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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Ozone-depletion substances":
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Langematz, Ulrike, Franziska Schmidt, Markus Kunze, Gregory E. Bodeker e Peter Braesicke. "Antarctic ozone depletion between 1960 and 1980 in observations and chemistry–climate model simulations". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, n.º 24 (20 de dezembro de 2016): 15619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15619-2016.
Abstract. The year 1980 has often been used as a benchmark for the return of Antarctic ozone to conditions assumed to be unaffected by emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), implying that anthropogenic ozone depletion in Antarctica started around 1980. Here, the extent of anthropogenically driven Antarctic ozone depletion prior to 1980 is examined using output from transient chemistry–climate model (CCM) simulations from 1960 to 2000 with prescribed changes of ozone-depleting substance concentrations in conjunction with observations. A regression model is used to attribute CCM modelled and observed changes in Antarctic total column ozone to halogen-driven chemistry prior to 1980. Wintertime Antarctic ozone is strongly affected by dynamical processes that vary in amplitude from year to year and from model to model. However, when the dynamical and chemical impacts on ozone are separated, all models consistently show a long-term, halogen-induced negative trend in Antarctic ozone from 1960 to 1980. The anthropogenically driven ozone loss from 1960 to 1980 ranges between 26.4 ± 3.4 and 49.8 ± 6.2 % of the total anthropogenic ozone depletion from 1960 to 2000. An even stronger ozone decline of 56.4 ± 6.8 % was estimated from ozone observations. This analysis of the observations and simulations from 17 CCMs clarifies that while the return of Antarctic ozone to 1980 values remains a valid milestone, achieving that milestone is not indicative of full recovery of the Antarctic ozone layer from the effects of ODSs.
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Maleska, Sarah, Karen L. Smith e John Virgin. "Impacts of Stratospheric Ozone Extremes on Arctic High Cloud". Journal of Climate 33, n.º 20 (15 de outubro de 2020): 8869–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0867.1.
AbstractStratospheric ozone depletion in the Antarctic is well known to cause changes in Southern Hemisphere tropospheric climate; however, because of its smaller magnitude in the Arctic, the effects of stratospheric ozone depletion on Northern Hemisphere tropospheric climate are not as obvious or well understood. Recent research using both global climate models and observational data has determined that the impact of ozone depletion on ozone extremes can affect interannual variability in tropospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere in spring. To further this work, we use a coupled chemistry–climate model to examine the difference in high cloud between years with anomalously low and high Arctic stratospheric ozone concentrations. We find that low ozone extremes during the late twentieth century, when ozone-depleting substances (ODS) emissions are higher, are related to a decrease in upper tropospheric stability and an increase in high cloud fraction, which may contribute to enhanced Arctic surface warming in spring through a positive longwave cloud radiative effect. A better understanding of how Arctic climate is affected by ODS emissions, ozone depletion, and ozone extremes will lead to improved predictions of Arctic climate and its associated feedbacks with atmospheric fields as ozone levels recover.
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Drake, Frances. "Stratospheric ozone depletion - an overview of the scientific debate". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 19, n.º 1 (março de 1995): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339501900101.
For almost half a century it was widely believed that the photochemistry of the stratosphere and hence ozone distribution were well understoood. As observations revealed a gap between observed and predicted values it was recognized that a number of substances acted as catalysts thereby increasing the destruction of ozone and that humanity could augment those catalysts and affect the ozone layer. Initial concern focused on nitrogen oxides from the exhausts of supersonic transport, but attention switched in the mid-1970s to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Although the theory of anthropogenic ozone depletion by CFCs found widespread scientific support the perceived threat was minimized in particular by successive model predictions downgrading the amount of depletion. The appearance of the ozone hole over Antarctica in the mid-1980s reopened the debate as to whether such depletion was anthropogenic or natural in origin. It also highlighted the model's inadequate treatment of the processes occurring in the stratosphere and the importance of dynamics and radiative transfer in stratospheric ozone destruction. Scientific consensus again favours the anthropogenic depletion of the ozone layer. In conclusion it is considered that the degree of consensus outweighs the image of scientific uncertainty that is often portrayed in relation to the issue of stratospheric ozone depletion.
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Daniel, J. S., E. L. Fleming, R. W. Portmann, G. J. M. Velders, C. H. Jackman e A. R. Ravishankara. "Options to accelerate ozone recovery: ozone and climate benefits". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, n.º 16 (18 de agosto de 2010): 7697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7697-2010.
Abstract. Hypothetical reductions in future emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and N2O are evaluated in terms of effects on equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC), globally-averaged total column ozone, and radiative forcing through 2100. Due to the established success of the Montreal Protocol, these actions can have only a fraction of the impact on ozone depletion that regulations already in force have had. If all anthropogenic ODS and N2O emissions were halted beginning in 2011, ozone is calculated to be higher by about 1–2% during the period 2030–2100 compared to a case of no additional restrictions. Direct radiative forcing by 2100 would be about 0.23 W/m2 lower from the elimination of anthropogenic N2O emissions and about 0.005 W/m2 lower from the destruction of the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) bank. Due to the potential impact of N2O on future ozone levels, we provide an approach to incorporate it into the EESC formulation, which is used extensively in ozone depletion analyses. The ability of EESC to describe total ozone changes arising from additional ODS and N2O controls is also quantified.
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Tegtmeier, S., F. Ziska, I. Pisso, B. Quack, G. J. M. Velders, X. Yang e K. Krüger. "Oceanic bromine emissions weighted by their ozone depletion potential". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, n.º 10 (26 de maio de 2015): 14643–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-14643-2015.
Abstract. At present, anthropogenic halogens and oceanic emissions of Very Short-Lived Substances (VSLS) are responsible for stratospheric ozone destruction. Emissions of the, mostly long-lived, anthropogenic halogens have been reduced, and as a consequence, their atmospheric abundance has started to decline since the beginning of the 21st century. Emissions of VSLS are, on the other hand, expected to increase in the future. VSLS are known to have large natural sources; however increasing evidence arises that their oceanic production and emission is enhanced by anthropogenic activities. Here, we introduce a new approach of assessing the overall impact of all oceanic halogen emissions on stratospheric ozone by calculating Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)-weighted emissions of VSLS. Seasonally and spatially dependent, global distributions are derived exemplary for CHBr3 for the period 1999–2006. At present, ODP-weighted emissions of CHBr3 amount up to 50% of ODP-weighted anthropogenic emissions of CFC-11 and to 9% of all long-lived ozone depleting substances. The ODP-weighted emissions are large where strong oceanic emissions coincide with high-reaching convective activity and show pronounced peaks at the equator and the coasts with largest contributions from the Maritime Continent and West Pacific. Variations of tropical convective activity lead to seasonal shifts in the spatial distribution of the ODP with the updraught mass flux explaining 71% of the variance of the ODP distribution. Future climate projections based on RCP8.5 scenario suggest a 31% increase of the ODP-weighted CHBr3 emissions until 2100 compared to present values. This increase is related to larger convective activity and increasing emissions in a future climate; however, is reduced at the same time by less effective bromine-related ozone depletion. The comparison of the ODP-weighted emissions of short and long-lived halocarbons provides a new concept for assessing the overall impact of oceanic bromine emissions on stratospheric ozone depletion for current conditions and future projections.
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Lean, Judith L. "Evolution of Total Atmospheric Ozone from 1900 to 2100 Estimated with Statistical Models". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, n.º 6 (30 de maio de 2014): 1956–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-13-052.1.
Abstract Statistical models that account for the separate influences on total atmospheric ozone of ozone-depleting substances, anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and natural processes are formulated from the Merged Ozone Data (MOD V8 and V8.6) and used to explore scenarios for ozone’s evolution from 1900 to 2100. The statistical models based on MOD V8 project larger growth in total ozone during the twenty-first century than do coupled chemistry–climate models globally and in the tropics where the chemistry–climate models indicate persistent ozone depletion. The statistical models based on MOD V8.6 suggest, instead, that total ozone everywhere never (or barely) recovers to 1980 levels. Since the decline in ozone-depleting substances and the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations are both expected to increase ozone in the twenty-first century, these results suggest that downward instrumental drifts may be present in MOD V8.6. Instrumental drifts, of opposite sign, may also be present in MOD V8 since it is possible to reduce the projections of the corresponding statistical models to agree with those of the chemistry–climate models by altering the long-term trends of the MOD V8 data within the estimated long-term uncertainty. Alternatively, the chemistry–climate models may project excess tropical ozone depletion by overestimating trends in the upwelling of tropical (ozone poor) air associated with global warming and the resultant decline in mean age of air. This possibility is consistent with independent observations that the age of stratospheric air has not declined during the past three decades, as the globe has warmed 0.3°C, and that model parameterizations of tropical convection may be inadequate.
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Knudsen, B. M., S. B. Andersen, B. Christiansen, N. Larsen, M. Rex, N. R. P. Harris e B. Naujokat. "Extrapolating future Arctic ozone losses". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 4, n.º 3 (16 de junho de 2004): 3227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-4-3227-2004.
Abstract. Future increases in the concentration of greenhouse gases and water vapour are likely to cool the stratosphere further and to increase the amount of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). Future Arctic PSC areas have been extrapolated using the highly significant trends in the temperature record from 1958–2001. Using a tight correlation between PSC area and the total vortex ozone depletion and taking the decreasing amounts of ozone depleting substances into account we make empirical estimates of future ozone. The result is that Arctic ozone losses increase until 2010–2020 and only decrease slightly up to 2030. This approach is an alternative method of prediction to that based on the complex coupled chemistry-climate models (CCMs).
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Wu, Yutian, Lorenzo M. Polvani e Richard Seager. "The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting Earth’s Hydroclimate". Journal of Climate 26, n.º 12 (15 de junho de 2013): 4049–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00675.1.
Abstract The 1987 Montreal Protocol regulating emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) was motivated primarily by the harm to human health and ecosystems arising from increased exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation associated with depletion of the ozone layer. It is now known that the Montreal Protocol has helped reduce radiative forcing of the climate system since CFCs are greenhouse gases (GHGs), and that ozone depletion (which is now on the verge of reversing) has been the dominant driver of atmospheric circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere in the last half century. This paper demonstrates that the Montreal Protocol also significantly protects Earth’s hydroclimate. Using the Community Atmospheric Model, version 3 (CAM3), coupled to a simple mixed layer ocean, it is shown that in the “world avoided” (i.e., with CFC emissions not regulated), the subtropical dry zones would be substantially drier, and the middle- and high-latitude regions considerably wetter in the coming decade (2020–29) than in a world without ozone depletion. Surprisingly, these changes are very similar, in both pattern and magnitude, to those caused by projected increases in GHG concentrations over the same period. It is further shown that, by dynamical and thermodynamical mechanisms, both the stratospheric ozone depletion and increased CFCs contribute to these changes. The results herein imply that, as a consequence of the Montreal Protocol, changes in the hydrological cycle in the coming decade will be only half as strong as what they otherwise would be.
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Velders, G. J. M., e J. S. Daniel. "Uncertainty analysis of projections of ozone-depleting substances: mixing ratios, EESC, ODPs, and GWPs". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, n.º 10 (29 de outubro de 2013): 28017–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-28017-2013.
Abstract. The rates at which ozone depleting substances (ODSs) are removed from the atmosphere, that is, their lifetimes, are key factors for determining the rate of ozone layer recovery in the coming decades. We present here a comprehensive uncertainty analysis of future mixing ratios of ODSs, levels of equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC), ozone depletion potentials, and global warming potentials, using, among other information, the 2013 WCRP/SPARC assessment of lifetimes of ODSs and their uncertainties. The year EESC returns to pre-1980 levels, a metric commonly used to indicate a level of recovery from ODS-induced ozone depletion, is 2048 for mid-latitudes based on the lifetimes from the SPARC assessment, which is about 2 yr later than based on the lifetimes from the WMO assessment of 2011. However, the uncertainty in this return to 1980 levels is much larger than the 2 yr change. The year EESC returns to pre-1980 levels ranges from 2039 to 2064 (95% confidence interval) for mid-latitudes and 2061 to 2105 for the Antarctic spring. The primary contribution to these ranges comes from the uncertainty in the lifetimes. The earlier years of the return estimates are comparable to a hypothetical scenario in which emissions of ODSs cease in 2014. The later end of the range corresponds to a scenario containing an additional emission of about 7 Mt CFC-11-eq in 2015, which is the same as about 2 times the cumulative anthropogenic emissions of all ODSs from 2014 to 2050, or about 12 times the cumulative HCFC emissions from 2014 to 2050.
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Grytsai, Asen, Andrew Klekociuk, Gennadi Milinevsky, Oleksandr Evtushevsky e Kane Stone. "Evolution of the eastward shift in the quasi-stationary minimum of the Antarctic total ozone column". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, n.º 3 (3 de fevereiro de 2017): 1741–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1741-2017.
Abstract. The quasi-stationary pattern of the Antarctic total ozone has changed during the last 4 decades, showing an eastward shift in the zonal ozone minimum. In this work, the association between the longitudinal shift of the zonal ozone minimum and changes in meteorological fields in austral spring (September–November) for 1979–2014 is analyzed using ERA-Interim and NCEP–NCAR reanalyses. Regressive, correlative and anomaly composite analyses are applied to reanalysis data. Patterns of the Southern Annular Mode and quasi-stationary zonal waves 1 and 3 in the meteorological fields show relationships with interannual variability in the longitude of the zonal ozone minimum. On decadal timescales, consistent longitudinal shifts of the zonal ozone minimum and zonal wave 3 pattern in the middle-troposphere temperature at the southern midlatitudes are shown. Attribution runs of the chemistry–climate version of the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS-CCM) model suggest that long-term shifts of the zonal ozone minimum are separately contributed by changes in ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases. As is known, Antarctic ozone depletion in spring is strongly projected on the Southern Annular Mode in summer and impacts summertime surface climate across the Southern Hemisphere. The results of this study suggest that changes in zonal ozone asymmetry accompanying ozone depletion could be associated with regional climate changes in the Southern Hemisphere in spring.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Ozone-depletion substances":
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Tang, Apollo Teck Choon. "A computer simulation of polar sunrise ozone depletion in the planetary boundary layer". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ59206.pdf.
Ringlander, Evelina. "Freonförbudet – Varför lyckades detta globalt och är detta tillämpbart idag på en liknande gas?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-174565.
Freoner är ett stort problem för människors hälsa och andra levande organismer på grund av freons nedbrytande effekt på ozonlagret. Forskare upptäckte problemen med freon och varningar från forskningssamhället uppmärksammades av huvudproducenter av freoner samt av allmänheten då påverkan på ozonlagret ökar risken för bland annat hudcancer. Montrealprotokollet blev starten på de internationella konventioner som senare implementerades. Dock finns det ett flertal växthusgaser idag som också är ozonnedbrytande som inte ingår under någon konvention. Den globala uppvärmningen är en effekt av ökad mängd växthusgaser i atmosfären och detta kräver ett internationellt samarbete för att kunna lösas. I Montrealprotokollet ingår ODS (Ozonnedbrytande substanser) där freon innefattas. Syftet för denna studie var att belysa vad som gjorde freonförbudet lyckat, och om det är möjligt att tillämpa dessa nyckelaspekter på en av dagens växthusgaser som liknar freon. NO2 valdes för att begränsa urvalet. Denna litteraturstudie använde sig av databaser för att finna relevanta källor genom nyckelord, därefter valdes källor utefter relevansen till frågeställningen samt att de skulle vara opartiska. Resultatet av denna studie pekar på svårigheterna med att implementera det arbetssätt som ledde till freonförbudet, på gasen NO2, som hade liknande egenskaper som freon. Detta på grund av att dagens växthusgaser är svåra att reglera utsläppet på. Växthusgaser finns globalt och det finns inte en tydlig utsläppskälla som går att reglera samt hitta ett substitut för. Korrelationen till den mänskliga hälsan och miljön, är också en nyckelaspekt till varför förbudet mot freoner var lyckat. Freons became a large problem for society when scientists proved the ozone depletion effect, which proved to have a negative effect on human health and other living organisms. The ozone layer which was known for its protective qualities against UV-radiation lead to a new field of study, ODS (ozone depleting substances). The warnings from the scientist society and the public were eminent. The research pointed out, among other things, the increasing risk of skin cancer. This forced fast new research and several international conventions to save the ozone layer. But there are several greenhouse gases, which also have the degrading effect on the ozone layer, that are in use today. This require an international cooperation for the environment to be able to solve. The aim of this report was to illustrate why the freon ban was a success and why it would be hard to implement these key concepts on a similar present greenhouse gas. In this literature study, several databases were used to find relevant sources for the main questions and unbiased for the topic. The key aspects in this study is presented in the result section. The result pointed at the difficulties with implementing the same way of work as at the freon ban to the greenhouse gas ban. Different aspects play an important role in this, but one of the greater difficulties for implementing this is to pinpoint it to a specific source for gas emissions and finding a sustainable solution for it. The correlation between human health and environmental issues was a key factor in the freon ban.
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Dallin, Erin. "Aqueous photochemistry of syringic acid as a model for the environmental photochemical behaviour of humic substances". Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/240.
The aqueous photochemistry of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid (syringic acid) has been studied as a model humic substance in order to better understand the reactions that compounds of this type undergo in the natural environment. Syringic acid was chosen since it has been identified as a component of humic substances in the environment and bears many of chemical moieties found in structures of this type. In addition, there has been speculation that humic substances are responsible for some of the production of halomethanes that are released into the environment. Photolysis of these compounds in marine and estuarine waters may be responsible for the release of halomethanes which are known stratospheric ozone depleters. Photochemical product studies of syringic acid and related compounds along with UV-Vis spectrometry, laser flash photolysis and membrane introduction mass spectrometry were carried out in aqueous solutions to study its photochemical transformations. Syringic acid was found to form methanol at a 0.01 quantum yield upon its photolysis in basic solution. Other major photoproducts included 3-methoxygallic acid and 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid. Chloromethane was identified as a minor photoproduct in chloride enriched solution by following its production via membrane introduction mass spectrometry. The proposed mechanism for the formation of these photoproducts involves an initial photoprotonation of the benzene ring, resulting in a carbocation that can facilitate the nucleophilic attack by water or chloride, to produce methanol or chloromethane, respectively. The formation of 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid is via a novel pathway that involves the loss of the hydroxy group from the aromatic ring after the photoprotonation.
Livros sobre o assunto "Ozone-depletion substances":
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Chatterjee, K. Ozone depletion and montreal protocol on substances depleting ozone layer. New Delhi: Environment Systems Branch, Development Alternatives, 1993.
Programme, United Nations Environment. Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, 1994: Scientific assessment of ozone depletion. [Nairobi, Kenya]: United Nations Environment Programme, 1995.
Habibullah, P. Ventilation pollution-hazards of depletion of ozone layer by cfc's refrigerants. Jamshoro, Sindh: Pakistan Study Centre, University of Sindh, 1993.
Habibullah, P. Ventilation pollution-hazards of depletion of ozone layer by cfc's refrigerants. Jamshoro, Sindh: Pakistan Study Centre, University of Sindh, 1993.
Programme, United Nations Environment. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer: Final act. [S.l.]: United Nations Environment Programme, 1987.
Kiribati. Ministry of Environment & Social Development. National compliance action plan for Kiribati for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 2002-2005. Tarawa, Kiribati: Ministry of Environment and Social Development, 2001.
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances. Stratospheric ozone depletion: Joint hearing before the Subcommittees on Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances and Environmental Protection of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session, March 30, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances. Stratospheric ozone depletion: Joint hearing before the Subcommittees on Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances and Environmental Protection of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session, March 30, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances. Stratospheric ozone depletion: Joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances and Environmental Protection of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session, March 30, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Environmental Protection. Proposals to control the manufacture, use, and disposal of ozone-depleting substances: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Environmental Protection of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on S. 201, S. 333, S. 491, S. 503, and S. 676, May 19, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Ozone-depletion substances":
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Fuss, Maryegli, e Lei Xu. "Unintended Environmental Impacts at Local and Global Scale—Trade-Offs of a Low-Carbon Electricity System". In The Future European Energy System, 237–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60914-6_13.
AbstractThe focus on expanding the sector coupling and binding the electricity system and end-user sectors like the transport and industry bring attention to environmental trade-offs. Otherwise, unintended environmental impacts could potentially impede the transformation process. Given that, this paper aims to identify and discuss environmental burdens that should require government attention. For that, the approach of coupling Life Cycle Assessment with the electricity market model (ELTRAMOD) is presented. Results show that the large impact on land use occupation as a regional issue requires attention due to diversified permitting mechanisms and eligibility criteria for solar fields among European member states. Metal and ozone depletion bring the challenge that transformation processes need attention on global limits related to finite resources and fugitive losses of anthropogenic substances.
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Albrecht, Frederike, e Charles F. Parker. "Healing the Ozone Layer". In Great Policy Successes, 304–22. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843719.003.0016.
The Montreal Protocol—the regime designed to protect the stratospheric ozone layer—has widely been hailed as the gold standard of global environmental governance and is one of few examples of international institutional cooperative arrangements successfully solving complex transnational problems. Although the stratospheric ozone layer still bears the impacts of ozone depleting substances (ODSs), the problem of ozone depletion is well on its way to being solved due to the protocol. This chapter examines how the protocol was designed and implemented in a way that has allowed it to successfully overcome a number of thorny challenges that most international environmental regimes must face: how to attract sufficient participation, how to promote compliance and manage non-compliance, how to strengthen commitments over time, how to neutralize or co-opt potential ‘veto players’, how to make the costs of implementation affordable, how to leverage public opinion in support of the regime’s goals, and, ultimately, how to promote the behavioural and policy changes needed to solve the problems and achieve the goals the regime was designed to solve. The chapter concludes that while some of the reasons for the Montreal Protocol’s success, such as fairly affordable, available substitutes for ODSs, are not easy to replicate, there are many other elements of this story that can be utilized when thinking about how to design solutions to other transnational environmental problems.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Ozone-depletion substances":
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Zink, Florian, Jeffrey S. Vipperman e Laura A. Schaefer. "Advancing Thermoacoustics Through CFD Simulation Using Fluent". In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66510.
From the time mechanical refrigeration was first introduced, its use has significantly increased. In general, cooling is achieved with vapor compression machines that use specific refrigerants (blends of hydrogen, carbon, fluorine and chlorine in various mixing ratios) that can be tailored to create cooling at any required temperature level. Each refrigerant exhibits a specific global warming potential and ozone depletion potential in the atmosphere by absorbing infrared radiation and breaking down of ozone molecules. Since the adverse effects of those substances have been discovered, the field of refrigeration has been moving away from conventional refrigerants, and searching for better alternatives. Thermoacoustic refrigeration is such an alternative that can provide cooling to essentially any required temperature level without using any environmentally harmful substances. It is presently a niche technology that can be expanded into a broader market, primarily if the sizing problem can be solved. Currently, the most efficient thermoacoustic refrigerators are used in industrial settings. This work explores the possibility of decreasing the footprint of these refrigerators by utilizing a coiled resonator. A CFD analysis has been developed and first results in regard to coiled resonators are shown and discussed.
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Abdullah, M. O., e S. L. Leo. "Feasibility Study of Solar Adsorption Technologies for Automobile Air-Conditioning". In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76064.
An adsorption system driven by solar heat or waste heat can help to eliminate the use of ozone depletion substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). In recent years, adsorption system has witnessed an increasing interest in many fields due to the fact that this system is quiet, long lasting, cheap to maintain and environmentally benign. Although adsorption system is not commonly used for automobile air conditioning, adsorption-cooled mini-refrigerators have been marketed for recreational transports (motor homes, boats, etc). Hence, there exists a need for a creative design and innovation to allow adsorption technology to be practical for air conditioning in automobile. The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive review on the past efforts in the field of solar adsorption refrigeration systems and also the feasibility study of this technology for automobile airconditioning purpose. It is a particularly an attractive application for solar energy because of the near coincidence of peak cooling loads with the available of solar power.
