Artigos de revistas: "Inter-species transmission"

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Baron, Thierry. "Identification of Inter-Species Transmission of Prion Strains." Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 61, no. 5 (May 2002): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnen/61.5.377.

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Bordería, Antonio V., Kenneth A. Stapleford, and Marco Vignuzzi. "RNA virus population diversity: implications for inter-species transmission." Current Opinion in Virology 1, no. 6 (December 2011): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2011.09.012.

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RICHOMME, C., D. GAUTHIER, and E. FROMONT. "Contact rates and exposure to inter-species disease transmission in mountain ungulates." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 1 (June 30, 2005): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805004693.

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SUMMARYThe risk for a pathogen to cross the species barrier depends on the rate of efficient contacts between the species. However, contact rates between species have rarely been estimated from observations. Here we estimate contact rates and exposure of chamoisRupicapra rupicapraand Alpine ibexCapra ibexexposed to domestic pasteurellosis and brucellosis carried by sheep or cattle herds summering in mountain pastures. We use field observation data on animal positions treated in a geographic information system (GIS). Comparing 10 pastures, we show that the management of domestic herds influences the risk of inter-species transmission. Exposure to direct transmission of pasteurellosis is high when herds are not guarded nor enclosed, whereas exposure to indirect transmission of brucellosis is increased on epidemiological dangerous points such as salt deposits. Our preliminary results need further investigation, but they underline the importance of both herd management and pathogen transmission mode when the aim is to reduce the risk of contamination of wild populations by a pathogen associated with domestic pathogens.

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Short, Kirsty R., Mathilde Richard, Josanne H. Verhagen, Debby van Riel, Eefje J. A. Schrauwen, Judith M. A. van den Brand, Benjamin Mänz, Rogier Bodewes, and Sander Herfst. "One health, multiple challenges: The inter-species transmission of influenza A virus." One Health 1 (December 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.03.001.

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Pruvot, M., D. Seidel, M. S. Boyce, M. Musiani, A. Massolo, S. Kutz, and K. Orsel. "What attracts elk onto cattle pasture? Implications for inter-species disease transmission." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 117, no. 2 (November 2014): 326–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.08.010.

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Yen, H. L., M. C. Cheng, J. L. Liu, C. L. Kao, S. R. Shih, N. J. Cox, R. G. Webster, and C. C. King. "Influenza surveillance in poultry market and its inter-species transmission in Taiwan." International Congress Series 1219 (October 2001): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0531-5131(01)00668-9.

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Judge, Johanna, Alastair Greig, Ilias Kyriazakis, and Michael R. Hutchings. "Ingestion of faeces by grazing herbivores—risk of inter-species disease transmission." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 107, no. 2-3 (May 2005): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.10.028.

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Martínez-Laso, Jorge, Angela Román, Miriam Rodriguez, Isabel Cervera, Jacqueline Head, Iciar Rodríguez-Avial, and Juan J. Picazo. "Diversity of the G3 genes of human rotaviruses in isolates from Spain from 2004 to 2006: cross-species transmission and inter-genotype recombination generates alleles." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 935–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.007807-0.

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Rotavirus evolves by using multiple genetic mechanisms which are an accumulation of spontaneous point mutations and reassortment events. Other mechanisms, such as cross-species transmission and inter-genotype recombination, may be also involved. One of the most interesting genotypes in the accumulation of these events is the G3 genotype. In this work, six new Spanish G3 sequences belonging to 0–2-year-old patients from Madrid were analysed and compared with 160 others of the same genotype obtained from humans and other host species to establish the evolutionary pathways of the G3 genotype. The following results were obtained: (i) there are four different lineages of the G3 genotype which have evolved in different species; (ii) Spanish G3 rotavirus sequences are most similar to the described sequences that belong to lineage I; (iii) several G3 genotype alleles were reassigned as other G genotypes; and (iv) inter-genotype recombination events in G3 viruses involving G1 and G2 were described. These findings strongly suggest multiple inter-species transmission events between different non-human mammalian species and humans.

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Chen, Rubing, and Edward C. Holmes. "Frequent inter-species transmission and geographic subdivision in avian influenza viruses from wild birds." Virology 383, no. 1 (January 2009): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2008.10.015.

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Mihalov-Kovács, Eszter, Vito Martella, Gianvito Lanave, Livia Bodnar, Enikő Fehér, Szilvia Marton, Gábor Kemenesi, Ferenc Jakab, and Krisztián Bányai. "Genome analysis of canine astroviruses reveals genetic heterogeneity and suggests possible inter-species transmission." Virus Research 232 (March 2017): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.005.

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EZENWA, V. O. "Habitat overlap and gastrointestinal parasitism in sympatric African bovids." Parasitology 126, no. 4 (April 2003): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182002002913.

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Gastrointestinal parasite infections are widespread among wild ungulates. Because many of these parasites infect multiple host species, inter-specific interactions among hosts potentially play an important role in parasite transmission dynamics in ungulate communities. In this study, the effects of inter-specific contact on parasitism rates in 11 sympatric African bovids was examined using habitat overlap among species as a measure of cross-species contact rates. Across individual hosts, strongyle nematode abundance increased with increasing numbers of bovid species occupying a habitat. Furthermore, comparative analyses show a positive association between strongyle prevalence and level of habitat overlap across taxa. These findings suggest that among sympatric bovids, contact between species contributes significantly to the transmission of generalist nematode parasites. For a more host-specific parasite group, coccidia, parasite abundance and individual probability of infection declined in hosts living in bovid rich habitats. This pattern may reflect enhanced inter-specific competition among parasites in these areas. Finally, similar to strongyle abundance, individual parasite richness also increased among hosts occupying habitats with higher numbers of bovid species. No association between habitat overlap and parasite richness was detected at higher taxonomic scales, however, which suggests that contact between host species may not contribute to parasite colonization of new host taxa.

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DOUGNAC, C., C. PARDO, K. MEZA, C. ARREDONDO, O. BLANK, P. ABALOS, R. VIDAL, A. FERNANDEZ, F. FREDES, and P. RETAMAL. "Detection ofSalmonella entericain Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) of Chilean Patagonia: evidences of inter-species transmission." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 6 (August 22, 2014): 1187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814002052.

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SUMMARYPatagonia in southern South America is among the few world regions where direct human impact is still limited but progressively increasing, mainly represented by tourism, farming, fishing and mining activities. The sanitary condition of Patagonian wildlife is unknown, in spite of being critical for the assessment of anthropogenic effects there. The aim of this study was the characterization ofSalmonella entericastrains isolated from wild colonies of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) located in Magdalena Island and Otway Sound, in Chilean Patagonia. Eight isolates ofSalmonellawere found, belonging to Agona and Enteritidis serotypes, with an infection rate of 0·38%. Resistance to ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftiofur and tetracycline antimicrobials were detected, and some of these strains showed genotypic similarity withSalmonellastrains isolated from humans and gulls, suggesting inter-species transmission cycles and strengthening the role of penguins as sanitary sentinels in the Patagonian ecosystem.

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Stack, J. Conrad, Pablo R. Murcia, Bryan T. Grenfell, James L. N. Wood, and Edward C. Holmes. "Inferring the inter-host transmission of influenza A virus using patterns of intra-host genetic variation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1750 (January 7, 2013): 20122173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2173.

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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause acute, highly transmissible infections in a wide range of animal species. Understanding how these viruses are transmitted within and between susceptible host populations is critical to the development of effective control strategies. While viral gene sequences have been used to make inferences about IAV transmission dynamics at the epidemiological scale, their utility in accurately determining patterns of inter-host transmission in the short-term—i.e. who infected whom—has not been strongly established. Herein, we use intra-host sequence data from the viral HA1 (hemagglutinin) gene domain from two transmission studies employing different IAV subtypes in their natural hosts—H3N8 in horses and H1N1 in pigs—to determine how well these data recapitulate the known pattern of inter-host transmission. Although no mutations were fixed over the course of either experimental transmission chain, we show that some minor, transient alleles can provide evidence of host-to-host transmission and, importantly, can be distinguished from those that cannot.

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Tseng, Shu-Ping, Po-Wei Hsu, Chih-Chi Lee, James K. Wetterer, Sylvain Hugel, Li-Hsin Wu, Chow-Yang Lee, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura, and Chin-Cheng Scotty Yang. "Evidence for Common Horizontal Transmission of Wolbachia among Ants and Ant Crickets: Kleptoparasitism Added to the List." Microorganisms 8, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8060805.

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While Wolbachia, an intracellular bacterial symbiont, is primarily transmitted maternally in arthropods, horizontal transmission between species has been commonly documented. We examined kleptoparasitism as a potential mechanism for Wolbachia horizontal transmission, using ant crickets and their host ants as the model system. We compared prevalence and diversity of Wolbachia across multiple ant cricket species with different degrees of host specificity/integration level. Our analyses revealed at least three cases of inter-ordinal Wolbachia transfer among ant and ant crickets, and also showed that ant cricket species with high host-integration and host-specificity tend to harbor a higher Wolbachia prevalence and diversity than other types of ant crickets. This study provides empirical evidence that distribution of Wolbachia across ant crickets is largely attributable to horizontal transmission, but also elucidates the role of intimate ecological association in successful Wolbachia horizontal transmission.

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Bonnaud, Emilie M., Cécile Troupin, Laurent Dacheux, Edward C. Holmes, Elodie Monchatre-Leroy, Marion Tanguy, Christiane Bouchier, Florence Cliquet, Jacques Barrat, and Hervé Bourhy. "Comparison of intra- and inter-host genetic diversity in rabies virus during experimental cross-species transmission." PLOS Pathogens 15, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): e1007799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007799.

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Mendez, Armando D., and Nathaniel J. Hall. "Evaluating and re-evaluating intra- and inter-species social transmission of food preferences in domestic dogs." Behavioural Processes 191 (October 2021): 104471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104471.

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Gutiérrez-López, Rafael, Josué Martínez-de la Puente, Laura Gangoso, Ramón Soriguer, and Jordi Figuerola. "Plasmodium transmission differs between mosquito species and parasite lineages." Parasitology 147, no. 4 (January 22, 2020): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000062.

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AbstractFactors such as the particular combination of parasite–mosquito species, their co-evolutionary history and the host's parasite load greatly affect parasite transmission. However, the importance of these factors in the epidemiology of mosquito-borne parasites, such as avian malaria parasites, is largely unknown. Here, we assessed the competence of two mosquito species [Culex pipiens and Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius], for the transmission of four avian Plasmodium lineages (Plasmodium relictum SGS1 and GRW11 and Plasmodium cathemerium-related lineages COLL1 and PADOM01) naturally infecting wild house sparrows. We assessed the effects of parasite identity and parasite load on Plasmodium transmission risk through its effects on the transmission rate and mosquito survival. We found that Cx. pipiens was able to transmit the four Plasmodium lineages, while Ae. caspius was unable to transmit any of them. However, Cx. pipiens mosquitoes fed on birds infected by P. relictum showed a lower survival and transmission rate than those fed on birds infected by parasites related to P. cathemerium. Non-significant associations were found with the host–parasite load. Our results confirm the existence of inter- and intra-specific differences in the ability of Plasmodium lineages to develop in mosquito species and their effects on the survival of mosquitoes that result in important differences in the transmission risk of the different avian malaria parasite lineages studied.

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Schönherz, Anna A., Niels Lorenzen, and Katja Einer-Jensen. "Inter-species transmission of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) to rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss)." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.048223-0.

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Successful viral infection is a complex mechanism, involving many host–pathogen interactions that developed during coevolution of host and pathogen, and often result in host-species specificity. Nevertheless, many viruses are able to infect several host species and sporadically cross species barriers. The viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a rhabdovirus with high economic impact on the aquaculture industry, has developed an exceptionally wide host range across marine and freshwater environments. Transmission of VHSV between host species therefore represents a potential risk for aquaculture, which currently is not addressed in biosecurity managements. The objective of this study was to investigate the inter-species transmission potential of VHSV and evaluate whether infected marine wild fish pose a potential risk on marine cultured rainbow trout. A cohabitation infection trial with turbot as donor and rainbow trout as recipient host species was conducted. Turbot were intraperitoneally injected with either a marine-adapted (MA) or a trout-adapted (TA) VHSV isolate and subsequently grouped with naïve rainbow trout. Both VHSV isolates were able to replicate and cause mortality in turbot, while only the TA isolate was able to cross the species barrier and infect rainbow trout with fatal outcome. The results demonstrate that a marine fish species can function as reservoir and transmitter of TA VHSV isolates.

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Geoghegan, Jemma L., Alistair M. Senior, and Edward C. Holmes. "Pathogen population bottlenecks and adaptive landscapes: overcoming the barriers to disease emergence." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1837 (August 31, 2016): 20160727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0727.

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Emerging diseases are a major challenge to public health. Revealing the evolutionary processes that allow novel pathogens to adapt to new hosts, also the potential barriers to host adaptation, is central to understanding the drivers of disease emergence. In particular, it is unclear how the genetics and ecology of pathogens interact to shape the likelihood of successful cross-species transmission. To better understand the determinants of host adaptation and emergence, we modelled key aspects of pathogen evolutionary dynamics at both intra- and inter-host scales, using parameter values similar to those observed in influenza virus. We considered the possibility of acquiring the necessary host adaptive mutations both before (‘off-the-shelf’ emergence) and after (‘tailor-made’ emergence) a virus is transmitted from a donor to a new recipient species. Under both scenarios, population bottlenecks at inter-host transmission act as a major barrier to host adaptation, greatly limiting the number of adaptive mutations that are able to cross the species barrier. In addition, virus emergence is hindered if the fitness valley between the donor and recipient hosts is either too steep or too shallow. Overall, our results reveal where in evolutionary parameter space a virus could adapt to and become transmissible in a new species.

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Alvarez-Munoz, Santiago, Nicolas Upegui-Porras, Arlen P. Gomez, and Gloria Ramirez-Nieto. "Key Factors That Enable the Pandemic Potential of RNA Viruses and Inter-Species Transmission: A Systematic Review." Viruses 13, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040537.

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Viruses play a primary role as etiological agents of pandemics worldwide. Although there has been progress in identifying the molecular features of both viruses and hosts, the extent of the impact these and other factors have that contribute to interspecies transmission and their relationship with the emergence of diseases are poorly understood. The objective of this review was to analyze the factors related to the characteristics inherent to RNA viruses accountable for pandemics in the last 20 years which facilitate infection, promote interspecies jump, and assist in the generation of zoonotic infections with pandemic potential. The search resulted in 48 research articles that met the inclusion criteria. Changes adopted by RNA viruses are influenced by environmental and host-related factors, which define their ability to adapt. Population density, host distribution, migration patterns, and the loss of natural habitats, among others, have been associated as factors in the virus–host interaction. This review also included a critical analysis of the Latin American context, considering its diverse and unique social, cultural, and biodiversity characteristics. The scarcity of scientific information is striking, thus, a call to local institutions and governments to invest more resources and efforts to the study of these factors in the region is key.

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Roche, Benjamin, Andrew P. Dobson, Jean-François Guégan, and Pejman Rohani. "Linking community and disease ecology: the impact of biodiversity on pathogen transmission." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1604 (October 19, 2012): 2807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0364.

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The increasing number of zoonotic diseases spilling over from a range of wild animal species represents a particular concern for public health, especially in light of the current dramatic trend of biodiversity loss. To understand the ecology of these multi-host pathogens and their response to environmental degradation and species extinctions, it is necessary to develop a theoretical framework that takes into account realistic community assemblages. Here, we present a multi-host species epidemiological model that includes empirically determined patterns of diversity and composition derived from community ecology studies. We use this framework to study the interaction between wildlife diversity and directly transmitted pathogen dynamics. First, we demonstrate that variability in community composition does not affect significantly the intensity of pathogen transmission. We also show that the consequences of community diversity can differentially impact the prevalence of pathogens and the number of infectious individuals. Finally, we show that ecological interactions among host species have a weaker influence on pathogen circulation than inter-species transmission rates. We conclude that integration of a community perspective to study wildlife pathogens is crucial, especially in the context of understanding and predicting infectious disease emergence events.

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RENWICK, A. R., P. C. L. WHITE, and R. G. BENGIS. "Bovine tuberculosis in southern African wildlife: a multi-species host–pathogen system." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 4 (September 7, 2006): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806007205.

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SUMMARYThis review examines the current situation of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in southern African savannah systems, and uses theory on multi-species host–pathogen systems to suggest possible options for future research and management. In southern Africa, the buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and the Kafue lechwe [Marsh antelope] (Kobus leche) have been found to be maintenance hosts for this disease, but the importance of other host species is becoming apparent. The role of other host species in the maintenance and spread of the disease varies, depending on the spatial distribution and resource utilization patterns of the species, disease susceptibility, transmission modes and the ecology of both host(s) and vector(s). Future research needs to identify the pathogenicity of bTB in each of the host species, and the mechanisms and rates of inter- and intra-specific transmission among different species, in order to develop multi-host models to understand the development and spread of the disease.

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Pomilla, Cristina, and Howard C. Rosenbaum. "Against the current: an inter-oceanic whale migration event." Biology Letters 1, no. 4 (August 16, 2005): 476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0351.

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Humpback whales seasonally migrate long distances between tropical and polar regions. However, inter-oceanic exchange is rare and difficult to document. Using skin biopsy samples collected in the Indian Ocean and in the South Atlantic Ocean, and a genetic capture–recapture approach based on microsatellite genotyping, we were able to reveal the first direct genetic evidence of the inter-oceanic migration of a male humpback whale. This exceptional migration to wintering grounds of two different ocean basins questions traditional notions of fidelity to an ocean basin, and demonstrates how the behaviour of highly mobile species may be elucidated from combining genetics with long-term field studies. Our finding has implications for management of humpback whale populations, as well as for hypotheses concerning cultural transmission of behaviour.

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Widagdo, W., Syriam Sooksawasdi Na Ayudhya, Gadissa B. Hundie, and Bart L. Haagmans. "Host Determinants of MERS-CoV Transmission and Pathogenesis." Viruses 11, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11030280.

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Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes respiratory infection in humans, ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. In dromedary camels, the virus only causes a mild infection but it spreads efficiently between animals. Differences in the behavior of the virus observed between individuals, as well as between humans and dromedary camels, highlight the role of host factors in MERS-CoV pathogenesis and transmission. One of these host factors, the MERS-CoV receptor dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), may be a critical determinant because it is variably expressed in MERS-CoV-susceptible species as well as in humans. This could partially explain inter- and intraspecies differences in the tropism, pathogenesis, and transmissibility of MERS-CoV. In this review, we explore the role of DPP4 and other host factors in MERS-CoV transmission and pathogenesis—such as sialic acids, host proteases, and interferons. Further characterization of these host determinants may potentially offer novel insights to develop intervention strategies to tackle ongoing outbreaks.

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Fricke, Rachel M., Spencer A. Wood, Dustin R. Martin, and Julian D. Olden. "A bobber’s perspective on angler-driven vectors of invasive species transmission." NeoBiota 60 (September 2, 2020): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.60.54579.

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Prevention of aquatic invasive species is a fundamental management challenge. With hundreds of millions of people participating in fishing trips each year, understanding angler movements that transmit invasive species can provide critical insight into the most effective locations and scales at which to apply preventative measures. Recent evidence suggests that mobile technologies provide new opportunities to understand different types of angler movement behaviour beyond what is possible with infrequently and sparsely conducted in-person boat surveys and mail questionnaires. Here we capitalise on data provided by ReelSonar’s iBobber, a sonar-enabled bobber with over 5 M recorded fishing locations, globally. By quantifying geographic patterns of fishing activities and assessing how these patterns change seasonally, we explore angler behaviour across the entire continental United States in terms of fishing frequency and distance travelled between sites and characterise the attributes of fished ecosystems. We found that iBobber users (anglers) undertook 66,918 trips to 20,049 different water-bodies over a two-year period. Anglers who use iBobber were more likely to visit larger, deeper and more urbanised water-bodies and these water-bodies were over five times more likely to be a reservoir compared to a lake. Inter-water-body travel road distances averaged 93 km (SD = 277 km; range &lt; 1–300 km) and nearly half of these movements occurred over a timespan of two days or less, a timeframe that we show falls well within the desiccation tolerance window of many prevalent plant and animal invasive species. Our study offers novel insight into spatiotemporal patterns of angler behaviour well beyond the geographical and temporal extent of conventional ground-collected approaches and carries important implications for predicting and preventing future transmission of aquatic invasive species via recreational fishing.

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Gzyl, Anna, Ewa Augustynowicz, Ewa Mosiej, Monika Zawadka, Grzegorz Gniadek, Aneta Nowaczek, and Janusz Slusarczyk. "Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) versus randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) as new tools for inter- and intra-species differentiation within Bordetella." Journal of Medical Microbiology 54, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45690-0.

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Automated amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques with fluorescently labelled primers were used to track differences among isolates of the eight known species of the Bordetella genus. Eighty-one representative strains of these species from international and Polish bacterial collections were genotyped according to RAPD protocols using primer 1254 or 1247, and AFLP involving EcoRI/MseI or newly designed SpeI/ApaI restriction/ligation/amplification procedures. By comparing AFLP and RAPD data, it was concluded that the discriminatory power of AFLP is higher in comparison with RAPD for both intra- and inter-species differentiation of isolates of the Bordetella genus. The most precise level of inter-species discrimination and the highest level of intra-species discrimination of the Bordetella isolates of the eight species were observed in the AFLP EcoRI/MseI and SpeI/ApaI sets, respectively. Both techniques might provide alternative tools for the identification of Bordetella at the genomic species and strain levels, and thus may be valuable in human and veterinary diagnostics as well as in epidemiology. By applying the AFLP technique presented in this article, more precise data on the emergence of newly acquired and/or on expanded clones and transmission routes of isolates of the Bordetella genus in the human and animal environments might be obtained.

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Hlokwe, T. M., P. van Helden, and A. L. Michel. "Evidence of increasing intra and inter-species transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in South Africa: Are we losing the battle?" Preventive Veterinary Medicine 115, no. 1-2 (July 2014): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.03.011.

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Selbach, Christian, and Robert Poulin. "Parasites in space and time: a novel method to assess and illustrate host-searching behaviour of trematode cercariae." Parasitology 145, no. 11 (March 5, 2018): 1469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000288.

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AbstractThe transmission from one host to another constitutes a challenging obstacle for parasites and is a key determinant of their fitness. Due to their complex life histories involving several different hosts, the free-living dispersal stages (cercariae) of digenean trematodes show a huge diversity in morphology and behaviour. On a finer scale, we still have an extremely limited understanding of the inter- and intraspecific variation in transmission strategies of many trematode species. Here, we present a novel method to study the movement patterns of cercariae of four New Zealand trematode species (Coitocaecum parvum, Maritrema poulini, Apatemon sp. and Aporocotylid sp. I.) via automated video tracking. This approach allows to quantify parameters otherwise not measurable and clearly illustrates the individual strategies of parasites to search for their respective target hosts. Cercariae that seek out an evasive fish target hosts showed higher swimming speeds (acceleration and velocity) and travelled further distances, compared with species searching for high-density crustacean hosts. Automated video tracking provides a powerful tool for such detailed analyses of parasites’ host-searching strategies and can enhance our understanding of complex host–parasite interactions, ranging from parasite community structure to the transmission of potential disease agents.

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Zhu, Hua Chen, Daniel K. W. Chu, Wei Liu, Bai Qing Dong, Shu Yi Zhang, Jin Xia Zhang, Li Feng Li, et al. "Detection of diverse astroviruses from bats in China." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.007732-0.

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Astroviruses infect humans and many different animal species and are associated with gastroenteritis. Recent studies first detected the virus from bat species in Hong Kong. To understand astrovirus distribution in the wider region further, we examined the prevalence of this virus family in bat specimens collected from a large geographical region of mainland China. We collected 500 anal swabs from 20 bat species in 51 natural habitats from 11 provinces of China and tested these for astroviruses. Our study revealed a remarkably high genetic diversity of astroviruses; five monophyletic groups were identified in bats, including two novel groups. Evidence for varying degrees of host restriction for astroviruses from bats has been found. Phylogenetic analyses also provided insight into the inter-species transmission of Mamastrovirus.

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Mayer, L. W. "Use of plasmid profiles in epidemiologic surveillance of disease outbreaks and in tracing the transmission of antibiotic resistance." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1, no. 2 (April 1988): 228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.1.2.228.

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Plasmids are circular deoxyribonucleic acid molecules that exist in bacteria, usually independent of the chromosome. The study of plasmids is important to medical microbiology because plasmids can encode genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence factors. Plasmids can also serve as markers of various bacterial strains when a typing system referred to as plasmid profiling, or plasmid fingerprinting is used. In these methods partially purified plasma deoxyribonucleic acid species are separated according to molecular size by agarose gel electrophoresis. In a second procedure, plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid which has been cleaved by restriction endonucleases can be separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and the resulting pattern of fragments can be used to verify the identity of bacterial isolates. Because many species of bacteria contain plasmids, plasmid profile typing has been used to investigate outbreaks of many bacterial diseases and to trace inter- and intra-species spread of antibiotic resistance.

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Cecílio, AB, ES Campanelli, KPR Souza, LB Figueiredo, and MC Resende. "Natural vertical transmission by Stegomyia albopicta as dengue vector in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 69, no. 1 (February 2009): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842009000100015.

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The mosquito Stegomyia albopicta is among the most important arbovirus vectors in the world, particularly for Dengue viruses. Their natural history suggests that biologically these viruses are highly adapted to their mosquito hosts and they were most likely mosquito viruses prior to becoming adapted to lower primates and humans. As well as being maintained by transmission among susceptible humans, Dengue viruses may also be maintained by vertical transmission in mosquitoes during inter-epidemic periods. The larvae and mosquitoes of Stegomyia albopicta were used to identify the vertical transmission of the dengue virus in nature and to confirm the vectorial capacity concerning the Dengue virus type 2 infection. The minimum infection rate concerning S. albopicta infection with the Dengue virus was 1:36.45. In Brazil this was the first time that high minimum infection rates of vertical transmission of S. albopicta were detected in this species.

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Xia, Lele, Quanshui Fan, Biao He, Lin Xu, Fuqiang Zhang, Tingsong Hu, Yiyin Wang, et al. "The complete genome sequence of a G3P[10] Chinese bat rotavirus suggests multiple bat rotavirus inter-host species transmission events." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 28 (December 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.005.

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Mouinga-Ondémé, Augustin, Mélanie Caron, Antoine Gessain, and Mirdad Kazanji. "High level of inter-species transmission of simian foamy virus from non-human primates to humans in Gabon, central Africa." Retrovirology 8, Suppl 1 (2011): A229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-8-s1-a229.

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Beukers, A. G., M. A. John, R. Davis, A. Lee та S. J. van Hal. "Hospital outbreak of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase type-1 (NDM-1) in Salmonella enterica with inter-species plasmid transmission". Journal of Hospital Infection 117 (листопад 2021): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2021.08.014.

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SMITH, L. A., G. MARION, D. L. SWAIN, P. C. L. WHITE, and M. R. HUTCHINGS. "Inter- and intra-specific exposure to parasites and pathogens via the faecal–oral route: a consequence of behaviour in a patchy environment." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 5 (September 24, 2008): 630–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001313.

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SUMMARYLivestock herbivores are at risk of inter- and intra-specific exposure to parasites/pathogens via the faecal–oral route during grazing. Each contact between livestock and faeces in the environment is a potential parasite/pathogen transmission event. Cattle grazing contact with faeces varies in relation to the species depositing the faeces and the distribution of the faeces. We used a foraging model to simulate the grazing behaviour of beef cattle in two grazing systems to compare the relative inter-specific and intra-specific exposure risks to parasites/pathogens. Overall, there is a greater level of intra-vs. inter-specific risk via the faecal–oral route. However, under certain conditions, particularly for microparasite infections, e.g. paratuberculosis in rabbits and bovine tuberculosis in badgers, wildlife may pose a significant exposure risk to parasites/pathogens. These risks can be enhanced when cattle are first turned out onto pasture and in situations where intra-specific variations in wildlife behaviour result in more dispersed defecation patterns.

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Singh, Rajwinder, Abby L. Levitt, Edwin G. Rajotte, Edward C. Holmes, Nancy Ostiguy, Dennis vanEngelsdorp, W. Ian Lipkin, Claude W. dePamphilis, Amy L. Toth, and Diana L. Cox-Foster. "RNA Viruses in Hymenopteran Pollinators: Evidence of Inter-Taxa Virus Transmission via Pollen and Potential Impact on Non-Apis Hymenopteran Species." PLoS ONE 5, no. 12 (December 22, 2010): e14357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014357.

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Van Staaden, M., and H. Römer. "Sexual signalling in bladder grasshoppers: tactical design for maximizing calling range." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 20 (October 1, 1997): 2597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.20.2597.

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Pair formation in the bladder grasshopper (Bullacris membracioides) is by duetting and male phonotaxis. Low-frequency stridulatory signals are emitted by an abdominal resonator in the male and are answered by females using a species-specific time delay. Acoustic transmission in the natural environment was studied using playback of sexual signals over distances of 450m under two atmospheric conditions (day and night). Upward-refracting sound conditions and a sound shadow zone beyond approximately 50m prevailed during the day. Acoustic enhancement was demonstrated at night when downward-refracting temperature inversions created a tunnel effect with sound caught between the ground and zones of different temperatures. Transmission conditions are almost ideal at night when the species actually calls; calling distances of 150m for the male signal in the afternoon increased to 1.5-1.9km at night, arguably the largest calling distance yet reported for insects. In contrast, female calls transmit over a maximum of 50m, signifying a marked discrepancy in the active space of sex-specific signals. Transmission distance may, however, be profoundly affected by levels of masking noise. Adaptations to increase the signal range may variously be found in the signal itself, in behaviour patterns or in the sensory system. Here we demonstrate aspects of the first two types of adaptation in the sexual signalling system of a grasshopper in which maximizing the calling range appears to be the major selection pressure, with lesser effects imposed by inter- and intraspecific pressures and by the transmission channel.

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Rozo-Lopez, Paula, Berlin Londono-Renteria, and Barbara S. Drolet. "Venereal Transmission of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus by Culicoides sonorensis Midges." Pathogens 9, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040316.

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Culicoides sonorensis biting midges are well-known agricultural pests and transmission vectors of arboviruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The epidemiology of VSV is complex and encompasses a broad range of vertebrate hosts, multiple routes of transmission, and diverse vector species. In temperate regions, viruses can overwinter in the absence of infected animals through unknown mechanisms, to reoccur the next year. Non-conventional routes for VSV vector transmission may help explain viral maintenance in midge populations during inter-epidemic periods and times of adverse conditions for bite transmission. In this study, we examined whether VSV could be transmitted venereally between male and female midges. Our results showed that VSV-infected females could venereally transmit virus to uninfected naïve males at a rate as high as 76.3% (RT-qPCR), 31.6% (virus isolation) during the third gonotrophic cycle. Additionally, VSV-infected males could venereally transmit virus to uninfected naïve females at a rate as high as 76.6% (RT-qPCR), 49.2% (virus isolation). Immunofluorescent staining of micro-dissected reproductive organs, immunochemical staining of midge histological sections, examination of internal reproductive organ morphology, and observations of mating behaviors were used to determine relevant anatomical sites for virus location and to hypothesize the potential mechanism for VSV transmission in C. sonorensis midges through copulation.

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D’Agata, Erika M. C., Daniel Habtemariam, and Susan Mitchell. "Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: Inter- and Intradissemination Among Nursing Homes of Residents With Advanced Dementia." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 36, no. 8 (April 29, 2015): 930–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.97.

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OBJECTIVETo quantify the extent of inter– and intra–nursing home transmission of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (MDRGN) among residents with advanced dementia and characterize MDRGN colonization among these residents.DESIGNProspective cohort study.SETTINGTwenty-two nursing homes in the greater Boston, Massachusetts, area.PATIENTSResidents with advanced dementia.METHODSSerial rectal surveillance cultures for MDRGN and resident characteristics were obtained every 3 months for 12 months or until death. Molecular typing of MDRGN isolates was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.RESULTSA total of 190 MDRGN isolates from 152 residents with advanced dementia were included in the analyses. Both intra– and inter–nursing home transmission were identified. Genetically related MDRGN strains, recovered from different residents, were detected in 18 (82%) of the 22 nursing homes. The percent of clonally related strains in these nursing homes ranged from 0% to 86% (average, 35%). More than 50% of strains were clonally related in 3 nursing homes. Co-colonization with more than 1 different MDRGN species occurred among 28 residents (18.4%). A total of 168 (88.4%), 20 (10.5%), and 2 (1.0%) of MDRGN isolates were resistant to 3, 4, and 5 different antimicrobials or antimicrobial classes, respectively.CONCLUSIONSMDRGN are spread both within and between nursing homes among residents with advanced dementia. Infection control interventions should begin to target this high-risk group of nursing home residents.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2015;36(8):930–935

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Motayo, Babatunde O., Olukunle Oluwapamilerin Oluwasemowo, and Paul A. Akinduti. "Evolutionary dynamics and geographic dispersal of beta coronaviruses in African bats." PeerJ 8 (November 26, 2020): e10434. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10434.

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Bats have been shown to serve as reservoir host of various viral agents including coronaviruses. They have also been associated with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. This has made them an all important agent for CoV evolution and transmission. Our objective in this study was to investigate the dispersal, phylogenomics and evolution of betacoronavirus (βCoV) among African bats. We retrieved sequence data from established databases such as GenBank and Virus Pathogen Resource, covering the partial RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene of bat coronaviruses from eight African, three Asian, five European, two South American countries and Australia. We analyzed for phylogeographic information relating to genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics. Our study revealed that majority of the African strains fell within Norbecovirus subgenera, with an evolutionary rate of 1.301 × 10−3, HPD (1.064 × 10−3–1.434 × 10−3) subs/site/year. The African strains diversified into three main subgenera, Norbecovirus, Hibecovirus and Merbecovirus. The time to most common recent ancestor for Norbecovirus strains was 1973, and 2007, for the African Merbecovirus strains. There was evidence of inter species transmission of Norbecovirus among bats in Cameroun and DRC. Phlylogeography showed that there were inter-continental spread of Bt-CoV from Europe, China and Hong Kong into Central and Southern Africa, highlighting the possibility of long distance transmission. Our study has elucidated the possible evolutionary origins of βCoV among African bats; we therefore advocate for broader studies of whole genome sequences of BtCoV to further understand the drivers for their emergence and zoonotic spillovers into human population.

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Olsen, Megan M., Kyle I. Harrington, and Hava T. Siegelmann. "Conspecific Emotional Cooperation Biases Population Dynamics." International Journal of Natural Computing Research 1, no. 3 (July 2010): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jncr.2010070104.

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In this paper, the authors evaluate the benefit of emotions in population dynamics and evolution. The authors enhance cellular automata (CA) simulating the interactions of competing populations with emotionally inspired rules in communication, interpretation, and action. While CAs have been investigated in studies of population dynamics due to their ability to capture spatial interactions, emotion-like interactions have yet to be considered. Our cellular stochastic system describes interacting foxes that feed on rabbits that feed on carrots. Emotions enable foxes and rabbits to improve their decisions and share their experiences with neighboring conspecifics. To improve the system’s biological relevance, it includes inter-species disease transmission, and emotions encode data pertaining to both survival and epidemic reduction. Results indicate that emotions increase adaptability, help control disease, and improve survival for the species that utilizes them. Simulations support the hypothesis that the acquisition of emotion may be an evolutionary result of competitive species interactions.

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LEE, NAM-JU, YOSEPH SEO, JANG-SEU KI, and OK-MIN LEE. "Morphology and molecular description of Wilmottia koreana sp. nov. (Oscillatoriales, Cyanobacteria) isolated from the Republic of Korea." Phytotaxa 447, no. 4 (June 11, 2020): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.447.4.2.

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Two types of Wilmottia (Cyanobacteria) were collected from the tree-bark of a tree on Mt. Gwanggyo in Suwon City, Gyeonggi-do and a rock wall of Haje Port, Geum River in Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea. Morphological observations using light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that one species was Wilmottia murrayi (Coleofasciculaceae, Oscillatoriales) and the other had similar morphology to W. murrayi, with considerable genetic variations, and thus, it was described as a new species named Wilmottia koreana. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA revealed that the family Coleofasciculaceae was clearly separated into taxonomic groups of each genus, and in them, Wilmottia forms a monophyletic lineage. W. koreana diverged the earliest, forming a unique clade separate from the others. Statistical analyses showed that the inter-species genetic distances of Wilmottia were significantly different from the intra-species distances (t-test, P < 0.001). Additionally, the secondary structures of D1–D1’, Box-B, and the V3 helices were different among the Wilmottia species. These results demonstrated that the proposed new Wilmottia species was unique in molecular traits. Therefore, we propose this to be a new species belonging to the genus Wilmottia with the name Wilmottia koreana sp. nov.

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Dobelmann, Jana, Antoine Felden, and Philip J. Lester. "Genetic Strain Diversity of Multi-Host RNA Viruses that Infect a Wide Range of Pollinators and Associates is Shaped by Geographic Origins." Viruses 12, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12030358.

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Emerging viruses have caused concerns about pollinator population declines, as multi-host RNA viruses may pose a health threat to pollinators and associated arthropods. In order to understand the ecology and impact these viruses have, we studied their host range and determined to what extent host and spatial variation affect strain diversity. Firstly, we used RT-PCR to screen pollinators and associates, including honey bees (Apis mellifera) and invasive Argentine ants (Linepithema humile), for virus presence and replication. We tested for the black queen cell virus (BQCV), deformed wing virus (DWV), and Kashmir bee virus (KBV) that were initially detected in bees, and the two recently discovered Linepithema humile bunya-like virus 1 (LhuBLV1) and Moku virus (MKV). DWV, KBV, and MKV were detected and replicated in a wide range of hosts and commonly co-infected hymenopterans. Secondly, we placed KBV and DWV in a global phylogeny with sequences from various countries and hosts to determine the association of geographic origin and host with shared ancestry. Both phylogenies showed strong geographic rather than host-specific clustering, suggesting frequent inter-species virus transmission. Transmission routes between hosts are largely unknown. Nonetheless, avoiding the introduction of non-native species and diseased pollinators appears important to limit spill overs and disease emergence.

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Gaidet, N., A. Caron, J. Cappelle, G. S. Cumming, G. Balança, S. Hammoumi, G. Cattoli, et al. "Understanding the ecological drivers of avian influenza virus infection in wildfowl: a continental-scale study across Africa." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1731 (September 14, 2011): 1131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1417.

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Despite considerable effort for surveillance of wild birds for avian influenza viruses (AIVs), empirical investigations of ecological drivers of AIV prevalence in wild birds are still scarce. Here we used a continental-scale dataset, collected in tropical wetlands of 15 African countries, to test the relative roles of a range of ecological factors on patterns of AIV prevalence in wildfowl. Seasonal and geographical variations in prevalence were positively related to the local density of the wildfowl community and to the wintering period of Eurasian migratory birds in Africa. The predominant influence of wildfowl density with no influence of climatic conditions suggests, in contrast to temperate regions, a predominant role for inter-individual transmission rather than transmission via long-lived virus persisting in the environment. Higher prevalences were found in Anas species than in non- Anas species even when we account for differences in their foraging behaviour (primarily dabbling or not) or their geographical origin (Eurasian or Afro-tropical), suggesting the existence of intrinsic differences between wildfowl taxonomic groups in receptivity to infection. Birds were found infected as often in oropharyngeal as in cloacal samples, but rarely for both types of sample concurrently, indicating that both respiratory and digestive tracts may be important for AIV replication.

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Sarovich, Derek S., Rebecca E. Colman, Erin P. Price, Christian Massire, Alex T. Von Schulze, Victor Waddell, Shoana M. Anderson, et al. "Molecular genotyping of Acinetobacter spp. isolated in Arizona, USA, using multilocus PCR and mass spectrometry." Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 1295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.052381-0.

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Acinetobacter spp. are a diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria frequently implicated in nosocomial infections. Genotypic methods have been instrumental in studying Acinetobacter, but few offer high resolution, rapid turnaround time, technical ease and high inter-laboratory reproducibility, which has hampered understanding of disease incidence, transmission patterns and diversity within this genus. Here, we further evaluated multilocus PCR electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS), a method that is simple and robust, and provides both species characterization and strain-level resolution of Acinetobacter spp. on a single platform. We examined 125 Acinetobacter isolates from 21 hospitals, laboratories and medical centres spanning four counties in Arizona, USA, using PCR/ESI-MS. We compared PCR/ESI-MS with an in-house amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping scheme. PCR/ESI-MS demonstrated that Acinetobacter spp. from Arizonan hospitals had similar species and strain distributions to other US civilian hospitals. Furthermore, we showed that the PCR/ESI-MS and AFLP genotypes were highly congruent, with the former having the advantages of robust inter-laboratory reproducibility, rapid turnaround time and simple experimental set-up and data analysis. PCR/ESI-MS is an effective and high-throughput platform for strain typing of Acinetobacter baumannii and for identification of other Acinetobacter spp., including the emerging nosocomial pathogens Acinetobacter pittii and Acinetobacter nosocomialis.

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Weese, J. Scott. "Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile in animals." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638719899081.

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Clostridium ( Clostridioides) difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that is an important cause of disease in people, a variably important cause of disease in some animal species, and an apparently harmless commensal in others. Regardless of whether it is a known pathogen in a particular species, it can also be found in healthy individuals, sometimes at high prevalences and typically with higher rates of carriage in young individuals. As it is investigated in more animal species, it is apparent that this bacterium is widely disseminated in a diverse range of domestic and wild animal species. Although it can be found in most species in which investigations have been performed, there are pronounced intra- and inter-species differences in prevalence and clinical relevance. A wide range of strains can be identified, some that appear to be animal associated and others that are found in humans and animals. A large percentage of strains that cause disease in people can at least sporadically be found in animals. It is a potentially important zoonotic pathogen, but there is limited direct evidence of animal–human transmission. Although C. difficile has been studied extensively over the past few decades, it remains an enigmatic organism in many ways.

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SIARKOU (Β. ΣΙΑΡΚΟΥ), V. "Chlamydial abortion of ewes and goats. I. Current aspects on etiology, pathogenesis, immune mechanisms and epizootiology of disease." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 53, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15354.

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Chlamydial abortion constitutes one of the major causes of infectious abortion in sheep and goats. The disease leads to considerable losses in most sheep and goat-rearing countries, as well as, in Greece. In this paper, a review of the causative agent, pathogenesis, host immune response and epizootiology is presented. After recent changes, that have occured in the taxonomy of chlamydiae, it is necessary to refer to new families, new genera and new species within the order Chlamydiales, with emphasis on new species of Chlamydophila abortus, the causal agent of chlamydial abortion. This study reviews the recent experimental data which indicate the sites of entry of the organism, the way of its dissemination and establishment to the placenta. It also reviews current research on the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, the role of the IFN-γ in latent infection and this of Tcells in the protective immune response. Finally, particular reference is given on the role of the male in the disease transmission and the role of inter-species contamination in chlamydial abortion.

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Chen, Fangzhou, Todd P. Knutson, Max Ciarlet, Matthew Sturos, and Douglas G. Marthaler. "Complete genome characterization of a rotavirus B (RVB) strain identified in Alpine goat kids with enteritis reveals inter-species transmission with RVB bovine strains." Journal of General Virology 99, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001022.

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Honório, Nildimar Alves, Keenan Wiggins, Bradley Eastmond, Daniel Cardoso Portela Câmara, and Barry W. Alto. "Experimental Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus by Brazilian and Florida Aedes Albopictus Populations." Viruses 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2019): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040353.

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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a vector-borne alphavirus transmitted by the bites of mosquitoes, specifically infected, female mosquitoes of the invasive Aedes species. In nature, CHIKV can be maintained by vertical transmission, a phenomenon that relates to the transfer of CHIKV from the infected parent to their offspring within the ovary or during oviposition. In the present study, we conducted laboratory experiments to determine vertical transmission with Ae. albopictus populations from Brazil and Florida. Parental Ae. albopictus females were orally infected with the emergent Asian genotype of CHIKV in the first gonotrophic cycle (infectious blood meal) and tested for vertical transmission following the second (non-infectious blood meal) gonotrophic cycle. CHIKV infection and CHIKV viral titer in parental females were significantly related to population origin, with Brazilian Ae. albopictus showing higher viral dissemination and viral titer than the Florida population. Experimental vertical transmission of CHIKV was documented in one pool of female and four pools of male Ae. albopictus from Brazil (minimum infection rate, MIR, of 0.76% and 2.86%, respectively, for females and males). For the Florida population of Ae. albopictus, only one pool of males was positive for CHIKV infection, with an MIR of 1.06%. Our results demonstrate that Ae. albopictus populations from Brazil and Florida show heterogeneous CHIKV dissemination and vertical transmission, which may contribute to the epidemiology of CHIKV and may be particularly relevant to virus survival during inter-epidemic periods.

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Drolet, Barbara S., Melissa A. Stuart, and Justin D. Derner. "Infection of Melanoplus sanguinipes Grasshoppers following Ingestion of Rangeland Plant Species Harboring Vesicular Stomatitis Virus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 10 (March 13, 2009): 3029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02368-08.

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ABSTRACT Knowledge of the many mechanisms of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) transmission is critical for understanding of the epidemiology of sporadic disease outbreaks in the western United States. Migratory grasshoppers [Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius)] have been implicated as reservoirs and mechanical vectors of VSV. The grasshopper-cattle-grasshopper transmission cycle is based on the assumptions that (i) virus shed from clinically infected animals would contaminate pasture plants and remain infectious on plant surfaces and (ii) grasshoppers would become infected by eating the virus-contaminated plants. Our objectives were to determine the stability of VSV on common plant species of U.S. Northern Plains rangelands and to assess the potential of these plant species as a source of virus for grasshoppers. Fourteen plant species were exposed to VSV and assayed for infectious virus over time (0 to 24 h). The frequency of viable virus recovery at 24 h postexposure was as high as 73%. The two most common plant species in Northern Plains rangelands (western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii] and needle and thread [Hesperostipa comata]) were fed to groups of grasshoppers. At 3 weeks postfeeding, the grasshopper infection rate was 44 to 50%. Exposure of VSV to a commonly used grasshopper pesticide resulted in complete viral inactivation. This is the first report demonstrating the stability of VSV on rangeland plant surfaces, and it suggests that a significant window of opportunity exists for grasshoppers to ingest VSV from contaminated plants. The use of grasshopper pesticides on pastures would decrease the incidence of a virus-amplifying mechanical vector and might also decontaminate pastures, thereby decreasing the inter- and intraherd spread of VSV.

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