virus (RSV). In the present study, a reverse genetic system for RSV in human cells and an insect vector, the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus, was used to demonstrate that the 3’-terminal extensions suppressed viral replication in vector insects by inhibiting promoter activity due to structural interference with the panhandle structure formed by viral 3’- and 5’-UTRs. The extension sequence in the viral RNA1 segment was targeted by an endogenous insect microRNA, miR-263a, which decreased the inhibitory effect of the extension sequence on viral promoter activity. Surprisingly, the expression of miR-263a was negatively regulated by RSV infection. This elaborate coordination between terminal variation of the viral genome and endogenous insect microRNAs controls RSV replication in planthopper, thus reflecting a distinct strategy of adaptation of phytoviruses to insect vectors.
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Sukoco, Hendro, Muhammad Irfan, Agustina Agustina, Marsudi Marsudi, Irma Susanti S, Annisa Putri Cahyani, Sri Wahyuni, and Ferbian Milas Siswanto. "Article Review: The Role of Blood-sucking Insect Vectors in the Spread of Jembrana Disease in Bali Cattle." Jurnal Peternakan 21, no. 2 (September 30, 2024): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/jupet.v21i2.25222.
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ABSTRACT. Jembrana disease is a contagious disease in cattle and causes enormous economic losses for farmers. This disease, known as bovine lentivirus, was first reported in 1964 in Jembrana District. Jembrana disease specifically attacks Bali cattle at various ages. The cause of this disease is a lentivirus from the Retoviridae family. Jembrana disease transmission occurs by direct contact and is mediated by blood-sucking insect vectors. Not all blood-sucking insects can be vectors for Jembrana disease. Some blood-sucking insects capable of spreading Jembrana disease are Tabanus rubidus flies Culicoides sp mosquitoes, and Aedes lineatopennis, which act as mechanical vectors. As for the Boophilus microplus tick, it is suspected that it acts as a biological vector. Even after re-testing the tick, it could not prove its role as a biological vector for JDV. Prevention and control of this disease can be carried out by vaccination, biosecurity, biosafety, administration of vitamins, isolation of infected livestock, and control of blood-sucking insect vectors by administering insecticides to cages.
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Labroussaa, Fabien, Adam R. Zeilinger, and Rodrigo P. P. Almeida. "Blocking the Transmission of a Noncirculative Vector-Borne Plant Pathogenic Bacterium." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 29, no. 7 (July 2016): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-02-16-0032-r.
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The successful control of insect-borne plant pathogens is often difficult to achieve due to the ecologically complex interactions among pathogens, vectors, and host plants. Disease management often relies on pesticides and other approaches that have limited long-term sustainability. To add a new tool to control vector-borne diseases, we attempted to block the transmission of a bacterial insect-transmitted pathogen, the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, by disrupting bacteria–insect vector interactions. X. fastidiosa is known to attach to and colonize the cuticular surface of the mouthparts of vectors; a set of recombinant peptides was generated and the chemical affinities of these peptides to chitin and related carbohydrates was assayed in vitro. Two candidates, the X. fastidiosa hypothetical protein PD1764 and an N-terminal region of the hemagglutinin-like protein B (HxfB) showed affinity for these substrates. These proteins were provided to vectors via an artificial diet system in which insects acquire X. fastidiosa, followed by an inoculation access period on plants under greenhouse conditions. Both PD1764 and HxfAD1-3 significantly blocked transmission. Furthermore, bacterial populations within insects over a 10-day period demonstrated that these peptides inhibited cell adhesion to vectors but not bacterial multiplication, indicating that the mode of action of these peptides is restricted to limiting cell adhesion to insects, likely via competition for adhesion sites. These results open a new venue in the search for sustainable disease-control strategies that are pathogen specific and may have limited nontarget effects.
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Kaur, Navneet, Daniel K. Hasegawa, Kai-Shu Ling, and William M. Wintermantel. "Application of Genomics for Understanding Plant Virus-Insect Vector Interactions and Insect Vector Control." Phytopathology® 106, no. 10 (October 2016): 1213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-16-0111-fi.
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The relationships between plant viruses and their vectors have evolved over the millennia, and yet, studies on viruses began <150 years ago and investigations into the virus and vector interactions even more recently. The advent of next generation sequencing, including rapid genome and transcriptome analysis, methods for evaluation of small RNAs, and the related disciplines of proteomics and metabolomics offer a significant shift in the ability to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in virus infection and transmission by insect vectors. Genomic technologies offer an unprecedented opportunity to examine the response of insect vectors to the presence of ingested viruses through gene expression changes and altered biochemical pathways. This review focuses on the interactions between viruses and their whitefly or thrips vectors and on potential applications of genomics-driven control of the insect vectors. Recent studies have evaluated gene expression in vectors during feeding on plants infected with begomoviruses, criniviruses, and tospoviruses, which exhibit very different types of virus-vector interactions. These studies demonstrate the advantages of genomics and the potential complementary studies that rapidly advance our understanding of the biology of virus transmission by insect vectors and offer additional opportunities to design novel genetic strategies to manage insect vectors and the viruses they transmit.
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Wu, Xiujuan, and Jian Ye. "Manipulation of Jasmonate Signaling by Plant Viruses and Their Insect Vectors." Viruses 12, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020148.
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Plant viruses pose serious threats to stable crop yield. The majority of them are transmitted by insects, which cause secondary damage to the plant host from the herbivore-vector’s infestation. What is worse, a successful plant virus evolves multiple strategies to manipulate host defenses to promote the population of the insect vector and thereby furthers the disease pandemic. Jasmonate (JA) and its derivatives (JAs) are lipid-based phytohormones with similar structures to animal prostaglandins, conferring plant defenses against various biotic and abiotic challenges, especially pathogens and herbivores. For survival, plant viruses and herbivores have evolved strategies to convergently target JA signaling. Here, we review the roles of JA signaling in the tripartite interactions among plant, virus, and insect vectors, with a focus on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms that drive vector-borne plant viral diseases. This knowledge is essential for the further design and development of effective strategies to protect viral damages, thereby increasing crop yield and food security.
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Zhao, Pingzhi, Xiangmei Yao, Congxi Cai, Ran Li, Jie Du, Yanwei Sun, Mengyu Wang, et al. "Viruses mobilize plant immunity to deter nonvector insect herbivores." Science Advances 5, no. 8 (August 2019): eaav9801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav9801.
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A parasite-infected host may promote performance of associated insect vectors; but possible parasite effects on nonvector insects have been largely unexplored. Here, we show that Begomovirus, the largest genus of plant viruses and transmitted exclusively by whitefly, reprogram plant immunity to promote the fitness of the vector and suppress performance of nonvector insects (i.e., cotton bollworm and aphid). Infected plants accumulated begomoviral βC1 proteins in the phloem where they were bound to the plant transcription factor WRKY20. This viral hijacking of WRKY20 spatiotemporally redeployed plant chemical immunity within the leaf and had the asymmetrical benefiting effects on the begomoviruses and its whitefly vectors while negatively affecting two nonvector competitors. This type of interaction between a parasite and two types of herbivores, i.e., vectors and nonvectors, occurs widely in various natural and agricultural ecosystems; thus, our results have broad implications for the ecological significance of parasite-vector-host tripartite interactions.
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Zongoma, A. M., D. B. Dangora, M. Sétamou, M. D. Alegbejo, and O. J. Alabi. "Identification of mealybugs, soft scale insects and their predators in vineyards across the savannah agro-ecological region of Nigeria." Zoologist (The) 18, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v18i1.5.
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Insect-vectored viruses are a major threat to grapevine production but there is a dearth of information on the occurrence and distribution of key grapevine pests in Nigeria. The recent detection of grapevine leafroll associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1), a known insect-vectored ampelovirus, in Nigeria elevates the importance of the identification of its potential vectors as a precursor to assessing the risk of grapevine leafroll disease spread. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence and diversity of potential vectors of grapevine viruses and their natural enemies in vineyards across the savannah agro-ecological region of Nigeria. Forty vineyard and nursery locations were surveyed during 2016 and 45 arthropod samples were collected. The samples were first morphologically identified, and DNA barcoding was conducted on a subset of 16 representative samples using universal primers specific to the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene of most insects. The results indicated the presence of two species of scale insects (Parasaissetia nigra and Saissetia coffeae) and two mealybug species (Maconellicoccus hirsutus and Ferrisia virgata), some ofwhich are potential grapevine virus vectors, in Nigerian vineyards. In addition, the natural enemies of these insect species were detected which includes three species of parasitoids (Anagyrus kamali, Anagyrus pseudococci and Encarsia inaron) and one predator (Hyperaspidius mimus). While the detection of mealybugs and scale insects underscore the risk of vector-mediated virus spread in Nigerian vineyards, the identification of their natural enemies indicates presence of natural biological control agents to facilitate an integrated management of economically important grapevine virus diseases in the country.
 Keywords: Mealybugs; scale insects; parasitoids and predators; insect vectors; grapevine viruses.
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Wang, Xiao-Wei, and Stéphane Blanc. "Insect Transmission of Plant Single-Stranded DNA Viruses." Annual Review of Entomology 66, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-060920-094531.
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Of the approximately 1,200 plant virus species that have been described to date, nearly one-third are single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses, and all are transmitted by insect vectors. However, most studies of vector transmission of plant viruses have focused on RNA viruses. All known plant ssDNA viruses belong to two economically important families, Geminiviridae and Nanoviridae, and in recent years, there have been increased efforts to understand whether they have evolved similar relationships with their respective insect vectors. This review describes the current understanding of ssDNA virus–vector interactions, including how these viruses cross insect vector cellular barriers, the responses of vectors to virus circulation, the possible existence of viral replication within insect vectors, and the three-way virus–vector–plant interactions. Despite recent breakthroughs in our understanding of these viruses, many aspects of plant ssDNA virus transmission remain elusive. More effort is needed to identify insect proteins that mediate the transmission of plant ssDNA viruses and to understand the complex virus–insect–plant three-way interactions in the field during natural infection.
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Mwansat, Georgina Samuel. "Biodiversity of Insect Vectors and Parasites: Prospects and Challenges in the 21st Century." Nigerian Journal of Entomology 36, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/nje/0202/63.01.20.
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This paper examines diversity of insect vectors and parasites/vector-borne diseases also the successes and challenges in vector control in the 21st century and the way forward suggested. The generally accepted insect biodiversity is estimated to be 5.5 million worldwide with only about 1.5 million described. Generally, four insect orders: Coloeptera, Lepidopera, Hymenoptera and Odonata have been well studied and broadly described. Majority of insect species are known to be beneficial to man and the environment however, insect vectors which are fewer have been identified as causes of morbidity. Mosquitoes which are hematophagous insect vectors are known to be the leading vector for human infectious agents. Insecticides majorly dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) were therefore used for the control of insect vectors. This succeeded only for a short while in the 19th century due to insect vector resistance and the widely condemned ecological disadvantages. This led to the development of safer and more effective insecticides such as the pyrethriods although also plagued with the tendencies of insect vector resistance. However, it has been strongly indicated that there are links between drivers of global biodiversity modification and vector-borne diseases. This is identified as the strongest reason for control programs that are all encompassing, engaging different fields and institutions, communities and individuals. The Integrated Vector Management (IVM) is therefore, advocated as the way forward for control of insect vector in the 21st century. It is encouraged to be practised putting the basic principles of biodiversity conservation which are ensuring biological diversity, ecological integrity and resilience in proper perspective.
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Glazunova, Anastasija Aleksandrovna, Timofey Aleksandrovich Sevskikh, Olga Viktorovna Kustikova, Svetlana Georgievna Dresvjannikova, Timur Ravilevich Usadov, Georgij Anastasovich Dzhailidi, Zoran Debeljak, and Daria Aleksandrovna Lunina. "Entomological and Virological Methods for the Identification of Potential Vectors of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in the South-Eastern Part of Northern Caucasus, Russia." Acta Veterinaria 70, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2020-0022.
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AbstractThe article provides assessment of field and laboratory methods for the collection and evaluation of potential vectors of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in one of the districts of Krasnodarskiy Kray in southern Russia. In this study, we tested several methods of vector collection and a PCR protocol for the detection of the LSDV genome in insects. Descriptive data on samples were collected using a free web-based application Epicollect5.Potential LSDV vectors are quite widely spread insects in this region. We identified 15 insect species, including Musca domestica, Musca autumnalis and Stomoxys calcitrans. Analysis of the insect population showed an increase in species diversity and a decrease in abundance of the insect population by the end of the flight season.PCR tests did not detect LSDV genome in the collected samples. All the methods tested were found suitable for large-scale monitoring of lumpy skin disease (LSD). Further studies on potential risk factors of LSD spread are necessary to improve measures on preventing and eliminating the disease.
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Pidikiti, Pavithra, Chavan Sanket Sudhakar, Harkirat Singh, Adesh Kumar, and Shweta Meshram. "A review on molecular aspects of virus-vector relationship to the aphids." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 15, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i2.4391.
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Plant viruses are transmitted through insects, mites, nematodes, and protists. Arthropods as vectors are used by 88% of plant viruses to move from one host to another. Insects are the most prevalent vectors, with aphids accounting for half of all insect-vectored viruses. Aphids have been meticulously developed to serve as vectors. Transforming virions into plant cells is facilitated bypiercing–sucking mouthparts that do not cause irreversible damage. With the ability to reproduce asexually, aphid populations can grow incredibly, amplifying disease epidemics and accelerating the spread of viruses over short and vast distances. Aphids significantly reduce crop productivity by spreading numerous plant viruses. Being obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses rely heavily on vectors to spread and survive. Aphids are responsible for the majority of economically significant plant virus transmission and cause heavy crop loss worldwide. Aphids feed on the plant as insect pathogens and carry plant pathogens such as Viruses. Either persistent circulation, non-circulation or not persistently, they spread viruses. The process of plant virus transmission by insects has changed over time and is significantly impacted by the biology and morphology of insects. Much research during the last century has offered an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning virus-vector interactions. The present review discusses the molecular interaction of the virus–vector relationship by Aphids. This will provide a clue to the scientific community to successfully combat aphid infestation in agriculture.
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Koudamiloro, Augustin, Francis Eegbara Nwilene, Abou Togola, and Martin Akogbeto. "Insect Vectors of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus." Journal of Insects 2015 (February 2, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/721751.
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Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is the major viral constraint to rice production in Africa. RYMV was first identified in 1966 in Kenya and then later in most African countries where rice is grown. Several studies have been conducted so far on its evolution, pathogenicity, resistance genes, and especially its dissemination by insects. Many of these studies showed that, among RYMV vectors, insects especially leaf-feeders found in rice fields are the major source of virus transmission. Many studies have shown that the virus is vectored by several insect species in a process of a first ingestion of leaf material and subsequent transmission in following feedings. About forty insect species were identified as vectors of RYMV since 1970 up to now. They were essentially the beetles, grasshoppers, and the leafhoppers. For this review, we presented the chronology of their identification. Also, the biology, ecology, host range, distribution, and caused damage of these insects were briefly summarized.
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Heck, Michelle. "Insect Transmission of Plant Pathogens: a Systems Biology Perspective." mSystems 3, no. 2 (March 20, 2018): e00168-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00168-17.
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ABSTRACT Insect-vectored pathogens pose one of the greatest threats to plant and animal, including human, health on a global scale. Few effective control strategies have been developed to thwart the transmission of any insect-transmitted pathogen. Most have negative impacts on the environment and human health and are unsustainable. Plant pathogen transmission by insect vectors involves a combination of coevolving biological players: plant hosts, insect vectors, plant pathogens, and bacterial endosymbionts harbored by the insect. Our ability to help growers to control vector-borne disease depends on our ability to generate pathogen- and/or disease-resistant crops by traditional or synthetic approaches and to block pathogen transmission by the insect vector. Systems biology studies have led to the reexamination of existing paradigms on how pathogens interact with insect vectors, including the bacterial symbionts, and have identified vector-pathogen interactions at the molecular and cellular levels for the development of novel transmission interdiction strategies.
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Haustov, Evghenii. "Цикадки переносчики фитоплазменного заболевания почернение древесины (Bois Noir) в Республике Молдова". Știința Agricolă, № 1 (серпень 2023): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.55505/sa.2023.1.07.
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Auchenorrhyncha species represent a significant group of insects inhabiting vineyards. Insect vectors of phytoplasmic diseases of grapevine attract particular attention. From 2018 to 2020, studies of the leafhopper fauna were conducted in industrial plantations of grapevines located in the central zone of the Republic of Moldova. Insect collecting was done with an entomological net and with yellow, sticky traps. The identification of leafhoppers was carried out using determinants according to morphological features. The presence of phytoplasma Bois noir in leafhoppers was determined by PCR molecular analysis. During the research process, 1733 leafhopper specimens were collected and 15 species were identified. As a result of testing 77 insect samples, two new vectors were identified in the grapevine plantations of the Republic of Moldova: Anaceratagallia ribauti (Ossiannilsson) and Reptalus quinquecostatus (Dufour), as well as the well-known vector of phytoplasma Bois noir: Hyalesthes obsoletus. Vector leafhoppers in vineyards and reservoir host plants represent a high risk of spread of phytoplasma disease Bois noir in the Republic of Moldova.
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Catto, Michael A., Habibu Mugerwa, Brendon K. Myers, Sudeep Pandey, Bhabesh Dutta, and Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan. "A Review on Transcriptional Responses of Interactions between Insect Vectors and Plant Viruses." Cells 11, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11040693.
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This review provides a synopsis of transcriptional responses pertaining to interactions between plant viruses and the insect vectors that transmit them in diverse modes. In the process, it attempts to catalog differential gene expression pertinent to virus–vector interactions in vectors such as virus reception, virus cell entry, virus tissue tropism, virus multiplication, and vector immune responses. Whiteflies, leafhoppers, planthoppers, and thrips are the main insect groups reviewed, along with aphids and leaf beetles. Much of the focus on gene expression pertinent to vector–virus interactions has centered around whole-body RNA extraction, whereas data on virus-induced tissue-specific gene expression in vectors is limited. This review compares transcriptional responses in different insect groups following the acquisition of non-persistent, semi-persistent, and persistent (non-propagative and propagative) plant viruses and identifies parallels and divergences in gene expression patterns. Understanding virus-induced changes in vectors at a transcriptional level can aid in the identification of candidate genes for targeting with RNAi and/or CRISPR editing in insect vectors for management approaches.
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Masriany, Masriany, Rizkita R. Esyanti, Fenny M. Dwivany, and Tjandra Anggraeni. "Banana Flower-Insect Interaction: Alpha-Pinene as Potential Attractant for the Insect Vector of Banana Blood Disease." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.27.1.8.
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Volatile metabolites are produced by plants for self-defense and as communication mediators with the environment. Terpenes are volatiles emitted as odorant cues for herbivores and microorganisms. This study was aimed to investigate volatile metabolites produced by banana flowers that attract insect vectors of BBD. The volatile metabolites from banana flowers were extracted by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was apparent that the concentrations of the metabolite alpha-pinene gradually increased from the first to the the third stage. Comparison of metabolites produced by symptomatic banana male flowers for BBD infection with non-symptomatic ones showed that the concentration of alpha-pinene was higher in symptomatic male flowers. In addition, preference for alpha-pinene was tested on three insect vector species (Rhodesiella bhutanensis, Drosophila sp., and Musca sp.), analyzed by M. Anova p<0.001, F(1.5) =12.539 and Duncan test. Results showed that the insect vectors were mostly attracted to 20 µl volume of alpha-pinene compared to the other volumes and that alpha-pinene functioned as an attractant to these insects. This research is important for the formulation of attractants for insect vectors of BBD to control transmission of banana blood disease.
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SADOU Ismaël, MONDJELI Constantin, WOIN Noé, MADI ALI, Fernand-Nestor TCHUENGUEM F, WOUSSOU Felix Alain, and BIYACK WOULBO Cyrille. "Inventory of insect pests of rice in agro-ecosystems of far north region of Cameroon." International Journal of Scientific Research Updates 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 049–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.53430/ijsru.2024.7.1.0026.
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The entomofauna vector of rice yellow mottle virus was studied from June to September 2023 in the rainfed rice ecosystem of Maroua and in the main irrigated rice ecosystems of Yagoua and Maga in the Far North Region, Cameroon . Insect vector sampling was conducted in rainfed and irrigated rice fields every two weeks using a sweep net and a D-Vac (vacuum trap). From the samples obtained in the different rice-growing sites, the dominant structure of insect vectors of rice yellow mottle as well as their natural enemies was analyzed according to the phenology of rice. It appears from the inventory of insects in irrigated rice (Maga, Yagoua) and rainfed rice (Maroua) that this crop harbors many vectors of the rice yellow mottle virus. In the different rice-growing sites, we have numbers of vector insect individuals captured of 267, 286 and 385 respectively in Maroua (rainfed rice), Maga and Yagoua (irrigated rice). The vector insects captured are distributed as follows, eight species of vector insects in irrigated rice in Maga belonging to five families divided into three orders: Chnootriba similis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Chaetocnema pulla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Locris rubra ( Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Nephotettix nigropictus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), Cofana spectra (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Niparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) and Diopsis thoracica (Diptera: Diopsidae). In irrigated rice in Yagoua, eleven species of vector insects belonging to seven families divided into three orders were collected: Chnootriba similis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Chaetocnema pulla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Locris rubra (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Nephotettix nigropictus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), Cofana spectra (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Recilia dorsalis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Niparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), Leptocorisa oratorius (Hemiptera: Alydidae), Diploxys spp. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Diopsis thoracica (Diptera: Diopsidae). As for rainfed rice in Maroua, thirteen vector insect species belonging to seven families and three orders were collected: Chnootriba similis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Chaetocnema pulla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Trichispa sericea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Locris rubra (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Nephotettix nigropictus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), Cofana spectra (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Recilia dorsalis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Niparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) and Diopsis thoracica (Diptera: Diopsidae). These species proved to be particularly important by the size of their populations at the tillering stage of rice. The irrigated rice ecosystems of Yagoua and Maga are the most infested by insect vectors of rice yellow mottle virus and among these insect vectors Nephotettix nigropictus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the abundant species with 87 and 90 individuals collected respectively from Maga and Yagoua. Nephotettix nigropictus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) was collected in abundance at the tillering stage of rice. As for the predators and parasitoids present in the rice fields, there were spiders Araneus sp. (Araneae: Araneidae), Tetragnatha sp. (Araneae: Tetragnatidae), Pardosa injucunda (Araneae: Lyconidae) and lady beetles Xanthadalia effusa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) as predators and Hydrellia griseola (Diptera: Ephydridae), Bracon sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Xiphosomella sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Platygaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae) as parasitoids. The parasitoid species Hydrellia griseola (Diptera: Ephydridae) and the predatory species Araneus sp. (Araneae: Araneidae) are the most abundant natural enemies in the rice ecosystems of the Far North.
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Madden, L. V., M. J. Jeger, and F. van den Bosch. "A Theoretical Assessment of the Effects of Vector-Virus Transmission Mechanism on Plant Virus Disease Epidemics." Phytopathology® 90, no. 6 (June 2000): 576–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.6.576.
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A continuous-time and deterministic model was used to characterize plant virus disease epidemics in relation to virus transmission mechanism and population dynamics of the insect vectors. The model can be written as a set of linked differential equations for healthy (virus-free), latently infected, infectious, and removed (postinfectious) plant categories, and virus-free, latent, and infective insects, with parameters based on the transmission classes, vector population dynamics, immigration/emigration rates, and virus-plant interactions. The rate of change in diseased plants is a function of the density of infective insects, the number of plants visited per time, and the probability of transmitting the virus per plant visit. The rate of change in infective insects is a function of the density of infectious plants, the number of plants visited per time by an insect, and the probability of acquiring the virus per plant visit. Numerical solutions of the differential equations were used to determine transitional and steady-state levels of disease incidence (d*); d* was also determined directly from the model parameters. Clear differences were found in disease development among the four transmission classes: nonpersistently transmitted (stylet-borne [NP]); semipersistently transmitted (foregut-borne [SP]); circulative, persistently transmitted (CP); and propagative, persistently transmitted (PP), with the highest disease incidence (d) for the SP and CP classes relative to the others, especially at low insect density when there was no insect migration or when the vector status of emigrating insects was the same as that of immigrating ones. The PP and CP viruses were most affected by changes in vector longevity, rates of acquisition, and inoculation of the virus by vectors, whereas the PP viruses were least affected by changes in insect mobility. When vector migration was explicitly considered, results depended on the fraction of infective insects in the immigration pool and the fraction of dying and emigrating vectors replaced by immigrants. The PP and CP viruses were most sensitive to changes in these factors. Based on model parameters, the basic reproductive number (R0)—number of new infected plants resulting, from an infected plant introduced into a susceptible plant population—was derived for some circumstances and used to determine the steady-state level of disease incidence and an approximate exponential rate of disease increase early in the epidemic. Results can be used to evaluate disease management strategies.
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Minato, Nami, Shuichi Hatori, Azusa Okawa, Kai Nakagawa, and Mantaro Hironaka. "Manipulation of Insect Vectors’ Host Selection Behavior by Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Is Dependent on the Host Plant Species and Viral Co-Infection." Life 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12050644.
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Previous studies have shown that vector-borne viruses can manipulate the host selection behavior of insect vectors, yet the tripartite interactions of pathogens, host plants and insect vectors have been documented only in a limited number of pathosystems. Here, we report that the host selection behavior of the insect vector of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS) is dependent on the host plant species and viral co-infection. This study shows that a model cereal plant, Brachypodium distachyon, is a suitable host plant for examining tripartite interactions with BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPS. We reveal that BYDV-PAV has a different effect on the host selection behavior of its insect vector depending on the host plant species. Viruliferous aphids significantly prefer non-infected plants to virus-infected wheat plants, whereas viral infection on a novel host plant, B. distachyon, is not implicated in the attraction of either viruliferous or nonviruliferous aphids. Furthermore, our findings show that multiple virus infections of wheat with BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPS alter the preference of their vector aphid. This result indicates that BYDV-PAV acquisition alters the insect vector’s host selection, thereby varying the spread of multiple viruses.
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Minato, Nami, Shuichi Hatori, Azusa Okawa, Kai Nakagawa, and Mantaro Hironaka. "Manipulation of Insect Vectors’ Host Selection Behavior by Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Is Dependent on the Host Plant Species and Viral Co-Infection." Life 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12050644.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Previous studies have shown that vector-borne viruses can manipulate the host selection behavior of insect vectors, yet the tripartite interactions of pathogens, host plants and insect vectors have been documented only in a limited number of pathosystems. Here, we report that the host selection behavior of the insect vector of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS) is dependent on the host plant species and viral co-infection. This study shows that a model cereal plant, Brachypodium distachyon, is a suitable host plant for examining tripartite interactions with BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPS. We reveal that BYDV-PAV has a different effect on the host selection behavior of its insect vector depending on the host plant species. Viruliferous aphids significantly prefer non-infected plants to virus-infected wheat plants, whereas viral infection on a novel host plant, B. distachyon, is not implicated in the attraction of either viruliferous or nonviruliferous aphids. Furthermore, our findings show that multiple virus infections of wheat with BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPS alter the preference of their vector aphid. This result indicates that BYDV-PAV acquisition alters the insect vector’s host selection, thereby varying the spread of multiple viruses.
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Minato, Nami, Shuichi Hatori, Azusa Okawa, Kai Nakagawa, and Mantaro Hironaka. "Manipulation of Insect Vectors’ Host Selection Behavior by Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Is Dependent on the Host Plant Species and Viral Co-Infection." Life 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12050644.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Previous studies have shown that vector-borne viruses can manipulate the host selection behavior of insect vectors, yet the tripartite interactions of pathogens, host plants and insect vectors have been documented only in a limited number of pathosystems. Here, we report that the host selection behavior of the insect vector of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS) is dependent on the host plant species and viral co-infection. This study shows that a model cereal plant, Brachypodium distachyon, is a suitable host plant for examining tripartite interactions with BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPS. We reveal that BYDV-PAV has a different effect on the host selection behavior of its insect vector depending on the host plant species. Viruliferous aphids significantly prefer non-infected plants to virus-infected wheat plants, whereas viral infection on a novel host plant, B. distachyon, is not implicated in the attraction of either viruliferous or nonviruliferous aphids. Furthermore, our findings show that multiple virus infections of wheat with BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPS alter the preference of their vector aphid. This result indicates that BYDV-PAV acquisition alters the insect vector’s host selection, thereby varying the spread of multiple viruses.
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Mittapelly, Priyanka, and Swapna Priya Rajarapu. "Applications of Proteomic Tools to Study Insect Vector–Plant Virus Interactions." Life 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10080143.
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Proteins are crucial players of biological interactions within and between the organisms and thus it is important to understand the role of proteins in successful partnerships, such as insect vectors and their plant viruses. Proteomic approaches have identified several proteins at the interface of virus acquisition and transmission by their insect vectors which could be potential molecular targets for sustainable pest and viral disease management strategies. Here we review the proteomic techniques used to study the interactions of insect vector and plant virus. Our review will focus on the techniques available to identify the infection, global changes at the proteome level in insect vectors, and protein-protein interactions of insect vectors and plant viruses. Furthermore, we also review the integration of other techniques with proteomics and the available bioinformatic tools to analyze the proteomic data.
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Susanta, K. Behura. "Mosquito Microbiota and Metagenomics, and its Relevance to Disease Transmission." Biohelikon 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 1–2. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.816315.
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Application of high throughput sequencing to infer microbial diversity in environmental as well as animal and plant samples is the central theme of metagenomics. This is an immerging area of modern biology that has huge potential to uncover the forms of life we would have never imagined, for example the diversity of microorganisms living within a tiny insect. Metagenomics analyses of disease spreading insects will open up new avenues for better understanding the role of gut microbiota of insect vectors, such as mosquitoes, in ability of these vectors to spread deadly human diseases. The aim of this editorial is to provide the current state of our knowledge on identification of microbial communities in mosquitoes, but more importantly, to give a wakeup call to the vector biology community that it is time to take a good look on the guts of these disease-spreading insects.
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Omura, Toshihiro, Jin Yan, Boxiong Zhong, Masato Wada, Yafeng Zhu, Masatoshi Tomaru, Wakako Maruyama, et al. "The P2 Protein of Rice Dwarf Phytoreovirus Is Required for Adsorption of the Virus to Cells of the Insect Vector." Journal of Virology 72, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 9370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.11.9370-9373.1998.
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ABSTRACT Intact particles of rice dwarf phytoreovirus adsorbed to and entered monolayer-cultured cells of the insect vector Nephotettix cincticeps and multiplied within the cells. Particles that lacked the P2 protein neither attached to nor infected such cells. Furthermore, P2-free particles obtained from a transmission-competent isolate of the virus were unable to infect insect vectors that had been allowed to feed on these virus particles through a membrane. However, when such virus particles were injected into insects via a glass capillary tube they successfully infected the insects, which became able to transmit the virus. These results support the hypothesis that, while P2-free particles can neither interact with nor infect cells in the intestinal tract of the insect vector, they do retain the ability to infect such cells when physically introduced into the hemolymph by injection.
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Cornara, D., A. Sicard, A. R. Zeilinger, F. Porcelli, A. H. Purcell, and R. P. P. Almeida. "Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa to Grapevine by the Meadow Spittlebug." Phytopathology® 106, no. 11 (November 2016): 1285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-16-0202-r.
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There is little information available on Xylella fastidiosa transmission by spittlebugs (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea). This group of insect vectors may be of epidemiological relevance in certain diseases, so it is important to better understand the basic parameters of X. fastidiosa transmission by spittlebugs. We used grapevines as a host plant and the aphrophorid Philaenus spumarius as a vector to estimate the effect of plant access time on X. fastidiosa transmission to plants; in addition, bacterial population estimates in the heads of vectors were determined and correlated with plant infection status. Results show that transmission efficiency of X. fastidiosa by P. spumarius increased with plant access time, similarly to insect vectors in another family (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae). Furthermore, a positive correlation between pathogen populations in P. spumarius and transmission to plants was observed. Bacterial populations in insects were one to two orders of magnitude lower than those observed in leafhopper vectors, and population size peaked within 3 days of plant access period. These results suggest that P. spumarius has either a limited number of sites in the foregut that may be colonized, or that fluid dynamics in the mouthparts of these insects is different from that in leafhoppers. Altogether our results indicate that X. fastidiosa transmission by spittlebugs is similar to that by leafhoppers. In addition, the relationship between cell numbers in vectors and plant infection may have under-appreciated consequences to pathogen spread.
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A., L. M. Murwayi, Onyango T., and Owour B. "Mathematical Analysis of Plant Disease Dispersion Model that Incorporates wind Strength and Insect Vector at Equilibrium." British Journal of Mathematics & Computer Science 22, no. 5 (June 9, 2017): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJMCS/2017/33991.
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Numerous plant diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi protozoa and pathogenic nematodes are propagated through media such as water, wind and other intermediary carries called vectors, and are therefore referred to as vector borne plant diseases. Insect vector borne plant diseases are currently a major concern due to abundance of insects in the tropics which impacts negatively on food security, human health and world economies. Elimination or control of which can be achieved through understanding the process of propagation via Mathematical modeling. However existing models are linear and rarely incorporates climate change parameters to improve on their accuracy. Yields of plants can reduce significantly if they are infected by vectors borne diseases whose vectors have very short life span without necessarily inducing death to plants. Despite this, there is no reliable developed mathematical model to describe such dynamics. This paper formulates and analyzes a dynamical nonlinear plant vector borne dispersion disease model that incorporates insect and plant population at equilibrium and wind as a parameter of climate change, to determine , local and global stability in addition to sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number .
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Mweresa, Collins K., W. R. Mukabana, J. J. A. van Loon, M. Dicke, and W. Takken. "Use of semiochemicals for surveillance and control of hematophagous insects." Chemoecology 30, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00049-020-00317-1.
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Abstract Reliance on broad-spectrum insecticides and chemotherapeutic agents to control hematophagous insect vectors, and their related diseases is threatened by increasing insecticide and drug resistance, respectively. Thus, development of novel, alternative, complementary and effective technologies for surveillance and control of such insects is strongly encouraged. Semiochemicals are increasingly developed for monitoring and intervention of insect crop pests, but this has not been adequately addressed for hematophagous insects of medical and veterinary importance. This review provides an insight in the application of semiochemicals for control of hematophagous insects. Here, we provide specific information regarding the isolation and identification of semiochemical compounds, optimization approaches, detection, perception and discrimination by the insect olfactory system. Navigation of insects along wind-borne odor plumes is discussed and methods of odor application in field situations are reviewed. Finally, we discuss prospects and future challenges for the application of semiochemical-based tools with emphasis on mosquitoes. The acquired knowledge can guide development of more effective components of integrated vector management, safeguard against emerging resistance of insects to existing insecticides and reduce the burden of vector-borne diseases.
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Ivanauskas, Algirdas, Jolanta Rimsaite, Jurij Danilov, Guy Soderman, Donatas Sneideris, Marija Zizyte-Eidetiene, Wei Wei, and Deividas Valiunas. "A Survey of Potential Insect Vectors of Mountain Pine Proliferation Decline Phytoplasma in Curonian Spit, Lithuania." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 12, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-07977.
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Mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) is a coniferous native to the highlands of central Europe. Our previous study revealed that mountain pine proliferation decline (MPPD) disease in the Curonian Spit of Lithuania is caused by a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’-related strain (16SrXXI-A). However, the insect vector of MPPD has not been identified. In this study, we conducted a survey to determine potential insect vectors of MPPD phytoplasma for three consecutive years (2016–2019). More than 1000 insect samples were collected from four locations in the Curonian Spit. These insects were identified as belonging to six families and ten genera. The presence of phytoplasma in insect samples was examined by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using phytoplasma-specific primers (P1A/16S-SR and R16F2n/R16R2n). Phytoplasmas were detected in Cinara (Cinara) pini (Scots pine aphid), Cinara (Cinara) piniphila and Cinara (Schizolachnus) pineti (waxy grey pine needle aphid) insect samples. Subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis showed that the PCR-RFLP profile of these positive insect samples was consistent with that of the MPPD of diseased pine trees. These results suggest that C. (C.) pini, C. (C.) piniphila and C. (S.) pineti may be potential insect vectors of MPPD phytoplasma. The findings from this survey will provide useful information for the management of MPPD disease.
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Weintraub, Phyllis G., and LeAnn Beanland. "INSECT VECTORS OF PHYTOPLASMAS." Annual Review of Entomology 51, no. 1 (January 2006): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151039.
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Tanne, E., E. Boudon-Padieu, D. Clair, M. Davidovich, S. Melamed, and Meir Klein. "Detection of Phytoplasma by Polymerase Chain Reaction of Insect Feeding Medium and Its Use in Determining Vectoring Ability." Phytopathology® 91, no. 8 (August 2001): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.8.741.
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A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was developed for the detection of phytoplasma in insect feeding medium (sucrose). A correlation was established between the transmissibility of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma in the experimental leafhopper vector Euscelidius variegatus and its detection by PCR in the insect feeding medium. However, phytoplasma were detected in the insects' bodies 3 weeks before they began to transmit. Hence, PCR assays of the sucrose medium reflected phytoplasma vectoring ability probably by detecting it in the insect saliva, whereas detection of phytoplasma in the insect's body did not identify it as a vector. The assay was applied to two field-collected leafhoppers suspected of being phytoplasma vectors in Israel (Orosius albicinctus and Anaceratagallia laevis). The presence of phytoplasma in the body of specimens of the latter species was assayed by PCR in 1999. Phytoplasmas were detected in insects' bodies throughout the year, with no specific seasonal pattern. In the saliva, however, no phytoplasma could be detected in the autumn. This seasonal pattern supported the validity of the feeding-medium tests and their correlation to the insect's ability to transmit phytoplasma. Transmission assays indicated, to our knowledge for the first time, that O. albicinctus and A. laevis are vectors of phytoplasma in Israel. A simple PCR-based assay is thus provided, circumventing the need for tedious biological assays and enabling epidemiological studies of phytoplasma transmissibility on a large scale.
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Zhao, Wan, Qiong Li, Mengqi Sun, Yan Xiao, and Feng Cui. "Interaction between endogenous microRNAs and virus-derived small RNAs controls viral replication in insect vectors." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): e1010709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010709.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in resisting virus infection in insects. Viruses are recognized by insect RNA interference systems, which generate virus-derived small RNAs (vsRNAs). To date, it is unclear whether viruses employ vsRNAs to regulate the expression of endogenous miRNAs. We previously found that miR-263a facilitated the proliferation of rice stripe virus (RSV) in the insect vector small brown planthopper. However, miR-263a was significantly downregulated by RSV. Here, we deciphered the regulatory mechanisms of RSV on miR-263a expression. The promoter region of miR-263a was characterized, and the transcription factor YY1 was found to negatively regulate the transcription of miR-263a. The nucleocapsid protein of RSV promoted the inhibitory effect of YY1 on miR-263a transcription by reducing the binding ability of RNA polymerase II to the promoter of miR-263a. Moreover, an RSV-derived small RNA, vsR-3397, downregulated miR-263a transcription by directly targeting the promoter region with partial sequence complementarity. The reduction in miR-263a suppressed RSV replication and was beneficial for maintaining a tolerable accumulation level of RSV in insect vectors. This dual regulation mechanism reflects an ingenious adaptation strategy of viruses to their insect vectors.
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Christine, Ahou Kouame. "Identification of the cassava phytoplasma insect in Côte d'Ivoire." International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR) 24, no. 1 (January 13, 2024): 19–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13979510.
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Disease-causing phytoplasmas are transmitted by insect. Their distribution and transmission of the diseases with which they are associated are strongly linked to the feeding habits and biology of the insect vectors and the conditions of the host plants. This study was carried out in Côte d’Ivoire, specifically in the Grand-Lahou locality (an area endemic to phytoplasma disease), with a view to identifying the insect carriers and vectors of cassava phytoplasma. Insects were collected from the leaves. Total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from 150 insect specimens and indirect diagnosis was carried out by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using the universal primer pair P1/P7 followed by AwkaSR/GH813f (specific primers). The molecular tests (PCR) carried out on these insects identified a probable carrier of the specie <em>Bemisia tabaci</em>. published by the <strong>International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)</strong>
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Lopes, Rosane Lima, Suzete Araujo Oliveira Gomes, and Carolina Nascimento Spiegel. "An overview of studies on sex pheromones of insect vectors of pathogenic trypanosomatids of medical and veterinary importance." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 11 (August 13, 2022): e13111132864. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i11.32864.
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Insect vectors of Leishmaniases, Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis remain human health, veterinary and economic problems worldwide. Several sex pheromones molecules that contribute to mating behavior have been identified in these vectors. These chemical signals are potential alternatives to traditional chemical insecticides. This review discusses the diversity of sex pheromone molecules and their role in the mating behavior of insect vectors of Leishmaniases, Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis. The selection of studies was made based on research and review articles that presented sex pheromone aspects regarding insect vectors. In some species, these molecules have a dual function as serving as sex and aggregation pheromone. We also highlight the current knowledge of these substances as potential vector control tools. The studies revealed that sex pheromones applicability is largely experimental and restricted to some vectors. Based on these limitations, we included updated tables with the chemical identity of several sex pheromone compounds and other relevant information concerning the target species, which can contribute to future studies of control methodologies.
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Montero-Astúa, Mauricio, Dorith Rotenberg, Alexandria Leach-Kieffaber, Brandi A. Schneweis, Sunghun Park, Jungeun K. Park, Thomas L. German, and Anna E. Whitfield. "Disruption of Vector Transmission by a Plant-Expressed Viral Glycoprotein." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 3 (March 2014): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-09-13-0287-fi.
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Vector-borne viruses are a threat to human, animal, and plant health worldwide, requiring the development of novel strategies for their control. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the 10 most economically significant plant viruses and, together with other tospoviruses, is a threat to global food security. TSWV is transmitted by thrips, including the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Previously, we demonstrated that the TSWV glycoprotein GN binds to thrips vector midguts. We report here the development of transgenic plants that interfere with TSWV acquisition and transmission by the insect vector. Tomato plants expressing GN-S protein supported virus accumulation and symptom expression comparable with nontransgenic plants. However, virus titers in larval insects exposed to the infected transgenic plants were three-log lower than insects exposed to infected nontransgenic control plants. The negative effect of the GN-S transgenics on insect virus titers persisted to adulthood, as shown by four-log lower virus titers in adults and an average reduction of 87% in transmission efficiencies. These results demonstrate that an initial reduction in virus infection of the insect can result in a significant decrease in virus titer and transmission over the lifespan of the vector, supportive of a dose-dependent relationship in the virus–vector interaction. These findings demonstrate that plant expression of a viral protein can be an effective way to block virus transmission by insect vectors.
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Fiodorova. "EPIZOOTOLOGICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BLOOD-SUCKING DIPTERANS IN THE TYUMEN REGION (REVIEW)." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.526-529.
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Blood-sucking dipterans are widespread in the Tyumen Region and pose a danger as vectors of many infectious and invasive diseases of humans and animals, which are widespread in many countries of the world. Geographic, ecological, and biological features of the Tyumen Region are favorable for the circulation of pathogens of vector-borne diseases. Particular importance in the spread of diseases is attached to the ability of insects to travel long distances with a flying distance of horseflies, mosquitoes and blackflies for tens of kilometers. Monitoring of the fauna and ecology features of blood-sucking dipterans in the territories is currently necessary, since at present literature data on these insects are fragmentary and are only for informational purposes. As a result of climate warming processes, phenodates are shifted, the distribution areas of specific insect vectors expand, and new types of vector competence are acquired. An increase in air temperature, an increase in the number of hatching sites, as well as changes in the nature of aquatic vegetation and a decrease in the salinity of water bodies make them more acceptable for the formation of preimaginal stages of insect development. To date, research is relevant and requires to perform further study in preserving the well-being of territories for a number of especially dangerous diseases.
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Reddy, H. Ramasubba, Rakesh Bhargava, Dipak Das, Dina Nath Pandit, Harmohan Singh Yadav, and Manish Raj Mishra. "The Buzz of Apiology and The Molecular Secrets of Vectors: Unraveling the Genetics and Physiology of Insects in Ecology." Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, S-5 (November 2, 2023): 1761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44is-5.1455.
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Insects, as some of the most diverse and ecologically influential organisms on our planet, continue to captivate the scientific community's attention. This abstract provides an overview of the fascinating world of apiology and the exploration of molecular secrets within insect vectors, shedding light on the genetics and physiology of these remarkable creatures in the context of ecology. Apiology, the study of bees and their intricate social structures, has experienced a resurgence of interest due to the critical roles that bees play in pollination and ecosystem health. Researchers have delved deep into the genetics and physiology of bees, uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying their remarkable communication, navigation, and foraging behaviors. This knowledge is instrumental in addressing the challenges posed by bee population decline and its implications for global agriculture. In parallel, the study of insect vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks, has gained prominence as they continue to transmit diseases that affect human and animal populations worldwide. This paper highlights the intersection of apiology and vector biology, emphasizing the importance of unraveling the genetics and physiology of insects in ecological contexts. By deciphering the molecular secrets of these insects, we can enhance our understanding of their roles in ecosystems, mitigate the impact of disease vectors, and implement conservation measures to protect vital pollinators. Ultimately, these endeavors contribute to a more comprehensive comprehension of the complex web of life on Earth and inspire innovative solutions to pressing ecological challenges.
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Fernandes, Millena, Edenilson Osinski Francisco, Renan Konig Leal, Caroline Pereira Vieira, Wellyngton Vieira Eufrazio, Linério Ribeiro de Novais Júnior, Suelen de Souza Ramos, Rafael Bitencourt, Gislaine Tezza Rezin, and Josiane Somariva Prophiro. "Insecticidal effect of Cannabis." Revista da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Sorocaba 26, Fluxo contínuo (October 7, 2024): e66408. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/1984-4840.2024v26a18.
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Currently, there is a need for the development of vector insect control products that are ecologically viable, utilizing active principles available in nature. Natural compounds with insecticidal potential already identified in Cannabis are promising prospects for the control and management of vector arthropods of diseases. In this context, the work aims to investigate possible disparities in the toxicity effects of Cannabis in different formulations and at different stages of the vectors' life. This is a systematic review. Experimental studies describing the toxic effects of Cannabis on eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult vector insects were included. Articles in which the insect was characterized as a mechanical vector, literature review research, and ethnobotanical studies were excluded. The study revealed the potential insecticidal effect of Cannabis when applied in different formulations on Ctenocephalides felis felis, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles gambiae, and Culex quinquefasciatus at different stages of development. Cannabis proved to be a promising plant in terms of mortality and evidenced effects on insect fertility, birth rates, and adult emergence. The study revealed a potential insecticidal effect of Cannabis. However, further investigations are crucial to elucidate the role of this plant in vector insect control strategies.
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Kumar, Pavan, Deepak Kumar, Priyanka, Monika, Preeti Sharma, Vandana, and Arvind. "Review on Floral Biology and Insect Floral Visitors of Bottle Gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley]." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 31, no. 2 (March 4, 2025): 433–42. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2025/v31i22864.
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Pollination is vital for the survival of cross-pollinated plants, achieved through wind, water, and animal vectors. In animals, insects are the major vectors of pollination, including cucurbitaceous crops, where the bottle gourd is monoecious with the diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal habit of anthesis. In bottle gourd, staminate and pistillate flowers appear 55 to 83 days after planting on different nodes of the same plant with a ratio of 19:1 to 23:1. A meta-analysis of studies on insect floral visitors of bottle gourd revealed that 86 insect species consisting of 23 Hymenopterans, 22 Lepidopterans, 21 Dipterans, 11 Coleopterans, 4 Hemipterans, 2 Orthopterans, and 1 each of Odonatan, Thysanopteran, and Mantodean insects visited bottle gourd flowers.
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Baxter, Richard H. G. "Chemosterilants for Control of Insects and Insect Vectors of Disease." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 70, no. 10 (October 26, 2016): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2016.715.
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Wang, Haitao, Yan Dong, Qiufang Xu, Man Wang, Shuo Li, and Yinghua Ji. "MicroRNA750-3p Targets Processing of Precursor 7 to Suppress Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus Propagation in Vector Laodelphax striatellus." Viruses 16, no. 1 (January 8, 2024): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16010097.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs, which, as members of the RNA interference pathway, play a pivotal role in antiviral infection. Almost 80% of plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors; however, little is known about the interaction of the miRNAs of insect vectors with plant viruses. Here, we took rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), a devastating virus to rice production in eastern Asia, and the small brown planthopper, (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus) as a model to investigate the role of microRNA750-3p (miR750-3p) in regulating viral transmission. Our results showed that Ls-miR750-3p was downregulated in RBSDV-infected SBPH and predominately expressed in the midgut of SBPH. Injection with miR750-3p agomir significantly reduced viral accumulation, and the injection with the miR750-3p inhibitor, antagomir-750-3p, dramatically promoted the viral accumulation in SBPH, as detected using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The processing of precursor 7 (POP7), a subunit of RNase P and RNase MRP, was screened, identified, and verified using a dual luciferase reporter assay as one target of miR750-3p. Knockdown of POP7 notably increased RBSDV viral propagation in SBPH and then increased the viral transmission rate by SBPH. Taken together, our data indicate that miR750-3p targets POP7 to suppress RBSDV infection in its insect vector. These results enriched the role of POP7 in modulating virus infection in host insects and shared new insight into the function of miRNAs in plant virus and insect vector interaction.
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Powell, Jeffrey. "Genetic Variation in Insect Vectors: Death of Typology?" Insects 9, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040139.
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The issue of typological versus population thinking in biology is briefly introduced and defined. It is then emphasized how population thinking is most relevant and useful in vector biology. Three points are made: (1) Vectors, as they exist in nature, are genetically very heterogeneous. (2) Four examples of how this is relevant in vector biology research are presented: Understanding variation in vector competence, GWAS, identifying the origin of new introductions of invasive species, and resistance to inbreeding. (3) The existence of high levels of vector genetic heterogeneity can lead to failure of some approaches to vector control, e.g., use of insecticides and release of sterile males (SIT). On the other hand, vector genetic heterogeneity can be harnessed in a vector control program based on selection for refractoriness.
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Wei, Taiyun, and Yi Li. "Rice Reoviruses in Insect Vectors." Annual Review of Phytopathology 54, no. 1 (August 4, 2016): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095900.
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Rahi, Manju, Henk van den Berg, Indra Vythilingam, and Raman Velayudhan. "Insect vectors on the move." One Earth 7, no. 4 (April 2024): 535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.03.012.
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McCall, P. J., and M. M. Cameron. "Oviposition pheromones in insect vectors." Parasitology Today 11, no. 9 (September 1995): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(95)80192-8.
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