Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Miljöteknik"

Uppsatsen behandlar miljöteknikbranschen och venture capital branschen. Vi undersöker vilka investeringsvariabler venture capital investerare intresserar sig för och hur de prioriteras vid investeringsbeslut. Resultaten används för att undersöka hur väl miljöteknikbolagen på den svenska marknaden motsvarar investeringskriterierna. Undersökningen har genomförts kvantitativt genom att enkäter har riktats till 83 venture capital bolag på den svenska marknaden och till 200 miljöteknikbolag. Frågorna har vi ställt i matchande par till respektive bransch för att tydliggöra skillnader och likheter och utan respondenternas vetskap om syftet att matcha branscherna för att undvika vinklade svar. Resultaten visar att en majoritet av de investeringskriterier vi identifierat matchar, 11 av 27 kriterier. Sex investeringskriterier matchar inte och tio investeringskriterier har vi inte kunnat dra några slutsatser av. Den segment analys vi utförde visar att energieffektivisering är det segment som bäst matchar investeringskriterierna och energigenerering visar på den sämsta matchningen.

The aim of the thesis, industrial product design PPU304, is to develop a new product that will reduce food waste of dairy products in households. The main objective is that the product will be able to measure and signal when the milk has expired.The thesis is a start to find the solution to some of the food waste in households which is a major environmental issue in today's society. The goal is to develop a flexible expiration date that can reduce food wastage. With today's sensor technology bacterial levels can be calculated from the milk and that can increase the time a pack of milk can be used. The greater knowledge and awareness humanity have for environmental issues the better world we will live in. To understand the question, “what is it that makes the milk unfit for consumption?” A part of the work has gone into researching the technological aspect. In consumer ready milk there is different bacteria that will grow over time and eventually spoil the milk, how this process works varies depending on what or which bacteria manage to grow the most. Therefore, the most appropriate technique is to measure bacteria in the milk and identify at which level the milk passes its actual expiration date.The design of the product has been guided by two major factors, the predetermined dimensions of the circuit board and the adaptation to the size of the milk carton. The shape of the product is an oblong rear part with a spherical body at the front. The edges are rounded to give a pleasantand smooth feeling to the hand using the product.The thesis in industrial product design resulted in a final concept. The product analyses the amount of bacteria in the milk through sensors that measure bacterial metabolism. The data gets interpreted and displayed through the use of LEDs. To save energy the concept is equipped with a photo resistor that deactivates the LEDs when the fridge is closed and dark. The conclusion of the thesis, performed at Millcroft AB is at a conceptual level. To go from idea to product, is a process that takes a long time to complete and often involves many different moments. The timeframe during this study is considered too short to cover all parts of the product and therefore the boundaries set and the focus has been on constructing a design that fits the estimated technology as well as consumer needs. Some suggestions are that more research in the technical aspect of the product should be concluded. Further testing of dairy sustainability should be conducted on a larger scale and further development of the technology to send data.

In this work, different aspects on the re-use of wood based fibres have been studied, focusing on ink detachment of flexographic ink from model cellulose surfaces and changes in porous structure of kraft fibres following different treatments. New model systems for evaluation of ink detachment and ink-cellulose interactions were used. Ink detachment was studied using Impinging jet cell equipment, taking into consideration the influence of storage conditions, surface roughness and surface energy of the cellulose substrate. A micro adhesion measurement apparatus (MAMA) was used to directly study ink-cellulose interactions, from which the adhesive properties between ink and cellulose, having various surface energies, could be derived. UV-light, elevated temperatures, longer storage time, decreased surface energy, i.e. making the cellulose surface more hydrophobic, and high surface roughness all negatively affected ink detachment. Attenuated total reflectance - fourier transform infra red (ATR-FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to evaluate structural and chemical changes of ink and cellulose upon storage at elevated temperature or under UV-light. After storage at elevated temperatures, ATR-FTIR spectra indicated that a hydrolysis or an oxidative reaction took place as a peak at 1710 cm-1 appeared. AFM revealed that storage at elevated temperatures caused the latex particles present in the ink to form a film, most likely due to annealing. Less ink detached from hydrophobic cellulose surfaces. Ink detachment decreased for rougher cellulose substrates due to an increased molecular contact area.

Fibre pore structure and water retaining ability influenced fibre/fibre joint strength and different paper strength properties. Investigations took into account the effect of pulp yield, counter-ion types, pH, salt, hornification and strength enhancing additives. Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation (NMR), inverse size exclusion chromatography (ISEC) and water retention value (WRV) measured the changes that occur in the fibre wall upon varying the conditions. Each different measuring technique contained unique information such that a combination of the techniques was necessary to give as complete a picture as possible over the changes that occurred in the fibre wall upon varying the conditions for the fibre. A correlation between fibre pore radius and sheet strength properties was found, suggesting that fibres with larger pores allow for a larger molecular contact area between fibres to be formed during drying and consolidation of the paper. Fibre/fibre joint strength, fibre flexibility, and the number of efficient fibre/fibre contacts also controlled sheet strength. The effect of different strength enhancing additives on fibre pore structure and paper strength was investigated. Larger pores in the fibres allowed for additives to penetrate into the fibre wall. Additives with low molecular mass (Mw) penetrated into the fibre wall to a larger extent than additives with a high Mw, causing an embrittlement of the fibre. However, low Mw additives gave higher sheet tensile strength despite a leveling out in strength at high additions, indicating that the fibre wall can only adsorb a limited amount of chemical. Polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) of PAH and polyacrylic acid (PAA) were added separately to the pulp. PEC significantly improved both tensile strength and Z-strength, whereas PAH alone did not increase the strength properties to the same extent unless the sheets were heated to 150°C for 10 minutes. The results suggested that the effect of PEC was dominated by an improvement in fibre/fibre joint strength, whereas the effect of PAH was significantly affected by an improvement of the intra-fibre bond strength

Denna rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbete omfattande 20 poäng på Industriell Ekologi på KTH, Stockholm. Examensarbetet utförs som en del i projektet Omvärldsanalys för att identifiera och sprida kunskap om efterfrågan av miljöanpassade varor, tjänster och system på IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB. Projektets syfte är att genom omvärldsanalys studera behov och efterfrågan av miljöteknik i Polen, Ukraina och nordvästra Ryssland för att sedan sprida denna information till företag i Stockholmsregionen. Projektet är finansierat av NUTEK och är en del av Stockholm Sustainable Region och Regionalt TillväxtProgram. Examensarbetets övergripande frågeställning är: Hur kan man med hjälp av omvärldsanalytiska verktyg identifiera och kartlägga behov och efterfrågan av miljöanpassade varor, tjänster och system i en viss region? Examensarbetet omfattar två huvudsakliga delar: Den första delen består av en litteraturstudie där olika omvärldsanalytiska modeller och metoder beskrivs och diskuteras. Den andra delen utgörs av en intervjustudie där olika aktörer, såsom utbildare och företagare inom omvärldsanalys utfrågas om sina erfarenheter av att arbeta med omvärldsanalys. De olika modellerna och metoderna inom omvärldsanalys har valts utifrån att de behandlar vissa frågeställningar. De två huvudsakliga frågeställningarna är: 1) Hur går analysen till? och 2) Vilka omvärldsfaktorer koncentrerar sig analysen på? Modellerna och metoderna har delats in i tre kategorier: Den första kategorin; Teoretiska omvärldsmodeller innebär ett sätt att se på och strukturera sin omvärld. Exempel på teoretiska omvärldsmodeller är SWOT, PEST, Stakeholder Theory samt Porters Five Forces. Den andra kategorin; Praktiska omvärldsanalysmetoder innehåller konkreta metoder, ofta i form av en punktlista, som beskriver exempel på hur en omvärldsanalys går till. Exempel på praktiska omvärldsanalysmetoder är Intervjuer, CAT, Sjustegsmodellen i Business Intelligence och World Mapping Method. Den tredje kategorin benämns Scenario- och trendmodeller. Scenariomodeller innebär att man bygger troliga framtidsscenarier för att ett företag ska få beredskap att sig att anpassa sig efter olika möjliga situationer. Exempel på scenariomodeller är Scenarioplanering och Porters industriscenarier. Trendmodeller är egentligen kvalificerade gissningar om vilka kommande trender som kommer att vara viktiga för företaget. Exempel på trendmodeller är TAIDA och Trendbevakning. De olika modellerna och metoderna har sedan sammanställts i tabellform och diskuterats med avseende på fördelar och nackdelar samt vilka kategorier inom omvärldsanalysen som de behandlar. Examensarbetets intervjustudie består av intervjuer med nio olika aktörer inom omvärldsanalys. Dessa aktörer finns till exempel inom högskolan, miljöteknikbranschen, handelskammare samt företag som utför och utbildar i omvärldsanalys. Dessa fick svara på ett antal frågor om hur de arbetar eller har arbetat med omvärldsanalys under öppen intervjuform. Frågor som diskuteras är bland annat vilka av de existerande omvärldsanalytiska verktygen de använder, huruvida de har några egna metoder samt övriga frågor som rör miljöteknikexport. Intervjusvaren visade att de som använder traditionella omvärldsanalytiska modeller och metoder främst är de som har en bakgrund inom marknadsföring. Flera av de intervjuade hade dessutom arbetat fram egna metoder som de använde sig av medan vissa inte använde sig av någon specifik metod alls. De huvudsakliga slutsatserna från litteratur- och intervjustudierna är att val av omvärldsanalytisk modell och metod noga måste anpassas efter vilken typ av analys som ska utföras och vilka resultat man förväntar sig. Viktiga faktorer är bland annat vem som ska utföra analysen, hur stora resurser som ska satsas, vilken sorts beslut analysen ska stå till grund för samt vilken typ av information som ska sökas. De traditionella omvärldsanalytiska modellerna och metoderna har vissa gemensamma nackdelar; De kan vara inskränkta i sitt synsätt på omvärlden, de är ofta väldigt styrda vad gäller informationssökningen och de kräver ofta stora resurser. En mer ad hoc-baserade metod riskerar å andra sidan att missa potentiellt viktiga områden och omvärldsinformationen kan bli mycket subjektiv. En bra omvärldsanalys bör bestå av en kombination av traditionella ansatser och metoder men även basera sig på omvärldsanalytikerns egna erfarenheter och kunskaper. Detta förutsätter att den som utför analysen har goda erfarenheter av omvärldsanalys och/eller det aktuella kunskapsområdet, som i detta fall är miljöteknik. Både teser, metoder och tillvägagångssätt bör redovisas noga. Att utföra en omvärldsanalys vars syfte är att möjliggöra miljöteknikexport har vissa specifika karaktärsdrag vad gäller kopplingen mellan efterfrågan och behov: Efterfrågan kan styras av andra faktorer än behovet, t.ex. krav från EU, finansiärer eller olika trender.
This essay presents the results of an MSc thesis comprising of 20 points (30 ECTS credits) at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. The thesis is carried out as a part of a project at IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute. The aim of the project is to use Business Intelligence, in the form of Market Intelligence, to identify and spread knowledge about need demand for environmentally adapted products, services and systems in Poland, Ukraine and north-western Russia. This information will later be passed on to companies in the Stockholm area who work with environmentally adapted products. The project is financed by NUTEK and is also a part of the projects Stockholm Sustainable Region and Regionalt TillväxtProgram (Stockholm Regional Growth Programme). The main problem for the thesis is: How can need and demand for environmentally adapted products in a certain region be identified by using Business Intelligence tools? The thesis includes two main parts: The first is a literature study which describes and discusses a variety of Business Intelligence models and methods. The second part consists of a interview study where different operators, such as educators and entrepreneurs, within the field of Business Intelligence, are asked about their experiences from working with BI in analysing need and demand. The Business Intelligence models and methods presented as a part of the result from the literature study have been chosen on the basis of certain questions. The central questions posed are: 1) How is the analysis carried out? and 2) What factors in the surrounding area are treated within the analysis? The different BI techniques have been divided into three categories: The first category; Theoretical BI models, represents a way to look upon and structure one’s surrounding environment. Examples of theoretical models are SWOT, PEST, Stakeholder Theory and Porter’s Five Forces. The second category; Practical BI methods, signifies concrete methods, often in the form of a number of steps to be followed, that describes an example of how to analyse need and demand for a certain product. Examples of practical methods are Interviews, CAT, The Seven Step Model in BI and World Mapping Method. The third category is called Scenario- and Trend Models. Scenario Modelling is a way to build possible future scenarios to help a corporation to be ready for and adapt to different potential situations. Examples of Scenario Models are Scenario Planning and Porter’s Industry Scenarios. Trend Models can be explained as qualified estimations about which upcoming trends will be important to the corporation in the future. Examples of Trend Models are TAIDA and Trend Surveillance. The various BI models and methods have been compiled into three charts and further discussed regarding advantages and disadvantages and to what extent they consider certain BI categories and factors in the surrounding area. The interview study within the thesis consists of interviews with nine operators within the field of Business Intelligence. These operators can be found within the academic sphere, chambers of commerce, the environmental area and various businesses which provide education and consulting within the field of BI. The operators were asked questions about how they implement Business Intelligence models and methods to identify need and demand. Questions that were discussed were, among others, which of the existing BI models and methods they prefer to use and whether they have developed a method of their own, together with a broader discussion about exporting of environmentally adapted goods. The answers from the interviews showed that those who use traditional BI models and methods are foremost the same persons that have a background in marketing. Several among the interviewees had developed their own methods to use while some did not use any specific method at all. The core conclusion from the literature and interview studies is that the choice of BI model and/or method to identify need and demand must be thoroughly adapted to what type of analysis that is to be carried out and what the expected results are. Key factors are, among others, who is to perform the analysis, what resources are needed, what type of decision the analysis will underlie and what type of information will be searched. The traditional models and methods share a few common disadvantages: They tend to be restricted in how they look upon the surrounding world, they are often very fixed regarding the information search and they require large resources. To use a method that is of a freer variety and based on the current purpose, ad hoc, comes with other risks: It tends to overlook potentially important areas and the information gathered is more likely to be biased. A suitable analysis to identify need and demand should consist of a combination of traditional approaches and methods, but also be based on the analyst’s own experiences and knowledge. This assumes that the analyst has a wide understanding for and experience within the field of Business Intelligence and/or the topical area, which in this case is environmentally adapted products. Theses, methods and procedures should be carefully presented. A BI analysis with an aim to enable export of environmentally adapted products has certain characteristics, regarding the link between need and demand: The demand can be determined by other factors than the actual need, such as regulations from the EU, financiers or trends.
www.ima.kth.se

Som en följd av en ökad miljömedvetenhet i samhället och ett initiativ för att utveckla miljövänligare möbler, så syftar det här examensarbetet till att ta fram en arbetsmodell för miljöanpassad produktutveckling för möbelindustriföretaget EFG. För det resultat som presenteras i och med denna rapport, så har arbetet bedrivits i ett nära samarbete mellan EFG och Linköpings tekniska högskola, liksom att utvecklingsarbetet har utförts vid EFG:s huvudkontor och produktionsenhet i Tranås.

Den arbetsmodell som har utvecklats för att bedriva miljöanpassad produktutveckling utgår utifrån två etablerade arbetsmodeller men har genom en utvecklingsprocess anpassats för att tillgodose företagets behov och rutiner för produktutveckling. Arbetsmodellen beskrivs till sitt utförande av ett steg-försteg- verktyg som kompletteras med verktyg enligt:

• Checklistor

• Ekostrategihjulet

• Materialmatris

• Processträd

Arbetsmodellen som kompletterats av verktygen ovan, förväntas tillsammans med steg-för-stegverktyget att utgöra det underlag som syftar till att bedriva miljöanpassad produktutveckling vid EFG. Den har således anpassats för att tillgodose företagets förväntningar och som genom hela utvecklingsperioden främst har utgått från tre kriterier. Kriterierna för arbetsmodellen råder:

• Tidseffektiv

• Högt resursutnyttjande

• God miljöanpassning

Arbetet förväntas således att bedrivas enligt integrerad produktutveckling och sker parallellt med de aktiviteter som bedrivs enligt företagets nuvarande rutiner för produktutveckling. Genomloppstiden för projektet förväntas vara relativt kort, liksom utnyttjandegraden av företagets resurser för kompetens och produktionsteknik. I relation till det beslut och de resurser som avsatts för att ligga till grund för en miljöanpassning, så skall resultatet slutligen generera en god miljöanpassning av produkten.

Målgruppen för rapporten är främst de personer som koordinerar i miljö- och produktutvecklingsarbete, men för utvalda delar liksom de verktyg som presenteras, så avser dessa att användas för personer som är involverade i miljöanpassad produktutveckling. Arbetsmodellen presenteras slutligen i rapporten i form av en plansch där arbetet illustreras för en överskådlig förståelse till arbetsmetodiken och tillämpningen av verktygen. Planschen kan således vara lämplig att tillhandahållas för samtliga personer som involveras i arbetet.

På senare år har begreppet miljöteknik blivit alltmer omdiskuterat. För att arbetet kring miljöteknik ska kunna förankras i samhället bör de svenska företagens konkurrenskraft öka både på nationell och internationella marknader. Regionala miljöteknikcentrum har därför skapats i Sverige på senare år för att komma närmare företagen samt att kunna få lokala synergieffekter mellan företagen. I och med detta blir miljöteknik alltmer vanligt i Sverige, trots detta har relativt få studier gjorts kring begreppet och fenomenet miljöteknikcentrum.

Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga fenomenet miljöteknikcentrum i Sverige genom att studera fyra stycken aktiva centrum. Syftet med kartläggningen är att belysa för- och nackdelar med de utvalda centrumen samt belysa deras drivkrafter. Denna kartläggning ska därefter kunna fungera som ett bra underlag vid nystartandet av ytterligare centrum samt ge lärdomar till verksamma centrum. Metod för att genomföra denna kartläggning skedde i form utav en kvalitativ intervjustudie där representanter från fyra olika centrum gav sin syn av respektive verksamhet. Resultatet från intervjustudien har sedan analyserats i en SWOT - analys.

Slutsatserna för studien visar på att centrumens verksamheter skiljer sig åt vad anbeträffar relationen till medlemsföretagen, syfte och aktiviteter. När det gäller hur centrumen valt att organisera sina verksamheter så skiljer sig även detta åt. I vår kartläggning har vi identifierat centrum i bolagsform, projekt eller som ideell förening. Centrumens framgångsfaktorer är individuellt utformade och utvärderingsformerna varierar.

Det huvudsakliga syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka innehållet av totalkväve, fosfor och BOD₇ på inkommande avloppsvatten till Guldfågeln AB:s reningsverk. Guldfågeln AB har ett tillstånd enligt miljöskyddslagen för verksamhet vid fjäderfäslakteri från 1999. De har ett eget reningsverk där processvattnet renas genom fällning och flockning. Därefter går avloppsvattnet vidare till Mörbylånga kommunala avloppsreningsverk (KARV) där det renas ytterligare innan det når recipienten Kalmarsund. Guldfågeln har haft problem med förhöjda värden av kväve och BOD₇ i sitt avloppsvatten som når KARV.

Genom att ta prover på avloppsvattnet under ett dygn undersöktes förändringarna under processdygnet. Provtagningen utfördes med en programmerbar provtagare och delades upp på två olika processdygn. Analyserna av provtagningen visade att halterna av de undersökta parametrarna varierade under dygnet. Troligen beror detta på vilka processer som är igång och hur mycket material som når det interna reningsverket. Guldfågeln AB har justerat och genomfört åtgärder på sitt interna avloppsreningsverk.

Detta arbetes slutsats är att Guldfågelns viktigaste åtgärd utöver de redan genomförda är att försöka minimera ingående partiklar så att så lite som möjligt hamnar i avloppsvattnet.

The primary purpose of this thesis is to account for a new method of limiting the risk of smoke leaking out from the open fireplace into the room. The improved functionality is obtained by adding a turnplate to the open fireplace mounted horizontally inside the lower edge at the hood of the open fire. The streams of smoke and air, which are cold of the contact with the cool surfaces in the stove, have a tendency to fall down along the inside of the hood and continue out into the room. The stream is stopped and redirected back up into the chimney by the turnplate. The development of the method is based on measuring of temperatures and air flows in a monitored fireplace. Tests have been carried out partially in a test fireplace in full scale and partially in a model of the test fireplace at the scale 1:2. The model fireplace is made in glass which makes it possible to study and photograph the streams of smoke inside of the fireplace and oil fog has been used for the demonstration. Temperatures on surfaces and gases in the fireplace have been measured during different periods of time. These measurements have shown that the greatest risk for backwards floating air currents occurs directly after having lit the fire and during some hour after that. It is during this time the temperatures in the fireplace will rise. Measurements and also film-recordings have therefore been concentrated to these periods of time. The heat gain from the fire has been measured in connection to the tests. The distribution of the heat through radiation and convection based on the temperature measurements is shown.

Abstract

The aim of the study was to do a minor field study in Kisumu, Kenya. My thesis in Ecological Economics C, 10p and the purpose was to explain the association between water hyacinth and sustainable development. What are the main effects on environments, ecological

and social effects in Kisumu in Kenya? This paper will address environmental, economical and social effects related to the water hyacinth. I have chosen the qualitative method because

I want to asses general impression and understand different processes and social connections. Interviews are made which aims to give a deeper focus by letting the interviewed person

describe and openly answer the questions. The study is conducted as a combination of literature reviews, qualitative interviews with parties or people who are involved and other

organisations in Kenya and from observations. The theoretical approach was Sustainable devolopment, control of social, economical and ecological perspective on regional development.

Sustainable development include social, ecological and economics, all three are depended of each other to make progress. From a social point of view the plants give people a

society and provide work and knowledge on how to recycle the weed. Economically, it is a disaster but the good opportunities come from recycling even if it contains a lot of water. Eutrofication and blocking of sunlight are the most ecological effects caused by water

hyacinth. If people are prepared to vote for honest representative no bribes will take place, these kind of statement are important and its time that people takes responsibility for their act,

mainly environmental responsibility which are important for our common future. It should be expensive to destroy the nature, on the other side you do not know the value according to

Dryzek. A suggested idea is to turn this into a tourist attraction which hopefully will become popular. To remove the weed by the biological method is the best controlled, cheapest and it

is the most sustainable method of weevil’s which eats the leaves of the plants.

Contact: Sunni Rahman

Telephone: +4670-768 52 54

E-mail: srn01001@student.mdh.se

In order to control climate change it is important to limit the atmosphericconcentration of carbon dioxide (CO2). Increased energy efficiency, as well as ashift from fossil fuels to renewable resources can reduce net CO2 emission. Theenergy required for constructing and operating buildings is significant in manycountries, and it is thus important to design energy efficient buildings and energysupply systems.Improvements in existing buildings are needed in order to achieve short-termemission reductions. The Swedish building stock expanded greatly during the1960s and 1970s. The energy efficiency of these houses was often quite low, andmany of them were built with resistance heating. In this thesis increased energyefficiency in such buildings is studied, as well as conversions from resistanceheating to other heating systems, and various technologies and fuels for theproduction of electricity and heat. The effects of these measures are analysed withrespect to primary energy use, CO2 emission and societal cost. The studies wereperformed using process-based systems analysis in a life-cycle perspective. Thesystem boundaries include energy chains from the natural resources to the usefulelectricity and heat in the houses. The results show that the choice of heatingsystem in the house has a greater effect on the primary energy use than measureson both the house envelope and the energy supply chains. District heating basedon cogeneration of heat and electricity and bedrock heat pumps were found to beenergy-efficient systems. The net emission of CO2 is dependent on the fuel and theCO2 emissions from these systems are comparable to those from a wood pelletboiler, if biomass-based supply chains are used. Conversion from resistanceheating to any of the other heating systems studied is also profitable from a societaleconomic perspective.The decision to implement energy-efficiency measures or install a new heatingsystem in a detached house is taken by the house owner. In order for successfulimplementation the alternatives must either be sufficiently attractive or incentivesor policy instruments that affects this large, inhomogeneous group must beimplemented. In this thesis, the house owners’ economic situation when changingthe heating system and implementing energy-efficiency measures on the buildingenvelope is analysed. The economic analysis includes current Swedish policyinstruments, such as an investment subsidy for heating system conversion, anincome tax deduction for replacing windows, levying a consumer electricity tax and increasing real estate tax. House owners’ perceptions of different heatingsystems are analysed through the results of comprehensive questionnaires. Societaleconomy, private economy and individuals’ perceptions are compared. Theconversion subsidy provides some incentive to house owners to act according tothe national energy policy, as does the electricity tax, which has a significantinfluence on consumer costs. The use of economic instruments seems efficient inpromoting systems in line with environmental goals since environmental factorsare ranked much lower by the home owners. However, the effect on the annualcost of most of the policy instruments studied is smaller than the price variationsbetween different energy suppliers. Energy suppliers thus have considerableopportunity to influence house owners.To achieve long-term changes in the building sector new houses should beconstructed with as low primary energy use and emission as possible, seen overtheir entire life cycle. The primary energy use is analysed for both the productionand operational phase of several types of residential buildings. When the demandfor operational primary energy decreases, due to a high energy standard orenergy-efficient supply, the relative importance of the energy required forproduction will increase. The amount of primary energy required for theproduction of a new low-energy building is significant compared with the primaryenergy required for space heating. One way of reducing both primary energy useand CO2 emission in the production phase is to use constructions with woodframes instead of concrete.The energy supply system is nevertheless still important also for low energybuildings. A new house built to passive standard, heated with fossil-fuel-basedresistance heating gives rise to higher primary energy use and CO2 emission than aconventional detached house from the 1970s that is heated with an energy-efficientbiomass-based heating system. The results thus indicate that wood-framed houseswith a high energy standard, together with efficient energy supply systems, couldbe an option for sustainable residential construction.

The thermal indoor climate is a complicated combination of a number of physical variables, all of which strongly affect people’s well-being. The indoor climate not only heavily affects people’s health and life quality, but also their productivity and ability to work efficiently. One of the reasons why so many problems are associated with indoor climate is that it is more or less invisible; it is hard to understand something that cannot be seen. In particular, the near-zone of supply air diffusers in displacement ventilation is very critical. Complaints about drafts are often associated with this type of ventilation system. The main aim of this research is to improve the knowledge of the whole-field techniques used to measure and visualize air temperatures and pollutant concentrations. These methods are explored with respect to applicability and reliability. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to predict the velocity and temperature distributions and to improve the current limitations. Infrared thermography is an excellent technique for visualization of air temperature and airflow pattern, particular in areas with high temperature gradient, such as close to diffusers. It is applicable to both laboratory and field test environments, such as in industries and workplaces. For quantitative measurements the recorded temperatures must be corrected for radiation heat exchange with the environment, a complicated task since knowledge about the local heat transfer coefficients, view factors and surrounding surfaces are needed to be known with good accuracy. Computed tomography together with optical sensing is a promising tool in order to study the dispersion of airborne pollutants in buildings. However, the design of the optical sensing configuration and the reconstruction algorithm has a major influence on the performance of this whole-field measuring technique. A Bayesian approach seems to be a rational choice for reconstruction of pollutant concentration indoors, since it avoids the high noise sensitivity frequently encountered with many other reconstruction methods. A modified Low Third Derivative (LTD) method has been proposed in this work that performs well particular for concentration distributions containing steep gradients and regions with very low concentrations. CFD simulation is a powerful tool for visualization of velocities, airflow pattern and temperature distribution in rooms. However, for predictions of the absolute value of the physical variables the CFD model have to be validated against some reference case with high quality experimental data. CFD predictions of air temperatures and velocities close to a complex supply diffuser are very troublesome. The performance of CFD prediction of the airflow close to a complex supply diffuser depends mainly on the accuracy of the diffuser, turbulence and wall treatment modeling.
QC 20100831

Det huvudsakliga syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka innehållet av totalkväve, fosfor och BOD7 på inkommande avloppsvatten till Guldfågeln AB:s reningsverk. Guldfågeln AB har ett tillstånd enligt miljöskyddslagen för verksamhet vid fjäderfäslakteri från 1999. De har ett eget reningsverk där processvattnet renas genom fällning och flockning. Därefter går avloppsvattnet vidare till Mörbylånga kommunala avloppsreningsverk (KARV) där det renas ytterligare innan det når recipienten Kalmarsund. Guldfågeln har haft problem med förhöjda värden av kväve och BOD7 i sitt avloppsvatten som når KARV. Genom att ta prover på avloppsvattnet under ett dygn undersöktes förändringarna under processdygnet. Provtagningen utfördes med en programmerbar provtagare och delades upp på två olika processdygn. Analyserna av provtagningen visade att halterna av de undersökta parametrarna varierade under dygnet. Troligen beror detta på vilka processer som är igång och hur mycket material som når det interna reningsverket. Guldfågeln AB har justerat och genomfört åtgärder på sitt interna avloppsreningsverk. Detta arbetes slutsats är att Guldfågelns viktigaste åtgärd utöver de redan genomförda är att försöka minimera ingående partiklar så att så lite som möjligt hamnar i avloppsvattnet.

The extent, frequency and intensity of forest fires in Mediterranean regions have become an important problem in recent decades. Nowadays, remote sensing is an essential tool for the planning and management of the land at different scales. In the field of forest fires remote sensing images have been used in many different types of studies and currently applied to detect burned areas by means of images, providing quickly, easily and affordable the limits of burned areas immediately during or after the fire season. The importance of these products lies in the possibility to obtain perimeter, area and damage level caused by wildfires. The objective of this study was the evaluation of multi-scale remotely sensed images and various mapping methods for the identification and estimation of burned areas. The area of the study was situated in Galicia, a region of Spain punished year after year by important wildfires. By employing 7 images before, during and after the occurrence of forest fires, and working with different methods it was possible the collection of several products and results. The satellite imagery used was Landsat TM5 and MODIS, and the methods carried out were mainly spectral indices such as Normalized Burnt Ratio (NBR), Short Wave InfraRed Index (SWIR), Burnt Area Index (BAI), Burnt Area Index for MODIS (BAIM) and supervised classifications. Based on a wide literature review there were selected as suitable techniques for assess, localize and quantify burned areas. The work was separated in two sections, being differenced monotemporal and multitemporal analyses, depending on the images involved in each part. The results showed that which indices can distinguish burned areas with the high precision. There were found common problems of all indices as the classification of burned areas in shaded regions as unburned areas. Landsat images proved to be the most accurate images to perform studies with burned areas due to its high spatial resolution comparing with MODIS images. As a final products were obtained with precision the total burned area, the perimeter, the localization and the burn severity of the regions affected by wildfires. The data obtained could be used to create a database of burned areas, or based in the repetitive patterns, as useful information in order to prevent future forest fires.

Detta examensarbete skrivs på uppdrag av Härnösand kommun, som vill ha ett underlag för vart kommunen kan exploatera sin mark ytterligare. Härnösands kommun ligger i södra Ångermanland och här utgör Bottenhavet kommungräns åt öster.

En bottenfaunainventering har utförts på 25 lokaler efter kommunens kust, metoden för inventeringen har varit SS-EN 28565 ”Vattenundersökningar - Utformning och användning av kvantitativ provtagningsutrustning för bottenfauna på grunda hårdbottnar i sötvatten” (ISO 8265:1988). De infångade djuren har artbestämts, räknats och jämförts mot AAB index och Shannons diversitets index. Resultatet har visat att somliga lokaler har både ett högt art- och individantal medan andra lokaler, både har ont om individer och arter. Förklaringar till detta kan delvis bero på att många lokaler har legat väldigt nära utlopp och i dessa prover har både limniska och marina djur funnits. En annan förklaring till detta kan vara att somliga lokaler är väldigt karga medan andra är omgivna av mycket växtlighet och därmed mer näring. De olika indexen har visat väldigt olika värden för miljökvalitén, något som eventuellt kan förklaras att AAB index modifierades för att kunna användas till den valda provtagningsmetoden

Detta examensarbete skrivs på uppdrag av miljökontoret i Sundsvalls kommun. Miljökontoret vill veta om och hur deras yttranden i bygglovsärenden ger avtryck i bygglovs- och byggprocessen, vart i processen de har störst chans att påverka, och hur de kan förbättra sina remissvar i bygglovsärenden. Tolv ärendens bygglovsremisser har granskats. Elva av de tolv remisserna är ärenden gällande fritids- och enbostadshus, det tolfte ärendet gäller en byggnad i skyddsvärd natur. Bakgrundsfaktan till denna rapport har inhämtats från SFS 1986:223 Förvaltningslag och SFS 1987:10 Plan och bygglag samt från två rapporter från Boverket. En intervju med en byggnadsinspektör har genomförts. I denna rapport redovisas vad en remiss är och några begrepp angående bygglovsprocessen och byggprocessen förklaras. Remissgången mellan stadsbyggnadskontoret och miljökontoret i Sundsvalls kommun redovisas och även hur miljökontorets remissvar senare hanteras av stadsbyggnadskontoret. Resultatet har visat att miljökontorets remissvar kan förbättras genom att de förkortas dem och att miljökontorets avtryck i processen finns i form av att byggherrarna läser och tar fasta på det mesta i miljökontorets yttranden. Resultatet har också visat att miljökontoret har störst chans att påverka bygglovs- och byggprocessen genom att begära att något lyfts fram vid byggsamrådet.

Upgradering av biogas med tekniken vattenabsorption är vanligt i Sverige. Elva biogasanläggningar med tillsammans fjorton uppgraderingsanläggningar använder sig av tekniken. Problem med igensättning av fyllkroppar i absorptionskolonnen, samt i ett fall i desorptionskolonnen är vanligt förekommande och har en negativ effekt på uppgraderingen av rågas till fordonsgas. Fem av de nio anläggningarna i denna studie har problem med mikrobiell tillväxt på fyllkropparna. Syftet med denna rapport var att identifiera den mikrobiella tillväxten och avgöra vilka faktorer som reglerar den för att kunna rådge driftsansvariga hur man motverkar tillväxt.

En enkät skickades ut och studiebesök gjordes för att samla information om anläggningarna. Fosfolipidfettsyra (PLFA)-analyser utfördes för att bestämma mikrobiell biomassa och de organismer, som kan indikeras av de PLFA som är s.k. biomarkörer.

Prover samlades in från fyra uppgraderingsanläggningar: Jönköping, Kristianstad, Linköping och Uppsala. Proverna som samlades in var till utseendet olika, allt från gult slem från Linköping till röd-brun gegga som liknade kaffe-sump från Uppsala. I proverna från Linköping och Uppsala detekterades biomarkörer för metanoxiderande bakterier (metanotrofer) av typ I. Metanotrofer finns i jord, vatten och luft i miljöer med tillgång till metan och syre. I Jönköpingsproverna detekterades biomarkörer actinomyceter som är en vanligt förekommande bakterie i avloppsreningsverkens luftningsbassänger. Den mikrobiella tillväxten som samlades in från Kristianstad räckte enbart till ett prov och därför är det resultatet ej tillförlitligt.

I samtliga prover detekterades svamp (fungi) som förmodligen etablerats efter andra organismer.

Faktorer som kan anses påverka den mikrobiella tillväxten är processvattnets kvalitet, pH och temperatur. Rent vatten (dricksvatten) innehåller mindre mängd organiskt material, samtliga anläggningar som använder sig av avloppsvatten upplever problem. Lågt pH är gynnsamt för att minska den mikrobiella tillväxten eftersom de flesta organismer trivs bäst vid neutralt pH. Låg temperatur är gynnsam eftersom lösligheten för koldioxid och divätesulfid är större vid lägre temperaturer, vilket gynnar uppgraderingen av biogas.

Upgrading of biogas performed using the technique absorption with water wash is common in Sweden where eleven biogas plants, comprising a total of fourteen upgrading plants use this technique. However problems with microbial growth on the pall-rings in the absorption column, and in one case in the desorption column, have negative impact on upgrading the raw gas to vehicle gas. Five of the nine biogas plants studied here have experienced problems with microbial growth. The objective of this report was to identify the microbial growth and determine possible factors regulating microbial growth in order to give advice to process management.

A questionnaire was sent out and visits were made to the upgrading plants to collect information about the plants. A phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was performed to determine microbial biomass and community structure, for which PLFA biomarkers are one type of indicator.

Samples were analysed from four upgrading plants: Jönköping, Kristinstad, Linköping and Uppsala. The cultures collected were visually different, varying from yellow and slimy to reddish brown with the consistency of coffee grounds. In the Linköping and Uppsala samples, biomarkers for methane-oxidising bacteria (type I methanotrophs) were detected. Methanotrophs live in environments with access to methane and oxygen and are inhibited by e.g. acetylene. In the Jönköping samples biomarkers indicating the bacteria actinomycetes common in the water of aeration tanks in sewage treatment plants, were detected. In Kristianstad there was only enough culture for one sample, so no reliable result was obtained. Fungi were detected in all samples and probably established after other organisms.

Factors affecting development of microbial growth were found to be water quality, pH and temperature of the process water. Clean water (drinking water) contains less organic material than cleaned water from sewage treatment plants. All plants using water from sewage treatment plants have experienced microbial growth. Low pH is beneficial for reducing microbial growth since most organisms prefer a neutral environment.

Low temperature is beneficial for minimising microbial growth since the solubility of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide increases with decreasing temperature.

ITT Water & Wastewater (före detta ITT Flygt) tittar på att eventuellt genomföra en förbättring av ytbehandlingen av deras pumpar för att eliminera de rostangrepp pumparna utsätts för idag. Examensarbetets uppgift är här att analysera och beskriva miljöeffekterna av de nya ytbehandlingsmetoderna som företaget undersöker.Målet med studien är att få fram ett underlag och en rekommendation om vilken ytbehandlingsmetod företaget bör välja ur miljösynpunkt.De olika metoder som studerats är:

• Järnfosfatering + ED-lackering

• Zinkmanganfosfatering + ED-lackering

• Oxsilan + ED-lackering

Dessa metoder har jämförts med nollalternativet, vilket innebär att samma metod som tillämpas idag fortsätter att användas.Miljöeffekterna som studerats för de olika metoderna är:

• utsläpp till luft och vatten

• avfall

• energi

Av de tre nya metoderna samt nollalternativet är Oxsilan följt av ED-lackering det alternativ som ger minst påverkan på miljön. Metoden har inga utsläpp av flyktiga organiska ämnen till luft, inget farligt avfall bildas och det avfall som ändå bildas är litet. Metoden har även lägre energiåtgång än de andra studerade metoderna.

2008:Nr 2 Teknik

ITT Water & Wastewater will perhaps change the surface treatment method of the pumps to improve the elimination of the rust attacks the pumps get affected by today. The task for this degree project is to analyze and describe the effects of the environment caused by the new surface treatment methods the company investigates.The aim with the project is to develop groundwork and a recommendation on which of the surface treatment ITT Water & Wastewater should choose from an environmental point of view.The methods that have been studied are:

• Iron phosphatising + electro coating

• Zinc manganese phosphatising + electro coating

• Oxsilan + electro coating

These methods have been compared to the no-action alternative, which means today’s process continuing unchanged.The studied effects on the environment of the different methods are:

• Emission to air and water

• Waste

• Energy

From the three new methods and the no-action alternative, Oxsilan followed by electro coating is the alternative that causes least effects of the environment. The method has no emissions of VOC to air, it doesn´t cause any hazardous waste and the waste created is a small amount. The energy consumption is also less than for the other studied methods.

Objectives. The main objective of the present thesis was to evolve a controlled intermittent velocity field and to examine the impact of this type of dynamic indoor climate on human’s psychology and physiology. The prediction was that intermittent velocity variation could provide occupants with the desired cooling without causing draught and that this intermittent change of the indoor climate would influence peoples’ affect and cognitive performance.

Methods. All experiments were performed in a classroom-like environment where groups of subjects were exposed to a temperature increase and step changes in air velocity. The changes or intermittent variations in air velocity consisted of elevated speed during five minutes, which were repeated three times. To reduce the influence of individual thermal preferences all measures were collected twice and the statistical analyses were based on the change scores in these measures.

Results. The obtained results showed that, intermittent velocity variation may provide occupants with the desired cooling without causing draught. Subjects exposed to velocity variations were significantly less affected by the temperature rise in the room, compared to the control group. Moreover, the method reduced the expected increase of occupants who perceived the temperature condition as uncomfortable. The findings concerning air movements demonstrate that very few perceived the condition as draughty, after being exposed to the three high velocity pulses.

The results concerning affect showed a significant effect on high activation, in the temperature range 21 - 24^oC when the velocity variations made the subjects rate the temperature as slightly lowered over time, they kept their level of activation. In the higher temperature interval, 25 - 27^oC, unactivated unpleasantness increased and activated pleasantness decreased significantly more in subjects in the constant velocity condition than it did for subjects in the velocity variation condition. In sum, all results concerning affect, the significant ones and tendencies point in the same direction. Subjects exposed to velocity variation report changes, over time, indicating higher activation and more positive feelings.

No differences in cognitive performances were shown between the air velocity conditions. However, a tendency to a significant result (p = 0.10) in an attention task was shown, indicating that subjects in the velocity variation condition increased their speed in a short-term memory search, compared to subjects in the constant velocity condition.

In the temperature range 21- 24^oC, where the perception of the room temperature was measured at 0, 5 and 10 minutes respectively after the last high velocity period, the difference in MTV scores between the two groups, did decrease over time. Ten minutes after the last pulse the difference in MTV scores between the two groups was not significant. This suggests that the high velocity period should be repeated every10 to 15 minutes to keep the expected rise in subjects who judged the thermal conditions as uncomfortable down.

The skin temperature was not affected neither by the rise in ambient temperature (from 21 to 24^oC over 80 minutes) nor the periods (3 x 5 minutes) of high velocity. A consequence of this result is that the human temperature regulation system permitted an increased heat loss during the high velocity pulse, and hence a reduction of the body’s internal stored heat. For uncovered body parts the increase in heat loss was 20 % during the high velocity pulse. Summarised over the whole exposure time the three pulses produced a total energy loss that was only 2 % higher compared to constant low velocity.

Detta examensarbete skrivs på uppdrag av länsstyrelsen i Västmanland, som vill ha en ekologisk statusbedömning av Stäholmsbäcken. En ekologisk statusbedömning enligt EU:s vattendirektiv utförs i tre delar, biologiska, kemiska och hydromorfologiska kvalitetsfaktorer. Den biologiska delen bestod i att på en provplats ta fem prover på bottenfaunan med hjälp av handhåvsmetoden. Djuren artbestämdes och därefter gjordes indexberäkningarna ASPT, DJ-index och MISA. De biologiska kvalitetsfaktorerna fick ett otillfredsställande resultat. DJ-indexets resultat var sämst och fick därmed styra, one out – all out. Normalt går man inte vidare till nästa steg, som är de kemiska kvalitetsfaktorer, utan ser på vilka förbättringsåtgärder som ska genomföras. I detta examensarbete undersöktes även de båda andra kvalitetsfaktorerna. Den kemiska delen bestod av bestämning av näringsämnen i vattendraget och den hydromorfologiska delen bestod av bland annat identifiering av vandringshinder, vägövergångar, diken, markanvändningen i närmiljön och i delavrinningsområdet. De kemiska och de hydromorfologiska testerna styrkte resultatet i och med att det också blev otillfredsställande. Förklaringen till detta är att både närmiljön och avrinningsområdet är starkt påverkat av jordbruket. För att förbättra Stäholmsbäckens status bör skyddszoner och/eller en våtmark anläggas.

Abstract Constructed wetlands had been widely used as economical and environment friendly treatment systems for agriculture runoff in southwest Sweden to limit the transport of nutrients to Kattegat, thereby aiding in the effort of abating eutrophication. The extensive use and acceptance of wetlands as treatment systems had been an incentive to develop performance models. Even recent studies showed that first order models are inadequate to guide the design of constructed wetlands, these are still commonly used. The main assumption of such models is tested here, which states that the removal rate of pollutant(s) is proportional to concentration in a constructed wetland. For this purpose experimental wetlands in Plonninge near Halmstad (southwest of Sweden) were selected and divided into two groups (9 each). They were fed with different hydraulic loads achieving 4 and 8 days residence times. The data obtained from the analysis of total nitrogen and nitrate were tested with first order equations and found that these models are sufficient to describe the nitrate removal in nitrate rich experimental wetlands. Key words: constructed wetlands, hydraulic load, first order kinetic models, eutrophication, nitrogen removal
Abstrakt Anlagda våtmarker har i stor utsträckning använts så ekonomisk och miljövänlig behandling av system för jordbruk avrinning i sydvästra Sverige för att begränsa transporten av näringsämnen till Kattegatt och därmed hjälpa till i ansträngningarna på att avta övergödning. Den omfattande användningen och acceptansen av våtmarker som behandling systemen hade ett incitament att utveckla prestanda modeller. Även senare studier visade att första order modellerna är otillräckliga för att vägleda designen av konstgjorda våtmarker är dessa fortfarande vanliga. Det viktigaste antagandet om sådana modeller testas här, som säger att avverkning av föroreningar (s) är proportionell mot koncentrationen i en konstruerad våtmark. För detta ändamål experimentella våtmarker i Plönninge utanför Halmstad (sydväst om Sverige) valdes ut och delades i två grupper (9 vardera). De matades med olika hydrauliska belastningar uppnå 4 och 8 dagar uppehållstid. De data som erhållits från analysen av totalkväve och nitrat testades med första ordningens ekvationer och fann att dessa modeller är tillräckliga för att beskriva nitrat bort i nitrat rika experimentella våtmarker. Nyckelord: anlagda våtmarker, hydraulisk belastning, första ordningens kinetiska modeller, övergödning, kväverening

Sammanfattning Examensarbete i företagsekonomi, Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet, Marknadsföring, 2012. Författare: Therése Carlbrant, Stephanie Ellfors Handledare: Anders Pehrsson Titel: Svenska miljöteknikföretag i Kina Bakgrund: Det satsas just nu mycket resurser på svensk miljöteknik eftersom dagens klimatomställningar är en stor utmaning och är en utav Regeringens prioriterade områden. På senare år har exporten av miljöteknik ökat men i förhållande till den totala andelen varuexport är den fortfarande låg. En av Sveriges största mottagarland är Kina. Kinas miljöproblem förväntas bli värre för varje år och landets ledare har utvecklat en viss insikt på senare år i den växande miljöproblematiken men det finns mycket kvar att arbeta med. Regeringen har tagit fram åtgärder och strategier för att främja svensk miljöteknik bland annat är Kina ett prioriterat land. Med hänsyn till detta finns det ett behov av att studera vilka faktorer som bidrar till export och etablering på utländska marknader och vilka faktorer som påverkar företagen i deras utlandsetableringar. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för företags internationalisering på avlägsna marknader. Problemformulering: Denna studie består av en problemformulering och är följande; Hur påverkar externa faktorer företags etableringsformer på kulturellt och geografiskt avlägsna marknader? Metod: Det empiriska underlaget består av kvalitativa studier baserade på fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med personal från Absolent AB, Envac AB, ITT Water & Wastewater AB samt Exportrådet. Slutsatser: Våra studieresultat baserade på tre fallstudier visar på samband mellan host-country factors i form av kulturella skillnader och marknadsattraktivitet och val av etableringsform. Resultaten visar också på samband mellan host-country factors och inträdesbarriärer. De senare påverkar dock inte valet av etableringsform. Vi har även studerat påverkan av home-country factors på val av etableringsform men resultaten visar inte på ett tydligt samband. De studerade företagen har med anledning av dessa faktorer valt att etablera helägda dotterbolag.

This examination paper is about the potential for Solar cells on apartment blocks. The technology with using solar cells for manufacturing electricity, has been on the market for a while, but recently the new installations of solar cells has increased. Solar cells are suited for placements on buildings but are expensive to obtain. The municipal real-estate company is interested in solar cells but wants to know more before they invest in the technology. This report contains an account of the solar cell and a guide to how a connection to the grid is accomplished. The report even contains suggestions of where the solar cells can be located and an estimate of annual production of electricity on a building. The outcome of the report is that there are good prerequisites for solar cells on apartment blocks and it shows the real- estate company as an environmental-thinking corporation.

The 1990s has seen an increased awareness of possible environmental effects of corrosion-induced metal release from outdoor constructions. Considerable efforts have been initiated to perform critical assessments of possible risks of selected metals. Gaps of knowledge have been identified and research investigations started. This doctoral thesis is the result of an interdisciplinary research effort in which scientific insight into corrosion, soil chemistry and ecotoxicology has been integrated. The work comprises atmospheric exposure of pure metals and commercial materials for outdoor use. The focus is on release of four metals, copper, zinc, chromium and nickel. Their chemical speciation and bioavailable fraction in metal runoff were determined, both at the release moment and after environmental interaction with, e.g., soil and limestone. Total metal concentrations in runoff are influenced both by material properties (e.g., corrosion product solubility, and specific surface area) and by exposure parameters (e.g., rain volume, intensity, contact time and pollutants). Long-term runoff rates of copper, zinc, chromium and nickel were based on exposures (4-8 years) at standardized conditions (45o inclination facing south) in Stockholm, Sweden. Runoff rates for pure copper range from 1.2 to 1.5 g m-2 yr-1, depending on year. At the copper release moment the potential environmental effect was evaluated using 72 hours growth inhibition test with the green algae Raphidocelis subcapitata. This resulted in a mean value of 15 μg L-1 causing a 50% growth reduction (EC50). Long-term runoff rates for pure zinc range from 1.9 to 2.5 g m-2 yr-1. A considerable variation in average annual runoff rates (0.07-2.5 mg zinc m2yr-1) was observed between different investigated commercial zinc-based materials. An average 72 hour (EC50) value of 69 μg L-1 towards Raphidocelis subcapitata was found for runoff water from zinc-based materials. Long-term runoff rates from stainless steel of grade 304 and 316 range from 0.23 to 0.30 chromium and 0.28 to 0.52 nickel mg m-2 yr-1, with corresponding concentrations in the runoff at the release moment far below reported ecotoxic concentrations for chromium and nickel. Two predictive runoff rate models were successfully developed for transforming copper runoff rate data from Stockholm to other exposure sites. One model is based on rain pH, yearly precipitation and building geometry, and the other on average annual SO2 concentration, yearly precipitation and building geometry. In addition to total metal concentration, adequate effect assessments also require information on chemical speciation of the released metal and its bioavailability. Metal chemical speciation in runoff was determined experimentally through an ion selective electrode (for copper), and also modelled with the Windermere Humic Aquatic model (WHAM (V)). Bioavailability assessments were generated through bioassay tests. At the moment of metal release, all methods show that the majority (60-99%) of the metal in runoff exists in its most bioavailable form, the hydrated metal ion. During subsequent environmental entry the metal undergoes major reductions in concentration and bioavailability. This was evidenced by model column studies of the capacity of soil to retain and immobilize the metal in runoff water, and by model and field column studies of the capacity of limestone to retain copper. The retention by soil of all metals investigated is very high (96-99.8%) until each materials retention capacity is reached. Limestone also exhibits a substantial capacity (5- 47%) to retain copper. The capacity is significantly increased by increased amount and decreased fraction of limestone particles. Any outer or inner surface with significant retention ability and with low possibility of subsequent mobilization is an excellent candidate for neutralizing metal release and its potential ecotoxic effects. This was demonstrated through computer modelling (WHAM(V)) and biosensor tests (Biomet™), which showed the most bioavailable and ecotoxic metal species to be reduced during passage through soil and limestone. Predictions based on the computer model HYDRUS-1D suggest a time-period of between 4 and 8000 years, depending on runoff water and soil characteristics, before saturation in soil retention capacity of copper and zinc is reached. A significant fraction of the retained metal is extractable towards the strong complexing agent EDTA, indicating possible future mobilisation. It is also available for plant uptake, as shown by DGT- (Diffuse Gradients in Thin films-) analysis of copper and zinc in soil. The data generated, presented and discussed are all believed to be important for risk assessment work related to corrosion-induced metal release from outdoor constructions. As evidenced from this doctoral thesis, such work requires a complete set of data on annual runoff rates, concentrations, chemical speciation and bioavailability and its changes during environmental entry, together with knowledge on, e.g., type of material, service life of coating, building geometry, and dewatering system.
QC 20100901

Analysis of digital elevation models (DEMs) by means of geomorphometry provides means of recognising fractures and characterising the morphotectonics of an area in a quantitative way. The objective of the thesis is to develop numerical methods and a consistent GIS methodology for tectonic geomorphology and apply it to test sites. Based on the study of landforms related to faults, geomorphological characteristics are translated into mathematical and numerical algorithms. The methodology is based on general geomorphometry. In this study, the basic geometric attributes (elevation, slope, aspect and curvatures) are complemented with the automatic extraction of ridge and valley lines and surface specific points. Evan’s univariate and bivariate methodology of general geomorphometry is extended with texture (spatial) analysis methods such as trend, autocorrelation, spectral, wavelet and network analysis. Digital terrain modelling is carried out by means of (1) general geomorphometry, (2) digital drainage network analysis, (3) digital image processing, (4) lineament extraction and analysis, (5) spatial and statistical analysis and (6) DEM specific digital methods such as shaded relief models, digital cross-sections and 3D surface modelling. Geological data of various sources and scales are integrated in a GIS database. Interpretation of multi-source information confirmed the findings of digital morphotectonic investigation. A simple shear model with principal displacement zone in the NE-SW direction can explain most of the morphotectonic features associated with structures identified by geological and digital morphotectonic investigations in the Kali Basin. Comparison of the results of the DTA with the known geology from NW Greece indicated that the major faults correspond to clear lineaments. Thus, DTA of an area in the proposed way forms a useful tool to identify major and minor structures covering large areas. In this thesis, numerical methods for drainage network extraction and aspect analysis have been developed and applied to tectonic geomorphology.

 

Vi tilldelades detta projektet av Kalmar Sjöfartshögskola. Projektet var att tillverka en bullerkarta för skolfartyget M/S Calmare Nyckel. Då skolfartyget inte överskrider 500 bruttoton krävs ej en bullerkarta enligt Sjöfartsverket, men det fanns en förfrågan och önskan från skolan att tillverka en för utbildningssyfte och få en praktisk anknytning. Vid dem mätningarna som krävdes ombord rättade vi oss efter ISO 2923:1996(E) samt Sjöfartsverkets författningssamling 2005:23 vid tillverkning av bullerkartan. Skolan tillhandahöll oss med godkänd mätutrustning samt mätprotokoll. Vi fick ett bra tillfälle att göra samtliga mätningar när skolfartyget gjorde sin sjöresa från Simrishamns varv till Kalmar, med goda väderförhållanden och samtliga maskiner i normala driftsförhållanden. Resultaten blev en lättförstådd och användarvänlig bullerkarta i A4 format som kan anslås varsomhelst på fartyget eller användas i utbildningssyfte.

 

We were assign this project by Kalmar maritime academy. The project was to produce a noise map for the school boat M/S Calmare Nyckel. The school boat does not exceed 500 dead weight ton and is not required a noise map according to national maritime administration, but there was an request and desire from the school to produce it for education purpose and for a practical connection. For the measurements that were required on board we used the regulations from ISO 2923:1996 (E), and national maritime administration's statute book 2005:23 with production of the noise map. The school provided us with validated measuring equipment and measuring protocol. We had a good opportunity to do all measurements when the school boat did its sea travel from Simrishamn's shipyard to Kalmar, with good weather conditions and all machines in normal operation conditions. The results became a easy understood and friendly used noise map in A4 formats that can be assigned anywhere on the boat or to be used in education purpose.

I allt större utsträckning blir det vanligare för företag att redovisa sina utsläpp av växthusgaser, främst koldioxid. Linköpings Universitet (LiU) fastställde genom sina miljömål att en klimatstrategi skulle upprättas för att få kännedom om hur verksamheten påverkar klimatet via utsläpp av koldioxid samt tänkbara åtgärder för förbättring. Genom identifiering och kvantifiering av problem kan förutsättningar skapas för att möjliga lösningar initieras som i sin tur kan ge såväl ekonomiska som miljömässiga vinster.

Studien syftar till att med hjälp av backcastingmetoden upprätta en klimatstrategi, samt ge förslag till konkreta åtgärder för LiU. Det empiriska materialet består utav statistik inhämtad från 2006: års data från: energianvändning, tjänsteresor samt hyrbilsverksamhet. Empiri har även inhämtats via en workshop med Universitetsledning och forskare inom LiU.

De slutsatser som dragits genom denna studie är att det med hjälp av backcasting är möjligt att skapa en klimatstrategi. Mer specifika slutsatser dragna för LiU´s kommande strategiarbete är energieffektivisering, alternativa transportsätt avseende tjänsteresor samt alternativa mötesformer.

Students of Ludvigsbergsskolan have complained that it was cold in classrooms during winters, but actually the energy consumption (electricity and district heating) of the school has been already very high. So energy audit is required and aim of this project is to find out how to improve the indoor climate of Ludvigsbergsskolan(http://www.skola.gavle.se/ludvigsberg/) which is located in Valbo, a city on the Sweden east coast and at the same time. Achieving this goal is not by increasing district heating demand but by some energy audit methods. Front part of the building has 2 floors, and the left part has one floor. The whole building is composed by classrooms, offices, gymnasium and dining-room. First, data related to energy is collected, such as installed power of facility, power utilization factor and the running hours of these facilities. Then, calculation can be taken to decide if the building is working properly and healthy. At last, present and discuss the situation, suggestions to improve energy condition are offered. Total demand of District Heating in year 2006 is 1088 MWh, and electricity is 304 MWh. Problems for this school need to solve is too cold in winter and to hot in summer. In this article some suggestions are made to save the energy consumption and work out the indoor climate problems. After all processes is done and evaluated 10 MWh electricity and more than 300 MWh district heating could be saved.

Pumice and the Moringa oleifera (MO) seed were investigated as alternative natural materials for drinking water treatment based on problems identified at the Stretta Vaudetto water treatment plant in Eritrea.

Lab and pilot scale studies showed that pumice was a suitable alternative material for dual media filtration. Conversion of the sand filters at Stretta Vaudetto to pumice-sand media would significantly improve performance of the filtration units. The coagulant protein from the MO seed was purified in a single-step ion exchange purification method. The parameters for batch purification were optimized that can be readily scaled up. This will promote its use in water treatment.

A small volume coagulation assay method was developed that simplified and expedited the coagulation activity experiments. MO coagulant protein (MOCP) possessed considerable coagulation and sludge conditioning properties as alum. It also showed antimicrobial effects against bacteria, some of which are antibiotic resistant. The coagulation and antimicrobial properties of MOCP render it important in water treatment.

This thesis studies the Danish and Norwegian recycling systems for construction and demolition (C&D) waste. The architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry is a major contributor to societies waste production; accounting for approximately 40% of the waste production. It is therefore important to manage the C&D waste effectively to move society towards sustainability.

This study applies the Industrial Ecology paradigm. This involved multidisciplinary approach, spanning the fields of Industrial Ecology, Systems Engineering and Organizational and Social Studies.

The scope of this thesis is threefold. The first scope is to get a better understanding of the processes that are taking place within the socio-technical sphere of a recycling system. Second, what is the nature of the C&D waste and what are the environmental impacts from the various waste fractions. Third, how can this information be used to improve recycling systems for C&D waste.

The study show that the suggestions in the National Action Plan and the corresponding policies are eco-effective, but that the environmental impact is very transport dependent. The study also shows that there is a great need to focus on future waste composition in the design of recycling systems for C&D waste. However, such waste projections are difficult to perform due to poor data availability.

There is a need for making more qualified decisions on environmental issues, with regard to long term management of such recycling systems. Long term models combined with environmental and economic information can make a powerful tool for such analysis.

The focus of this thesis is on groundwater vulnerability assessment by process-based simulation models and data acquisition for these assessments. A modelling system for intrinsic groundwater vulnerability assessment in water supply areas was developed, consisting of flow- and transport models for the unsaturated zone and the groundwater zone, coupled to a geographical informa-tion system. The system was applied to a water supply area located close to a major road south of Stockholm. Chloride was used as an indicator in determining the vulnerability for groundwater contamination from the road. The approach was useful to illustrate the dynamic change of chlo-ride concentrations both during the stage of continuous application and after the applications was terminated. A structure and content of a database for flow and transport modelling, based on hydrogeological environments, was outlined. An existing hydrogeological parameter database, HPAR at the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU), was examined as a potential source of data for the new database. Values for some important parameters needed for groundwater modelling, such as hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity, were lacking in the three municipal HPAR databases that were studied. It was suggested that these data should be added, together with information on the hydrogeological environments, for all geographical positions of interest. Without such minimum information, the efficient use of modelling tools could not be expected.

Typical profiles of three common Swedish hydrogeological environments (sand deposits, glacial till and clay covered areas) were used to represent generic input data to model simulations in the unsaturated zone so that the importance of soil, vegetation type and groundwater levels on turn-over times of conservative contaminants transported by natural recharge could be examined. The same profiles were used to predict the penetration depth of accidental liquid spills that occur at the land surface level. In the case of contaminant transport by natural recharge, water storage in the soil profile and vegetation type played an important role for turnover times. For liquid spills, the hydraulic con-ductivity was found to be of major importance, while the water retention properties were of less importance. Modelling, together with available data sources, were successfully used to demon-strate the vulnerability of different environmental conditions.

Electricity and district heating are the most important energy carriers for the residential and service sector in Sweden. Today, district heating supplies about half of the total heating requirement of residential and commercial premises in Sweden. The aim of this paper is the analysis of the heating system of a school, placed in Gävle, Sweden. The heat is delivered to the school by a district heating network.

First of all, the Heat Balance must be done, with the purpose of obtain the best knowledge of the present situation in the school. The calculations about the transmission and ventilation losses and the internal heating generated have been showed. After this, the point of view has been focused on the district heating system itself. It is means, the distribution pipe system inside the school. The efficiency and accuracy of the net will be analysed and discussed.

Three possible ways to improve the net will be showed. The first of all is the most simple: just take the pipe system and try to reduce the waste heat, the heat losses; the second choice is to make a new connection to the district heating network, joining all the buildings with one connection for each building –five more- instead of only the connection that exists at the moment when this paper was written; the third option seems as a different model of the second, it is means to divide all the school in two bigger parts and make another connection to the district heating network with the purpose of dividing the heating system in two equal parts.

Thanks to the heat balance done in the school and in the district heating system, it is possible to know the waste of heat. Mainly, these losses are found in the district heating net. The amount of waste is around 17%, a really high amount of energy wasted, which must be reduced. According to the data of the company Gävle Energy, the waste in old buildings like the school which is under study in this paper, usually is between 15% and 20% of the supplied energy. So, this showed the accuracy of the method used to make this paper.

According to the possibilities of improvement, it will depend on the ultimate decision of the Gävle Fastigheter, company which owns the school, to choose the way that could be better for their own interest. However, in this paper the prices and possible pay-back times are showed, in order to provide better information.

Although the best solution has a total cost of 1750000 Swedish crowns (186289 €) and a pay-back time of 21 years –talking about making five new connections-, another cheaper possibility is also commented: improving the isolation of the pipe system, with a cost of 549000 SEK (58441 €) and a pay-back time near 7 years.

Building energy consumption has presented itself as one of the biggest proportion inenergy industries. Focus could really be placed on this field with a view to conservingenergy. One popular way to achieve ideal energy identification is to conduct an energyaudit. An energy audit is of interest in pinpointing energy losses. For small households,it could be a way of reducing energy spending, while for large companies it could beone crucial way to decrease energy expenditure and improve efficiency in operation.The Brynässkolan has been in use for many years and performing the audit is anattempt to increase its energy efficiency and ultimately cut down cost. Byinvestigating the school building’s climate envelope and lighting and measuringventilation unit we gained knowledge about its energy losses. We came up with someenergy-saving plans, among which some are inapplicable, the others are feasible.Finally some constructive suggestions are presented to the school administration.

Företaget Eden Aquatech har utvecklat en ytluftare som heter airTURBO 101. Luftare används för att syresätta vatten i bassänger och dammar inom biologisk vattenrening. AirTURBO 101 skapar med hjälp av en impeller en vattenvirvel som transporterar ner luft under vattenytan. Impellern är nedsänkt i vattnet och är omsluten av en plastcylinder. I nuvarande utformning tar sig vattnet in i cylindern genom en krans av hål i cylinderns vägg. Detta examensarbete har undersökt originalutformningen samt en alternativ utformning då vattnet fick rinna över cylinderkanten, ett så kallat överfall. Två överfallscylindrar testades; en med samma inloppsarea som hålcylindern och en som hade större inloppsarea. Dessa tre cylindrar har testats och jämförts för att ta reda på vilken som har den högsta syresättningshalten i förhållande till energiförbrukningen.

De parametrar som undersöktes var strömningen inuti cylindern, energiförbrukningen, kontaktytan mellan luft och vatten inuti cylindern samt syresättningshastigheten. Samtliga experiment utfördes med skalmodeller av airTURBO 101.

Inledande försök visade att virvlarna för samtliga cylindrar var instabilare än förväntat.

Undersökningen av strömningen inuti cylindrarna visade att ingen av utformningarna kunde garantera en kontinuerlig kontakt mellan det inkommande vattnet och luftvirveln.

Energiförbrukningen visade sig vara likvärdig för de olika cylindrarna. Överfallscylindern med stort inlopp var marginellt bättre än de övriga.

Kontaktytan kunde inte beräknas på grund av brister i den framtagna matematiska formeln. Dessutom var virvlarna för instabila för en visuell avbildning.

Vid mätningarna av syresättningshastigheten fick de olika cylindrarna liknande resultat vid samma motoreffekt. En fördubbling av effekten gav däremot en betydande hastighetsökning. Även i detta fall var överfallscylindern med stort inlopp något bättre än de övriga.

En slutsats man kan dra av detta arbete är att överfallscylindern med stort inlopp är något bättre än de andra modellerna.

En annan slutsats är att huvuddelen av syreöverföringen inte sker i kontaktytan mellan luft och vatten i virveln utan snarare i den kontaktyta som skapas av impellern. Fortsatt utveckling av denna luftare bör koncentreras runt impellerns utformning. Luftbubblorna som skapas i impellern bör vara så små som möjligt.

Eden Aquatech has developed a surface aerator called airTURBO 101. Aerators are used to oxygenate water in basins and ponds within biological wastewater treatment. AirTURBO 101 consists of a submerged impeller that creates a vortex which transports air below the surface. The impeller is surrounded by a plastic cylinder. In the present design of the aerator, incoming water penetrates the cylinder through a circle of holes in the wall of the cylinder. This study has examined the original cylinder and an alternate design, where the cylinders where totally submerged and the water could pour over the brim. Two cylinders with submerged brim were tested. One had the same inlet area as the original cylinder and the other had a larger inlet area. These three cylinders has been tested and compared to find out which one has the highest oxygenation rate proportionately to the energy consumption.

The following parameters were examined: the water motion inside the cylinders, energy consumption, the interface between air and water inside the cylinders and the oxygenation velocity. All experiments were carried out using scale models of airTURBO 101.

Initial experiments showed that the vortices for all cylinders were more unstable than expected.

The examinations of the water motion inside the cylinders showed that none of the designs could guarantee a continuous contact between the incoming water and the air.

The energy consumption turned out to be similar for the different cylinders. The submerged cylinder with large inlet had slightly lower energy consumption than the other.

The interface between water and air could not be calculated due to shortages in the specially developed mathematical formula. A visual depiction was not possible since the vortices were too unstable.

When measuring the velocity of oxygenation the different cylinders had similar results at a constant power. When the power was doubled a considerable increase of velocity occurred. Also during these experiments the submerged cylinder with large inlet turned out to be slightly better than the other.

One conclusion is that the submerged cylinder with large inlet is somewhat better than the other cylinders.

Another conclusion is that the main part of the aeration does not occur in the interface between water and air in the vortex, but rather in the interface created by the impeller itself. Further development of this aerator should focus on the design of the impeller. The air bubbles created in the impeller should be as small as possible.

Energiområdet och arbetet med ökad energieffektivisering har blivit ett alltmer aktuellt område i dagens samhälle. En minskad energianvändning är gynnsam för miljö och klimat och är även attraktiv ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv.

Industrisektorn har potential att effektivsera sin användning av energi men de åtgärder som finns att tillgå för att uppnå detta vidtas inte fullt ut. Detta beror på att det finns ett antal hinder som bromsar arbetet med energieffektivisering. Denna studie fokuserar på dessa hinder men även på de drivkrafter som kan användas för att motivera arbetet med energieffektivisering. Dessa hinder och drivkrafter diskuteras i studien ur ett organisationsteoretiskt perspektiv.

I studien framträder ekonomi och inre samt yttre påverkan (exempelvis personligt intresse, krav och konkurrens) som de starkaste drivkrafterna för energieffektivisering. De mest framträdande hindren för energieffektiviseringsarbetet är relaterade till struktur, planering, kommunikation, kultur och energitekniska faktorer.

De slutsatser som dras i denna studie är att det framförallt är viktigt att arbeta aktivt för att etablera en struktur och kultur som är gynnsam för förändringsarbete. Detta bör kunna uppnås genom en ökad ansvarsfördelning och involvering av personal på alla nivåer inom företaget. I arbetet för att uppnå detta spelar välfungerande kommunikationskanaler en avgörande roll.

Mercury is the only metal that is in liquid form at room temperature and it has over the years been used in various combinations to extract gold, in measuring devices, medicaments, paper industry, batteries and fluorescent lights as well as in dentistry as dental amalgam. Dental amalgam is a mixture of 50 % mercury and 50% of an alloy consisting of silver, tin, copper and zink particles and has been used in dentistry for many years. The environmental effect of mercury release into the sewer from dental practices and clinics, and the inability of the wastewater treatment plants to remove it from the sludge lead to the introduction of amalgam separators in Sweden in 1980. The ISO standard 11143 regulates the efficacy of the amalgam separators, which should be at a 95% level, but is based on a laboratory test rather than a clinical evaluation.

This study looks at the available amalgam separators in use in four areas of Sweden, Uppsala, Stockholm, Östergötland and Skåne and compares their clinical efficiency. The clinical efficiency ranged between 75 to 95%, with most units below the 90% mark. In Östergötland a new improved separator is being tried, the Capere unit, which is based on finely ground pine bark treated with a chelator sensitive to all metals and used in conjunction with a cotton filter and a regular amalgam separator. This was shown to be superior to the other separators, with a 99, 9% removal of even the smallest amalgam particles and ionic mercury from the wastewater before leaving the clinic. Otherwise, combining more than one amalgam separator of the brands available on the Swedish market did not improve the efficiency of them.

Ashes have properties that can be exploited in various applications, e.g. some ashes can be used in the construction of barriers in a landfill final top cover. A landfill top cover is a multilayer construction that protects the environment in several ways, for instance hindering gas emissions from the landfill body and water infiltration into the waste.Impervious natural materials like clay, synthetic materials like geomembranes or bentonite carpets, geosynthetic clay liners or combinations of such materials are commonly used in landfill top cover constructions. Since differential settlement may occur and the lifetimes of the synthetic materials are uncertain, it is advantageous to use thick mineral constructions. There is a great need for these materials, and substantial savings of resources can be made if alternative waste materials, like ashes, are used. Currently, ashes are either landfilled or used as construction materials. They are subject to weathering processes, including physical, chemical and mineralogical changes caused (inter alia) by fluctuations of temperature and humidity, atmospheric gases or acid rain. Ashes contain various potentially hazardous and non-hazardous chemical compounds. Therefore, precautions must be taken to avoid leaching of substances such as heavy metals into the surrounding environment. Mineral phases that are initially present and/or that form during the ageing are primarily responsible for the immobilization or leaching of diverse metals and salts. Newly formed mineral phases like clay minerals are of main interest, because of their very high cation exchange capacity, swelling and expansion properties.The conditions found in a landfill environment are likely to favour clay mineral formation. This thesis is based on studies on the effects of accelerated ageing on refuse-derived-fuel (RDF) fly ashes, in experiments under controlled laboratory conditions, intended to derive models to predict the stability of RDF fly ashes used in a landfill liner and the mineralogical changes that occur in them. A reduced factorial design was applied, followed by multivariate data analysis, to evaluate the effects of five factors - carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, temperature, relative air humidity (RH), time and the quality of added water - on mineral transformations within the ashes, and their acid neutralization capacity (ANC) and leaching behaviour.Minerals (ettringite and hydrocalumite) promoting the immobilization of hazardous compounds were found in both fresh ash and ash aged under atmospheric conditions, but these minerals disappeared upon carbonation. The main phases in ash at 20% and 100% CO2 were calcite, gypsum/anhydrite and vaterite. The abundance of gypsum and anhydrite was directly related to the temperature at which ashes were aged. The major mineral phases detected in ashes aged under 20% CO2, 65% RH and 30°C (corresponding to conditions generally found in a landfill cover) were calcite and gypsum/bassanite. The pH values of these ash specimens ranged from 7.2 to 7.6, indicating advanced carbonation. Ageing decreased pH values from 12.4 to 7.2, consequently affecting the leaching behaviour of most chemicals measured in the leachates. Levels of Ba, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Pb, K and Na decreased over the study period while those of Mg, Zn and SO4 increased. No clay minerals were detected by XRD and SEM analysis in either fresh or aged ashes. However, geochemical modelling indicated that such minerals may precipitate. The modelling also indicated that clay minerals like saponite, vermiculite, chrysotile and hydrotalcite were likely to precipitate in most leachates from ash aged for 3, 10 and 22 months. Smectite, montmorillonite and illite may precipitate in leachates of ash aged for 31 months. The formation of smectite, montmorillonite and vermiculite would be advantageous due to their very high cation exchange capacities, which would favour the stabilization/immobilization of heavy metals in the mineral phases.
Askor har egenskaper som kan användas, en del askor kan t ex användas vid konstruktion av tätskikt i en deponisluttäckning. En deponisluttäckning är en flerskiktskonstruktion som skyddar miljön från t.ex. växthusgaser från deponin och hindrar vatteninträngning till avfall. Naturliga täta material som lera, syntetiska som geomembraner eller bentonitmattor eller en kombination av dessa är vanligt förekommande i sluttäckningskonstruktioner på deponier. Eftersom differentialsättningar kan uppkomma och de syntetiska materialens livslängd är osäker, är det en fördel om tjocka mineraliska konstruktioner kan användas. För dessa är materialbehovet stort och det är en stor resursbesparing om alternativa material, som aska, kan användas.Aska utsätts för åldringsprocesser både när den deponeras eller användas som byggmaterial. Materialet genomgår fysiska, kemiska och mineralogiska förändringar orsakade av t.ex. variationer av temperatur och luftfuktighet, atmosfäriska gaser eller surt regn. Aska innehåller olika farliga och ofarliga kemiska föreningar. Därför måste försiktighetsåtgärder vidtas för att undvika läckage av tungmetaller i miljön. Befintliga och nybildade mineralfaser är främst ansvariga för immobilisering eller utlakning av olika metaller och salter. Nybildade mineralfaser som lermineraler är av stort intresse på grund av deras mycket höga katjonutbyteskapacitet, svällnings- och expansionsegenskaper. Förhållandena som råder i en deponisluttäckning förväntas gynna lermineralbildning.Denna avhandling är resultatet av studier av effekten av accelererad åldring på flygaska från energiutvinning. För att förutsäga stabiliteten i flygaska som används i ett deponitätskikt har laboratorieexperiment utförts för att studera effekterna av accelererad åldring under kontrollerade förhållanden. Ett reducerat faktorförsök har gjorts för att utvärdera påverkan av fem faktorer: koldioxid (CO2), temperatur, relativ luftfuktighet (RH), tid och kvalitet på tillsatt vatten. Inflytandet av dessa faktorer på mineralomvandlingen i askan, askans syraneutraliserande förmåga (ANC) och urlakningsbeteendet har analyserats och utvärderats med hjälp av bl a multivariat dataanalys. Mineraler (ettringit och hydrocalumit) som främjar fixeringen av farliga ämnen finns i både färsk aska och prover som åldrats under atmosfäriska förhållanden men försvann efter karbonatisering. Aska som åldrats under 20 % och 100 % CO2 hade kalcit, gips / anhydrit och vaterit som huvudmineraler. Förekomsten av gips och anhydrit var direkt relaterad till temperaturnivån som askan hade åldrats i. Aska som åldrades under 20 % CO2, 65 % RH, 30 °C temperatur (motsvarande förhållandena i en deponitäckning) hade kalcit och gips/bassanit som huvudmineraler. pH-värdena i proverna varierade från 7,2 till 7,6 vilket indikerar en långt fortskriden karbonatisering. Åldrandet sänkte pH-värdena från 12,4 till 7,2 och påverkar därmed urlakningsbeteendet för många lakvattenkomponenter. Barium, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Pb, K och Na minskade under tiden, medan Mg, Zn och SO4 ökade jämfört med den färska askan. Inga lermineraler upptäcktes med hjälp av XRD och SEM i varken färsk eller åldrad aska. Geokemisk modellering visade dock möjligheten för dessa mineraler att bildas och fällas ut. Lermineraler som saponit, vermikulit, krysotil och hydrotalcit kunde enligt beräkningarna bildas i lakvatten från de flesta proverna som åldrades i 3, 10 och 22 månader. Smectit, montmorillonit och illit kan bildas i lakvatten från 31 månaders åldrad aska. Bildning av smectit, montmorillonit och vermikulit skulle var värdefull på grund av deras mycket höga katjonutbyteskapacitet, vilket gynnar stabilisering / immobilisering av tungmetaller i askan.
Godkänd; 2010; 20101020 (evebra); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Avfallsteknik/Waste Science and Technology Examinator: Professor Anders Lagerkvist, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Professor Britt-Marie Steenari, Chalmers tekniska högskola Tid: Onsdag den 17 november 2010 kl 09.30 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet

Fuel availability and security of supply are two of the most important factors in the well functioning of a company like Gävle Energi. Another important factor is the price of the fuels used. The transportation cost plays also an important role when purchasing fuels from different sources. Currently the fuels used in Gävle Energi are mainly woody biofuels, but waste and peat could also be used in the future.

The aim of this thesis is to provide an overview of the different available biofuels in the region of Gävle. The fuels considered in the study are:

- Bark

- Forest Residues

- Wood waste

- Pellets and Briquettes

- Garbage/waste materials

- Peat

The research is focused on the physical properties of the fuels, their price and transportation cost, environmental and legislation issues and the availability in the region of Gävle. A 10-year perspective is defined for an estimated availability of the different fuels in te region.

The object of analysis in the present document is a residential house in Sätra. This building has a hydronic space heating system with radiators spread around the house and a heating recovery system ventilation which also use water for reheating. Water for space heating, ventilation and hot tap water is nowadays heated in an electric boiler.The aim of this project is to make a diagnosis of the current situation, evaluate different alternatives for supplying hot water to the house, and to study costs and possible savings by comparing the actual facilities with the proposals done.