Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Military-industrial complex – history"

This thesis explores how the campaign for the The Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways was a product of the 1950s military-industrial complex, which developed from a nationalist project seeking to confirm American exceptionalism during the early Cold War.

<p> In his 1961 farewell address to the nation, President Dwight D. Eisenhower explained how a &ldquo;technological revolution during recent decades&rdquo; was &ldquo;largely responsible for the sweeping changes in our industrial-military posture.&rdquo; As a result, this dissertation considers how and why post-WWII industrial research became, according to Eisenhower, &ldquo;more formalized, complex, and costly.&rdquo; The origins and characteristics of a paradigm shift in how American corporations conducted research are identified by comparing changes in R&amp;D at the B.F. Goodrich Company from 1941 through 1960 to similar developments at the 200 largest U.S. industrial manufacturers in 1948. </p><p> For large-scale firms, WWII mobilization escalated into a crisis when federal attempts to organize industry for wartime and postwar production threatened to break down barriers to entry and increase competition in the marketplace. As a participant in the government&rsquo;s synthetic rubber program, B.F. Goodrich was required to share patents and technical expertise with federal agencies and other rubber, oil, and chemical companies. Fearing that these exchanges might undermine its competitive advantages in rubber manufacturing, Goodrich reorganized its R&amp;D departments and constructed a new research center by 1948 as part of its strategic transformation from an industrial corporation that refined and fabricated one particular raw material (rubber) to a <i>research company</i> with diverse product lines in rubber goods <i>and</i> chemically related sectors.</p><p> Likewise, an analysis of the 200 largest U.S. industrial manufacturers in 1948 reveals that from 1941 through 1960, nearly every one of these firms constructed new research facilities, hired armies of scientists and technicians, and implemented some type of product diversification strategy in order to hedge against the uncertainties of an evolving postwar political economy. These research facilities were themselves small-scale, brick-and-mortar &ldquo;military-industrial complexes&rdquo; where the technical and functional capabilities of large corporations were enhanced by managers and scientists who not only secured funding in the form of government contracts, but also coordinated the activities of corporate and university laboratories to achieve technological innovation.</p><p>

Entre 1763 et 2013, le Québec est armes car il se retrouve entraîné au coeur des questions de sécurité et de défense qui agitent l’espace nord-américain. L’histoire de la Belle province est marquée par une série d’alliances militaires, de luttes violentes, de rébellions, de résistances et de transgressions. La guerre de Sept ans, la révolution américaine, la guerrefranco-britannique en 1793, la révolte des Patriotes en 1837-1838, la participation des Canadiens francophones à la guerre de Sécession, les crises de la conscription en 1918 et en 1942, l’action du FLQ, les référendums sur l’indépendance du Québec en 1980 et 1995 ou encore la participation active du Québec à la guerre contre le terrorisme à partir de 2001constituent quelques exemples de ces rapports de force au cours de la période étudiée.L’histoire du Québec en tant qu’entité spécifique démarre avec la cession par le roi de France de la partie canadienne de l’empire français au roi d’Angleterre avec le traité de Paris du 10 février 1763. Sous la houlette de l’Église catholique, les Canadiens francophones, qui vivent dans les basses terres du Saint-Laurent, organisent leur résistance face au colonialisme britannique. Ils développent au fil du temps leur propre culture stratégique fondée sur l’idée d’une nécessité de la survivance du fait francophone en Amérique du Nord. Malgré les tentatives de l’Angleterre d’assimiler la population de la colonie à la culture anglophone afin de mieux faire accepter son autorité, les francophones résistent et organisent leur défense territoriale dans les basses terres du Saint-Laurent. Cette résistance accélère l’émergence d’une relation spéciale entre le Québec et la France qui constitue son ancienne métropole coloniale. Les relations de la Belle Province avec les États d’Amérique du Nord sont conditionnées par cette culture stratégique spécifique des francophones.Au moment du 250e anniversaire du traité de Paris, en 2013, le Québec forme un complexe de sécurité et de défense ayant atteint un statut de quasi-État souverain. Il a une population homogène, un territoire et un gouvernement propre. Il possède le plus important réseau de représentations diplomatiques à l’étranger de tous les États fédérés dans le monde. Il dispose également d’une force de police, d’un service de renseignement ou encore d’une industrie de guerre. Le Québec exerce une influence internationale hors de proportion avec son poids démographique<br>Between 1763 and 2013, Quebec is armed because the province is concerned by the security and defense issues in the North American area. The Quebec history is characterised by a series of military alliances, violent struggles, rebellion, resistance and transgressions. The Seven Years War, the American Revolution, the Franco-British war in 1793, the Patriotsrevolt in 1837-1838, the participation of French Canadians in the American Civil War, conscription crises in 1918 and 1942, the FLQ action, referendums on Quebec independence in 1980 and 1995 or the Quebec active participation in the war against terrorism from 2001 are some examples of these power relations for the studied period.The history of Quebec as a specific entity starts with the assignment by the King of France of the Canadian portion of the French Empire to the King of England with the Treaty of Paris of February 10th, 1763. Under the leadership of the Church Catholic, French-speaking canadians who live in the lowlands of the St. Lawrence, are organizing their resistance toBritish colonialism. Over the time, they develop their own strategic culture based on the idea of a need for the survival of the French fact in North America. Despite the attempts of England to assimilate the population of the colony to the English culture to better accept his authority, french canadians resist and organize their territorial defense in the lowlands of theSt. Lawrence. This resistance accelerates the emergence of a special relationship between Quebec and France wich is its former colonial power. The relations of the Belle Province with the North American States are structured by the specific strategic culture of french canadians.At the time of the 250th Treaty of Paris anniversary, in 2013, Quebec is a security and defense complex having reached a status of almost sovereign State. The province has a homogeneous population, a territory and a lawfull government. Quebec has the largest diplomatic representations network abroad all federal states in the world. The province alsohas its own police force, an intelligence service or a war industry. Quebec has international influence out of proportion to its demographic weight

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS A LOIOLA DE SOUZA.pdf: 415449 bytes, checksum: d861caf6da8174df5e70f24cd0bc6748 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-29<br>Sci - fi books depending on how they are structured by their authors, might be in our case, the astronomer Carl Sagan, be used as reference texts in Science History by his indisciplinity. The specific case of interplanetary trips, theorized and thought scientificaly and advertised under a sci - fi language in books of Carl Sagan, is what this dissertation talks about.The authors of fiction texts, such as Sagan Arthur Charles Clarke and Issac Asimov, try to found their extrpolate in careful notes of trends that happen in society and science, and develop the ( narration, in Asmov and Clarke´s case ) implication or advertising with rigidity and consistency.On the other hand, part of the futuristic literature would be an important History of Science analysis instrument, for it to be possible of thinking in alternative proposals for a scientific policy and taught which may have a social reach. A kind of experiment or imaginary exercise. In other words, what is studied here, is the relation between sci - fi and science, which talks about interplanetary trips, and how they are explained in Sagan´s books. However, the dissertation, delimitates, in the first instance, must be considered about interplanetary trips, its dissimilation from the 30´s to the 60´s and the adverstising through two of the best sci - fi writers of the twentieth century, whose work was to advertise scientific ideas or Astronautic for a better understanding of the science, its role and the impact of science and technology, in a society which moves really fast, but without many details. After all, as it was a relevant realization of some of these realized fantasies by Carl Sagan´s commitment, initially, with the American industial military complexduring the Cold War against USSR, and after that by NASA.And what we have learned scientifically from the exploration of the Solar Sistem and the nearest planets, in a way that the results of this spacial exploration could be advertised with the help from literature and fiction, in a type of alert about the problems that we will have to face in a near future. At last, the mankind destiny, imagined by Sagan in a kind of manifest advertised by himself in his main books and analysed here for it to be possible to keep its parallelism of contents and trends between sci - fi books and the academic literatureabout the development of science and technology and the destiny of mankind and the individuals that make itself. This is a conclusion that History students having a beginning or complementary graduation in humanities, will be able to find on the shelves of science history, a worthy manifest for an unexpective reflection or for a militancy<br>Obras de ficção científica podem, dependendo de como estiverem estruturadas por seus autores, em nosso caso, o astrônomo Carl Sagan, ser usadas como textos de referência em História da Ciência por sua interdisciplinaridade. O caso específico das viagens interplanetárias, pensadas e teorizadas cientificamente e divulgadas sob a linguagem da ficção científica nos livros de Carl Sagan, é o de que se ocupa esta dissertação. Os autores de textos de ficção, como os colegas de Sagan Arthur Charles Clarke e Isaac Asimov, procuram, como acontece com textos teóricos acadêmicos, assim como também eram alguns dos textos de Sagan, fundamentar suas extrapolações em observações cuidadosas de tendências em ação na sociedade e na ciência e desenvolver sua (narração, no caso de Asimov e Clarke) implementação ou divulgação com rigor e consistência. Ou seja, parte da literatura futurística seria um instrumento importante de análise de História da Ciência para que esta possa pensar em propostas alternativas para uma política científica e de ensino científico que tenha um alcance social. Uma espécie de experimento ou exercício imaginário. Em outras palavras, o que aqui se estuda é a relação entre ficção científica e ciência que fale das viagens interplanetárias e como elas estão expressas nas obras de Sagan. Portanto, a dissertação delimita o que, em primeiro lugar, deve-se considerar sobre as viagens interplanetárias, sua disseminação nos anos de 1930 a 1960 e sua divulgação através de dois dos melhores escritores de ficção científica do século XX, que se empenharam em divulgar idéias científicas ou de Astronáutica para uma melhor compreensão da ciência, do papel da ciência e do impacto da ciência e tecnologia numa sociedade com uma velocidade em movimento rápido, mas sem muitos detalhes. Depois, como foi a realização primordial de algumas dessas fantasias realizadas pelo envolvimento de Carl Sagan, inicialmente, com o complexo militar industrial dos Estados Unidos da América durante a Guerra Fria com a URSS e depois pela NASA. E o que se aprendeu, cientificamente, com a exploração de nosso sistema solar e de nossos planetas mais próximos, de maneira que esses resultados da exploração espacial pudessem ser divulgados com a ajuda da literatura de ficção em forma de alerta sobre os problemas que teremos de enfrentar num futuro bem próximo. E, por último, o destino da humanidade imaginado por Sagan numa espécie de manifesto divulgado por ele mesmo em seus principais livros e aqui analisado para que se pudesse manter o paralelismo de conteúdo e tendências entre as obras de ficção e a literatura acadêmica sobre o desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia e o destino da humanidade e dos indivíduos que a compõem. Isto nos leva a concluir que o estudante de História da Ciência, tendo uma formação inicial ou complementar em humanidades, poderá encontrar na estante de História da Ciência um valioso manifesto para uma reflexão despretensiosa ou para a militância

This study explores the implications of the rise and fall of the Argentine military industrial complex on future civil-military relations. An investigation of the nationalist and military objective to attain self-sufficiency in defense-related industries begs the questions of whether concerns over dependency, on international sources of arms, internal enemies, regional rivalries, and periodic foreign policy tensions with the United States have been quelled permanently. If neoliberal policies in Argentina fail to provide a permanent model for development and Argentina sees a resurgence of nationalist-statist leaders, where will the wave of privatizations the military has experienced leave the nation and its leaders' aspirations to become a great power? On numerous past occasions the military has stepped in by force, with the support of key social sectors, to govern in the face of discontent and to defend its corporate interests. Within the new rubric of civil-military relations, where will party leaders and entrepreneurial groups who have often appealed to the military for help in removing their enemies from power turn? Will the armed forces' fear of diminished military might ring true? Or will a new military mission serve to curb their predisposition to enter politics? This work argues that prospects for the military's institutional incorporation into the state are currently better than in any period in Argentina's recent past. While military prerogatives have been reduced to a point that historically might have posed a dramatic threat to democracy, military contestation has remained relatively low. After years of slow but steady downsizing propelled by civilian leaders, it appears unlikely that the Argentine military retains the armed capacity and industrial muscle to resume its tradition of chronic interventionism. The changing international context has served to reinforce this new paradigm of subordination to civilian leadership for the Argentine military<br>acase@tulane.edu

In 1964 Clement Greenberg suffered his greatest setback as the critical arbiter of modern painting. The "Post Painterly Abstraction" exhibition he had helped to organize at the Los Angeles Museum of Art was critically demolished, definitively shattering the myth of invincibility surrounding Greenberg's modernism, an aesthetic which had been a powerful influence in the United States and Canada in the post-war period. For many contemporary critics, the early to mid-1960's is the period in which a stultified and institutionalized modernism was finally usurped by an approach to culture that was less elitist and more socially engaged. The new cultural model that was taking shape within the Kennedy Administration's vision of the New Frontier sought to remotivate a sense of "national purpose" within the United States to counter the nation's preoccupation with consumerism and affluence. The pragmatic liberal concept of culture sought to rework the relationship between work and play in order to promote a new relationship between individualism and civic virtue. The impetus to re-shape the boundaries between art and society under the New Frontier was a direct response to the political and military challenge posed by the Soviet Union in the late-1950s, especially after the launch of Sputnik in 1957, and the inability of the Eisenhower Administration to respond to the anxieties generated by the intense superpower rivalry. This international environment also exacerbated the ongoing tensions between Canada and the United States, culminating in the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis . Canadian Prime Minister Diefenbaker delayed in responding to the U.S. alarm over the presence of Soviet medium range nuclear weapons in Cuba, and the political firestorm that followed this delay highlighted the frictions that had developed in the unequal bilateral relationship between the United States and Canada after World War Two. While the Cold War was approaching its ultimate showdown, Greenberg was proceeding to a geographical margin of North America — Saskatchewan — to participate in the Emma Lake Artists' Workshops. Ironically, while Greenberg was extolling the virtues of Canadian abstract painters such as Art McKay and Kenneth Lochhead, going so far as to argue that the Saskatchewan abstract painters were New York's only competition, Los Angeles was asserting itself as New York's cultural rival . As a consequence of the phenomenal post-war growth of the military - industrial complex in the American Southwest, a fierce rivalry was developing with the traditional bases of power in the Northeast. The Southwest, and Los Angeles in particular, was the major beneficiary of the accelerated defense spending resulting from the heightened tensions of the Cold War in the 1950s. Partially in response to a regional dispute over military appropriations, the economic and cultural elites of Southern California sought to counter the pragmatic liberal agenda of the Kennedy Administration by promoting Los Angeles as the Second City of American Art. Greenberg's "Post Painterly Abstraction" exhibition was intended to draw attention to the Los Angeles cultural renaissance and the maturing of the city's independent cultural identity. Thus, Greenberg's sojourn to Saskatchewan at the height of the Cold War and during a crucial period of his formulation of his theory of modernist painting after abstract expressionism provides the focus for an examination of the status of modernism in the early 1960s, especially in the context of U.S.-Canadian relations and interregional rivalry between the Northeast and the Southwest. This thesis seeks to explain the complex cultural and political dynamic of modernist painting in the United States in the Cold War years of 1957 to 1965 and the effect of this dynamic on the development of Canadian modernist painting.