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Livros sobre o tema "OER reaction"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 22 de fevereiro de 2025

Última modificação: 31 de julho de 2025

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1

Kerekes, Amália. Mehr oder Weininger: Eine Textoffensive aus Österreich/Ungarn. Braumüller, 2005.

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2

Fattahi, Mir Taher. Emil Abderhalden (1877-1950), die Abwehrfermente: Ein langer Irrweg oder wissenschaftlicher Betrug? Uni-Edition, 2006.

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3

Issel, Wolfgang. Die Wiederaurarbeitung von bestrahlten Kernbrennstoffen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Technologische Chance oder energiepolitischer Zwang. P. Lang, 2003.

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4

Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. Bimolecular Reactions, Dynamics of Collisions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses the dynamics of bimolecular collisions within the framework of (quasi-)classical mechanics as well as quantum mechanics. The relation between the cross-section and the reaction probability, which can be calculated theoretically from a (quasi-)classical or quantum mechanical description of the collision, is described in terms of classical trajectories and wave packets, respectively. As an introduction to reactive scattering, classical two-body scattering is described and used to formulate simple models for chemical reactions, based on reasonable assumptions for the reacti

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5

Wiffen, Philip, Marc Mitchell, Melanie Snelling, and Nicola Stoner. Adverse drug reactions and drug interactions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735823.003.0002.

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This chapter provides an overview of adverse drug reactions and drug interactions for pharmacists and other healthcare professionals. It provides a practical guide to determining whether a reaction is related to the drug or disease. A classification of adverse drug reactions is given and how this relates to immediate management of the reaction and future drug choices is discussed. Tips are given on how to discuss adverse drug reactions and explain risks to patients. Mechanisms of drug interactions are covered and a practical guide for predicting and managing interactions is given.

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6

Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. From Microscopic to Macroscopic Descriptions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses bimolecular reactions from both a microscopic and macroscopic point of view. The outcome of an isolated reactive scattering event can be specified in terms of an intrinsic fundamental quantity, the reaction cross-section that can be measured in a molecular beam experiment. It depends on the quantum states of the molecules as well as the relative velocity of reactants and products. The relation between the cross-section and the macroscopic rate constant is derived. The rate constant is a weighted average of the product between the relative speed of the reactants and the r

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7

Ferner, Robin, and Anthony Cox. Drug-induced neurological disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0240.

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An adverse drug reaction is defined as ‘an appreciably harmful or unpleasant reaction, resulting from an intervention related to the use of a medicinal product; adverse effects usually predict hazard from future administration and warrant prevention, or specific treatment, or alteration of the dosage regimen, or withdrawal of the product’ (p. 1255, Edwards IR and Aronson JK. Adverse drug reactions: Definitions, diagnosis, and management. Lancet 2000; 356: 1255–9). Adverse drug reactions can cause or contribute to central and peripheral nervous system disorders, including traumatic, infective,

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8

Misbah, Siraj. Suspected anaphylaxis. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0075.

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A type I IgE-mediated systemic allergic reaction is characterized by a constellation of symptoms which are due to widespread histamine release and which comprise acute-onset urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, and hypotension. While a mild reaction may be limited to localized urticaria and/or angioedema, a full-blown allergic reaction associated with systemic features is best described as anaphylaxis. The term ‘anaphylactoid’, previously used to denote non-IgE-mediated systemic allergic reactions, is no longer recommended for use.

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9

Henriksen, Niels E., and Flemming Y. Hansen. Theories of Molecular Reaction Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.001.0001.

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This book deals with a central topic at the interface of chemistry and physics—the understanding of how the transformation of matter takes place at the atomic level. Building on the laws of physics, the book focuses on the theoretical framework for predicting the outcome of chemical reactions. The style is highly systematic with attention to basic concepts and clarity of presentation. Molecular reaction dynamics is about the detailed atomic-level description of chemical reactions. Based on quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics or, as an approximation, classical mechanics, the dynamics of

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10

Ross, John, Igor Schreiber, and Marcel O. Vlad. Determination of Complex Reaction Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195178685.001.0001.

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In a chemical system with many chemical species several questions can be asked: what species react with other species: in what temporal order: and with what results? These questions have been asked for over one hundred years about simple and complex chemical systems, and the answers constitute the macroscopic reaction mechanism. In Determination of Complex Reaction Mechanisms authors John Ross, Igor Schreiber, and Marcel Vlad present several systematic approaches for obtaining information on the causal connectivity of chemical species, on correlations of chemical species, on the reaction pathw

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11

Doraiswamy, L. K. Organic Synthesis Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096897.001.0001.

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This book will formally launch "organic synthesis engineering" as a distinctive field in the armory of the reaction engineer. Its main theme revolves around two developments: catalysis and the role of process intensification in enhancing overall productivity. Each of these two subjects are becoming increasingly useful in organic synthesis engineering, especially in the production of medium and small volume chemicals and enhancing reaction rates by extending laboratory techniques, such as ultrasound, phase transfer catalysts, membrane reactor, and microwaves, to industrial scale production. Thi

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12

Tutino, Stefania. The Roman Reaction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694098.003.0006.

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During the central decades of the seventeenth century, Caramuel’s understanding of probabilism was the object of both acute interest and widespread, and at times violent, criticism. As a result, the Congregation of the Index of Prohibited Book and the Holy Office decided to examine and eventually censure two of Caramuel’s most influential works. Through an analysis of the lengthy process leading to the censure and correction of these books, this chapter examines the theological, intellectual, moral, and political issues at stake in the debate over Caramuel’s doctrine and explores the complex a

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13

Atkins, Peter. Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.001.0001.

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Illustrated with remarkable new full-color images--indeed, one or more on every page--and written by one of the world's leading authorities on the subject, Reactions offers a compact, pain-free tour of the inner workings of chemistry. Reactions begins with the chemical formula almost everyone knows--the formula for water, H2O--a molecule with an "almost laughably simple chemical composition." But Atkins shows that water is also rather miraculous--it is the only substance whose solid form is less dense than its liquid (hence ice floats in water)--and incredibly central to many chemical reaction

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14

Baer, Tomas, and William L. Hase. Unimolecular Reaction Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195074949.001.0001.

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This book provides a penetrating and comprehensive description of energy selected reactions from a theoretical as well as experimental view. Three major aspects of unimolecular reactions involving the preparation of the reactants in selected energy states, the rate of dissociation of the activated molecule, and the partitioning of the excess energy among the final products, are fully discussed with the aid of 175 illustrations and over 1,000 references, most from the recent literature. Examples of both neutral and ionic reactions are presented. Many of the difficult topics are discussed at sev

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15

Clarke, Andrew. Temperature and reaction rate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0007.

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All other things being equal, physiological reaction rate increases roughly exponentially with temperature. Organisms that have adapted over evolutionary time to live at different temperatures can have enzyme variants that exhibit similar kinetics at the temperatures to which they have adapted to operate. Within species whose distribution covers a range of temperatures, there may be differential expression of enzyme variants with different kinetics across the distribution. Enzymes adapted to different optimum temperatures differ in their amino acid sequence and thermal stability. The Gibbs ene

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16

Frey, Perry A., and Adrian D. Hegeman. Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122589.001.0001.

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Books dealing with the mechanisms of enzymatic reactions were written a generation ago. They included volumes entitled Bioorganic Mechanisms, I and II by T.C. Bruice and S.J. Benkovic, published in 1965, the volume entitled Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology by W.P. Jencks in 1969, and the volume entitled Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms by C.T. Walsh in 1979. The Walsh book was based on the course taught by W.P. Jencks and R.H. Abeles at Brandeis University in the 1960's and 1970's. By the late 1970's, much more could be included about the structures of enzymes and the kinetics and mechanisms

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17

Williams, J., RA Hook, and HL Gascoigne, eds. Farming Action: Catchment Reaction. CSIRO Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104990.

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Dryland farming is a major export earner for many temperate-zone countries, yet it continues to degrade a country's natural resources. Effects are not restricted to the land - changes in water quality can reduce the potential uses of water and bring about catastrophic changes in both freshwater and coastal ecosystems. Farming Action: Catchment Reaction provides a comprehensive technical overview of the relationships between dryland farming systems and catchment land and water quality in Australia, and integrates it in a whole system framework. It deals with the issues in terms of people,

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18

Atherstone, Andrew. Protestant Reactions. Edited by Stewart J. Brown, Peter Nockles, and James Pereiro. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199580187.013.12.

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Protestantism was a major rallying cry during the Tractarian controversies. It was anathematized by some Oxford Movement radicals as a ‘heresy’, and held tenaciously by evangelical campaigners as ‘the pure Gospel of Christ’. Protestant polemicists decried Tractarianism as a revival of Roman Catholicism in an Anglican disguise and called their brothers-in-arms to fight the theological battles of the Reformation over again. Focusing on the events in Oxford itself between 1838 and 1846, this chapter surveys the rhetoric which surrounded three overlapping themes—Protestant Reformers, Protestant Fo

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19

Hopkins, Philip M. Adverse drug reactions in anaesthesia. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0022.

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Adverse drug reactions are implicated in more than 40% of anaesthesia-related deaths. Undoubtedly, many more patients experience morbidity from adverse drug reactions. Widely cited definitions of adverse drug reactions encompass common side-effects but this chapter focuses on those that are unexpected reactions to drugs administered by anaesthetists and that occur at normal drug doses. The chapter includes a comprehensive account of malignant hyperthermia, which remains a major contributor to anaesthesia related to deaths. Malignant hyperthermia is a pharmacogenetic condition triggered by pote

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20

Hitlin, Steven, and Sarah K. Harkness. The Theory of Inequality and Moral Emotions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465407.003.0006.

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This chapter brings together the strands of theory and research discussed previously to introduce our theory on inequality and morality. The general argument is that in societies with greater economic inequality, the negative sanctioning-based moral emotions of anger, contempt, disgust, shame, and the like will be more frequent and severe. Societies with lower levels of inequality will conversely normalize and exhibit the more positive moral emotions of self-transcendence (compassion, praise, and empathy). Inequality thus begets negative moral emotions. These various emotional reactions to mor

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21

Fox, Raymond. The Use of Self. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190616144.001.0001.

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This monograph presents recent advances in neural network (NN) approaches and applications to chemical reaction dynamics. Topics covered include: (i) the development of ab initio potential-energy surfaces (PES) for complex multichannel systems using modified novelty sampling and feedforward NNs; (ii) methods for sampling the configuration space of critical importance, such as trajectory and novelty sampling methods and gradient fitting methods; (iii) parametrization of interatomic potential functions using a genetic algorithm accelerated with a NN; (iv) parametrization of analytic interatomic

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22

Raff, Lionel, Ranga Komanduri, Martin Hagan, and Satish Bukkapatnam. Neural Networks in Chemical Reaction Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199765652.001.0001.

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This monograph presents recent advances in neural network (NN) approaches and applications to chemical reaction dynamics. Topics covered include: (i) the development of ab initio potential-energy surfaces (PES) for complex multichannel systems using modified novelty sampling and feedforward NNs; (ii) methods for sampling the configuration space of critical importance, such as trajectory and novelty sampling methods and gradient fitting methods; (iii) parametrization of interatomic potential functions using a genetic algorithm accelerated with a NN; (iv) parametrization of analytic interatomic

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23

Elements, Compounds and Mixtures and Chemical Reactions: OCR Gateway GCSE Chemistry. HarperCollins Publishers Limited, 2016.

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24

Jordan, Robert B. Reaction Mechanisms of Inorganic and Organometallic Systems. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195301007.001.0001.

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This third edition retains the general level and scope of earlier editions, but has been substantially updated with over 900 new references covering the literature through 2005, and 140 more pages of text than the previous edition. In addition to the general updating of materials, there is new or greatly expanded coverage of topics such as Curtin-Hammett conditions, pressure effects, metal hydrides and asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts, the inverted electron-transfer region, intervalence electron transfer, photochemistry of metal carbonyls, methyl transferase and nitric oxide synthase. The ne

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25

Puntis, John. Food allergy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0019.

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Food allergy is an immune response to food that can be classified as immunoglobulin (Ig)-E and non-IgE mediated. Milk, egg, peanut, tree nuts, and fish are among the most prevalent causes of food allergy. Mild reactions can include itchy rash, watering eyes, and nasal congestion while a severe reaction results in anaphylaxis. A detailed clinical history is essential when making a diagnosis, and skin prick testing and quantitative measurement of food-specific IgE antibodies can be helpful. Cow milk protein allergy causes a plethora of symptoms and frequently resolves spontaneously over the firs

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26

Brownstein, Michael. Perception, Emotion, Behavior, and Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633721.003.0002.

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This chapter describes the four components of unplanned spontaneous inclinations. These are (1) noticing a salient Feature in the ambient environment; (2) feeling an immediate, directed, and affective Tension; (3) reacting Behaviorally; and (4) moving toward Alleviation of that tension in such a way that one’s spontaneous reactions can improve over time. Noticing a salient feature (F), in other words, sets a relatively automatic process in motion, involving co-activating particular feelings (T) and behaviors (B) that either will or will not diminish over time (A), depending on the success of t

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27

Gumuz and highland resettlers: differing strategies of livelihood and ethnic reaction in Metekel, Northwestern Ethiopia. Lit Verlag, 2005.

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28

Richebé, Philippe, and Cyril Rivat. The effects of morphine on the CNS. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0017.

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The 1973 paper by Jacquet and Lajtha, was a pivotal report in understanding the effects of opioids on nociception, as it investigated the effects of morphine on different brain structures. To do this, the authors used a microinjection technique that allowed them to specifically target subcortical sites. The animals used in this study were rats, and evaluation of the nociceptive threshold was based on the behavioural reaction to electrical shock. Two reactions were evaluated: flinch or jump responses. The main result was that, depending on the dose and the site of injection, morphine produced e

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29

Brommelhoff, Jessica A. Depression in Dementia Syndromes. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.007.

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Depressive symptoms are common in many dementia syndromes, and depressive disorders are much more common in older adults with dementia than in cognitively intact older adults. Depression may be a risk factor for, or a prodromal feature of, subsequent dementia. Several neuropathological mechanisms have been suggested to explain these relationships, including the role of underlying cerebrovascular risk factors for depression and cognitive impairment. Depression also may be present in dementia as an emotional reaction to cognitive decline, or as a recurrence of early and midlife depression. Diffe

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30

Spilsbury, Richard. Chemical Reactions: Investigating an Industrial Accident. Heinemann-Raintree, 2013.

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31

Spilsbury, Richard. Chemical Reactions: Investigating an Industrial Accident. Heinemann-Raintree, 2013.

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32

Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. Static Solvent Effects, Transition-State Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0010.

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This chapter discusses static solvent effects on the rate constant for chemical reactions in solution. It starts with a brief discussion of the thermodynamic formulation of transition-state theory. The static equilibrium structure of the solvent will modify the potential energy surface for the chemical reaction. This effect is analyzed within the framework of transition-state theory. The rate constant is expressed in terms of the potential of mean force at the activated complex. Various definitions of this potential and their relations to n-particle- and pair-distribution functions are conside

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33

American reactions to Indonesia's role in the Belgrade Conference. Equinox Pub., 2009.

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34

Carey, Patrick W. Sin, Repentance, and Confession in Nineteenth-Century American Protestant Polemics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190889135.003.0004.

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This chapter describes the American Protestant reactions to the Catholic understanding of sacramental confession. That reaction is analyzed within the context of the heritage of the Protestant Reformation’s understandings of sin, repentance, and confession. The chapter demonstrates how the Protestant Episcopal Church in the late eighteenth century and American Lutherans in the early nineteenth century transformed the inherited Anglican and Lutheran traditions on the confession of sins to a priest or pastor. In the nineteenth century, sacramental confession became a central polemic issue, becau

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35

Hardt, Heidi. A Reactive Culture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 explains why NATO’s institutional memory continues to develop in the way that it does – despite formal learning processes being underutilized. Findings in this chapter draw on the author’s survey-based interviews with 120 NATO elites. The chapter begins by arguing that NATO’s organizational culture locks-in elites’ preference for relying on informal processes and avoiding formal processes. Key characteristics of NATO’s culture posed challenges for identifying and reporting strategic errors. The organization’s norm of consensus made formal agreements on past strategic errors difficult

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36

Wiffen, Philip, Marc Mitchell, Melanie Snelling, and Nicola Stoner. Adverse drug reactions and drug interactions. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199603640.003.0002.

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Introduction to ADRs 14Classification of ADRs 15Adverse reactions: drug or disease? 16Helping patients understand the risk of ADRs 17Reporting ADRs 18Drug interactions 20Managing drug interactions 23Adverse drug reactions (ADRs), also known as ‘side effects’, ‘adverse drug events’, or ‘drug misadventures’, are a frequent cause of morbidity in hospital and the community. They have a significant cost both financially and in terms of quality of life. Few studies of ADRs have been carried out in the community so the effect on primary care is harder to assess, but studies in the hospital environmen

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37

Kraus, Alfred. Reaction and development of manic and melancholic-depressive patients. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609253.003.0018.

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The significance of Jaspers’ differentiation of the notions of reaction and development in his General Psychopathology is shown by clinical examples of manic and melancholic as well as bipolar disturbances. Supplemented by his concepts of “situation” and “comprehensibility” the relevance of all these concepts for diagnostic classification, development and symptomatology of these states is demonstrated and discussed. These issues are compared with extended modern empirical and psychopathological research, in particular that on the personality structure of these patients. The results are brought

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38

Westlund, Andrea C. Answerability without Blame? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609610.003.0011.

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Widely derided by popular psychologists as a destructive response, blame has many defenders among contemporary philosophers. The chapter pushes against their defenses of blame by distinguishing between blame as a reactive attitude and blaming as a speech act, arguing that some disagreement over blame’s value can be explained by the fact that blaming, as a speech act, takes several different forms. Critiques of blame properly target judgmental or strongly verdictive blaming, which treats the wrongdoer as deserving of the blamer’s hostile reactions. This tends to foreclose engagement in further

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Helm, Bennett W. Trust: A Forward-Looking Reactive Attitude. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801863.003.0004.

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The reactive attitudes are often thought to be “reactive” in that they are backward-looking responses to wrongdoing that has already happened. This is a mistake that obscures the rational interconnections among the reactive attitudes. Rather, we should understand trust and distrust to be forward-looking reactive attitudes, so that in feeling trust we are thereby committed to later feeling approbation or gratitude when our trust is upheld or resentment when it is betrayed. Understanding trust in this way not only clarifies the rational interconnections among reactive attitudes. It also provides

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40

Goode, Erich. The Taming of New York's Washington Square. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479878574.001.0001.

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This book addresses the matter of how social audiences, both formal agents of social control (the NYPD and the Park Enforcement Control) and the ordinary, everyday park-goer, react when they encounter what they consider wrongdoing, or “deviance.” The focus is on the micro or face-to-face interactional level; the larger structural forces are held in abeyance and assumed to operate, but they are not analysed or accounted for here. Likewise, literary and philosophical speculations as well as considering political and ideological implications have been left to other analysts. What constitutes devi

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Thomas, Emily. Later British Reactions to Absolutism: 1690–1704. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807933.003.0009.

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This chapter considers British reactions to absolutism between the 1690 publication of Locke’s Essay and the 1704 delivery of Clarke’s Boyle lectures. These reactions tended to focus on absolutism about space rather than time, and they were extremely mixed. Thinkers such as William King, Joseph Raphson, Richard Bentley, and John Keill adopt absolutism about time, duration, or space. Their absolutisms draw on various sources, including Gassendi, Henry More, and Newton. Of these absolutisms, the Newtonian strain would prove the most influential. In contrast to these early advocates, thinkers suc

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42

Deigh, John. Reactive Attitudes Revisited: A Modest Revision. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878597.003.0006.

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The essay offers an interpretation of P. F. Strawson’s “Freedom and Resentment” on which attributions of moral responsibility presuppose a practice of holding people morally responsible for their actions, and what explains the practice is our liability to such reactive attitudes as resentment and indignation. The interpretation is offered to correct a common misinterpretation of Strawson’s essay. On this common misinterpretation, attributions of moral responsibility are implicit in the reactive attitudes of resentment and indignation, and consequently our liability to these attitudes cannot ex

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43

Billing, Gert D., ed. The Quantum Classical Theory. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195146196.001.0001.

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Over a period of fifty years, the quantum-classical or semi-classical theories have been among the most popular for calculations of rates and cross sections for many dynamical processes: energy transfer, chemical reactions, photodissociation, surface dynamics, reactions in clusters and solutions, etc. These processes are important in the simulation of kinetics of processes in plasma chemistry, chemical reactors, chemical or gas lasers, atmospheric and interstellar chemistry, as well as various industrial processes. This book gives an overview of quantum-classical methods that are currently use

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44

Gaston, J. S. Hill. Reactive arthritis and enteropathic arthropathy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0115.

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Reactive arthritis (ReA), and enteropathic arthritis secondary to inflammatory bowel disease, are forms of spondyloarthritis, all of which share an association with HLA B27 and can involve both axial and peripheral joints. Genetic studies strongly implicate the cytokines IL-17 and IL-23 in their pathogenesis, and evidence for autoimmunity is lacking. ReA is triggered by particular bacteria, mainly affecting the gut and genitourinary tract, though infections are sometimes asymptomatic. Classically an acute oligo- or monoarthritis with enthesitis occurs, often with inflammatory back pain, though

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Gaston, J. S. Hill. Reactive arthritis and enteropathic arthropathy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0115_update_002.

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Reactive arthritis (ReA), and enteropathic arthritis secondary to inflammatory bowel disease, are forms of spondyloarthritis, all of which share an association with HLA B27 and can involve both axial and peripheral joints. Genetic studies strongly implicate the cytokines IL-17 and IL-23 in their pathogenesis, and evidence for autoimmunity is lacking. ReA is triggered by particular bacteria, mainly affecting the gut and genitourinary tract, though infections are sometimes asymptomatic. Classically an acute oligo- or monoarthritis with enthesitis occurs, often with inflammatory back pain, though

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Thomas, Emily. Early British Reactions to Absolutism: 1664 to 1687. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807933.003.0006.

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This chapter considers early British reactions to absolutism between the start of Barrow’s pertinent lectures in 1664, and the publication of Newton’s Principia in 1687. Although the amount of discussion absolutism received in Britain during this period was much less than it would receive later, it was already capturing the attention of some important thinkers. The reactions to absolutism were mixed. Different kinds of absolutism about space or time was adopted by thinkers such as Samuel Parker, Robert Boyle, and John Turner. In contrast, absolutism was rejected by philosophers such as Margare

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Palmer, Thomas. Reception in England. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816652.003.0005.

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This chapter explores reactions to the Jansenist anti-casuist and anti-Jesuit writings among Restoration religious thinkers and pamphleteers. These ranged from a straightforward assimilation of the material into existing structures of anti-Catholic thinking, to a more nuanced reception, which took account of the positive theological case argued by the Port-Royalists as well as the colourful evidence of Catholic iniquity which their polemics comprised. The latter added little that was absolutely new for English thinkers already conversant with Catholic theology and casuistry, but their style an

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Javanbakht, Arash, and Gina R. Poe. Behavioral Neuroscience of Circuits Involved in Arousal Regulation. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0007.

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This chapter evaluates the evidence that hyper-reactive noradrenergic responses during trauma contribute to hyperarousal symptoms in PTSD, including disturbances in sleep. Some genetic vulnerability for PTSD involves the adrenergic system, and a hyperactive central noradrenergic system might serve to over-consolidate and sustain the affective component of fear memories. Reduced moderation of noradrenergic reactions during low hormone phases of the menstrual cycle could also lead to increased susceptibility to PTSD. This chapter considers a mechanism by which hyperactivity in the noradrenergic

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Bhole, Malini. Hypersensitivity diseases. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0300.

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Hypersensitivity reactions are aberrant immune responses that are provoked by innocuous extrinsic or self-antigens, are mediated by B-cells or T-cells, and may result in tissue or organ damage. Coombs and Gell classified hypersensitivity reactions into four types, based on the different immune responses: type I, or immediate hypersensitivity; type II, or antibody-mediated (humoral) cytotoxicity; type III, or immune-complex disease; and type IV, or delayed hypersensitivity. This chapter reviews the clinical features, diagnosis, and management of hypersensitivity reactions.

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Helm, Bennett W. Communal Values and Character-Oriented Reactive Attitudes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801863.003.0007.

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Whereas most accounts of the reactive attitudes and of responsibility focus on norms of action, we must also consider norms of character: norms that govern the kind of person we can or must be. We are bound by norms of character and so responsible to fellow members for who we are in the same way as for norms of action: via the interpersonal rational patterns in our reactive attitudes. Accordingly, this Chapter develops an account of pride, shame, esteem, and contempt as character-oriented reactive attitudes, clarifies the sense in which these are globalist emotions, distinguishes between perso

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