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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Population-based birth cohort studies"
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Canova, Cristina, e Anna Cantarutti. "Population-Based Birth Cohort Studies in Epidemiology". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 15 (23 de julho de 2020): 5276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155276.
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Birth cohort studies are the most appropriate type of design to determine the causal relationship between potential risk factors during the prenatal or postnatal period and the health status of the newborn up to childhood and potentially adulthood. To date, there has been a growth in interest regarding observational population-based studies which are performed to provide answers to specific research questions for defined populations, for instance, assessing the exposure to environmental pollutants or drugs on the risk of developing a disease. Birth cohorts based on the recruitment and active follow-up of mothers and children allow the collection of biological material, and specific clinical and genetic information. However, they require a considerable amount of time and resources and, besides being usually of limited size, they are exposed to the risk of the loss of subjects to follow-up, with decreased statistical power and possible selection bias. For these reasons, linking the medical birth register with administrative health records for mothers and babies is increasingly being used in countries with a universal healthcare system, allowing researchers to identify large and unselected populations from birth, and to reconstruct relevant traits and care pathways of mothers and newborns. This Special Issue of the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health focuses on the current state of knowledge on perinatal and postnatal exposures and adverse pregnancy, maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes through population-based birth cohort studies, with a specific focus on real-word data. The 12 accepted articles covered a wide range of themes that can be addressed specifically through birth cohort study design; however, only three were based on real word data with record-linkage to health administrative databases. In particular, two papers have addressed the topic of socioeconomic status considering several indicators both at the individual and contextual level. Two papers focused on inflammatory bowel diseases, both as an outcome of perinatal and antibiotic exposure in early life and as a condition associated with asthma, among children identified in a birth cohort based on a Regional Medical Birth Register. Three articles focused on medication use during pregnancy and its impact on maternal and fetal health. The effect of exposure to prenatal environmental risk factors on perinatal and childhood outcomes has been considered in two papers. Two papers analyzed ad hoc nationwide prospective birth cohorts set in Japan and UK. Finally, we included a systematic review with meta-analysis to evaluate the relation between growth restriction at birth and congenital heart defects. We think that this Special Issue may contribute to enriching the discussion of future challenges, opportunities, strengths and limitations for all research topics that can be investigated using a population-based birth cohort study design.
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Sullivan, Kevin J., Hiroko H. Dodge, Tiffany F. Hughes, Chung-Chou H. Chang, Xinmei Zhu, Anran Liu e Mary Ganguli. "Declining Incident Dementia Rates Across Four Population-Based Birth Cohorts". Journals of Gerontology: Series A 74, n.º 9 (12 de outubro de 2018): 1439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gly236.
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Abstract Background Incidence rates of dementia appear to be declining in high-income countries according to several large epidemiological studies. We aimed to describe declining incident dementia rates across successive birth cohorts in a U.S. population-based sample and to explore the influences of sex and education on these trends. Methods We pooled data from two community-sampled prospective cohort studies with similar study aims and contiguous sampling regions: the Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey (1987–2001) and the Monongahela-Youghiogheny Healthy Aging Team (2006–Ongoing). We identified four decade-long birth cohorts spanning birth years 1902–1941. In an analysis sample of 3,010 participants (61% women, mean baseline age = 75.7 years, mean follow-up = 7.1 years), we identified 257 cases of incident dementia indicated by a Clinical Dementia Rating of 1.0 or higher. We used Poisson regression to model incident dementia rates by birth cohort, age, sex, education, and interactions of Sex × Cohort and Sex × Education. We further examined whether cohort effects varied by education, testing a Cohort × Education interaction and stratifying the models by education. Results Compared to the earliest birth cohort (1902–1911), each subsequent cohort had a significantly lower incident dementia rate (1912–1921: incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.655, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.477–0.899; 1922–1931: IRR = 0.387, 95% CI = 0.265–0.564; 1932–1941: IRR = 0.233, 95% CI = 0.121–0.449). We observed no significant interactions of either sex or education with birth cohort. Conclusions A decline in incident dementia rates was observed across successive birth cohorts independent of sex, education, and age.
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Dodge, Hiroko H., Jian Zhu, Tiffany F. Hughes, Beth E. Snitz, Chung-Chou H. Chang, Erin P. Jacobsen e Mary Ganguli. "Cohort effects in verbal memory function and practice effects: a population-based study". International Psychogeriatrics 29, n.º 1 (11 de outubro de 2016): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610216001551.
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ABSTRACTBackground:In many developed countries, cognitive functioning (as measured by neuropsychological tests) appears to be improving over time in the population at large, in parallel with the declining age-specific incidence of dementia. Here, we investigated cohort effects in the age-associated trajectories of verbal memory function in older adults. We sought to determine whether they varied by decade of birth and, if so, whether the change would be explained by increasing educational attainment.Methods:Pooling data from two prospective US population-based studies between 1987 and 2015, we identified four birth cohorts born 1902–1911, 1912–1921, 1922–1931, and 1932–1943. Among these cohorts, we compared age-associated trajectories both of performance and of practice effects on immediate and delayed recall of a 10-item Word List. We used mixed effects models, first including birth cohorts and cohort X age interaction terms, and then controlling for education and education X age interaction.Results:We observed significant cohort effects in performance (baseline and age-associated trajectories) in both immediate recall and delayed recall, with function improving between the earliest- and latest-born cohorts. For both tests, we also observed cohort effects on practice effects with the highest levels in the latest-born cohorts. Including education in the models did not attenuate these effects.Conclusions:In this longitudinal population study, across four decade-long birth cohorts, there were significant improvements in test performance and practice effects in verbal memory tests, not explained by education. Whether this reflects declining disease incidence or other secular trends awaits further investigation.
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Belgrave, Danielle C. M., Raquel Granell, Angela Simpson, John Guiver, Christopher Bishop, Iain Buchan, A. John Henderson e Adnan Custovic. "Developmental Profiles of Eczema, Wheeze, and Rhinitis: Two Population-Based Birth Cohort Studies". PLoS Medicine 11, n.º 10 (21 de outubro de 2014): e1001748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001748.
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Santos, Iná S., Ana M. B. Menezes, Denise M. Mota, Elaine P. Albernaz, Aluísio J. D. Barros, Alicia Matijasevich, Fernando C. Barros e Cesar G. Victora. "Infant mortality in three population-based cohorts in Southern Brazil: trends and differentials". Cadernos de Saúde Pública 24, suppl 3 (2008): s451—s460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2008001500011.
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We studied time trends in infant mortality and associated factors between three cohort studies carried out in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 1982, 1993, and 2004. All hospital births and deaths were determined by means of regular visits to hospitals, registrar's offices, and cemeteries. This data was used to calculate neonatal, post-neonatal, and infant mortality rates per thousand live births. Rates were also calculated according to cause of death, sex, birth weight, gestational age, and family income. The infant mortality rate fell from 36.4 per 1,000 live births in 1982 to 21.1 in 1993 and 19.4 in 2004. Major causes of infant mortality in 2004 were perinatal causes and respiratory infections. Mortality among low birth weight children from poor families fell 16% between 1993 and 2004; however, this rate increased by more than 100% among high-income families due to the increase in the number of preterm deliveries in this group. The stabilization of infant mortality in the last decade is likely to be due to excess medical interventions relating to pregnancies and delivery care.
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Strouse, Jennifer, Brittney M. Donovan, Munazza Fatima, Ruth Fernandez-Ruiz, Rebecca J. Baer, Nichole Nidey, Chelsey Forbess et al. "Impact of autoimmune rheumatic diseases on birth outcomes: a population-based study". RMD Open 5, n.º 1 (abril de 2019): e000878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000878.
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ObjectivesAutoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) affect women of childbearing age and have been associated with adverse birth outcomes. The impact of diseases like ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) on birth outcomes remains less studied to date. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of ARDs on preterm birth (PTB), congenital anomalies, low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA), in a large cohort of women.MethodsWe conducted a propensity score-matched analysis to predict ARD from a retrospective birth cohort of all live, singleton births in California occurring between 2007 and 2012. Data were derived from birth certificate records linked to hospital discharge International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision codes.ResultsWe matched 10 244 women with a recorded ARD diagnosis (rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome, PsA); ankylosing spondylitis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) to those without an ARD diagnosis. The adjusted OR (aOR) of PTB was increased for women with any ARD (aOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.78 to 2.10) and remained significant for those with RA, SLE, PsA and JIA. The odds of LBW and SGA were also significantly increased among women with an ARD diagnosis. ARDs were not associated with increased odds of congenital anomalies.ConclusionConsistent with prior literature, we found that women with ARDs are more likely to have PTB or deliver an SGA infant. Some reassurance is provided that an increase in congenital anomalies was not found even in this large cohort.
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Cockburn, Myles G., Ann S. Hamilton, John Zadnick, Wendy Cozen e Thomas M. Mack. "Development and Representativeness of a Large Population-Based Cohort of Native Californian Twins". Twin Research 4, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2001): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.4.4.242.
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AbstractWe have established a large cohort of twins to facilitate studies of the role of genetics and environment in the development of disease. The cohort has been derived from all multiple births occurring in California between 1908–82 (256,616 in total). We report here on our efforts to contact these twins and their completion of a detailed 16 page risk factor questionnaire. Addresses of the individuals were obtained by linking the birth records with the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) roster of licensees. To date this has been completed for twins born between 1908 and 1972 (200,589 individuals). The linkage has revealed 112,468 matches and, because of less complete DMV records in some years, was less successful in older females than in younger females and all males. Over 41,000 twins have participated by completing the questionnaire. Based on estimates of numbers of individuals receiving a questionnaire, we estimate our crude response rate to be between 42.2% and 49.6%, highest among females in their 40s (62.8%). We describe the representativeness of the twins in the original birth cohort, those identified by the linkage, and those completing the questionnaire. Compared to the 1990 resident population of California-born resident singletons, the respondents were of similar age, sex, race and residential distribution (for although we were able to locate fewer older females, they had a higher response rate), but were less likely to have been educated for more than 12 years. We provide a brief synopsis of studies nested within this cohort. We also elucidate our plans for expanding the cohort in the near future.
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Maitre, Léa, Jeroen de Bont, Maribel Casas, Oliver Robinson, Gunn Marit Aasvang, Lydiane Agier, Sandra Andrušaitytė et al. "Human Early Life Exposome (HELIX) study: a European population-based exposome cohort". BMJ Open 8, n.º 9 (setembro de 2018): e021311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021311.
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PurposeEssential to exposome research is the collection of data on many environmental exposures from different domains in the same subjects. The aim of the Human Early Life Exposome (HELIX) study was to measure and describe multiple environmental exposures during early life (pregnancy and childhood) in a prospective cohort and associate these exposures with molecular omics signatures and child health outcomes. Here, we describe recruitment, measurements available and baseline data of the HELIX study populations.ParticipantsThe HELIX study represents a collaborative project across six established and ongoing longitudinal population-based birth cohort studies in six European countries (France, Greece, Lithuania, Norway, Spain and the UK). HELIX used a multilevel study design with the entire study population totalling 31 472 mother-child pairs, recruited during pregnancy, in the six existing cohorts (first level); a subcohort of 1301 mother-child pairs where biomarkers, omics signatures and child health outcomes were measured at age 6–11 years (second level) and repeat-sampling panel studies with around 150 children and 150 pregnant women aimed at collecting personal exposure data (third level).Findings to dateCohort data include urban environment, hazardous substances and lifestyle-related exposures for women during pregnancy and their offspring from birth until 6–11 years. Common, standardised protocols were used to collect biological samples, measure exposure biomarkers and omics signatures and assess child health across the six cohorts. Baseline data of the cohort show substantial variation in health outcomes and determinants between the six countries, for example, in family affluence levels, tobacco smoking, physical activity, dietary habits and prevalence of childhood obesity, asthma, allergies and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Future plansHELIX study results will inform on the early life exposome and its association with molecular omics signatures and child health outcomes. Cohort data are accessible for future research involving researchers external to the project.
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Matijasevich, Alicia, Juraci A. Cesar, Iná S. Santos, Aluísio J. D. Barros, Maria Alice S. O. Dode, Fernando C. Barros e Cesar G. Victora. "Hospitalizations during infancy in three population-based studies in Southern Brazil: trends and differentials". Cadernos de Saúde Pública 24, suppl 3 (2008): s437—s443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2008001500009.
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Three cohort studies of children born in the urban area of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, were carried out in 1982, 1993, and 2004. The aim of these studies was to measure the occurrence of hospitalization in the first year of life and to examine the association between hospitalization and the cause of admission and sex, birth weight, and family income. Cause of admission was categorized as "diarrhea" and "all other causes". The frequency of children hospitalized at least once during their first year of life was 19.6% in 1982, 18.1% in 1993, and 19.2% in 2004. There was a marked reduction in hospitalizations due to diarrhea, but the frequency of hospitalization for all causes remained constant. In all three cohorts, infants from poorer families and those born weighing under 2,000g showed the highest frequencies of hospitalization due to diarrhea and all other causes, and the latter also showed a marked increase in hospitalizations due to all causes. These findings could be explained by an epidemic of preterm births in the study population.
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Silveira, Mariangela F., Cesar G. Victora, Bernardo L. Horta, Bruna G. C. da Silva, Alicia Matijasevich, Fernando C. Barros, Aluisio J. D. Barros et al. "Low birthweight and preterm birth: trends and inequalities in four population-based birth cohorts in Pelotas, Brazil, 1982–2015". International Journal of Epidemiology 48, Supplement_1 (22 de junho de 2018): i46—i53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy106.
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Abstract Background Despite positive changes in most maternal risk factors in Brazil, previous studies did not show reductions in preterm birth and low birthweight. We analysed trends and inequalities in these outcomes over a 33-year period in a Brazilian city. Methods Four population-based birth cohort studies were carried out in the city of Pelotas in 1982, 1993, 2004 and 2015, with samples ranging from 4231 to 5914 liveborn children. Low birthweight (LBW) was defined as <2500 g, and preterm birth as less than 37 weeks of gestation. Information was collected on family income, maternal skin colour and other risk factors for low birthweight. Multivariable linear regression was used to estimate the contribution of risk factors to time trends in birthweight. Results Preterm births increased from 5.8% (1982) to 13.8% (2015), and LBW prevalence increased from 9.0% to 10.1%, being higher for boys and for children born to mothers with low income and brown or black skin colour. Mean birthweight remained stable, around 3200 g, but increased from 3058 to 3146 g in the poorest quintile and decreased from 3307 to 3227 g in the richest quintile. After adjustment for risk factors for LBW, mean birthweight was estimated to have declined by 160 g over 1982–2015 (reductions of 103 g in the poorest and 213 g in the richest quintiles). Conclusions Data from four birth cohorts show that preterm births increased markedly. Mean birthweights remained stable over a 33-year period. Increased prevalence of preterm and early term births, associated with high levels of obstetric interventions, has offset the expected improvements due to reduction in risk factors for low birthweight.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Population-based birth cohort studies"
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Karvonen, J. T. (Juha T. ). "Somatization in young adults:the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514285547.
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Abstract Somatization is a widespread phenomenon causing subjective suffering and disability. The aim of the study was to assess somatization disorder (SD) and somatization symptoms among young adult population and their associations with sociodemographic factors, alexithymia and temperament as well as psychiatric comorbidity. Various suggestions have been presented to operationalize somatization but none of them has been shown to be superior to others. In this study two definitions were used: SD by DSM-III-R classification diagnostic criteria and "somatization" meaning four or more symptoms of the 35 symptoms of DSM-III-R SD criteria. The study population was a subsample of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC 1966), consisting of cohort members living in Oulu (N = 1,609) on January 1st 1997. The NFBC 1966 is a general population birth cohort of 12,058 live-born children covering 96.3% of all deliveries in the catchment area. The best-estimated procedure was used for assessment of psychiatric morbidity including SD and somatization. Data were collected from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register and from all available outpatient and inpatient records. Data on education were gathered from Statistics Finland. Other sociodemographic variables, alexithymia and temperament scores were drawn from questionnaires of the field study conducted in 1997 and from earlier follow-up studies. The prevalence of SD was 1.1% (N = 18). Of the subjects 6.1% (N = 97) had somatization. The female-to-male ratio was 5:1 and 6:1, respectively. SD was not recognized by any of the treating physicians, at least not documented in case notes. The observed occurrences of SD and somatization were at a level comparable with earlier international population studies. Somatization did not associate with depression or alexithymia, and neither could a characteristic temperament profile be recognized. Somatization was associated with psychological distress. These results indicate a need for training physicians to recognize SD and somatization and its comorbidity. This will have implications both for psychiatry and other medical specialties regarding collaboration and underlines the importance of liaison-psychiatry at general hospitals. The results suggest a need for more studies about the etiology and development of SD and somatizationTiivistelmä Somatisaatio on yleinen ilmiö, josta aiheutuu subjektiivista kärsimystä ja toimintakyvyn laskua. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli arvioida somatisaatiohäiriön ja somatisaatio-oireilun yleisyyttä nuorilla aikuisilla sekä näiden ilmiöiden yhteyttä sosiodemografisiin tekijöihin, aleksitymiaan, temperamenttiin ja psykiatriseen sairastavuuteen. Somatisaation käsitteellistämiseksi on esitetty useita vaihtoehtoja mutta mikään niistä ei ole osoittautunut muita paremmaksi. Tässä tutkimuksessa käytetiin kahta määritelmää: DSM-III-R -diagnoosiluokituksen mukaista somatisaatiohäiriön diagnoosia tai somatisaatio-oireilua, jossa esiintyy neljä tai useampia DSM-III-R:n 35 somatisaatiohäiriön oireesta. Tutkimusaineiston muodostivat Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortin ne jäsenet, jotka asuivat Oulussa 1. tammikuuta 1997 (N = 1,609). Alkuperäinen kohortti koostuu 12,058 elävänä syntyneestä tutkittavasta, mikä kattaa 96.3 % kaikista synnytyksistä Pohjois-Suomessa. Niin kutsutun best-estimated -menettelyn avulla arvioitiin tutkittavien psykiatrista sairastavuutta mukaan lukien somatisaatiohäiriö ja -oireilu. Tietoa kerättiin sairaaloiden poistoilmoitusrekisteristä. Avohoidon sairauskertomustieto koottiin kattavasti. Koulutusasteesta saatiin tieto Tilastokeskukselta. Muita sosiodemografisia tekijöitä, aleksitymiaa ja temperamenttia arvioitiin vuoden 1997 kenttätutkimuksen ja aiempien seurantatutkimusten tietojen avulla. Somatisaatiohäiriön esiintyvyys oli 1.1 % (N = 18). Somatisaatio-oireita todettiin 6.1 % (N = 97) tutkittavista. Naisten osuus oli somatisaatiohäiriössä 5:1 ja somatisaatio-oireilussa 6:1. Osoittautui, että lääkärit eivät tunnistaneet somatisaatiohäiriötä, ainakaan sitä ei oltu kirjattu sairauskertomuksiin. Havaitut somatisaatiohäiriön ja -oireilun esiintyvyydet ovat sopusoinnussa aiempien kansainvälisten tutkimusten kanssa. Somatisaatio-oireilu ei liittynyt masennukseen tai aleksitymiaan eikä somatisaatio-oireilusta kärsiville tutkittavilla todettu tyypillistä temperamenttiprofiilia. Somatisaatio liittyi psyykkiseen stressiin. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että lääkäreille tulisi tarjota koulutusta somatisaatiohäiriön ja -oireilun tunnistamisessa. On tärkeää tunnistaa somatisaatio ja siihen liittyvä oheissairastavuus. Havainnot korostavat yleissairaaloiden yhteistyöpsykiatrian ja muiden erikoisalojen yhteistyön merkitystä somatisaatiosta kärsivien potilaiden tutkimuksessa ja hoidossa. Somatisaatiohäiriön ja -oireilun etiologian ja kehittymisen selvittämiseksi tarvitaan uusia tutkimuksia
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Deverell, Marie. "Risk factors for persistent asthma in adolescents : a community based longitudinal birth cohort". University of Western Australia. School of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0171.
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[Truncated abstract] Asthma is a chronic and complex disorder and despite our increase in the understanding of the genetics, pathology and mechanisms underlying asthma a gold standard definition of asthma does not exist. A criterion for recognising and diagnosing asthma in epidemiological studies is crucial in order to determine risk factors for disease. Prospective longitudinal birth cohort studies have increased our understanding of the natural history and risk factors for asthma, yet we are still not able to accurately predict which children will go on to have asthma as adults. It is during the transition from childhood to adolescence where factors underlying asthma change and the prevalence of asthma shifts between the sexes. There are inconsistencies regarding risk factors for the development and persistence of disease during this transitional period. Risk factors predicting the development and persistence of asthma and intermediate phenotypes (BHR, airway inflammation and atopy) may be influenced by gender and risk factors predicting disease may differ between childhood and adolescence. Aims 1. To identify risk factors for Asthma, BHR and Atopy at 14yrs of age. 2. To determine risk factors for persistence of asthma between 6 and 14 years. 3. To examine the influence of gender on risk factors during adolescence. Method The West Australian Pregnancy Cohort is a longitudinal birth cohort. The cohort initially consisted of 2868 live births with follow-ups at 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 14 years of V age. ... Strong associations were seen with BHR and new diagnosis of wheeze and asthma in VI teenagers. Interestingly having either a cat or dog inside was protective for persistence of disease; in particular stronger associations were seen in teenage girls not in boys. During this transitional period the risk factors for asthma and intermediate phenotypes differ between the sexes. Different mechanisms are likely to be involved in determining asthma in boys and girls during adolescence and shed new light on the recognised switch in the gender balance in asthma prevalence from the male predominance in childhood to the female predominance in adult life. Our understanding of the natural course of disease from the prenatal period to adulthood and the identification of the various asthma phenotypes has the potential to change prognosis and planning of therapeutic strategies. Identifying those at high risk for persistence of disease in the early stages of life will allow therapeutic interventions to be more appropriately targeted.
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Ekholm, Selling Katarina. "Birth-characteristics, hospitalisations, and childbearing : Epidemiological studies based on Swedish register data". Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9660.
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Eriksson, Margaretha. "The Impact of Birth Weight on Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Coronary Heart Disease and Prostate Cancer : Population-based Studies of Men Born in 1913 and Followed up Until Old Age". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6005.
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Uimari, O. (Outi). "Epidemiological and familial risk factors of uterine leiomyoma development". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526214870.
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Abstract Uterine leiomyomas are the most common benign tumours in females. They are myometrial neoplasms, may present single or multiple, and may be located in various sites of the uterus. Leiomyomas distort the uterine cavity and the uterus itself, causing abnormal vaginal bleeding, reduced fertility and also pelvic pressure and pain symptoms. The aim of this study was to elaborate current knowledge on familial uterine leiomyomas and to explore the possible association between uterine leiomyoma and cardiovascular disease risk factors, and also the association between leiomyomas and endometriosis. The natural history of familial uterine leiomyoma study showed significant differences between familial and non-familial leiomyoma cases, familial cases having more severe clinical characteristics. They presented with multiple uterine leiomyomas and were more often symptomatic. They were also diagnosed at a younger age. The prevalence study on uterine leiomyomas and endometriosis offered confirmation of an association between the diseases. Uterine leiomyomas and endometriosis seem to decrease female fertility independently of each other. Uterine leiomyomas related to the hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) tumour syndrome were studied in regard to their clinical characteristics and immunophenotype. The study provided evidence that women with HLRCC may be identified through distinct leiomyoma clinical characteristics, and routine-use IHC of CD34 and Bcl-2. Distinguishing these leiomyoma cases from sporadic ones may identify families affected by fumarate hydratase (fumarase, FH) mutation. Uterine leiomyoma and cardiovascular disease risk factors were studied in The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966). The study showed an association between leiomyomas and raised cardiovascular disease risk factors, serum lipids and metabolic syndrome in particular. These findings may suggest that there are shared predisposing factors underlying both uterine leiomyomas and adverse metabolic and cardiac disease risks, or that metabolic factors have a role in biological mechanisms underlying leiomyoma development. This study provides novel information on clinical characteristics of familial uterine leiomyomas and on the immunophenotype of HLRCC-related leiomyomas. The study also offers significant confirmation of associations between uterine leiomyomas and both endometriosis and several CVD risk factorsTiivistelmä Kohdun leiomyoomat ovat naisten yleisin hyvänlaatuinen kasvain. Ne ovat myometriumin neoplastisia muutoksia ja ne ilmenevät joko yksittäisinä tai monilukuisina, ja ne voivat sijaita missä tahansa kohdun myometriumia. Leiomyoomat muuttavat kohdun ja kohtuontelon säännöllistä muotoa. Lisäksi ne aiheuttavat vuotohäiriöitä, alentunutta hedelmällisyyttä, ja lantion alueen painetta ja kipua. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli laajentaa nykyistä tietämystä suvuittain esiintyvistä kohdun leiomyoomista ja selvittää mahdollista leiomyoomien ja kardiovaskulaaritautiriskin assosiaatiota, ja lisäksi selvittää leiomyoomien ja endometrioosin assosiaatiota. Suvuittain esiintyvien kohdun leiomyoomien taudinkulkua selvittävässä tutkimuksessa osoitettiin merkittäviä eroja suvuittain ja ei-suvuittain esiintyvien leiomyoomien välillä. Suvuittain esiintyvien leiomyoomien kliininen taudinkuva oli vaikeampi, leiomyoomia oli kohdussa useampia ja ne aiheuttivat useammin oireita ja lisäksi ne diagnosoitiin nuoremmalla iällä. Kohdun leiomyoomien ja endometrioosin yleisyyttä selvittävä tutkimus antoi lisävahvistusta sille havainnolle, että nämä taudit assosioivat keskenään. Tutkimustuloksen mukaan leiomyoomat ja endometrioosi vähentävät naisen hedelmällisyyttä toisistaan riippumatta. Perinnöllinen kohdun leiomyomatoosi ja munuaissyöpä (hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer, HLRCC) -kasvainoireyhtymään liittyvän kohdun leiomyoomia selvittävän tutkimuksen tuloksien mukaan HLRCC-naisten kohdun leiomyoomien kliiniset ominaisuudet poikkeavat satunnaisesti esiintyvien leiomyoomien ominaisuuksista. Naisella HLRCC voitaisiinkin tunnistaa näiden poikkeavien ominaisuuksien perusteella, sekä immunohistokemiallisilla värjäyksillä CD34 ja Bcl-2. Fumaraattihydrataasi (fumaraasi, FH) -geenin mutaatiota kantava suku voitaisiin siten tunnistaa yksittäisen HLRCC leiomyoomatapauksen avulla. Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1966 (Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, NFBC1966) tutkittiin kohdun leiomyoomia ja kardiovaskulaarisairauden riskitekijöitä. Tutkimustuloksien perusteella kohdun leiomyoomat assosioivat koholla olevien kardiovaskulaarisairauden riskien kanssa, erityisesti seerumin lipidien ja metabolisen syndrooman suhteen. Näiden tutkimustulosten perusteella voidaan esittää, että leiomyoomien ja terveydelle epäedullisen metabolian ja kardiovaskulaaritaudin riskien taustalla on mahdollisesti joitain yhteisiä altistavia tekijöitä, tai että metabolisilla tekijöillä on rooli kohdun leiomyoomien tautimekanismissa. Tämä tutkimus on tuottanut uutta tietoa suvuittain esiintyvien kohdun leiomyoomien kliinisestä taudinkuvasta ja HLRCC:n liittyvien leiomyoomien immunofenotyypistä. Lisäksi tämä tutkimus esittää lisävahvistusta kohdun leiomyoomien ja endometrioosin assosiaatiolle sekä useille kardiovaskulaaririskitekijöille
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Haapea, M. (Marianne). "Non-response and information bias in population-based psychiatric research:the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort study". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2010. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514261572.
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Abstract Study samples in medical research are selected according to the objectives of the studies. Researchers seek to collect data as extensively and reliably as possible. In practice, however, data are often missing or may be incorrect. This thesis covers some of the problems concerning missing data and data collection in psychiatric research. Methods for adjusting for missing data and for evaluating the reliability of data are presented. The data originate from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (N = 12058). This study explored how participation in an epidemiologic study that includes questionnaires and a clinical examination is affected by mental health (N = 11540), and whether non-participants experience more severe clinical symptoms than participants in a psychiatric field study (N = 145) among subjects with a psychosis. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to adjust for non-participation in comparisons of brain volumes between schizophrenia and control groups. The precision of self-reported medication use was also explored (N = 7625). In an epidemiologic study of all cohort members, subjects with a psychiatric disorder participated less actively than those without one. In the psychiatric field study, non participants were more often patients with schizophrenia than other psychoses. The psychiatric symptoms of non-participants were more severe and they needed more hospital care than participants. The use of IPW led to higher estimates of cerebrospinal fluid volume and lower estimates of grey and white matter volumes in schizophrenia patients, and increased the statistical significance of the differences in brain volume estimates between the schizophrenia and control groups. The precision of self-reported data on psychoactive medication use was substantial. Due to non-participation, the true prevalence of psychiatric disorders is probably higher than the prevalence estimates from field studies that are based on data provided by participants only. In order to reflect the true differences in the target population, weighting methods can be used to improve estimates affected by non-participation. Regarding psychoactive medication use, data collected by postal questionnaire can be assumed accurate enough for study purposes. However, it may underestimate the prevalence of medication use due to non-participationAbstract Tutkimusaineisto valitaan tutkimuksen tavoitteiden perusteella. Tavoitteena on kerätä kattava ja virheetön aineisto. Käytännössä kuitenkin osa tiedoista voi puuttua tai olla virheellistä. Tässä väitöskirjassa esitellään yleisesti menetelmiä huomioida puuttuva tieto analyyseissä ja arvioida aineistojen luotettavuutta psykiatrisessa tutkimuksessa. Aineisto perustuu Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohorttiin (N = 12058). Väitöskirjassa tutkittiin, miten psykiatrinen sairastavuus vaikuttaa osallistumiseen epidemiologisessa tutkimuksessa, joka sisälsi kyselyitä ja terveystutkimuksen (N = 11540), sekä erosiko psykiatriseen kenttätutkimukseen osallistuneiden ja osallistumattomien psykoosipotilaiden kliininen taudinkuva toisistaan (N = 145). Käänteisen todennäköisyyden painotusmenetelmää käytettiin korjaamaan puuttuvan tiedon aiheuttamaa virhettä aivovolyymien estimaateissa skitsofreniapotilailla. Lisäksi arvioitiin itse ilmoitetun lääkekäyttötiedon luotettavuutta (N = 7625). Epidemiologisessa tutkimuksessa ne kohortin jäsenet, joilla oli jokin psykiatrinen sairaus, osallistuivat passiivisemmin kuin ne, joilla ei ollut psykiatrista sairautta. Psykoosipotilaat, jotka eivät osallistuneet psykiatriseen kenttätutkimukseen, sairastivat tutkimukseen osallistuneita useammin skitsofreniaa kuin muita psykooseja ja heidän taudinkuvansa oli vakavampi. Painottaminen kasvatti aivonesteen ja alensi harmaan ja valkean aineen tilavuuksien estimaatteja skitsofreniapotilailla, ja lisäsi aivovolyymien erojen tilastollista merkitsevyyttä skitsofreniapotilaiden ja vertailuhenkilöiden välillä. Itse ilmoitetun psykoaktiivisten lääkkeiden käyttötiedon luotettavuus oli merkittävä. Kadosta johtuen psykiatristen sairauksien todellinen vallitsevuus on todennäköisesti korkeampi kuin vallitsevuuden estimaatit, jotka on laskettu tutkimukseen osallistuneiden tiedoista. Painotusmenetelmiä voidaan käyttää parantamaan puuttuvan tiedon vääristämiä estimaatteja, koska painottamalla huomioidaan todellisia eroja kohdeväestössä. Tutkittaessa lääkekäyttötietoa postikyselyillä kerätyn aineiston voidaan olettaa olevan laadultaan riittävä tutkimustarpeisiin
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Nicolaou, Nicolaos C. "The predictors of clinical reactivity to peanut within the context of a population-based birth cohort study". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518876.
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O'Leary, M. "Low birth weight as a risk factor for undervaccination in Ghana : evidence from a population-based cohort". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2017. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3515641/.
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In this thesis I analysed population-based data on 22955 infants enrolled in a neonatal vitamin A supplementation trial in rural Ghana to investigate whether low birth weight (LBW: born weighing <2.50kg) was a risk factor for under-vaccination. I also investigated whether under-vaccination among LBW infants was occurring within a broader context of poorer health outcomes such as increased mortality, illness and health facility admissions and lower care-seeking. I additionally investigated how using routine contacts with health services (opportunities for vaccination) could be used to improve their vaccination. Compared to non-LBW (NLBW) infants, LBW infants were less likely to be vaccinated in both the neonatal and postneonatal period. The smaller the baby at delivery the less likely they were to be vaccinated (p-trend < 0.0001). By the end of the neonatal period, moderately LBW (MLBW) infants (1.50-1.99kg) were 1.6 times (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.64; 95%CI:1.30-2.08), and very LBW (VLBW) infants (< 1.50kg) were 2.4 times (aOR=2.42; 95%CI:1.50-3.88) more likely to be BCG unvaccinated. In the postneonatal period, VLBW infants had an almost 40% lower DTP1 vaccination rate at age 10 weeks (adjusted rate ratio (aRR)=0.58; 95%CI:0.43-0.77) and 18 weeks (aRR=0.63; 95%CI:0.50- 0.80). MLBW infants had vaccination rates approximately 25% lower at these time points. Similar results were observed for DTP3. LBW infants had much higher mortality rates in infancy compared to NLBW infants. Infants weighing 2.00-2.50kg were > 2 times (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR)=2.13; 95%CI:1.76-2.59); MLBW infants were > 8 times (aHR=8.21; 95%CI:6.26-10.76), and VLBW infants were > 25 times (aHR=25.38; 95%CI:18.36-35.10) more likely to die. The trend of higher mortality with lower birth weight was seen in each of the neonatal, early and late infant periods, but the magnitude of the association declined over time. There was also some evidence that LBW infants had increased illness rates in the neonatal period, and in each of the neonatal and early infant periods. An absence of care seeking was found for MLBW infants in the first year of life (aOR=1.46; 95%CI:1.18-1.81), and in each of the neonatal (aOR=3.30; 95%CI:1.98-5.48) and early infant periods (aOR=1.74; 95%CI:1.26-2.39) respectively. No association was found in the late infant period (p-interaction=0.0002). Among all infants (NLBW and LBW) with opportunities for vaccination, most opportunities were missed. There was no association between birth weight and uptake of opportunities. In conclusion LBW infants are under-served by vaccination in Ghana. Given their poorer health outcomes, efforts to improve their access to care services, including vaccination are warranted. Further research into the barriers and facilitators of vaccination of LBW infants is warranted, including qualitative research targeting care givers and vaccine providers.
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Almeida, Maria Soares Cachide de. "BIN1 molecular studies in a primary care-based cohort". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/18510.
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Mestrado em Biomedicina MolecularDemência é uma síndrome clínica caracterizada pelo declínio progressivo das capacidades cognitivas, estando a tornar-se cada vez mais comum, devido ao envelhecimento da população mundial. Prevê-se que o número de doentes com demência aumente em cerca de 30 milhões nos próximos 15 anos, representando grandes gastos para os sistemas de saúde e sociais. Existem vários tipos de demência, sendo que a Doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a mais comum, afetando entre 20 a 30 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, das quais 90.000 são portuguesas. A compreensão das características genéticas e moleculares associadas a esta doença pode constituir um meio para descobrir novos métodos de diagnóstico e tratamento. A maior parte dos casos de Alzheimer tem início tardio, afetando indivíduos com 65 ou mais anos de idade. Até recentemente apenas o gene que codifica a Apolipoproteína E (APOE) foi associado com esta forma de DA. No entanto, estudos recentes de associação genómica identificaram o gene BIN1 como sendo o loci de risco associado ao Alzheimer tardio mais significativo depois do APOE. Além disso, vários SNPs do BIN1 foram associados a este tipo de Alzheimer, sendo que o polimorfismo rs744373 foi proposto como um dos mais relevantes para a DA. Dado que os SNPs mais significativos podem variar de população para população, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar se o polimorfismo rs744373 do gene BIN1 pode ser associado a um aumento do risco de desenvolver DA, numa população portuguesa do distrito de Aveiro, que pertence a um estudo transversal baseado em populações, realizado na Universidade de Aveiro. Analisámos 63 indivíduos Portugueses, sendo 32 doentes e 31 controlos. Neste estudo conseguimos observar que, de uma forma geral, o alelo A é o mais frequente e que o alelo G (alelo de risco) foi o menos frequente, numa razão de 3:1. Não conseguimos encontrar uma forte evidência de associação entre o rs744373 e o risco de desenvolver DA (Razão de probabilidade [RP] = 0.733 , valor p = 0.464), o que está de acordo com estudos previamente publicados. Não foi detetada significância estatística entre o rs744373 e portadores do alelo APOE-Ԑ4 (valor p = 0.467) ou indivíduos com demência (CDR≥1) (valor p = 0.269). Foi detetada uma associação entre o alelo de risco do polimorfismo de estudo e a presença de Diabetes Mellitus (RP = 6.60, valor-p = 0.035). No entanto, como a nossa amostra era pequena, deve ser feito um novo estudo para avaliar se este resultado pode ser generalizado para a população Portuguesa.
Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive skills, and is becoming increasingly common, due to the aging of the world’s population. It is expected that the number of patients with dementia will increase by 30 million in the next 15 years, representing a major factor of costs in health care and social systems. There are several types of dementia, and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common, affecting 20 to 30 million people worldwide, of which 90.000 are Portuguese. Understanding the genetic and molecular characteristics associated with the disease may constitute a way to discover new diagnostic methods and treatments. Most cases of AD are late-onset (LOAD), affecting individuals with 65 or more years of age. Until recently only the Apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) had been associated with this form of AD. However, recent genome-wide association studies have identified Bridging Integrator 1 (BIN1) as the most significant LOAD-associated risk loci after APOE. Furthermore, several SNPs of BIN1 have been associated to this type of AD and rs744373 was proposed to be one of the most relevant for AD. Since the most significant SNP may vary from population to population, the main aim of this work was to evaluate if BIN1 polymorphism rs744373 can be associated with the risk of AD in a Portuguese population from the Aveiro district, belonging to a cross-sectional population-based study performed in Aveiro University. We analysed 63 Portuguese individuals comprising 32 cases and 31 controls. In this study we could observe that, overall, allele A was the most frequent and allele G (risk allele) was the least frequent, in a ratio of 3:1. We didn’t find strong evidence of association for rs744373 with the AD risk (odds ratio [OR] = 0.733 , p-value = 0.464), which is in agreement with some previous published studies. No statistical significance was detected between rs744373 and APOE-Ԑ4 carriers (p-value = 0.467) or individuals with dementia (CDR≥1) (p value= 0.269). We have detected an association between the risk allele of the study polymorphism and the presence of Diabetes Mellitus (odds ratio [OR] = 6.60, p-p-value = 0.035). Nevertheless, due to our small sample size, a follow-up study is required in order to evaluate if this result can be generalized to the Portuguese population.
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Lindström, Katarina. "Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome after moderate neonatal encephalopathy and after post-term birth : two population-based studies /". Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-702-2/.
Texto completo da fonteLivros sobre o assunto "Population-based birth cohort studies"
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Alain, Confesson, ed. Childbearing trends and prospects in low-fertility countries: A cohort analysis. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.
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Unesco, ed. Becoming aware: Human rights and the family : a study based on four communication campaigns. Paris: Unesco, 1985.
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Oddens, B. J. Determinants of contraceptive use: National population-based studies in various West European Countries = Determinanten van anticonceptiegebruik : nationale bevolkingsonderzoeken in enkele West Europese landen : een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Medische Wetenschappen ; Proefschrift. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon, 1996.
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Power and Perils of Narrative: Making the Best Use of the British Birth Cohort Studies. Institute of Education Press (IOE Press), 2013.
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Lawrence, Paszat, e Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment., eds. A population-based cohort study of surveillance mammography after treatment of primary breast cancer. Ottawa: Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, 2001.
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Council, Population, e Macro Systems. Institute for Resource Development. Demographic and Health Surveys., eds. Population studies in Sri Lanka and Indonesia based on the 1987 Sri Lanka demographic and health survey and the 1987 national Indonesia contraceptive prevalence survey. [New York, N.Y., USA]: Population Council, 1990.
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Elwood, Mark. Study designs which can demonstrate and test causation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0003.
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This chapter presents study designs which can test and show causation. Cohort and intervention studies compare people exposed to an agent or intervention with those unexposed or less exposed. Case-control studies compare people affected by a disease or outcome with a control group of unaffected people or representing a total population. Surveys select a sample of people, not chosen by exposure or outcome. Cohort studies may be prospective or retrospective; case-control studies are retrospective; surveys are cross-sectional in time, but retrospective or prospective aspects can be added. In part two, strengths, weaknesses and applications of these designs are shown. Intervention trials, ideally randomised, are the prime method of assessing healthcare interventions; special types include crossover trials and community-based trials. Non-randomised trials are noted. The strengths and weaknesses of cohort studies, case-control studies, and surveys are shown.
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Arthur, Joseph. Palliative Sedation Therapy and Survival (DRAFT). Editado por Nathan A. Gray e Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0045.
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Patients with advanced illness sometimes experience severe and debilitating physical and psychological symptoms at the end of life that may be refractory to all kinds of conventional treatments available for symptom relief. In such situations, palliative sedation therapy (PST) may be indicated. However, its utilization has been subject to debate. One viewpoint is that PST may hasten death. However, some studies have indicated otherwise. This chapter discusses a multicenter, prospective, observational, nonrandomized population-based study that compared the overall survival of a cohort of terminally ill patients who received PST with a similar group of patients who did not. The study showed that PST does not shorten life when used to relieve refractory symptoms. The chapter also presents a clinical case scenario to illustrate who should receive PST.
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Siebert, Stefan, Sengupta Raj e Alexander Tsoukas. The epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis, axial spondyloarthritis, and back pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.003.0003.
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Low back pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide. The prevalence of inflammatory back pain (IBP) has been calculated to be in the range 8–15% in a UK primary care population and 5–7% in a US population-based cohort. IBP rates are significantly higher in patients with psoriasis, uveitis, or inflammatory bowel disease than the general population. There is a paucity of good epidemiological studies to define the true incidence and prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), and spondyloarthritis (SpA), with wide variation as a result of geographic, demographic and methodological factors. The global prevalence estimates range from 0.01–0.2% for AS, to 0.32–0.7% for axSpA and around 1% for SpA overall. The global incidence estimates range from 0.44–7.3 cases per 100,000 person-years for AS to 0.48–62.5 cases per 100,000 person-years in SpA. The demographics and natural history of disease progression are also discussed.
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Bhopal, Raj S. Epidemiological study designs and principles of data analysis: A conceptually integrated suite of methods and techniques. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0009.
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Epidemiological studies are unified by their common goals and by their basis in defined populations. The case series (or register-based study) includes examination of trends in deaths, cancers, notifiable diseases, and hospitalizations. Case–control studies are analysed by comparing the exposure to risk factors in cases to those in controls. In a population studied at a specific time and place (a cross-sectional study), measurements can be made of disease, the factors which may cause disease, or both simultaneously. Cohort studies produce data on disease incidence and are especially good on associations between risk factors and disease outcomes. Trials compare treated and untreated populations and are used, primarily, for information on effectiveness of health interventions. Natural experiments, including Mendelian randomization studies, may provide causal evidence. The principles for the analysis of all studies are similar. The design and interpretation should be in the context of traditional, systematic, and meta-analytic reviews.
Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Population-based birth cohort studies"
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Kashyap, Ridhi, e Francisco Villavicencio. "An Agent-Based Model of Sex Ratio at Birth Distortions". In Agent-Based Modelling in Population Studies, 343–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32283-4_12.
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Graziani, Rebecca. "Stochastic Population Forecasting: A Bayesian Approach Based on Evaluation by Experts". In Developments in Demographic Forecasting, 21–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42472-5_2.
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Abstract We suggest a procedure for deriving expert based stochastic population forecasts within the Bayesian approach. According to the traditional and commonly used cohort-component model, the inputs of the forecasting procedures are the fertility and mortality age schedules along with the distribution of migrants by age. Age schedules and distributions are derived from summary indicators, such as total fertility rates, male and female life expectancy at birth, and male and female number of immigrants and emigrants. The joint distributions of all summary indicators are obtained based on evaluations by experts, elicited according to a conditional procedure that makes it possible to derive information on the centres of the indicators, their variability, their across-time correlations, and the correlations between the indicators. The forecasting method is based on a mixture model within the Supra-Bayesian approach that treats the evaluations by experts as data and the summary indicators as parameters. The derived posterior distributions are used as forecast distributions of the summary indicators of interest. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm is designed to approximate such posterior distributions.
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Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Marufa Sultana, Md Nurul Islam, Md Ripter Hossain e Md Golam Hossain. "Prevalence and Associated Determinants of Low Birth Weight in Developing Countries: A Multi-country Analysis from Nationwide Population-Based Survey". In India Studies in Business and Economics, 21–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6104-2_3.
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Weich, Scott, e Martin Prince. "Cohort studies". In Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology, 155–76. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198515517.003.0009.
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A cohort study is one in which the outcome (usually disease status) is ascertained for groups of individuals defined on the basis of their exposure. At the time exposure status is determined, all must be free of the disease. All eligible participants are then followed up over time. Since exposure status is determined before the occurrence of the outcome, a cohort study can clarify the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome, with minimal information bias. The historical and the population cohort study (Box 9.1) are efficient variants of the classical cohort study described above, which nevertheless retain the essential components of the cohort study design. The exposure can be dichotomous [i.e. exposed (to obstetric complications at birth) vs. not exposed], or graded as degrees of exposure (e.g. no recent life events, one to two life events, three or more life events). The use of grades of exposure strengthens the results of a cohort study by supporting or refuting the hypothesis that the incidence of the disease increases with increasing exposure to the risk factor; a so-called dose–response relationship. The essential features of a cohort study are: ♦ participants are defined by their exposure status rather than by outcome (as in case–control design); ♦ it is a longitudinal design: exposure status must be ascertained before outcome is known. The classical cohort study In a classical cohort study participants are selected for study on the basis of a single exposure of interest. This might be exposure to a relatively rare occupational exposure, such as ionizing radiation (through working in the nuclear power industry). Care must be taken in selecting the unexposed cohort; perhaps those working in similar industries, but without any exposure to radiation. The outcome in this case might be leukaemia. All those in the exposed and unexposed cohorts would need to be free of leukaemia (hence ‘at risk’) on recruitment into the study. The two cohorts would then be followed up for (say) 10 years and rates at which they develop leukaemia compared directly. Classical cohort studies are rare in psychiatric epidemiology. This may be in part because this type of study is especially suited to occupational exposures, which have previously been relatively little studied as causes of mental illness. However, this may change as the high prevalence of mental disorders in the workplace and their negative impact upon productivity are increasingly recognized. The UK Gulf War Study could be taken as one rather unusual example of the genre (Unwin et al. 1999). Health outcomes, including mental health status, were compared between those who were deployed in the Persian Gulf War in 1990–91, those who were later deployed in Bosnia, and an ‘era control group’ who were serving at the time of the Gulf war but were not deployed. There are two main variations on this classical cohort study design: they are popular as they can, depending on circumstances, be more efficient than the classical cohort design. The population cohort study In the classical cohort study, participants are selected on the basis of exposure, and the hypothesis relates to the effect of this single exposure on a health outcome. However, a large cohort or panel of subjects are sometimes recruited and followed up, often over many years, to study multiple exposures and outcomes. No separate comparison group is required as the comparison group is generally an unexposed sub-group of the panel. Examples include the British Doctor's Study in which over 30,000 British doctors were followed up for over 20 years to study the effects of smoking and other exposures on health (Doll et al. 1994), and the Framingham Heart Study, in which residents of a town in Massachusetts, USA have been followed up for 50 years to study risk factors for coronary heart disease (Wolf et al. 1988). The Whitehall and Whitehall II studies in the UK (Fuhrer et al. 1999; Stansfeld et al. 2002) were based again on an occupationally defined cohort, and have led to important findings concerning workplace conditions and both physical and psychiatric morbidity. Birth cohort studies, in which everyone born within a certain chronological interval are recruited, are another example of this type of study. In birth cohorts, participants are commonly followed up at intervals of 5–10 years. Many recent panel studies in the UK and elsewhere have been funded on condition that investigators archive the data for public access, in order that the dataset might be more fully exploited by the wider academic community. Population cohort studies can test multiple hypotheses, and are far more common than any other type of cohort study. The scope of the study can readily be extended to include mental health outcomes. Thus, both the British Doctor's Study (Doll et al. 2000) and the Framingham Heart Study (Seshadri et al. 2002) have gone on to report on aetiological factors for dementia and Alzheimer's Disease as the cohorts passed into the age groups most at risk for these disorders. A variant of the population cohort study is one in which those who are prevalent cases of the outcome of interest at baseline are also followed up effectively as a separate cohort in order (a) to study the natural history of the disorder by estimating its maintenance (or recovery) rate, and (b) studying risk factors for maintenance (non-recovery) over the follow-up period (Prince et al. 1998). Historical cohort studies In the classical cohort study outcome is ascertained prospectively. Thus, new cases are ascertained over a follow-up period, after the exposure status has been determined. However, it is possible to ascertain both outcome and exposure retrospectively. This variant is referred to as a historical cohort study (Fig. 9.1). A good example is the work of David Barker in testing his low birth weight hypothesis (Barker et al. 1990; Hales et al. 1991). Barker hypothesized that risk for midlife vascular and endocrine disorders would be determined to some extent by the ‘programming’ of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis through foetal growth in utero. Thus ‘small for dates’ babies would have higher blood pressure levels in adult life, and greater risk for type II diabetes (through insulin resistance). A prospective cohort study would have recruited participants at birth, when exposure (birth weight) would be recorded. They would then be followed up over four or five decades to examine the effect of birth weight on the development of hypertension and type II diabetes. Barker took the more elegant (and feasible) approach of identifying hospitals in the UK where several decades previously birth records were meticulously recorded. He then traced the babies as adults (where they still lived in the same area) and measured directly their status with respect to outcome. The ‘prospective’ element of such studies is that exposure was recorded well before outcome even though both were ascertained retrospectively with respect to the timing of the study. The historical cohort study has also proved useful in psychiatric epidemiology where it has been used in particular to test the neurodevelopmental hypothesis for schizophrenia (Jones et al. 1994; Isohanni et al. 2001). Jones et al. studied associations between adult-onset schizophrenia and childhood sociodemographic, neurodevelopmental, cognitive, and behavioural factors in the UK 1946 birth cohort; 5362 people born in the week 3–9 March 1946, and followed up intermittently since then. Subsequent onsets of schizophrenia were identified in three ways: (a) routine data: cohort members were linked to the register of the Mental Health Enquiry for England in which mental health service contacts between 1974 and 1986 were recorded; (b) cohort data: hospital and GP contacts (and the reasons for these contacts) were routinely reported at the intermittent resurveys of the cohort; (c) all cohort participants identified as possible cases of schizophrenia were given a detailed clinical interview (Present State examination) at age 36. Milestones of motor development were reached later in cases than in non-cases, particularly walking. Cases also had more speech problems than had noncases. Low educational test scores at ages 8,11, and 15 years were a risk factor. A preference for solitary play at ages 4 and 6 years predicted schizophrenia. A health visitor's rating of the mother as having below average mothering skills and understanding of her child at age 4 years was a predictor of schizophrenia in that child. Jones concluded ‘differences between children destined to develop schizophrenia as adults and the general population were found across a range of developmental domains. As with some other adult illnesses, the origins of schizophrenia may be found in early life’. Jones' findings were largely confirmed in a very similar historical cohort study in Finland (Isohanni et al. 2001); a 31 year follow-up of the 1966 North Finland birth cohort (n = 12,058). Onsets of schizophrenia were ascertained from a national hospital discharge register. The ages at learning to stand, walk and become potty-trained were each related to subsequent incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Earlier milestones reduced, and later milestones increased, the risk in a linear manner. These developmental effects were not seen for non-psychotic outcomes. The findings support hypotheses regarding psychosis as having a developmental dimension with precursors apparent in early life. There are many conveniences to this approach for the contemporary investigator. ♦ The exposure data has already been collected for you. ♦ The follow-up period has already elapsed. ♦ The design maintains the essential feature of the cohort study, namely that information bias with respect to the assessment of the exposure should not be a problem. ♦ As with the Barker hypothesis example, historical cohort studies are particularly useful for investigating associations across the life course, when there is a long latency between hypothesized exposure and outcome. Despite these important advantages, such retrospective studies are often limited by reliance on historical data that was collected routinely for other purposes; often these data will be inaccurate or incomplete. Also information about possible confounders, such as smoking or diet, may be inadequate.
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Sacha, Caitlin, e John Petrozza. "Reproductive Technologies and the Risk of Birth Defects". In 50 Studies Every Obstetrician-Gynecologist Should Know, 251–56. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190947088.003.0046.
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Understanding the risks of adverse outcomes such as birth defects after the use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) is crucial for both OB/GYN physicians and patients suffering from infertility. In a South Australian population cohort study of 308,974 spontaneous and assisted pregnancies between 1986 and 2002 in women over age 20, assisted conceptions were associated with an increased risk of birth defects, including cerebral palsy, compared to spontaneous conceptions in fertile women (adjusted odds ratio 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.16–1.41). However, when examining in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) pregnancies, only ICSI with fresh transfer remained associated with an increased risk of birth defects compared to spontaneous conceptions in fertile women in adjusted models. These findings suggest that while patients should be counseled regarding the potential increased risk of birth defects with ART procedures such as ICSI, more research is needed regarding the impact of infertility itself and specific ART interventions on neonatal outcomes.
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Grentzer, Jaclyn. "Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) and Teen Pregnancy". In 50 Studies Every Obstetrician-Gynecologist Should Know, 159–63. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190947088.003.0029.
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Long-acting, reversible contraception (LARC), including intrauterine devices (IUDs) and contraceptive implants, are associated with higher contraceptive efficacy and continuation rates. Teen pregnancy rates have declined over the past 2 decades but continue to be a public health concern. Only 10% of teen girls elect to use LARC, likely due to educational, logistical, and economic barriers. The Contraceptive CHOICE Project enrolled 1404 girls aged 14 to 19. Of these teens, more than 70% chose LARC when given standardized contraceptive counseling and barriers to receiving LARC were removed. Pregnancy, live birth, and induced abortion rates in this cohort were lower than rates for the US population of sexually active teen girls. Failure rates were lower for LARC users, as compared to users of other reversible contraceptive methods.
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Bittles, Alan H. "The biology of ageing". In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 1507–12. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0193.
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Although old age is readily recognizable, methods to define and measure the underlying biological processes are much less amenable to study. For this reason, life expectancy has been widely used as a surrogate measure of ageing, as well as to monitor economic progress at national and regional levels. It is generally acknowledged that lifespan is a constitutional feature of the human phenotype, and twin studies have indicated that 25–33 per cent of the variance in human longevity is genetic in origin. External factors including lifestyle can also exert a major influence, as illustrated by the current mean life expectancies of 79 and 86 years for males and females in Japan, whereas the comparable figures for Botswana are 35 and 33 years, respectively. The importance of genetic inheritance as a determinant of extended survival has been illustrated by population level studies in Okinawa, an island prefecture of southern Japan with a very high prevalence of long-lived individuals. On the island, the mortality rates of the male and female siblings of centenarians were approximately half those of birth cohort-matched, non-centenarian siblings. These findings parallel an earlier study of the family of Jeanne Calment, who died in France in 1997 aged 122 years. Of her 55 relatives, 24 per cent had lived to >80 years compared to just 2 per cent of a matched control group. However, it remains unclear whether the enhanced lifespan of individuals who exhibit above average longevity is due to a slowing of the overall ageing process or is primarily associated with resistance to major life-threatening pathologies. The concept of an ‘allostatic load’, potentially involving the neuroendocrine, sympathetic nervous, immune and cardiovascular systems, and metabolic pathways, has been advanced to describe the lifetime costs of adapting to physical and psychological stresses. According to this hypothesis, while the actions of biological mediators of stress can be initially beneficial to health, chronic stimulation results in regulatory imbalance and subsequent pathophysiological changes. Empirical studies have indicated increased physiological dysregulation and functional decline at >70 years of age, which would imply that predicted global increases in the numbers of older persons will be accompanied by disproportionately larger groups of individuals with major age-related pathologies.
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Aguirre, Roxana L., Slavica K. Katusic, Robert G. Voigt, Cynthia L. Leibson, William J. Barbaresi, Amy L. Weaver, Jill M. Killian e Seema Kumar. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment and Weight Outcome: A Population-Based Birth Cohort Study". In CLINICAL/TRANSLATIONAL - Pediatric Endocrinology: Diabetes, Obesity, Thyroid, Calcium/Bone & Miscellaneous, P3–695—P3–695. The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2011.part4.p12.p3-695.
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Penman, Alan D., Kimberly W. Crowder e William M. Watkins. "Prevalence of Age-Related Maculopathy". In 50 Studies Every Ophthalmologist Should Know, 213–18. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190050726.003.0035.
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The Beaver Dam Eye Study was a population-based cohort study designed to collect information on the prevalence and incidence of age-related cataract, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The results of the baseline examination for macular degeneration are reported in this chapter. One or more drusen were present in the macular area of at least one eye in 95% of the population. Signs of age-related maculopathy were common in people seventy-five years of age or older. Women of this age group had an incidence of exudative macular degeneration two to three times higher than their male counterparts. This study was an early indication that age-related macular degeneration was becoming a public health problem in an aging American population.
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Lutz, Wolfgang, e KC Samir. "The Rise of Global Human Capital and the End of World Population Growth". In World Population & Human Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813422.003.0014.
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This is the first of three chapters that present the population projections by age, sex, and level of educational attainment for all countries in the world with a time horizon of 2060, and extensions to 2100. Before discussing the Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (WIC) projections, however, it is worth stepping back to consider how social structures change over time. While understanding the evolution of social structures is important under the conventional demographic approach that breaks down populations by age and sex, a more in-depth understanding of the changes in human capital requires that the interplay between different levels of schooling over time (the flow variable), and the changing educational attainment composition of the adult population (the stock variable) be taken into account. Societies can be stratified along several dimensions. In conventional social science the divisions studied refer to social class, race, or ethnicity. Demographers routinely break down populations by age and sex. Another important demographic dimension is that of birth cohorts or generations, that is, persons born and socialized during the same historical period. Particularly during periods of rapid social change, young cohorts tend to differ from older ones in important respects, and the demographic process of generational replacement is a powerful driver of socio-economic change. This process is analytically described by the theory of ‘Demographic Metabolism’, recently introduced as a generalized predictive demographic theory of socio-economic change by the first author (Lutz, 2013), building on earlier work by Mannheim (1952) and Ryder (1965). Ryder, who introduced the notion of Demographic Metabolism in a qualitative way, saw it as the main force of social change. While this theory applies to many stable human characteristics that are acquired at young age and remain invariant over a lifetime, it is particularly appropriate for studying and modelling the dynamics of the change in the distributions of highest educational attainment by age and sex over time. This perspective on human capital formation is the main focus of this book. This first of the three results chapters will highlight the results with respect to future population numbers by level of education in different parts of the world.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Population-based birth cohort studies"
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Khanolkar, AR, CA Hardman, D. Bann, W. Johnson e P. Patalay. "OP38 Co-morbidity and co-development of BMI and mental health from childhood to mid-adulthood in two national birth cohort studies". In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health Annual Scientific Meeting 2020, Hosted online by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and University of Cambridge Public Health, 9–11 September 2020. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-ssmabstracts.38.
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Murphy, Sinead, Chaitanya Undavalli, Amy Weaver e Sheri Crow. "Developmental Outcomes in Critically Ill Children: A Population Based Birth Cohort Report". In Selection of Abstracts From NCE 2016. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.141.1_meetingabstract.315.
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Grove, G., N. Ziauddeen e NA Alwan. "P15 Interpregnancy weight change and premature birth: findings from a population-based cohort in the south of england". In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health and International Epidemiology Association European Congress Annual Scientific Meeting 2019, Hosted by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and International Epidemiology Association (IEA), School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, 4–6 September 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-ssmabstracts.166.
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Harron, K., J. Fagg, A. Guttmann, J. van der Meulen e R. Gilbert. "P19 Birth, child and maternal outcomes for young and vulnerable mothers in england: a population-based data linkage cohort study". In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health and International Epidemiology Association European Congress Annual Scientific Meeting 2019, Hosted by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and International Epidemiology Association (IEA), School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, 4–6 September 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-ssmabstracts.170.
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Carreón, Tania, Susan Robinson, Nathaniel DeBono, Leslie MacDonald e Lynne Pinkerton. "P303 Exploring the role of shift work in population-based prospective cohort studies of cancer". In Occupational Health: Think Globally, Act Locally, EPICOH 2016, September 4–7, 2016, Barcelona, Spain. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.618.
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Taylor, EJ, N. Ziauddeen, KM Godfrey, A. Berrington e NA Alwan. "OP64 Change in maternal smoking behaviour between two pregnancies and small for gestational age birth: analysis of a UK population-based cohort". In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health Annual Scientific Meeting 2020, Hosted online by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and University of Cambridge Public Health, 9–11 September 2020. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-ssmabstracts.63.
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Pesce, Giancarlo, Nour Baiz, Guy Huel e Isabella Annesi Maesano. "Foetal exposure to heavy metals and risk of asthma and allergic diseases in early childhood: a population-based birth-cohort study". In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.3847.
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Ziauddeen, N., PJ Roderick, NS Macklon e NA Alwan. "LB5 Is the duration of the preceding inter-pregnancy interval associated with offspring’s size at birth? – analysis of a UK population-based cohort". In Society for Social Medicine 62nd Annual Scientific Meeting, Hosted by the MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 5–7 September 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-ssmabstracts.89.
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Zoratti, Edward, Suzanne Havstad, Dennis R. Ownby, Ganesa Wegienka, Kevin R. Bobbitt, Kimberly Woodcroft e Christine C. Johnson. "An Analysis Of Cytokine Profiles Associated with elevated Total And Allergen-specific IgE Levels In A Population-based birth Cohort At Age 18-20". In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a1332.
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Opondo, C., R. Gray, J. Hollowell, Y. Li, JJ Kurinczuk e MA Quigley. "P80 The joint contribution of socioeconomic circumstances and ethnic group to variations in preterm birth, neonatal mortality and infant mortality in england and wales – a population-based retrospective cohort study using routine data from 2006 to 2012". In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health and International Epidemiology Association European Congress Annual Scientific Meeting 2019, Hosted by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and International Epidemiology Association (IEA), School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, 4–6 September 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-ssmabstracts.231.
Texto completo da fonteRelatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Population-based birth cohort studies"
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McDonagh, Marian, Andrea C. Skelly, Amy Hermesch, Ellen Tilden, Erika D. Brodt, Tracy Dana, Shaun Ramirez et al. Cervical Ripening in the Outpatient Setting. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), março de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer238.
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Objectives. To assess the comparative effectiveness and potential harms of cervical ripening in the outpatient setting (vs. inpatient, vs. other outpatient intervention) and of fetal surveillance when a prostaglandin is used for cervical ripening. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to July 2020; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies of cervical ripening comparing prostaglandins and mechanical methods in outpatient versus inpatient settings; one outpatient method versus another (including placebo or expectant management); and different methods/protocols for fetal surveillance in cervical ripening using prostaglandins. When data from similar study designs, populations, and outcomes were available, random effects using profile likelihood meta-analyses were conducted. Inconsistency (using I2) and small sample size bias (publication bias, if ≥10 studies) were assessed. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed. All review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center methods guidance. Results. We included 30 RCTs and 10 cohort studies (73% fair quality) involving 9,618 women. The evidence is most applicable to women aged 25 to 30 years with singleton, vertex presentation and low-risk pregnancies. No studies on fetal surveillance were found. The frequency of cesarean delivery (2 RCTs, 4 cohort studies) or suspected neonatal sepsis (2 RCTs) was not significantly different using outpatient versus inpatient dinoprostone for cervical ripening (SOE: low). In comparisons of outpatient versus inpatient single-balloon catheters (3 RCTs, 2 cohort studies), differences between groups on cesarean delivery, birth trauma (e.g., cephalohematoma), and uterine infection were small and not statistically significant (SOE: low), and while shoulder dystocia occurred less frequently in the outpatient group (1 RCT; 3% vs. 11%), the difference was not statistically significant (SOE: low). In comparing outpatient catheters and inpatient dinoprostone (1 double-balloon and 1 single-balloon RCT), the difference between groups for both cesarean delivery and postpartum hemorrhage was small and not statistically significant (SOE: low). Evidence on other outcomes in these comparisons and for misoprostol, double-balloon catheters, and hygroscopic dilators was insufficient to draw conclusions. In head to head comparisons in the outpatient setting, the frequency of cesarean delivery was not significantly different between 2.5 mg and 5 mg dinoprostone gel, or latex and silicone single-balloon catheters (1 RCT each, SOE: low). Differences between prostaglandins and placebo for cervical ripening were small and not significantly different for cesarean delivery (12 RCTs), shoulder dystocia (3 RCTs), or uterine infection (7 RCTs) (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin, route of administration, study quality, or gestational age. Small, nonsignificant differences in the frequency of cesarean delivery (6 RCTs) and uterine infection (3 RCTs) were also found between dinoprostone and either membrane sweeping or expectant management (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin or study quality. Evidence on other comparisons (e.g., single-balloon catheter vs. dinoprostone) or other outcomes was insufficient. For all comparisons, there was insufficient evidence on other important outcomes such as perinatal mortality and time from admission to vaginal birth. Limitations of the evidence include the quantity, quality, and sample sizes of trials for specific interventions, particularly rare harm outcomes. Conclusions. In women with low-risk pregnancies, the risk of cesarean delivery and fetal, neonatal, or maternal harms using either dinoprostone or single-balloon catheters was not significantly different for cervical ripening in the outpatient versus inpatient setting, and similar when compared with placebo, expectant management, or membrane sweeping in the outpatient setting. This evidence is low strength, and future studies are needed to confirm these findings.