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Olmedo, Diego Contreras. "Medium- and large-size cogeneration projects in Spain." Energy Policy 21, no. 2 (1993): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(93)90140-b.
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Koru, A. G., and J. Tian. "Defect handling in medium and large open source projects." IEEE Software 21, no. 4 (2004): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ms.2004.12.
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Qureshi, M. Rizwan Jameel. "Agile software development methodology for medium and large projects." IET Software 6, no. 4 (2012): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-sen.2011.0110.
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Sun, Yu Feng, and Xun He. "Research on Professionalized Operation and Management Model for Large and Medium Biogas Projects." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 3258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.3258.
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On the basis of analysis of domestic and inland management models for biogas projects, this article has learned experience from foreign experiences on operation and management of biogas projects. The key factor for medium and large biogas projects is professionalized operation and Specialized company who is an agency by agreement of the project investor. The new professionalized model manages biogas projects in comprehensive and systematic manner as per market demand, and provides efficient compressive services so that biogas projects could produce maximum social, economic, environmental and biological benefits. Thus, the new model which caters for requirements of market economy is a highly efficient vibrant modern management model for biogas industry. According to case analysis results, Hunan HuiMing Environmental Protection Energy Corporation is an experienced company that could be employed to operate and manage large and medium biogas projects.
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He, Huiyu, Xiwei Gan, Lin Liu, and Xing Zhang. "Adaptability Analysis of Integrated Project Delivery Method in Large- and Medium-Sized Engineering Projects: A FAHP-Based Modeling Solution." Buildings 14, no. 7 (2024): 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071999.
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With the emerging large- and medium-sized engineering projects, prominent project delivery methods make sense in terms of cost, risk, management, and schedule. Among these, the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) method stands out due to its adaptability for growing scale and complexity projects. This study compares the IPD method with other methods, emphasizing its benefits in large- and medium-sized projects and introducing the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) model to analyze IPD’s adaptability quantitatively. By conducting a matrix calculation of eighteen second-level indicators, this study derived weight values for four first-level indicators: Cost control, Risk control, Management control, and Schedule control. These first-level indicators were then used to formulate the total evaluation index calculation. Based on this foundation, we verified the calculations using a case study in Fujian. Implementing the IPD method led to a lower cost than the Owner’s Representative method and a one-year schedule acceleration. The FAHP model introduced in this study offers a novel and objective approach for adaptability analysis of the IPD method in large- and medium-sized engineering projects, coupling decision theory into project management.
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Bakhsh, Sheikh Tahir, Basit Shahzad, Sabeen Tahir, and Rayed A. Alghamdi. "Determining Large Scale Healthcare Projects by Resource Attribution." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 10, no. 10 (2020): 2389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2020.3268.
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Software development activity deals with the development of the healthcare software by using given resources. The allocation of the resources needs to be consistent with the scale of the project for which the resources are being allocated. The allocation of resources depends on the scale of healthcare projects. As far as resource planning for healthcare projects is concerned, healthcare projects are similar to software development in other areas. In this research, the effort is made to quantify the scale of healthcare projects. The scale can be small, medium, or large. Each scale has a different set of attributes associated with it. The quantification of attributes can further be translated to the actual number of resources to be allocated in terms of healthcare projects.
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Bakhsh, Sheikh Tahir, Basit Shahzad, Sabeen Tahir, and Rayed A. Alghamdi. "Determining Large Scale Healthcare Projects by Resource Attribution." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 10, no. 10 (2020): 2389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2020.32682389.
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Software development activity deals with the development of the healthcare software by using given resources. The allocation of the resources needs to be consistent with the scale of the project for which the resources are being allocated. The allocation of resources depends on the scale of healthcare projects. As far as resource planning for healthcare projects is concerned, healthcare projects are similar to software development in other areas. In this research, the effort is made to quantify the scale of healthcare projects. The scale can be small, medium, or large. Each scale has a different set of attributes associated with it. The quantification of attributes can further be translated to the actual number of resources to be allocated in terms of healthcare projects.
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Ab Hakim, Nurul Atiqah, Abdelrahman M. Farouk, Saffuan Wan Ahmad, and Rahimi A. Rahman. "Effect of Mega Railway Projects on Small and Medium Construction Companies: Impact and Problems." CONSTRUCTION 4, no. 1 (2024): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/construction.v4i1.9891.
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Railway mega-projects are typically enormous large-scale investment projects that require a long time to develop and build. However, compared to other types of transportation, the railway is a safe mode of land transportation. Therefore, development such as railway mega-projects positively impacts small and medium construction companies. This study aims to study the impact of railway mega-projects on small and medium construction companies and investigate the problems that small and medium construction companies experience involving railway mega-projects. This study used a qualitative method of open-ended interviews to collect data from small and medium construction companies. The collected data from twenty individuals were analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The results show that the challenges of mega railway projects are divided into technical and resources. Apart from that, job opportunities are the main factor contributing to the impact of mega railway projects. The study contributes by providing insights on the impact of mega railway projects on small and medium construction companies and the challenges involving mega railway projects.
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Nasid Masrom, Md Asrul, Garba Hamza, Norpadzlihatun Manap, and Noor Shahifah Syahrom. "Factors Affecting the Performance of Medium and Large Local Contractors in the Jigawa State Nigerian Construction Industry." MATEC Web of Conferences 266 (2019): 03017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926603017.
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Medium and large local contractors in the Nigerian construction industry suffer from numerous problems and complex issues in regards to their performance in executing projects, particularly cost, time and quality. This paper is to identify the factors affecting the performance of medium and large local contractors in the Jigawa state Nigerian construction industry. Literature about medium and large local contractors, their performance was reviewed to identify the factors believed to affect their performance in executing construction projects. One hundred thirty-six questionnaires distributed to clients, consultants, medium and large local contractors. The findings indicate that all the respondents agree that the most significant factors affecting the performance of medium and large local contractors in the Jigawa state Nigerian construction industry were corruption, the time taken in payment from the client to contractor, additional work given during construction, used of an unskilled labour force and non-adherence to specification. This paper helps to expand the pool of knowledge to the Nigerian contractors regarding essential element that is needed to be observed in order to improve their performance.
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Park, Daehyeon, Jinhyeong Jo, and Doojin Ryu. "Incentive Contracts for Sustainable Growth of Small or Medium-Sized Enterprise." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (2021): 4964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094964.
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This study analyzes incentive contracts in public procurement supply chains using a game-theoretic approach. Specifically, we compare a structure in which the host company is a large enterprise and the partner company is a small or medium-sized enterprise (SME) to a structure in which the host is an SME and the partner is a large enterprise. For each structure, we examine whether an incentive contract improves supply chain performance and confirm that the performance improvement effect is greater when the host company is an SME. Our analysis has several policy implications. SMEs are less likely to be selected as host companies for large-scale procurement projects, limiting their growth opportunities. Thus, to enable SMEs’ sustainable growth through large-scale procurement projects, the governments can allocate a portion of public procurement to SMEs. The introduction of incentive contracts elicits sustainable cooperation from large companies when an SME is the host company in a public procurement supply chain.
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Moch, Natalia, and Wioletta Wereda. "Smart Security in the Smart City." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (2020): 9900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239900.
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This article is focused on whether and to what extent the measures taken by cities’ shape their creative and intelligent space safety. For this purpose, research was carried out among medium and large cities in Poland. The analysis of the obtained results showed that, although projects shaping the creative and intelligent space of medium and large cities are undertaken in order to increase the broadly understood security, they are not treated as a priority. Subsequently, security projects implemented in the selected cities were presented.
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Lin, Xiaobin, Ain Naadia Mazlan, Syuhaida Ismail, and Serdar Durdyev. "Status of Value Management Implementation in Small and Medium Construction Projects in Malaysia." Buildings 12, no. 5 (2022): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050658.
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Value management (VM) should be implemented in construction projects to achieve the best value-for-money for clients, irrespective of project size. However, its regular implementation in Malaysia appears mostly in large projects driven by legislation. Negligence was therefore aroused towards implementing VM for smaller projects and the specific status remains ambiguous to date. This paper aims to investigate the current status of VM implementation in small and medium construction projects in Malaysia with a view to exploring the challenges and measures in improving the status. A total of 162 construction organizations directly involved in small and medium projects were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. The findings revealed that the execution of VM by organizations for smaller construction projects is relatively low and significantly subject to project size regardless of project type. Practitioners’ levels of frequency and awareness towards implementing VM in small and medium construction projects remain low and unsatisfactory. Also, VM implementation in smaller projects was found significantly correlated with the experience of organizations and practitioners. Challenges and measures in ameliorating the observed status were explored. The findings contribute to a clear understanding of VM in small and medium construction projects in Malaysia and call for more attention from both academia and industry on VM for smaller sizes of projects.
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Anshin, Valery, and Alla Bobyleva. "The digital transformation program management in medium-sized businesses: A network approach." Serbian Journal of Management 16, no. 1 (2021): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sjm16-30088.
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The article deals with the process management's issues of digital transformation in companies. The emphasis is made on the consideration of program's projects as interrelated components with the features of emergency system, not as a weakly interconnected complex (linear set) of projects. Authors propose the organizational model of transformation's program management and the new approach to prioritizing projects based on the use of network analysis. The suggested method allows to evaluate the role of the project in the transformation program and its impact on the other projects, as well as its impact on the planned benefits of the program. It also allows to distribute resources between projects and to assess the risks of the program as a whole. The article focuses on the differences of medium-sized companies' management methods, on the one hand, from companies in small business, and on the other hand, from large companies. The application of the method was tested at a medium-sized poultry farm. The analysis of projects of the real program was made, the network model of the program was built, and the probability of projects' and the program at all success was estimated. The evaluation of the program indicators allowed the authors to make conclusions about priorities of separate projects. The proposed approach can be used in various companies, regardless of industry affiliation.
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Ferreira de Araújo Lima, Priscila, Sara Marcelino-Sadaba, and Chiara Verbano. "Successful implementation of project risk management in small and medium enterprises: a cross-case analysis." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 14, no. 4 (2021): 1023–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-06-2020-0203.
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PurposeDespite the emergence and strategic importance of project risk management (PRM), its diffusion is limited mainly to large companies, leaving a lack of empirical evidence addressing SMEs. Given the socio-economic importance of SMEs and their need to manage risks to ensure the success of their strategic and innovative projects, this research aims to investigate how to adopt PRM in SMEs with a positive cost–benefit ratio.Design/methodology/approachThis study presents an exploratory and explanatory research conducted through multiple-case studies involving 10 projects performed in Spanish and Italian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).FindingsThe results obtained highlight how project features (commitment type, innovativeness, strategic relevance and managerial complexity) and firms' characteristics (sector of activity, production system and access to public incentives) influence PRM adoption, leading to different levels and types of benefits.Originality/valueThe paper offers practical indications about PRM phases, activities, tools and organizational aspects to be considered in different contexts to ensure the project's success and, ultimately, the company's growth and sustainability. Such indications could not be found in the literature.
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Орлова, Д. Е., В. А. Чертов, С. И. Сигарев, and С. С. Кочедыков. "Coordination algorithms for managing large-scale projects." МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ, ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ 8, no. 2(29) (2020): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26102/2310-6018/2020.29.2.028.
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В статье решается задача разработки двух алгоритмов координации при управлении крупномасштабными проектами. Первый алгоритм предназначен для выбора целесообразного способа координации при управлении рассматриваемыми проектами. Алгоритм строится исходя из тезиса о том, что, чем выше угроза срыва выполнения плана проектных работ, тем выше должна быть степень централизации управления проектом, и, чем в ниже эта угроза, тем менее централизованной должно быть управление проектом. При таком подходе, выбор целесообразного способа координации фактически сводится к оценке уровня угрозы. Учитывая, что понятие «уровень» носит качественный характер, его предложено характеризовать функцией принадлежности к градациям: «очень высокий», «высокий», «средний», «низкий» и «нулевой», а для оценки текущего уровня угроз использовать меру близости Хемминга, в которой в качестве эталона принят нулевой уровень угроз. Второй алгоритм предназначен для выбора оптимальных координирующих решений по критерию минимума отклонения проекта от заданного целевого состояния. Его новизна и оригинальность заключается в том, что в отличие от обычного оптимизационного подхода, он построен на сочетании методов полного перебора и линейного программирования. Это дало возможность корректно учесть то обстоятельство, что координирующие и проектные решения неразрывно связаны друг с другом. The article solves the problem of developing two coordination algorithms for managing large-scale projects. The first algorithm is designed to select the appropriate method of coordination when managing the projects under consideration. The algorithm is based on the thesis that the higher the threat of failure of the project plan, the higher the degree of centralization of project management should be, and the lower the threat, the less centralized the project management should be. With this approach, choosing the appropriate method of coordination actually comes down to assessing the threat level. Given that the concept of "level" is of a qualitative nature, it is proposed to characterize it by the function of belonging to gradations: "very high", "high", "medium"," low", and" zero", and to evaluate the current threat level, use the measure of hemming proximity, which uses the zero threat level as a reference. The second algorithm is designed to select optimal coordinating solutions based on the criterion of minimum deviation of the project from the specified target state. Its novelty and originality lies in the fact that, unlike the usual optimization approach, it is built on a combination of methods of full iteration and linear programming. This made it possible to correctly take into account the fact that coordinating and design solutions are inextricably linked with each other.
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李, 鹏. "Key Discussion for Clean-Up Budget Estimation of Large and Medium-Sized Railway Projects." Management Science and Engineering 11, no. 01 (2022): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/mse.2022.111008.
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Saeeda, Hina, Muhammad Ovais Ahmad, and Tomas Gustavsson. "Identifying and Categorizing Challenges in Large-Scale Agile Software Development Projects: Insights from Two Swedish Companies." ACM SIGAPP Applied Computing Review 23, no. 2 (2023): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3610409.3610411.
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We conducted a case study to examine the challenges encountered in large-scale agile development (LSAD) within two Swedish software companies. While agile methodologies have proven successful in small and medium-sized projects, their implementation in large-scale software development projects can be problematic. To identify these challenges, we employed thematic analysis, which revealed a total of 26 distinct challenges. These challenges were categorized into three main themes: Processes and practices, Teams, and Organizational-level challenges in LSAD. By recognizing and addressing these challenges, projects operating in similar contexts can synchronize their activities and harness the advantages of agile methodologies at a large scale. The article delves into comprehensive discussions on these challenges, offering valuable insights and directions for future research endeavors.
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MESHKOVA, D. A., and A. A. SENICHKINA. "ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM OF STATE SUPPORT FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES AND ITS PROGRAM DESIGN IN A LARGE CITY OF FEDERAL SIGNIFICANCE." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 9 (2020): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.pr2020.09.01.011.
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The article examines the organizational and economic mechanism of state support for small and medium-sized businesses in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the elements of which of an organizational and managerial nature and financial and economic significance are implemented by development institutions at the federal and regional levels. Analyzed the main financial and economic instruments and their effectiveness in the city of Moscow. The necessity of developing in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation an independent state program of support for small and medium-sized businesses in accordance with the national project "Small and medium-sized businesses and support for individual entrepreneurial initiative", its federal projects, as well as regional projects, which should take into account the specifics the economic structure of large cities of federal significance.
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Santos, Santa Margarida, Ana Carolina Assis, Leandro Gomes, Catarina Nobre, and Paulo Brito. "Waste Gasification Technologies: A Brief Overview." Waste 1, no. 1 (2022): 140–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/waste1010011.
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This paper aims to briefly overview gasification technologies of biomass and heterogeneous wastes as a means for syngas production. For this purpose, an overview of the existing technologies, their main advantages, limitations, and costs, as well as commercial plants and projects (lower TRL) operating with these technologies and syngas applications is presented. The type of technology and operating parameters should be selected considering the quality of the syngas as it will dictate its end use. Syngas quality is determined by the combination of feedstock properties, type of technology and process operating conditions, and the scale of operation. For smaller projects with a capacity of up to 10 MWth, fixed-bed technologies have been a recurring choice, while fluidized bed reactors can have an installed capacity above 100 MWth and are, therefore, more suitable for medium- and large-scale projects. Fluidized bed gasification technology supports feedstock flexibility, has scale-up potential, and presents relatively low cost, making it a suitable solution and a frequent choice for heterogeneous waste gasification in medium- or large-scale projects. Commercializing waste gasification technology is already a reality. However, more efforts need to be made so that pilot and demonstration projects can overcome the technological and economic problems and move towards commercialization.
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Sterken, C. "CCD Photometry: Some Basic Concerns." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 167 (1995): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900056370.
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We review the status of CCD photometry with emphasis on applications in projects that require considerable amounts of observing time at medium-aperture telescopes and at tasks complementing projects carried out at large telescopes. Associated problems of CCDs are discussed, together with unsuspected difficulties affecting millimagnitude accuracy mainly caused by pixel-size mismatch, cooling, data acquisition, non-linearity of response and improper standardization.
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Alam, Intakhab, Nadeem Sarwar, and Iram Noreen. "Statistical analysis of software development models by six-pointed star framework." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (2022): e0264420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264420.
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Software Development Process Model (SDPM) develops software according to the needs of the client within the defined budget and time. There are many software development models such as waterfall, Iterative, Rapid Application Development (RAD), Spiral, Agile, Z, and AZ model. Each development model follows a series of steps to develop a product. Each model has its strengths and weaknesses. In this study, we have investigated different software development process models using the six-pointed star framework. Six-point star is a framework of project management industry standards maintained by Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). A survey is designed to evaluate the performance of well-known software process models in the context of factors defined by the six-point star framework. The survey is conducted with experienced users of the software industry. The statistical analysis and comparison of results obtained by the survey are further used to examine the effectiveness of each model for the development of high-quality software concerning lightweight and heavyweight methodologies for small, medium and large scale projects. After exploring the results of all factors of the six-pointed star model, we conclude that lightweight methodology easily handles small-scale projects. The heavyweight methodology is suitable for medium and large-scale projects, whereas the AZ model, which is one of the latest models, works efficiently with both small-scale and large-scale categories of projects.
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Zhang, Jin Shan, Wei Sheng Zhang, Chen Cheng, and Lin Yun Sun. "The Study of the Impact for Coastal Engineering on High Water Level Induced by Storm Surges in Bohai Bay." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.810.
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Bohai Bay is an semi-closed bay, the storm surge disaster is very serious in past. Now more and more large ocean engineering are built here, To study changes of storm surge induced by the construction of large-scale coastal engineering in Bohai Bay in present, 2D numerical storm surge model is established with large - medium - small model nested approach. The three most typical storms surges: 9216, 9711 and by cold wave in October 2003 are simulated in the condition of before and after implementation of planning projects in Bohai Bay. Changes of storm surge water level due to implementation of artificial projects are analysis in this paper.
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Vargas, Peter Frank Martel, Carlos Noriega Niño De Guzmán, Johnny Félix Farfán Pimentel, and Raúl Delgado Arenas. "Management model to optimize the development of geotechnical studies for medium-sized mining projects." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 12, no. 1 (2024): e2829. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v12i1.2829.
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Purpose: The objective of the study was to develop a management model to optimize the development of geotechnical studies for medium-sized mining projects, developing specific tools and being able to serve as a basis for an extension of the study to other engineering studies for medium- to large-scale projects in general.
 
 Theoretical framework: According to Gil (2018), geotechnical studies have been established as a fundamental and vitally important part in the execution of civil engineering projects, because these represent a set of activities that allow obtaining the most approximate information. of the conditions, characteristics, and properties that the soil has, in addition, to contemplate the analyzes and recommendations necessary for the design and subsequent construction of the most appropriate foundation system for the planned building.
 
 Method/design/approach: This research is of a non-experimental explanatory type, which seeks a cause-effect relationship on the management model applied for the development of geotechnical studies for medium-sized mining projects. The level of research is explanatory, because it seeks the relationship that exists when applying a management model of geotechnical studies for medium-sized mining projects in progress to traditional execution. The approach of this research is mixed qualitative and quantitative.
 
 Results and conclusion: Conociendo el sector construcción minero, las empresas lograran completar sus estudios de geotecnia en el tiempo esperado. Los expertos consideran que, al tener visibilidad de los procesos, actividades y los controles respectivos de ejecución, las empresas pueden lograr mejoras significativas en la ejecución de los estudios.
 
 Implications of the research: This research contributes to the understanding of mining activity in its various dimensions and the technical and methodological criteria in the execution of medium-sized projects in the mining sector.
 
 Originality/value: The results obtained in this study are relevant and coherent in a context of the mining sector with differential characteristics of the development processes of geotechnical studies for a medium-sized mining project, consulting firms will be able to improve their execution times and costs.
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Ganieva, Irina, and Gennady Shepelev. "Project and Process Approaches in Science." Science Management: Theory and Practice 5, no. 1 (2023): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2023.5.1.2.
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The comparison of the project and process approach to the management of the scientific sector is carried out. The classification of projects in terms of their scale, financial instruments for supporting scientific research in project and process approaches, the regulatory framework for the implementation of the project approach, the interests of participants in the organization of scientific research in terms of their interest in the project version of science management are considered. It is shown that the project and process approaches to management are not antagonists and the science management system should combine both of them. At the same time, the lack of infrastructure for the organization of large scientific and technical projects, the experience of organizing such activities among the majority of participants in the management and implementation of scientific research, the interest of the majority of participants in the project approach was noted. The organization of large complex scientific and technical projects cannot be financed in the same way as the formation of small and medium-sized projects is financed, for the organization of large complex projects a higher level of management organization is required, which is currently absent.
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Brandt-Christensn, A. M., E. Gruber, M. Christensen, et al. "How to execute research projects in clinical practice in a large medium secure forensic psychiatric facility." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (2022): S350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.889.
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Introduction While effective project planning is crucial for the success of a clinical research project, being able to execute the plan is even more important. In Denmark, approval for health research projects is applied for at regional or national committees on health research ethics, which have been reluctant to approve clinical research projects involving forensic psychiatric in-patients, due to the admission usually being pursuant to treatment sanctions. However, recently we received approval for a clinical research project exclusively targeted towards inpatients at a large medium secure forensic psychiatric facility in Denmark. Objectives Describing the process of project execution from planning to submitting the manuscript which is inherently multi-faceted and inundated with stress factors. How to connect theory, knowledge, project with clinical practice, with clinical research? Methods Qualitative data collecting while undertaking an exploratory, open-label, non-randomised weight reducing trial with a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. Results Challenges in finding, screening, motivating, recruiting, obtaining valid confirmed consent from potential study participants and other stakeholders, team communication, responsibilities and accountabilities within the team, Pareto Principle, scope creep, building project reports manually, real-time data gathering, unpredictable and other project deliverables will be presented Conclusions Experiences of the hospital staff (psychiatrists, doctors and nurses) in execution process of the project investigation performed and made possible through participation of their forensic psychiatric in-patients. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Kaluzny, Janusz. "Warsaw Variability Surveys." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 176 (2000): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100056992.
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AbstractFour large-to-medium size photometric surveys are being conducted by Warsaw astronomers: the Warsaw-LCO survey of globular clusters, OGLE, DIRECT, and ASAS. In this contribution I provide short descriptions of these projects and discuss briefly some results obtained for pulsating variables.
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Ramiah, Dhanasegaran, Mudiarasan Kuppusamy, and Behrooz Gharleghi. "Project Management and Construction Project’s Completion: Evidence from Malaysian Small, Medium and Large Firms." Research Journal of Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (2019): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36478/rjasci.2018.34.40.
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Bhattacharjee, Kaushik, Nikhil Bugalia, and Ashwin Mahalingam. "An analysis of safety practices for small, medium, and large construction projects: A resilience engineering perspective." Safety Science 169 (January 2024): 106330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106330.
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Al Alawi, Mubarak Khamis, Amwaj Al Abdali, Mohammed Al Shahri, and Shadi Altawil. "PRODUCTIVITY FACTORS IN CONSTRUCTION SMES IN OMAN- EXPLORATION STUDY." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 19, no. 1 (2022): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53540/tjer.vol19iss1pp33-40.
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Construction projects are unique and influenced by many external and internal factors hindering the efficiencies of operations. Different construction companies may have different influencing productivity factors depending on the company’s scale. Large construction companies have better resource management systems than the construction small and medium enterprises (SME). The construction SMEs work in small scale projects, and the amount and type of the required resources are different from the large construction companies. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting construction productivity is essential to determine the best action to avoid any unforeseen productivity reduction. This study aims to rank the most influencing productivity factors in small and medium construction (SME) companies. A questionnaire survey was used to collect data from small and medium construction companies registered in Oman Tender Board. The relative importance index (RII) was used to evaluate the responses. Sixty-five companies out of the 207 targeted population participated in the survey. It was found that - incomplete drawings and drawing omissions, poor site condition and management, delay in payment, unavailability of proper tools and equipment, and workers absenteeism and turnover were found as the top factors that influence construction productivity.
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Hartono, Widi, Dewi Handayani, and Hanis Cahya Rhamadani. "Analysis the Effect of Height on Work Accidents in High Rise Building Projects." E3S Web of Conferences 517 (2024): 05028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451705028.
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Indonesia as the population increases, but this is inversely proportional to the availability of land so that the idea of developing high-rise buildings arises. Building projects are high-risk projects, at height there are many hazards such as falling, slipping, falling materials, and electrocution. This study uses a simple linear regression method to see how height affects work accidents and conducts a risk assessment. The results of large-sized companies, height has a significant effect on the risk of falling from height by 30.5%, the risk of eye, skin and respiratory disorders by 14.8% and the risk of being pinched at the work site by 21.4%. In medium-sized companies, height has a significant effect on the risk of falling from height by 15.6% and the risk of eye, skin and respiratory disorders by 11.7%. In small-size companies, height has a significant effect on the risk of falling from height by 12.2% and the risk of being hit by materials from above by 45.5%. The result of the risk assessment for all company qualifications is falling from a height with an average risk index value for large companies of 15.36 (high risk), medium companies 16.52 (high risk) and small companies 8.47 (medium risk).
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Lei, Zhen, Yongde Hu, Jialiang Hua, Brandon Marton, Peter Goldberg, Noah Marton, and Noah Marton. "An earned-value-analysis (EVA)-based project control framework in large-scale scaffolding projects using linear regression modeling." Journal of Information Technology in Construction 27 (July 7, 2022): 630–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2022.031.
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In large-scale industrial construction projects, scaffolding activities account for a large amount of the construction budget, and overlooking the scaffolding management can lead to budget overruns and schedule delays. The scaffolding activities can be categorized by classifications and types based on the nature of the scaffold builds. To ensure the project progress on track, it is critical to measure project performance based on project progress data. However, given the nature of scaffolding activities, it has been challenging to track and utilize the scaffolding data for analytical purposes. Therefore, this paper proposes a project control framework based on Earned-value analysis (EVA), in which linear regression models are used for productivity prediction. Three scenarios of productivity based on historical data (i.e., low, medium, and high productivity) are introduced. The proposed framework is implemented in a real construction project for validation. The results have shown that the proposed framework can efficiently evaluate the project progresses integrated with the EVA. The construction companies, such as general contractors and scaffolding sub-contractors, can use this method for site progress tracking. For future work, the EVA can be integrated with other non-linear predictive models (e.g., neural network) for productivity prediction. The EVA results can be integrated with data visualization to create situational awareness for construction practitioners.
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Muttaraid, Anupong, Sirintornthep Towprayoon, Chart Chiemchaisri, Thapat Silalertruksa, and Komsilp Wangyao. "Economic Assessment of Medium and Large-Scale Landfill Mining Business: Case Study Thailand." E3S Web of Conferences 428 (2023): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342802002.
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Thailand produces over 25 million tons of waste yearly, while only a third is utilized. The waste disposed of in the landfill is rarely utilized, and research on the utilization of landfill waste in Thailand is limited. The information regarding the business model and the profitability rate of landfill mining is limited and generally was not displayed to the public. This paper examined the landfill mining business of medium and large-scale businesses in Thailand. Both sites’ business operations were analyzed, and the net present value was presented. The NPV results show that landfill mining is profitable and gives more sustainable waste management. The large scale is highly profitable but requires more investment extensively, while the medium scale is easily adopted and still provides a reasonable profit. Furthermore, to understand the business operation and sensitivity of the operation, this paper uses sensitivity analysis to analyze the factors influencing business profitability. Even though the result displays that both projects are easily profitable, the large-scale operation tends to be simpler as the expense has a lower influence on the business.
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Lenggono, Tego, Doni Prakasa Eka Putra, and Agung Setianto. "Andesite, Construction material, Kulon Progo , Yogyakarta, Indonesia." Journal of Applied Geology 3, no. 2 (2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jag.48595.
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The construction projects that are currently being carried out in Kulon ProgoRegency, Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia, started on 2018, are large-scale projects. The projects include the construction of airports, seaports, industrial estates, southern crossing lanes and the construction of Menoreh lanes. The large-scale projects require a very large supply of andesite rocks for material construction. In Kulon Progo Regency itself, there is a huge potential of andesite rock relate to two geological formations (Kebo Butak and Andesite Intrusion) exist in the region, which is found mostly in Kokap District and partly in Temon District. One parameter that determines the quality of andesite rock is their compressive strength. Due to weathering, not all of the andesite in both formation can be classified as good quality rocks. According to Indonesian Standard, theminimum compressive strength of natural stone for stakes and curbstone is 500 kg/cm2 , for lightweight building foundation is 800 kg/cm2 , for medium building foundations is 1000 kg/cm 2and for heavy building foundations is 1500 kg/cm 2 . Based on this background, this paper have objectives to know the quality of andesite rock exist in the research area and to determine the zonation of good quality andesite rock for building androad materials in the research area. Field observation were conducted to map the occurrence of andesite rock. Totally 68 rock samples were collected during field observation and tested by point load test method to know its compressive strength value. The distribution of good quality rock in the research area were determine based on spatial analysis procedure in geographical information system. Results show that andesite rocks found in research area have a compressive strength ranging from 167.12 kg/cm 2 to 2783.37 kg/cm 2 . From 53 samples taken from igneous rock intrusion, it showed that 7.55 % had low quality, 13.21 % had medium quality, 30.19 % had good quality and 49.06 % had very good quality. From the 16 samples taken from the Kebobutak Formation, it showed that 12.50 % had low quality, 18.75 % had good quality and 67.75 % had very good quality. The final map of rock quality zonation reveals 28.92 % of research area classify as low quality, 2.52 %medium quality, 37.68 % good quality and 30.88 % very good quality. It can be concluded that almost 70 % of andesite in the Kokap and Temon District can be used for the running large scale projects.
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Myers, Anita M., and Gail Gonda. "Evaluation Principles in Practice." Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation 2, no. 2 (1987): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.2.003.
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Abstract: Since all programs operate within an organizational setting, the utility of evaluation activities can be enhanced by considering an organization's structure, evaluation readiness, and the related functions of evaluators. This article focuses on the application of a set of complementary principles derived from the evaluation literature using three projects as case studies. Two of the projects involved large Canadian health-related organizations, while the third focused on the evaluation needs of a medium-size social service agency. The diversity of these projects attests to the general relevance of principles derived from the systems model, the evaluation capability model, and the evaluator as consultant approach.
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Erik Olsson, Sevn, and Tomoyuki Tezuka. "Recent Large Aker Kvaerner Pulp Mill Projects." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 60, no. 7 (2006): 1012–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.60.1012.
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Son, Dong Tam Vo Thanh. "Significant factors affecting the effect of safety program implementation on construction projects in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam." HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE - ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 12, no. 1 (2021): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46223/hcmcoujs.tech.en.12.1.1961.2022.
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This research indicated 16 important factors that affect the result of labor safety program performance. The research was carried out by sending survey questionnaire to both foreigners and Vietnamese who are working for a medium and large scale construction projects. Most of them said that the most critical factor which influences the effect of labor safety program implementation on construction projects is “periodic evaluation of safety programs”. In addition, MEAN is used to rank significant factors basing on two group of respondents: Safety Managers (SM) and Project Managers (PM).
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J., Muguthu, and Lang'at N. "FINANCING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PROJECTS IN AGRICULTURE." Journal of Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment 5, no. 2 (2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37017/jeae.v5i2.61.
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Agriculture remains the source of livelihood in Africa. However, this sector is plagued by high level of wastage in food chain. In Kenya it is estimated that close to 50% of Kenya’s agricultural produce, be it crop, fish or even livestock is lost in post-harvest maneuvers. This is largely due to poor post-harvest processing and storage. These are energy intensive which compound the situation. Energy challenge is multi-faceted ranging from technology to financing and accessibility. This paper looks at energy financing and analyses the various options available for the agricultural sector in Kenya. The paper further compares financing approach in the developed countries and the lessons learnt and opportunities. The results of this study show that project finance is the preferred model of financing among REP financiers, while REP developers mainly prefer corporate finance. Based on the cost of implementation, project finance is mostly only a viable option for financing large-scale REPs, which as the results of this study show, delivers minimal benefits for sustainable economic development. This is mainly because large SEPs are mostly gridconnected. It is recommended that in developing countries, public institutions and legal systems should consider having the stability, ability, and reliability over the medium to long term to put in place and enforce laws and private sector regulation in general, as well as supportive incentives for renewable energy in particular.
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Fikri, Achmad, Suparji Suparji, and Suartini Suartini. "The Role of Bank Guarantee As Collateral in The Implementation of Work on Projects At PT Hutama Karya (Persero) EPC Division (Study on The Muara Tawar 2 X 650 MW Power Plant Project)." Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi 5, no. 01 (2024): 2648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.59141/jist.v5i01.876.
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Large projects such as power plants require guarantees for the implementation of the work to ensure the project's smooth running. A Bank guarantee is commonly used in these large projects to ensure contract fulfillment and good performance. This research aims to evaluate bank guarantees' role in projects such as the 2 x 650 MW Muara Tawar Power Plant run by PT Hutama Karya (Persero) EPC Division. This research uses qualitative research methods. Data collection techniques in this study include literature studies and interviews. Data analysis techniques used in this study include data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that bank guarantees are essential in implementing work on projects at PT Hutama Karya (Persero) EPC Division. Bank guarantees can be used to guarantee various things, such as quality of work, timely completion, and payments to third parties. Bank guarantees have various benefits in the implementation of work on projects at PT Hutama Karya (Persero) EPC Division, including increasing the employer's trust in service providers, increasing the certainty of work implementation, and increasing efficiency in the work implementation process.
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Иосипенко, С. В. "Advantages of small scientific space projects." Научные труды Института астрономии РАН, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51194/inasan.2021.6.3.003.
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В настоящее время в рамках федеральной космической программы реализуются только амбициозные масштабные научные проекты, для которых характерны сложности как технического, так и финансово характера. Данные сложности можно нивелировать путем формирования небольшого, но стабильного государственного заказа на малые и средние научные космические проекты. Выполнение данных проектов через структуры Министерства науки и высшего образования также позволит выработать новые подходы, позволяющие в перспективе значительно повысить эффективность в части стоимости и сроков реализации проектов. Currently, only ambitious large-scale scientific projects are presented in the federal space program of Russia. These projects are characterized by both technical and financial difficulties. These difficulties can be leveled by the formation of a small but stable government order for small and medium-sized scientific space projects. The release of these projects through the structures of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education will also help to develop new approaches that will allow, in the future, to significantly increase efficiency in terms of the cost and timing of projects.
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Wiedmann, Florian, Ashraf M. Salama, and Hatem G. Ibrahim. "The Impact of Affordable Housing Developments on Sustainability in Gulf Cities." Open House International 41, no. 4 (2016): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2016-b0005.
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The recent construction boom has led to new urban development dynamics in Gulf cities driven by real-estate speculations and large infrastructure investments. While in the past affordable housing for medium income migrants and their families was integrated within the fringes of old downtown areas and compound developments in the suburbs, recent investment patterns have led to an increasing challenge of these economically highly engaged social groups to find residences. In recent years, a newly emerging trend in the Gulf region has been the establishment of large scale mass housing projects as new dormitory settlements to address the growing demand for affordable housing. This paper presents an overview of current development patterns by exploring two major affordable housing projects and their impact on sustainability in Doha and Dubai. This is undertaken by establishing a preliminary assessment framework that involves relevant sustainability parameters. The assessment reveals the major differences between both projects and their impact on environment, economy, and society.
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Bjorklund, Ann L. "One More Tool for the Toolbox." English Journal 90, no. 2 (2000): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ej2000685.
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Discusses 10 obstacles a teacher might encounter when incorporating technology into the classroom. Argues that with technology, like any other teaching strategy, teachers just need a few strategies that work for them, which they vary and adapt as needed. Lists some small, medium, and large projects using technology in the English classroom that students enjoy. Offers some parting advice.
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GAPONENKO, ALEXANDER L., and AZAMAT A. SOBLIROV. "Miniforums as an effective way to attract investment in small and medium-sized business projects." Public Administration 22, no. 3 (2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2070-8378-2020-22-3-25-30.
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An important factor in the development of small and medium-sized businesses is consulting support that helps to attract investment. According to studies, investment advice prefers to follow a large business, while highly relevant issues of interaction between investors and small and medium-sized business project initiators often remain out of sight. The article reviews and analyzes the best practices for holding mini-forums aimed at creating sustainable links between project initiators in need of investment and private investors willing to invest in highly efficient business projects. This kind of interaction format increases the productivity of consulting activities in the field of helping small and medium-sized business project initiators in finding investments. Holding domestic mini-forums today is concentrated in the framework of the ‘Business Angels of Russia’ Community. Within the framework of mini-forums, investors can get detailed information about several projects at once, and project initiators find their investor faster and easier. Consultants, in turn, expand the range of potential clients. In general, the practice of holding mini-forums contributes to the activation of potential and existing investors and the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia.
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Zhang, Hong Yuan. "Research on Preparation of Soil and Water Conservation in Civil Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 685 (October 2014): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.685.417.
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With the development of economic society and urbanization, there are more park projects in large and medium cities, and the preparation of soil and water conservation plan for thus construction should be mainly considered from equilibrium of earth-rock, flood control and drainage, temporary protection and greening consider, only this can we effectively control and reduce soil erosion of the park project.
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Ma, Wenting, Rui Mu, and Martin de Jong. "How Do Political Features Influence the Co-Production of Government Projects? A Case Study of a Medium-Sized Chinese City." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (2021): 7600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147600.
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Co-production is a solution by which the government provides public services. Co-production theory is built upon Western experience and currently focuses on the types of co-production in different policy stages, the barriers and governance strategies for co-production. However, little attention is paid to how political background will influence the co-production process. To fill the gap, we analyzed a case of co-production that occurred in China, and we characterized the political background as consisting of three main political features: political mobility, central–local relations, and performance measurement. Based on an in-depth case study of a government project in a medium-sized Chinese city, the impact and the changes of political features affecting governmental projects in different co-production stages are analyzed and assessed. We find that political features play a critical role in the co-production of China’s large government projects and may separately and jointly affect co-production. Government performance measurement affects the co-design and co-implementation of projects. Political mobility and changes in local government and performance measurement also affect the co-implementation continuity of the project. Political focus affects the co-design of projects. Central-local relations influence the support from higher government and the actual practices of lower government in the co-implementation stage.
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Zeinalnezhad, Masoomeh, Muriati Mukhtar, and Shahnorbanun Sahran. "An investigation of lead benchmarking implementation." Benchmarking: An International Journal 21, no. 1 (2014): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-09-2011-0074.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore current levels of lead benchmarking implementation and lead performance indicators among Malaysian organizations. Comparing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with large companies, it identifies what benefits and difficulties are present during benchmarking implementation. Design/methodology/approach – Descriptive analyses, one-way ANOVAs between and within groups, and parametric and non-parametric tests are used to compare responses obtained from small, medium and large Malaysian manufacturing organizations. Findings – Findings suggest that larger organizations have a more progressive approach to lead benchmarking. Strategy and employee development are dominant lead performance indicators of continuous improvement. Large companies experience fewer challenges when implementing benchmarking projects. Perceptions of key benchmarking implementation barriers shift from mere lack of resources toward lack of knowledge and training, information sharing, commitment and trust. Research limitations/implications – The sample is specific in nature (Malaysian manufacturing organizations); results should be interpreted accordingly. Originality/value – Little is known about lead benchmarking practices in Malaysia, particularly within the contexts of SMEs. The outcomes of this study provide a basis for further improvement and valuable knowledge for top management of manufacturing organizations to refine strategies and advance quality management approaches.
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(Tres) Bishop, Desmond. "How to Build Quality Management in a Small to Medium Enterprise." Muma Business Review 2 (2018): 043–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4099.
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Quality management (QM) in one of its many forms has become an integral part of contemporary business. Since its mainstream introduction to the United States in the early 80’s it has become more than a strategy or a competitive differentiator. QM is now a customer expectation. Most of the voluminous research done in this field was conducted by large businesses for large businesses. However, the vast majority of businesses in the United States and the world at large are small to medium enterprises (SMEs). These organizations have largely been ignored by the quality movement. This study closes that gap by investigating what is currently known in this field by the academic and practitioner communities. The findings from this research study indicate that QM is appropriate to the SME environment. There are specific critical to success factors and barriers to implementation that are unique to SME’s that should be considered prior to implementation. Additionally, there is evidence to suggest that QM is not universal in nature as previously thought but context dependent. Most of the studies that were conducted were survey based. There was comparatively little qualitative research done in this field and no action research projects that this author could find which creates an opportunity for future research.
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Kim, Jung-Soo, Seung-Chul Kim, and So-Hyun Park. "The Impact of Project Governance on IT Project Performance: A Comparison Between SMEs and Large Firms." Academic Society of Global Business Administration 20, no. 5 (2023): 123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.38115/asgba.2023.20.5.123.
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Companies are paying attention to project governance to achieve corporate strategic goals and realize the value of IT projects in a fast and complex business environment due to the development of information technology. This study examines the difference between SMEs and large firms in a situation where project governance affects IT project performance. This study surveyed 208 project team members, project managers, and project applicants with IT project experience within two years in various industries, and analyzed survey responses using regression analysis and univariate analysis. The results of this study showed that project governance has a positive effect on IT project management performance and IT project goal performance for both SMEs and large firms. In addition, for small and medium-sized enterprises, project governance has a higher impact on IT project management performance and IT project target performance than large firms, and the higher the level of project governance execution, the higher the IT project management performance and IT project target performance. This study drew implications that project governance for both SMEs and large firms can positively affect the achievement of schedule, cost, scope and quality planned for IT projects, business success and customer satisfaction, and that if SMEs have good project governance, they can improve IT project performance to the level of large firms.
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Eyer, Laurent, Berry Holl, and Nami Mowlavi. "Gaia and variable stars." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 9, S298 (2013): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313006455.
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AbstractThe study of variable phenomena (periodic, irregular or transient) provides a unique way to acquire knowledge about objects in our Universe. Currently, we are going through a rapid expansion of time-domain astrophysics. One reason for this expansion is the technological developments materialised in small to medium size observational projects such as HAT, OGLE, Catalina, PTF and upcoming very large projects such as Gaia or LSST.In this article, we are focusing on the ESA cornerstone mission Gaia. This spacecraft will provide astrometric, photometric and spectroscopic measurements for one billion stars. Among the existing and planned multi-epoch projects Gaia is unique because it will provide exquisite astrometric measurements for all objects it observes. We provide a brief overview of the literature concerning this mission and its expected contribution to variability studies.
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Zainal, Rozlin, Garba Hamza, Norpadzlihatun Manap, and Noor Shahifah Syahrom. "Significant Ways to Improve the Performance of Medium and Large Local Contractors in the Jigawa State, Nigeria." MATEC Web of Conferences 266 (2019): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926603018.
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Contractors’ performance is an important criterion for the success of any construction project, as it is the contractor that converts designs into practical reality. While evidence suggests that there is much need for further improvement particularly in cost, time and quality, in Nigeria contractors’ performance is the subject that requires much research. This paper is to identify the significant ways to improve the performance of medium and large local contractors in the Jigawa state, Nigeria. Literature about contractors and their performance was reviewed to identify the ways believed to improve their performance in executing construction projects. Questionnaires distributed to 45 clients, 45 consultants, and 45 medium and large local contractors. The findings show that the respondents agree that the most significant ways to improve medium and large local contractor’s performance are transparent bidding process mechanism, proper selection of construction procurement system, quality control and standard assurance, local contractor patronage by the government and adopting information and communication technology (ICT) in design and construction. This paper offers better performance and expands the pool of knowledge to the Nigerian contractor regarding essential element that is needed to be observed in order to improve their performance.
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Güngör, Dilek Özdemir, and Sıtkı Gözlü. "Investigating the Relationship between Activities of Project Management Offices and Project Stakeholder Satisfaction." International Journal of Information Technology Project Management 8, no. 2 (2017): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitpm.2017040103.
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Organizations need to execute a number of projects simultaneously in order to react market changes. Besides that, technological advancements enable large scale, complex projects feasible. Keeping all these projects under control and executing projects effectively is a serious problem for every organization. PMOs are appeared to be a solution for managing multi-project environments, but their contribution to organizations is tortuous. In this research, activity areas of PMOs are derived from existing works, and the relationships between PMO activity areas and stakeholder's satisfaction are investigated by applying PLS-SEM methodology. There are six activity areas defined, and named as “project procurement”, “knowledge management”, “project team management”, “communication”, “project planning & follow up”, and “development and maintenance of IT”. With the guidance of existing literature research model is developed. Results show that “project planning & follow up”, and “project procurement” activities have direct effect on “stakeholder satisfaction” at medium level. Besides that, “knowledge management” and “IT infrastructure” have indirect effect through “project planning & follow up”.