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1

Bain, Lisa, Sheena M. Posey Norris, and Clare Stroud, eds. The Role of Nonpharmacological Approaches to Pain Management. National Academies Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25406.

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2

Management of cardiac arrhythmias: The nonpharmacologic approach. Lippincott, 1987.

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3

D, Murgatroyd Francis, and Camm A. John, eds. Nonpharmacological management of atrial fibrillation. Futura Pub. Co., 1997.

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4

Henrotin, Yves, Kim Bennell, and Francois Rannou, eds. Nonpharmacological Therapies in the Management of Osteoarthritis. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97816080531791120101.

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5

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Role of Nonpharmacological Approaches to Pain Management: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, 2019.

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6

Kirshner, Howard S., and Karl E. Misulis. Cognitive Disorders. Edited by Karl E. Misulis and E. Lee Murray. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259419.003.0018.

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Dementia is usually evaluated and managed in the outpatient arena, but neurologists deal with hospitalized patients with dementia as an exacerbation of the mental status with concurrent illness or suspicion of dementia in a patient with hospital-acquired delirium. This chapter discusses the presentation, diagnosis, and management, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, of several of the most commonly seen cognitive disorders.
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7

Pfiffner, Linda J., and Lauren M. Haack. Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Their Combination with Medication. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0003.

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Of the nonpharmacological treatments for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), behavioral interventions have the largest evidence base. Current behavioral interventions include behavioral parent training, behavioral classroom management, child skills training, behavioral multicomponent interventions, and multimodal treatment, which combines behavioral interventions and medication. This updated review of studies reveals significant behavioral treatment effects from randomized controlled trials on a wide range of child outcomes including ADHD and oppositional defiant disorde
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8

Carter, Jessica, and Srinivas Pyati. Nonpharmacologic Management of Postsurgical Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0014.

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As a component of a multimodal analgesic approach, psychological and behavioral interventions are gaining popularity and importance with a goal to reduce the doses of the analgesics consumed during the perioperative period. This chapter reviews the use of neurostimulation, including transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS), in the postoperative period. The goal is to broaden perspectives on possible components of a multimodal, patient-centered regimen that includes pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies to improve the postoperative experience.
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Buckley, Marcia J., and Ann Syrett. Palliative Emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190204709.003.0009.

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This chapter highlights four emergencies that occur in palliative care: hemorrhage, spinal cord compression, seizures, and superior vena cava syndrome. It is imperative to understand their etiology, pathophysiology, workup, and management in order to rapidly and expertly respond to these emergencies. Palliative advanced practice registered nurses possess a unique skill set combining holistic care of patients with the ability to manage acute, often potentially devastating symptoms that affect the patient’s goals and wishes. Disease state needs to be considered when making treatment and manageme
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10

Gatto, Maria, Patricia Thomas, and Ann Berger. Anxiety. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190204709.003.0006.

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Anxiety is an inherent aspect of human existence. Anxiety and chronic diseases are interchangeable in their causal relationship: chronic diseases can exacerbate symptoms of anxiety, and anxiety disorders can lead to chronic diseases. Anxiety is a specific symptom emphasized in the National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care Clinical Practice Guidelines. Assessment is interdisciplinary and must address both the psychological and psychiatric aspects of care. To assure appropriate management, an understanding of etiologies for anxiety across populations and disease states is essential.
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11

Volpp, Serena Yuan, and Patrick Runnels. Adults with Serious Mental Illness. Edited by Hunter L. McQuistion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190610999.003.0013.

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The clinician’s goal for every adult with serious mental illness should be recovery, moving beyond symptom control toward the promotion of an individual’s functioning, autonomy, and sense of purpose. This chapter highlights some of the nonpharmacological, evidence-based practices that have been shown to further recovery for adults with serious mental illness. The case-based discussion highlights illness management, supported employment, supported housing, assertive community treatment, mobile crisis teams, cognitive–behavioral therapy for psychosis, peer support, and clubhouses as best practic
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Strada, E. Alessandra. The Third Domain of Palliative Care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199798551.003.0004.

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This chapter describes palliative psychology competencies in the third domain of palliative care, which focuses on identifying and addressing psychological and psychiatric needs in the patient and the family. Palliative psychology is a holistic discipline. It emphasizes not only the management of distress, but also the importance of facilitating psychospiritual well-being for the patient and for family caregivers. Because psychotherapy is one of the main psychological interventions provided by psychologists, this chapter defines palliative psychotherapy as a relevant framework for the palliati
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13

Sahota, Pradeep, and Niranjan N. Singh. Sleep in other neurological disorders—headache. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0031.

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Headache and sleep disorder are among the most commonly reported problems in clinical practice and often coexist in the same patient. The two are related in several ways, though the relationship is very complex and is still not very well understood. The brainstem and hypothalamic nuclei are hypothesized to regulate both sleep and headache. Differential diagnosis of headache during sleep includes cluster headache, hypnic headache, migraine, sleep apnea headache, exploding head syndrome, tension-type headache, and paroxysmal hemicrania. Management of these headaches depends upon the diagnosis as
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14

Dittrich, Kurt F. Headache. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0022.

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Having a solid grasp of headaches is essential for the pain provider. This required knowledge should include understanding the anatomy and physiology of headaches; knowing how to classify headaches using the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders; recognizing the physical, psychological, and social factors that may contribute to headaches; and understanding the role of counseling and nonpharmacological treatment options. It is essential to understand the pharmacological aspects of headache management as well as some of the nuances of the specific medications m
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15

Bartels, Karsten, and G. Burkhard Mackensen. Neuroprotection for Valvular and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0016.

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Major cardiac surgery represents a unique biologic stimulus leading to profound perturbations in inflammatory, hemostatic, and oxidative stress pathways, all of which are implicated in the pathogenesis of perioperative cerebral injury. Despite significant advances in surgical, anesthetic, and neuroprotective strategies, these adverse cerebral outcomes have profound personal, clinical, and financial implications. Preventing or treating these adverse outcomes remains difficult because the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood, and most neuroprotective strategies generated in exper
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16

Saadat, Haleh, and Zeev N. Kain. Psychological Preparation of the Pediatric Patient for Surgery. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0057.

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Each year, about six million children undergo surgical procedures in the United States. More than 80% of all pediatric procedures in the United States are on an outpatient basis without hospital preoperative or postoperative admission. More than 60% of these children manifest emotional distress prior to the procedures and at the induction of anesthesia. The intense distress may lead to negative postoperative physiological and psychological outcomes in children and affect parental satisfaction. Preoperative stress can also exaggerate negative memories, which can exaggerate distress at subsequen
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17

Shaw, Thomas L. Preoperative Anxiety Management. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0001.

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Children presenting for surgery are often significantly more anxious compared to adults. This may occur during a new exposure to an unfamiliar environment or repeat exposures to the hospital setting. Pediatric anesthesiologists must utilize a variety of creative and traditional and nontraditional strategies to help alleviate this feeling of anxiety prior to proceeding to the operating room. Knowledge of the consequences of preoperative emotional distress, combined with knowledge of available pharmacological and behavioral interventions, can help enhance the patient’s and the parents’ experienc
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18

Badiola, Ignacio. Acute Pain Management and Tissue Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0016.

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This chapter on acute pain medicine examines the themes represented on the American Board of Anesthesiology’s pain medicine certification exam. It covers Part 6 (tissue pain), Section 1 (acute pain). In detail, the epidemiology of acute pain, current inadequacy of acute pain therapies, the physiology of acute pain, and both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic aspects of acute pain treatment are discussed. Tools for assessing acute pain are reviewed, as well as the roles of both patient and family as they relate to adults and children in acute pain.
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19

Broglio, Kathleen. Dyspnea. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190204709.003.0002.

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This chapter provides an overview of the prevalence, pathophysiology, assessment, and clinical management of dyspnea, also known as shortness of breath or air hunger. This chapter describes the current understanding of the pathophysiology of dyspnea, potential causative factors, and evidence-based pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management. Assessment of dyspnea is outlined using a biopsychosocial approach, emphasizing the understanding that dyspnea is a subjective experience, the severity of which is guided by patient perception. Evidence-based pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventi
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20

Bogue, Jarrod T., and Christine H. Rohde. Pain Management in Breast Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0010.

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Plastic surgeons frequently perform surgery on the breasts, for both cosmetic and reconstructive purposes. Pain after breast surgery can be a significant issue and is often a source of great concern for patients. Conventional pain control methods rely on opioid pain medications. These medications are plagued by side effects and contribute to opioid misuse, addiction, and abuse. Novel pain control regimens utilizing nonopioid alternatives are paramount to stemming the use of opioids while providing adequate postoperative pain control. Choices for pain control in patients undergoing breast surge
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21

Sinton, Jamie W. Perioperative Management of the Child Following an Extremity Amputation. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0056.

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Postamputation pain is multifactorial in nature. Pain often begins prior to the surgical amputation and can be related to trauma or malignancy. Types of pain experienced include nociceptive, neuropathic, phantom, and stump. Control of pain preoperatively and acutely in the postoperative phase, may prevent the conversion from acute to chronic pain. Each patient undergoing amputation experiences nociceptive pain due to surgery, and the overwhelming majority experience neuropathic and phantom limb pain as well. Goal-targeted pain therapies can reduce pain burden perioperatively. Multimodal analge
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22

Lynch, Maureen. Nausea and Vomiting. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190204709.003.0005.

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This chapter provides an overview of the assessment and management of nausea and vomiting and data on their prevalence. Successful management of these complex symptoms requires an ongoing comprehensive assessment to describe the patient’s experience and associated factors, formulate a symptom diagnosis based on an understanding of likely etiologies, and use appropriate nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic management strategies based on best evidence, expert opinion, and patient acceptability. An understanding of the physiological pathways of vomiting and nausea, and common etiologies, including
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23

Knezevic, Nebojsa Nick, Teresa M. Kusper, and Kenneth D. Candido. Chronic Low Back Pain in a Young Patient. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0023.

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Chronic low back pain (CLBP) in young adults is a great public health concern. CLBP affects individuals across all age groups with varying frequency, and it is associated with significant disability and morbidity, missed school or work, loss of productivity, and substantial health care expenditures. It can occur suddenly as a result of injury, or develop gradually due to degenerative changes in the spine. Correct diagnosis and proper management, usually involving a multidisciplinary approach, are paramount for optimal pain management. Usually, combinations of conservative management (pharmacol
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24

Ebrahimi, Ali, and Geeta Nagpal. The Treatment of Pain in Pregnancy and Lactation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0034.

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Almost all women will experience pain of some type during pregnancy. Common musculoskeletal conditions can cause severe pain in an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy. Some women will enter pregnancy with preexisting painful disorders, and management of ongoing pain and painful exacerbations can be challenging. This chapter reviews the common painful musculoskeletal conditions of pregnancy, as well as migraine, and the approaches to the management of chronic pain during pregnancy and in the breastfeeding mother. Techniques covered include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies, as well as
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25

Jicha, Gregory A., and Frederick A. Schmitt. Alzheimer’s Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0017.

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Advances in the current management and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease have grown directly from our increased understanding of the neurobiology underlying this disease. Currently available pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment strategies remain focused on symptomatic management of disease rather than disease modification. Despite a wealth of evidence supporting the clinical benefits of existing therapies in the management of symptomatic progression, there is limited evidence that these available therapies modify disease progression over the course of dementia progression. More recent r
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26

Paice, Judith A. Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190204709.003.0001.

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To provide safe and effective pain relief, the palliative advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) must possess exceptional pain assessment skills including thorough history-taking and physical examination. Biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors should be considered part of a complete assessment and serve as a guide for the development of a comprehensive plan of care. APRNs must have comprehensive knowledge of pain management options including appropriate pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies. The chapter includes a discussion of various pain syndromes, physical thera
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Venuto, Charles S., and Karl Kieburtz. Huntington Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0008.

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The clinical management of Huntington’s disease entails pharmacologic interventions and nonpharmacologic supportive therapy. There are no treatments that can halt or alter the progression of disease, therefore the goal is to maximize function and optimize quality of life. Tetrabenazine is the only pharmacologic agent with regulatory approval for Huntington’s disease chorea; however, off-label use of antidopaminergic agents is common. Treatment of behavioral disturbances can be tailored to the specific symptoms by using antidepressant, antipsychotic, and anxiolytic agents. Clinical trials testi
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28

Lang, Elvira V. No pain no gain: A neuroethical place for hypnosis in invasive intervention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0011.

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Management of patients’ pain depends largely on the beliefs of healthcare providers and institutional cultures rather than evidence and rational considerations. Approaches that improve positive outcomes based on placebo effects elicit the call for guidance and regulations by medical societies and ethics boards. Oddly, the use of nocebo approaches seems to be a free-for-all: it is not as specifically limited as the training of front-line providers in positive language or hypnotic techniques, which is still labeled unethical by one of the major professional associations. The hope is that continu
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Christensen, Alan J., Julia R. Van Liew, and Quinn D. Kellerman. Depression in Chronic Kidney Disease. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.013.

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent medical condition posing a range of unique physical and self-management demands for patients and presenting a variety of patient management challenges for clinicians. Co-morbid depression and other psychiatric disorders represent a significant detriment to the quality of life and clinical outcomes of CKD patients. Evidence suggests that 12% to 40% of individuals in the later stages of CKD meet DSM (III, IV, or IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for a mood disorder. Moreover, the existence of comorbid depression has been associated with earlier patient mortal
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Cheatle, Martin D. Managing Pain in Patients with a History of a Substance Use Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199981830.003.0008.

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Patients with chronic pain tend to be complex and can present with multiple comorbidities, including anxiety, depression, functional disabilities, and substance misuse or abuse. The burgeoning rate of prescription opioid misuse and abuse and opioid-related fatalities has generated a great deal of scholarly activity on understanding the etiology of opioid misuse/abuse and developing risk assessment and mitigation strategies to curb this public health crisis. Balancing effective pain management and reducing the risk of opioid misuse/abuse and diversion can be a daunting endeavor, as is controlli
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