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Arendze, S., e M. Sibiya. "Filter backwash water treatment options". Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 4, n.º 2 (16 de dezembro de 2013): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.131.
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Filtration acts as the final step in the removal of suspended matter and protozoa. The accumulated residue is removed during the backwash process and any subsequent recycling of filter backwash water could potentially re-introduce these contaminants into the main treatment process. By separating the filter backwash water from the main treatment process, factors that could interfere with the integrity of the primary treatment barriers, will be eliminated. Treatment and recovery of the filter backwash water would be beneficial in terms of water reuse, by replacing a proportion of the freshwater demand. The aim of this study was to investigate possible treatment options for the filter backwash water at Rand Water. Treatment options for filter backwash water treatment plants usually consist of a solids removal process and a disinfection process. Three solid removal processes for filter backwash water from Rand Water's filtration systems were selected for testing on an experimental basis: (1) sedimentation without flocculation, (2) sedimentation with flocculation, and (3) dissolved air flotation with flocculation. Flocculation with sedimentation produced the best results when compared to the other two treatment options evaluated. It is a simple and effective option for the treatment of filter backwash water.
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White, Bob, e William R. Welke. "Accounting For Salvage And Cost Of Removal". Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 9, n.º 1 (2 de outubro de 2011): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v9i1.6098.
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The idea of negative salvage has been ignored in almost all industries except the public utility industry, but it has much broader applications. This paper examines the concept of negative salvage, the effect of negative salvage on the calculation of depreciation charges, and the possible accounting options for dealing with this problem. A single unit account is used to illustrate the effect on periodic income of the various matching options.
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Newcombe, G., e B. Nicholson. "Treatment options for the saxitoxin class of cyanotoxins". Water Supply 2, n.º 5-6 (1 de dezembro de 2002): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0179.
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The saxitoxin class of algal toxins (cyanotoxins) are neurotoxins produced in Australia by the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Anabaena circinalis. A range of water treatment processes was investigated for the removal of these compounds. Ozonation of the toxins at moderate doses was found to be ineffective. Chlorination was found to be effective at high pH; therefore where pH adjustment is possible in the treatment process, chlorination could be considered as an important treatment option. Activated carbon, both in the granular and powdered form, was effective for reducing the toxicity of a mixture of the toxins as the most toxic of the saxitoxins were also the most readily removed by adsorption.
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Barnard, James L., Gerry M. Stevens e Patrick J. Leslie. "Design Strategies for Nutrient Removal Plant". Water Science and Technology 17, n.º 11-12 (1 de novembro de 1985): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0235.
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The first full-scale Bardenpho plant in the colder regions of North America was constructed in Kelowna and operated for about two years. The design was based on criteria developed by Barnard (1974) and based on experience of the design of similar plants in South Africa. Maximum flexibility leaving the operator many options for optimization was allowed. Effluent ortho-phosphate, nitrate and ammonia concentration averaged 0.43, 2.05 and 0.78 mg/ℓ respectively over the first year of operation. Operating results are compared with design predictions. Some results are presented and the design was tested using theories developed by Ekama et al (1984) whose models predicted that no phosphate removal would be possible. RESUME La premierè installation de Bardenpho, à grande échelle dans les régions les plus froides de l'Amérique du Nord a été construite à Kelowna et utilisée pendant plus de deux ans. Le dessin était fondé sur les information de Barnard (1974) et basé sur l'expérience du dessin d'installation sembables en Afrique du Sud. L'installation était flexible et laissait à l'opérateur le choix de plusieurs options pour l'optimisation. La concentration de ortho-phosphate, nitrate et ammoniaque avait les valeurs moyennes de 0,43; 2,05 et 0,78 mg/ℓ respectivement pendant la premiére année de travail. Les resultats sont presentés et la dessin a été mis à l'épreuve en utilisant les théories développées par Ekama et al (1984) dont les modèles ont predit. qu' aucun élimination de phosphate serait possible vu le petit réduction de nitrate qui le modèle ont prédit aux températures plus froides.
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Ektov, Vladimir N., Konstantin Alekseevich Somov, Alexander Vasilyevich Kurkin e Vladimir Alexandrovich Muzalkov. "Treatment Options for Chronic Hemorrhoids". Journal of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 13, n.º 4 (13 de dezembro de 2020): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2020-13-4-353-361.
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The paper provides an overview of various treatment options for chronic hemorrhoids based on current national and international recommendations. The publication describes the basic principles of effective conservative therapy of the disease. Methods of minimally invasive treatment options for chronic hemorrhoids are given in details: sclerotherapy, infrared coagulation, latex ligation; advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods are highlighted. Literature data indicate that surgical removal of hemorrhoids remains an effective method of treatment for patients with hemorrhoids stage III IV, who underwent unsuccessful minimally invasive procedures. The characteristics of possible complications after hemorrhoidectomy and the frequency of their occurrence are also given. The authors analyze results of using stapler hemorrhoidopexy and the technique of Doppler-controlled ligation of hemorrhoidal arteries. Despite the variety of techniques, it remains relevant to search for further treatment options for chronic hemorrhoids in order to choose an effective individual treatment tactics for each patient, taking into account various manifestations of hemorrhoidal disease.
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Sereda, A. P. "TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR NEGLECTED ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURED: WETHER SPONTANEOUS HEALING IS POSSIBLE?" Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia 24, n.º 2 (6 de julho de 2018): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21823/2311-2905-2018-24-2-59-69.
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The paper considers cases of spontaneous healing of achilles tendon with elongation. In such condition the tendon defect is not palpable, active plantar flexion is preserved and patients are complaining for strength diminution.Purpose— to study features of spontaneous achilles tendon healing with elongation and to analyze the shortening tenoplasty option as a procedure primarily aimed at restoration of strength for gastrocnemius-soleus complex.Material and Methods.The paper presents features and outcomes of surgical treatment of 25 patients who underwent a shortening tenoplasty of various types: crimping (3 patients), Z-type (2 patients), oblique (1 patient) and transverse (19 patients).Results.No re-ruptures or other serious complications were observed in the patients of the present study. Treatment outcomes were evaluated by j. leppilahti scale in 304,7±8,9 days after the procedure. postoperative leppilahti scores were statistically significantly better than prior to surgery — 82,4±5,6 and 62,2±7,7, respectively, (p<0,0001). Conclusion. Shortening tenoplasty can be indicated in cases of spontaneous achilles tendon healing with elongation. at relatively early stages of the injury with rather elastic scars the crimping tenoplasty can be applied. At later stages a resection shortening tenoplasty is recommended through a minimal incision with transverse resection of tendon and removal of scar block.
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Sharman, D. J., H. L. Stark e D. W. Kelly. "A comparison of potential methods for the alleviation of residual stresses in the necks of aluminium alloy thick-walled gas cylinders". Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 32, n.º 5 (1 de julho de 1997): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0309324971513436.
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Tensile circumferential residual stresses are introduced into seamless 6351 aluminium alloy gas cylinder necks at the bore during the heat treatment stage of the manufacturing process. To ascertain the feasibility of a proposed corrective procedure (selective removal of material from the gas cylinder neck) finite element analyses that modelled material removal were undertaken. Results indicate that no significant benefit was gained from the partial removal of bore material. However, removing the inelastically deformed outer surface material is likely to provide the greatest benefit of the four options considered. The material removal option was then compared with an investigation into cold working the gas cylinder neck to favourably modify the quenching residual stresses. Experimental results have indicated that the application of an axially applied compressive load to the gas cylinder neck, inducing bore yielding, favourably modifies the quenching residual stresses. This alternative of cold working the gas cylinder neck appears to be a possible method of favourably modifying the quenching residual stress.
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Ribeiro, Kim Henderson Carmo, Neylla Teixeira Sena, Joel Motta Junior, Marcia Raquel Costa Lima Braga, Ana Carolyna Becher Roseno, Ana Julia Moreno Barreto e Mariza Akemi Matsumoto. "Accidental nasal fossa perforation during endodontic treatment - Case report". Research, Society and Development 10, n.º 5 (28 de abril de 2021): e8010514645. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i5.14645.
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Fracture of an endodontic instrument within the root canal system can occur due to incorrect use of instruments, and clinicians are confronted with a few removal options when considering this situation. The purpose of this article is to present the removal of a fractured endodontic file from the periapical region of the right upper central incisor, that caused a nasal floor perforation and otorhinolaryngological symptoms, with the aid of a dental operating microscope (DOM) and cone bean computed tomography (CBCT). Success was achieved when the fragment was visible and removed from the nasal fossa. The standardized techniques of removal or bypassing fracture file were not effective, and success was obtained with the aid of CBCT that made possible the visualization of the broken file inside the nasal fossa.
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Babets, Yevheniy, Oleh Anisimov, Oleksandr Shustov, Vitalina Komirna e Iryna Melnikova. "Determination of economically viable option of liquidation the consequences of external dump deformation". E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 08014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128008014.
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The safety factors for different variants of operation development were obtained, on the basis of which the technical and economic indicators were established and the most expedient way of restoration of dump operations in conditions of the formed landslide was chosen. The solutions were proposed for the external dump No 2 of the Central Ore Mining and Processing Enterprise (COMPE), that allow to continue its future operation. When working in the conditions of the formed landslide, three variants of the further dump operation are modeled: the first one - with landslide removal and unloading of the upper dump horizons, the second one - without landslide removal and involvement of disturbed lands in land allotment, the third one - with the landslide loading. Based on the built sections of the dump and defined physical and mechanical properties, the stability factors were obtained for different options of the operation development, which made it possible to determine the appropriate option to eliminate the effects of the dump slide deformations. As a result of the calculations, the cost flows for each of the proposed options of the formation of the end contour of the dump No 2 are determined.
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Lefebvre, O., A. Al-Mamun, W. K. Ooi, Z. Tang, D. H. C. Chua e H. Y. Ng. "An insight into cathode options for microbial fuel cells". Water Science and Technology 57, n.º 12 (1 de junho de 2008): 2031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.611.
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Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an emerging and promising technology, particularly in the field of wastewater treatment. The MFC capability of achieving organic removal and generating in situ electricity could make it an attractive alternative wastewater treatment technology over conventional treatment technologies. However, MFC is still far from being economically viable, especially because of the cost of the platinum (Pt) catalyst that makes possible the reaction at the cathode. In this study, we tested alternative cathode catalysts, namely sputter-deposited Cobalt (Co) and denitrifying bacteria (biocathode). The performance of these innovative cathodes was compared with that of classic Pt-cathodes. Co competed well with Pt, but further research is still required for biocathodes. However, biocathodes MFC have showed promise.
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Feleke, Z., e Y. Sakakibara. "Nitrate and pesticide removal by a combined bioelectrochemical/adsorption process". Water Science and Technology 43, n.º 11 (1 de junho de 2001): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0663.
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Biological denitrification and trace pesticide removal in a combined biofilm-electrode reactor/adsorption process has been investigated. In long-term (more than 260 days) continuous experiments, influent and effluent concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, isoprothiolane and gas composition were measured at different electric current and pesticide loading conditions. Experimental results showed that complete and stable denitrification was achieved in BER without accumulation of nitrite and nitrous oxide. Isoprothiolane (IPT) was removed by adsorption onto either granular activated carbon or silicone resin. Removal efficiency of IPT exceeding 97% was achieved and effluent concentration was below the guideline value (40 μg/l). Theoretically predicted effluent concentrations were in good agreement with the observed results. From these results, it is concluded that the combined process is applicable to treat nitrate and pesticide contaminated drinking water. Moreover, from comparison with former studies, different possible options to further enhance the decomposition of pesticide were suggested.
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Webb, Ralph L. "Next Generation Devices for Electronic Cooling With Heat Rejection to Air". Journal of Heat Transfer 127, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2005): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1800512.
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Conventional technology to cool desktop computers and servers is that of the “direct heat removal” heat sink, which consists of a heat sink/fan mounted on the CPU. Although this is a very cost effective solution, it is nearing its end of life. This is because future higher power CPUs will require a lower R-value than can be provided by this technology, within current size and fan limits. This paper discusses new technology that uses “indirect heat removal” technology, which involves use of a single or two-phase working fluid to transfer heat from the hot source to an ambient heat sink. This technology will support greater heat rejection than is possible with the “direct heat removal” method. Further, it will allow use of higher performance air-cooled ambient heat sinks than are possible with the “direct heat removal” heat sink. A concern of the indirect heat removal technology is the possibility that it may be orientation sensitive. This paper identifies preferred options and discusses the degree to which they are (or not) orientation sensitive. It should be possible to attain an R-value of 0.12 K/W at the balance point on the fan curve.
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Millot, N., N. Dalga e N. Foussard. "Two Options for Treatment of Acidic Organic Industrial Wastes". Water Science and Technology 18, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1986): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0002.
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The treatment of acidic, organic, industrial wastes poses many problems. These wastes are characterized by a high organic concentration and pH values approaching zero. The classic treatment processes (incineration, physicochemical treatment, solidification) are plagued by problems with corrosion, by-products formation and ultimate disposal. This paper proposes two new processes for treating these wastes. The first technique is a pressurized oxidation process at high temperature. Results show total organic carbon (TOC) removal above 96%. The second proposed technique is an improved solidification which incorporates an adsorbent into the solid to immobilize the organic content. A very thick sludge (solids about 60%) is obtained which dries very quickly. Tests on the solids indicate that any leachate formed will be much lower in strength than leachate from the classic solidification process. Landfill disposal of the solidified waste is possible under proper conditions.
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Ektov, V. N., К. A. Somov, A. V. Kurkin e V. A. Muzalkov. "RUBBER BAND LIGATION FOR HEMORRHOIDS (review)". Koloproktologia 18, n.º 4 (5 de dezembro de 2019): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33878/2073-7556-2019-18-4-151--160.
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Rubber band ligation is one of the most common and effective minimally invasive methods of treatment of chronic hemorrhoids. An analysis of the experience gained in the use of latex ligation makes it possible to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of this technique and suggest new options for its implementation. One of the main advantages of rubber band ligation is the radicality of the procedure, which provides the closed removal of internal hemorrhoid piles, which makes it possible to standardize the widespread use of this technique in outpatient practice. When performing the procedure, tool kits of various designs are used, methods of one-stage and multi-stage ligation are used, various technical options are available for applying latex ligatures that affect the pathogenetic factors of hemorrhoidal disease. Optimization of options for the use of rubber band ligation allows to expand the range of use of this technique and provides a rational choice of individual approach.
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Koyuncu, I., M. F. Sevimli, I. Ozturk e A. F. Aydin. "Application of membrane and ozonation technologies to remove color from agro-industry effluents". Water Science and Technology 43, n.º 11 (1 de junho de 2001): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0687.
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The results of membrane and ozonation experiments carried out on various agro-industry effluents including fermentation (baker's yeast), corrugated board, opium alkaloid and textile dying industries are presented. The experiments were performed using lab-scale membrane and ozonation reactors. Color removals were in the range of 80 to 99% for the membrane treatment studies. Ozonation experiments have shown that color removals in the range of 83 to 98% are possible for the investigated wastewaters. Final color levels were lower than 100 Pt-Co unit, which is quite acceptable aesthetically. The relative unit treatment costs of ozonation were about two times higher than membrane systems especially for very strong colored effluents including fermentation and opium alkaloid industries. The study has demonstrated that both membrane and ozonation technologies are viable options for color removal.
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Bower Carberry, Judith. "Options for the Rational Design and Operation of Oxidation Ponds". Water Science and Technology 24, n.º 5 (1 de setembro de 1991): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0108.
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Oxidation ponds can degrade wastewaters at low cost and provide a useful biomass if rational design, operation, and sludge removal practices are carried out. Here, the design of a plug flow Algal Bacterial Clay Treatment System (ABCT) is presented on the bases of both incident sunlight and incoming BOD concentration. Results of kinetic experimental studies are presented in order to determine both optimal and limiting operational parameters. From these experiments, it appeared to be critical to limit pH diurnal variations for effective operation of the treatment system. Empirical computer models were developed to predict reactor parameter variations due to diurnal effects. A computer model based on continuous oxidation reduction potential (redox) measurements appeared to be most useful for automated computer control of variations due to diurnal effects. Chemical addition of CaCl2 facilitated algal biomass flocculation in order to prepare liquid effluents for plant discharge and to prepare biomass for possible beneficial use.
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Song, Zhijun, Lotte Borgwardt, Niels Høiby, Hong Wu, Torben Sandberg Sørensen e Arne Borgwardt. "Prosthesis infections after orthopedic joint replacement: the possible role of bacterial biofilms". Orthopedic Reviews 5, n.º 2 (14 de junho de 2013): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/or.2013.e14.
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Prosthesis-related infection is a serious complication for patients after orthopedic joint replacement, which is currently difficult to treat with antibiotic therapy. Consequently, in most cases, removal of the infected prosthesis is the only solution to cure the infection. It is, therefore, important to understand the comprehensive interaction between the microbiological situation and the host immune responses that lead to prosthesis infections. Evidence indicates that prosthesis infections are actually biofilm-correlated infections that are highly resistant to antibiotic treatment and the host immune responses. The authors reviewed the related literature in the context of their clinical experience, and discussed the possible etiology and mechanism leading to the infections, especially problems related to bacterial biofilm, and prophylaxis and treatment of infection, including both microbiological and surgical measures. Recent progress in research into bacterial biofilm and possible future treatment options of prosthesis-related infections are discussed.
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Mathur, AK, Mohit Kumar, Aniket Kedawat, Anshu Sharma e Anand Gupta. "An Indigenous Removal Method of a Broken Interlocking Nail". Journal of Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology 2, n.º 1 (2017): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10057-0030.
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ABSTRACT Breakage of locking nail is an important cause of interlocking nail failure in femoral fractures. Usually, it takes place at one of the ends of the nail. Here we report an unusual extraction method of intramedullary femoral nail failure with breakage of nail proximal to distal locking holes. Such a scenario usually complicates further management. This case was managed with exchange nailing and bone grafting after removal of implant using a novel technique and using commonly available orthopedic instruments in the operation theater. Here, we briefly review the literature regarding such an unusual presentation and discuss in detail the possible etiology of such a presentation and the management options when facing such a complex situation. How to cite this article Kedawat A, Mathur AK, Kumar M, Sharma A, Gupta A. An Indigenous Removal Method of a Broken Interlocking Nail. J Mahatma Gandhi Univ Med Sci Tech 2017;2(1):38-40.
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Vera-Guerra, José Antonio, José Rubén Herrera-Atoche e Gabriel Eduardo Colomé-Ruiz. "Orthodontic Treatment of Bilateral Impacted Mandibular Canines and a Mupparapu Type 2 Transmigration". Case Reports in Dentistry 2019 (11 de setembro de 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7638959.
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Dental transmigration is a rare condition that mainly affects the mandibular canines. Since the tooth involved is usually impacted and its crown has crossed the midline towards the opposite side, the treatment options frequently are surgical removal or radiographic follow-up, and, in some cases, orthodontic traction is possible. In 2002, Mupparapu presented a classification for lower canines in transmigration according to their position within the mandible. This paper is aimed at describing the orthodontic treatment of a female patient with two impacted mandibular canines, one of them in a Mupparapu type 2 transmigration position (horizontal impaction position near the lower mandibular border and below the incisors’ root apices). Additionally, the paper discusses the biomechanical orthodontic design and the alternative treatment options for these complex cases.
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Fernández-Trigo, Vicente, e Paul H. Sugarbaker. "Sarcomas Involving the Abdominal and Pelvic Cavity". Tumori Journal 79, n.º 2 (abril de 1993): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169307900201.
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The principles of management of all sarcomas that involve the abdominal and pelvic cavity are presented. The anatomic sites for the primary malignancy include retroperitoneal sarcomas, pelvic side-wall sarcomas, sarcomas arising from the abdominal viscera, and sarcomas arising from the pelvic organs. All histologic types of sarcomas may be considered together when therapeutic options are being discussed. This presentation stresses surgical removal with an adequate margin of resection as the principal goal of management. The curative treatment of these cancers places great emphasis on the surgeon's knowledge of anatomy, technical skills, innovation, and surgical courage. Systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy have not shown reproducible efficacy. Complete resection in the absence of tumor spillage remains the only reliable treatment option. Possible benefits of induction chemotherapy and intraperitoneal chemotherapy using cisplatin and doxorubicin in the early postoperative period are presented.
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Panteleyev, V. S. "Analysis of Early and Distant Results of Various Options for Eliminating the Residual Liver Cavity Following Echinococcectomy". Creative surgery and oncology 8, n.º 3 (26 de janeiro de 2019): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24060/2076-3093-2018-8-3-203-207.
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Introduction. The available literature on the surgery of echinococcosis is mainly presented by retrospective studies, and the results of these studies are often contradictory, especially when it comes to options for the elimination of the residual cavity after removal of the parasitic liver cyst. In this regard, the main purpose of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of various ways to eliminate the residual liver cavity after echinococcectomy.Materials and methods. The Republican clinical hospital was the host (city of Ufa, Russia) to conduct a prospective analysis of 234 cases of laparotomic surgical removal of echinococcal cysts in the period from 2000 to 2017. The patients were divided into three groups depending on the surgical tactics to solve the problem of residual liver cavity: the first group (n = 84) patients underwent capitonnage and intussusception of the fibrous capsule of the residual cavity; in the second (n = 79) group the greater omental pedicle flap was tamponaded; in the third (n = 71) group underwent the maximum possible excision of the fibrous capsule and the remaining empty space in the liver was opened into the abdominal cavity.Results and discussion: The suppuration of the residual cavity, being the most frequent complication encountered in our study, with almost the same frequency was noted in both groups of patients, where the elimination of the residual cavity was carried out by capitonnage or greater omentum tamponading. According to multifactorial analysis, infectious complications and recurrence of echinococcus were statistically lower in group III than in other groups (p = 0.002 and 0.001; p = 0.004 and p = 0.002).Conclusion. The findings showed that the safest option for “frugal” echinococcectomy was the maximum possible excision of the fibrous cap with subsequent aplatisation. This approach was characterised by the least number of infectious complications and did not require repeated interventions.
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Mehta, Ravindra M., Rakesh Godara, Rajani Surendar Bhat, Chakravarthi Loknath e Abhinav Singla. "A Novel Technique for the Management of Massive Hemoptysis: The Customized Endobronchial Silicone Blocker". Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 15, n.º 2 (março de 2020): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1556984520904351.
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Objective Massive hemoptysis (MH) has a high mortality rate. Therapeutic options include bronchoscopy for endobronchial lesions, bronchial artery embolization (BAE), and emergency surgery. Scant options exist for patients who are not candidates for these modalities. Culprit bronchial segment occlusion is an option to prevent “spillover flooding → hypoxia.” Applying this concept, we describe a case series of MH control using a novel bronchoscopically inserted customized endobronchial silicone blocker (CESB). We analyzed the safety and efficacy of CESBs in a select subset of patients with MH. Methods Inclusion criteria were patients with MH who were unstable for surgery/BAE, failed BAE, or relatively contraindicated/refused BAE. CESBs were manufactured on-site by modifying silicone stents, inserted using rigid bronchoscopy and reinforced with glue. The CESB was removed after 6 weeks when possible. A successful outcome was defined as immediate bleeding control with no recurrence after removal. Results Over 4.5 years, 13 episodes of MH in 12 patients meeting the criteria specified earlier were treated with CESBs. Seven of 12 patients had tuberculosis, 4 active and 3 inactive. One patient had mucormycosis, 1 post-lobectomy, 1 endobronchial renal cell carcinoma, 1 fibrosing mediastinitis, and 1 patient had metastatic laryngeal Ca. Eight of 12 patients were taken for primary-CESB placement. Four of 12 patients were sent for BAE, which was unsuccessful, and rescue-CESB was done for definitive management. The success rate, as defined earlier, was 92.3%, with no deaths from MH. Conclusions Innovative bronchoscopically inserted CESBs are an effective strategy in MH when patients are unstable or fail conventional management.
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Volgina, S. A., e M. Yu Dorofeeva. "PARTICIPATION OF A PRIMARY PEDIATRICIAN IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS IN CHILDREN". Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 63, n.º 5 (20 de novembro de 2018): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2018-63-5-222-230.
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Tuberous sclerosis is a multisystem genetic disorder caused by unregulated activation of a mammalian rapamycin target (mTOR), leading to the growth of hamartomas in various organs. Skin lesions associated with tuberous sclerosis often develop at early age, which is an important diagnostic criterion. It is the pediatricians who can contribute to an early diagnostic process, to develop treatment strategy and create follow-up care for patients. Possible treatment options for skin lesions due tuberous sclerosis include pharmacological (e.g. local or systemic mTOR inhibitors) and non-pharmacological (surgical removal, laser therapy) methods.
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Naung, Noel Ye, Joseph E. Van Sickels, Tom E. Hartsock e Jacob L. Sword. "Orthognathic Surgery in a Patient With Clear Aligners and Veneers: Options for Interim Fixation and Early Elastic Physiotherapy—Case Report". Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction Open 5 (1 de janeiro de 2020): 247275122094940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472751220949405.
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When clear aligners and veneers are used preoperatively, placement of orthodontic brackets is not possible. The MatrixWAVE maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) screws are readily available in many operating rooms and can be used as an alternative interim fixation device. Screws from this system can be left in place for postoperative elastic physiotherapy. In this case report, MMF screws were left in place for muscle memory training and an aid to prevent relapse. The screws were well tolerated by the patient. Removal at 14 weeks resulted in small wounds, which healed quickly.
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Lazorko-Connon, S., e G. Achari. "Atrazine: its occurrence and treatment in water". Environmental Reviews 17, NA (dezembro de 2009): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a09-009.
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A comprehensive review of atrazine including its use, properties, environmental fate, toxicological effects, occurrence in water, a summary of criteria for drinking water and the efficiency of various water treatment options for its removal was conducted. Atrazine is ubiquitous in surface water, groundwater, and precipitation, due to its widespread use for the control of broadleaf and grassy weeds mainly in corn crops. Atrazine is considered a priority substance by the USEPA, Agriculture Canada, and the European Commission. It causes developmental deformities and impacts behavior in frogs and fish. Atrazine has been implicated as a possible endocrine disrupting compound and has been associated with various cancers in humans such as stomach, prostate, breast, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Guidelines and standards governing maximum acceptable concentrations in fresh and marine waters are scarce and those for drinking water vary significantly between agencies. The effectiveness of tertiary water treatment technologies for the removal of atrazine demonstrates varying efficiencies. Variations in the quality of source water and the presence of natural organic matter present significant challenges for its removal.
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Cooper, Paul, Paul Griffin, Stuart Humphries e Adrian Pound. "Design of a Hybrid Reed Bed System to Achieve Complete Nitrification and Denitrification of Domestic Sewage". Water Science and Technology 40, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 1999): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0173.
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The design of vertical-flow (VF) reed beds is reviewed and the performance of the few worldwide existing hybrid systems, combining both horizontal- and vertical-flow beds, is assessed. Horizontal-flow (HF) beds are good for suspended solids removal and will remove BOD5 up to a set loading. Vertical-flow beds can achieve BOD5 removal at much higher loading rates and they are capable of complete nitrification as tertiary or secondary treatment systems. It is possible to achieve biological denitrification in horizontal-flow beds. By combining horizontal- and vertical-flow systems in the appropriate process sequence it is thus possible to produce a system which removes BOD5, TSS and achieves complete nitrification as well as substantial removal of nitrate and hence a lowered Total N. The paper discusses the possible process options for combining horizontal- and vertical-flow systems. One example of these systems will be described in more detail. This is a flexible hybrid system being built by Severn Trent Water. Designed to treat the flow for a small village with a population of 129 it will have vertical-flow beds followed by horizontal-flow beds. The design allows for flexibility such that the size of the vertical-flow and horizontal-flow stages can be altered (for experimental purposes) to allow the design arrangement to be stressed and performance evaluated with the intention of defining the optimum loading rates for each of the stages. The same site also has sludge drying reed beds for treating the primary sludge.
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Alferness, Megan K., Alexandria R. Casares e Steven C. Chiesa. "Evaluation of a Point-of-Use Electrocoagulation System for Arsenic Removal". International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 11, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2016): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v11i1.6326.
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A point-of-use prototype electrocoagulation treatment system was designed and evaluated for its ability to remove arsenic from a synthetic groundwater. The system was comprised of an electrocoagulation reactor providing batch treatment, a rechargeable battery power source, an electrical monitoring and control module, and a granular media filter. The control module and the filter underdrain system were designed to improve user convenience. The system was able to consistently reduce arsenic concentrations to below 20 µg/L. Effluent soluble arsenic concentrations under 10 µg/L were deemed possible with enhanced effluent suspended solids removal techniques. Arsenic removal was found to be a function of the initial arsenic concentration and the cumulative charge dosage as measured in coulombs per liter of water treated. The steel plate size used in the electrocoagulation module influenced the current draw and the overall electrical efficiency of the system. The monitoring and control module allowed the system to produce up to 100 liters of treated water daily on a single battery charge and would automatically control charge and iron dosage. The point-of-use system was capable of meeting household potable demands for water where other treatment options are limited.
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Blumenthal, U. J., M. Strauss, D. D. Mara e S. Cairncross. "Generalised Model of the Effect of Different Control Measures in Reducing Health Risks from Waste Reuse". Water Science and Technology 21, n.º 6-7 (1 de junho de 1989): 567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0259.
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Health risks from wastewater and excreta reuse are assessed using an epidemiological definition of attributable risk instead of the presence of a microbiological hazard. Measures for health protection need not rely on total pathogen removal by waste treatment processes but may include ways to prevent direct human exposure to the wastes. The range of possible options for health protection includes: waste treatment, crop restriction, localised application methods, control of human exposure, and combinations of the different methods. A generalised model is used to show the effectiveness of each option in reducing health risks to agricultural workers and consumers of the crops grown. Three different regimes are available for rendering waste reuse ‘safe' to both workers and consumers, and several regimes are capable of reducing but not eliminating health risks. Case studies are given of the application of the model to wastewater and excreta reuse in agriculture and aquaculture in 6 different countries. The model can be used to aid decisions by planners and engineers to ensure that health protection measures are targetted towards specific exposed groups in the population, within their local context.
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Mathew, Blessy Baby, Monisha Jaishankar, Vinai George Biju e Krishnamurthy Nideghatta Beeregowda. "Role of Bioadsorbents in Reducing Toxic Metals". Journal of Toxicology 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4369604.
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Industrialization and urbanization have led to the release of increasing amounts of heavy metals into the environment. Metal ion contamination of drinking water and waste water is a serious ongoing problem especially with high toxic metals such as lead and cadmium and less toxic metals such as copper and zinc. Several biological materials have attracted many researchers and scientists as they offer both cheap and effective removal of heavy metals from waste water. Therefore it is urgent to study and explore all possible sources of agrobased inexpensive adsorbents for their feasibility in the removal of heavy metals. The objective was to study inexpensive adsorbents like various agricultural wastes such as sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, oil palm shell, coconut shell, and coconut husk in eliminating heavy metals from waste water and their utilization possibilities based on our research and literature survey. It also shows the significance of developing and evaluating new potential biosorbents in the near future with higher adsorption capacity and greater reusable options.
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Dzhuganova, Viktoriia, Valery V. NOVOMLINSKY, Andrey Petrovich Sokolov, Pavel Alekseevich Lynov, Margarita Gennedievna Sokolova, Anton Petrovich Ostroushko, Azariy Falesovich Kutsuradis, Arina Vladimirovna Chugunova e Anastasia Yurievna Laptiyova. "Removal of fibroadenoma of the breast augmentation and breast implants. Analysis of the possibility of simultaneous and delayed execution of these operations". Journal of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 14, n.º 2 (22 de junho de 2021): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2021-14-2-140-146.
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Introduction. Fibroadenomas (FA) are the most common benign breast neoplasms that are diagnosed in 25% of women. Dissatisfaction with the size of the breast and the desire to increase it occurs in 40%. For this reason, in the practice of a plastic surgeon, there are cases when the patient wants to remove fibroadenomas (FA) and increase the size of the breast. In this situation, there are two options for managing the patient- the simultaneous execution of two operations and the delayed one.Aim. To evaluate the possibility of simultaneous FA removal and augmentation mammoplasty, to analyze possible complications and methods of their correction.Materials and methods. We have analyzed the experience of simultaneous interventions of FA removal and augmentation mammoplasty on the example of 10 cases performed in the period from 2014-2019, as well as FA removal after implant placement-3 cases.Results. Performing a simultaneous operation has advantages due to the minimization of injuries (the ability to perform from a single access - submammary or periareolar), reducing psychological stress and better cosmetic effect. Two patients had postoperative complications in the form of capsular contracture, manifested in the asymmetry of the mammary glands, corrected by performing capsulotomy and forming a new submammary fold. When performing invasive diagnostic tests and surgical intervention in three patients after endoprosthesis augmentation mammoplasty, extreme caution was required due to the risk of violating the integrity of the implant. It was found that the incision of the posterior leaf of the MJ capsule with a large number of removed neoplasms in the postoperative period leads to the development of breast asymmetry. The fact of FA recurrence was also confirmed (2 patients), who subsequently underwent repeated surgical intervention.Conclusion. Performing simultaneous operations for benign breast tumors can be surely practiced by plastic surgeons, including as one of the options for simultaneous treatment of breast FA and augmentation mammoplasty. The occurrence of FA in the long-term period after breast augmentation surgery is associated with difficulties in diagnostics (mammography and fine needle aspiration biopsy under the control of ultrasound), as well as in the course of surgery itself, due to the presence of the implant and the risk of violation of its integrity.
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Moussa, M. S., A. R. Rojas, C. M. Hooijmans, H. J. Gijzen e M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Model-based evaluation of nitrogen removal in a tannery wastewater treatment plant". Water Science and Technology 50, n.º 6 (1 de setembro de 2004): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0383.
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Computer modelling has been used in the last 15 years as a powerful tool for understanding the behaviour of activated sludge wastewater treatment systems. However, computer models are mainly applied for domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Application of these types of models to industrial wastewater treatment plants requires a different model structure and an accurate estimation of the kinetics and stoichiometry of the model parameters, which may be different from the ones used for domestic wastewater. Most of these parameters are strongly dependent on the wastewater composition. In this study a modified version of the activated sludge model No. 1 (ASM 1) was used to describe a tannery WWTP. Several biological tests and complementary physical-chemical analyses were performed to characterise the wastewater and sludge composition in the context of activated sludge modelling. The proposed model was calibrated under steady-state conditions and validated under dynamic flow conditions. The model was successfully used to obtain insight into the existing plant performance, possible extension and options for process optimisation. The model illustrated the potential capacity of the plant to achieve full denitrification and to handle a higher hydraulic load. Moreover, the use of a mathematical model as an effective tool in decision making was demonstrated.
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Meyn, T., A. Bahn e T. O. Leiknes. "Significance of flocculation for NOM removal by coagulation–ceramic membrane microfiltration". Water Supply 8, n.º 6 (1 de dezembro de 2008): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.148.
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Potable water treatment with coupling coagulation–microfiltration processes are still rarely applied in commercial treatment plants. Raw water with a high content of organic matter, typical for Norwegian surface water sources, was treated in this study using a ceramic microfiltration membrane system. Three different pre-treatment options were investigated, a classical two-stage flocculation, a simplified one-stage fast mixing step and an inline flocculation treatment, using an iron chloride coagulant. DOC removal was similar (76–81%, 5.5 mg C/L in raw water) in all compared setups. The more compact, energy efficient inline configuration was investigated further, varying flux (140 and 220 LMH), pH (4.5, 5.5 & 6.5), G-value (60 and 300 s−1) and HRT in the pipe (7 and 30 s), while monitoring DOC removal, fouling rate and residual iron concentrations. DOC removal was strongly pH dependent; 70% at pH 4.5, and 47% at pH 6.5. At high flux of 220 LMH the membrane fouled quickly and sustainable operation was not possible. At 140 LMH fouling was much less and no severe fouling was observed during the experimental period. Residual metal concentration was found to be the limiting parameter in the design and operation of the process configuration. Metal concentrations below the regulation limits (200 μgFe/L) were only achieved at pH 6.5. Reversible fouling was only observed at higher pH values.
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Jamieson, Bryan Lee, Alex Augusto Gonçalves e Graham A. Gagnon. "Evaluation of treatment options for Atlantic Canadian seafood processing plant effluentA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2010): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-127.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate different effluent treatment options for Atlantic Canadian seafood processing plants. Bench-scale testing with a 25-mesh screen, sedimentation (SED), and dissolved air flotation (DAF) was conducted. Treatment by SED and DAF was successful in reducing contaminant concentrations with maximum observed percent reductions: biochemical oxygen demand, BOD5 (90%); chemical oxygen demand, COD (60%); turbidity (99%); total suspended solids, TSS (95%); and ammonia nitrogen, NH3-N (50%). Bench-scale 25-mesh screen runs for select effluent types showed poor reduction efficiencies and appeared to provide inadequate removal of contaminants. Sedimentation and DAF using alum were effective at removing solids but less effective at removing soluble effluent components. Improved performance may be possible with further treatment technology optimization on an effluent specific basis.
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Sinclair, GB. "Stress singularities in classical elasticity–I: Removal, interpretation, and analysis". Applied Mechanics Reviews 57, n.º 4 (1 de julho de 2004): 251–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1762503.
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This review article has two parts, published in separate issues of this journal, which consider the stress singularities that occur in linear elastostatics. In the present Part I, after a brief review of the singularities that attend concentrated loads, attention is focused on the singularities that occur away from such loading, and primarily on 2D configurations. A number of examples of these singularities are given in the Introduction. For all of these examples, it is absolutely essential that the presence of singularities at least be recognized if the stress fields are to be used in attempts to ensure structural integrity. Given an appreciation of a stress singularity’s occurrence, there are two options open to the stress analyst if the stress analysis is to actually be used. First, to try and improve the modeling so that the singularity is removed and physically sensible stresses result. Second, to try and interpret singularities that persist in a physically meaningful way. Section 2 of the paper reviews avenues available for the removal of stress singularities. At this time, further research is needed to effect the removal of all singularities. Section 3 of the paper reviews possible interpretations of singularities. At this time, interpretations using the singularity coefficient, or stress intensity factor, would appear to be the best available. To implement an approach using stress intensity factors in a general context, two types of companion analysis are usually required: analytical asymptotics to characterize local singular fields; and numerical analysis to capture participation in global configurations. Section 4 of the paper reviews both types of analysis. At this time, methods for both are fairly well developed. Studies in the literature which actually effect asymptotic analyses of specific singular configurations will be considered in Part II of this review article. The present Part I has 182 references.
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Bell, Randy S., William O. Bank, Rocco A. Armonda, Alexander H. Vo e Charles W. Kerber. "Can a Self-Expanding Aneurysm Stent Be Clipped? Emergency Proximal Control Options for the Vascular Neurosurgeon". Neurosurgery 68, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2011): 1056–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e31820d5396.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: If a self-expanding stent has been placed during endovascular treatment of an aneurysm and subsequently an open aneurysm surgery becomes necessary in the same or an adjacent area, is it possible and safe to obtain proximal control by placing a temporary clip on the artery at a point where it contains the stent? OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of temporary clip application to 3 separate stent systems in an in vitro flow model with the stated hypothesis that clip application to these stents will result in permanent stent deformation. METHODS: This is an in vitro flow model study using an accepted synthetic blood vessel substitute. The Neuroform3 (Boston Scientific), Enterprise (Cordis/Codman), and Pipeline (ev3) stents were deployed within the flow model; temporary clips were applied; and angiographic measurements subsequently made. RESULTS: Two 4 × 30-mm Neuroform3 stents, two 4.5 × 28-mm Enterprise stents, and two 3.75 × 20-mm Pipeline stents were successfully deployed and clipped repeatedly (4 iterations). Two- and 3-dimensional angiograms were obtained. After repeated clip occlusion, the Neuroform3 and Enterprise stents returned to their original configuration and diameter. Clip application to both also resulted in immediate flow arrest. In contrast, initial clip application to the Pipeline stents did not result in flow arrest, but the second single clip application did. The Pipeline stents were also irreversibly deformed after the experimental protocol, with an average luminal diameter reduction of 26.85% (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The Neuroform3 and Enterprise stents responded favorably to temporary clip application, returning to their original diameter after clip removal and showing no sign of permanent structural modification. The Pipeline flow-diverting stent, however, was irreversibly deformed by clip application. These data indicate that temporary clip application to certain stents is possible. Further in vivo study is required.
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Gretzschel, Oliver, Michael Schäfer, Heidrun Steinmetz, Erich Pick, Kim Kanitz e Stefan Krieger. "Advanced Wastewater Treatment to Eliminate Organic Micropollutants in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Combination with Energy-Efficient Electrolysis at WWTP Mainz". Energies 13, n.º 14 (13 de julho de 2020): 3599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143599.
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To achieve the Paris climate protection goals there is an urgent need for action in the energy sector. Innovative concepts in the fields of short-term flexibility, long-term energy storage and energy conversion are required to defossilize all sectors by 2040. Water management is already involved in this field with biogas production and power generation and partly with using flexibility options. However, further steps are possible. Additionally, from a water management perspective, the elimination of organic micropollutants (OMP) is increasingly important. In this feasibility study a concept is presented, reacting to energy surplus and deficits from the energy grid and thus providing the needed long-term storage in combination with the elimination of OMP in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The concept is based on the operation of an electrolyzer, driven by local power production on the plant (photovoltaic (PV), combined heat and power plant (CHP)-units) as well as renewable energy from the grid (to offer system service: automatic frequency restoration reserve (aFRR)), to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is fed into the local gas grid and oxygen used for micropollutant removal via upgrading it to ozone. The feasibility of such a concept was examined for the WWTP in Mainz (Germany). It has been shown that despite partially unfavorable boundary conditions concerning renewable surplus energy in the grid, implementing electrolysis operated with regenerative energy in combination with micropollutant removal using ozonation and activated carbon filter is a reasonable and sustainable option for both, the climate and water protection.
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Khayyat, Yasir Mohammed. "Pharmacological Management of Esophageal Food Bolus Impaction". Emergency Medicine International 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/924015.
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Background. Soft esophageal bolus impaction is an emergency that requires skilled endoscopic removal if persistent obstructive symptoms do not resolve spontaneously after careful observation. Expedited care of these patients is crucial to avoid respiratory and mechanical complications. Other possible options for management include medical agents used to manage it prior to performing endoscopy if access to endoscopy was not available or declined by the patient.Aim. To review the available pharmacological and other nonmedicinal options and their mechanism of relief for soft esophageal impaction.Method. Pubmed, Medline and Ovid were used for search of MESH terms pertinent including “foreign body, esophageal, esophageal bolus and medical” for pharmacological and non medicinial agents used for management of esophageal soft bolus impaction as well as manual review of the cross-references.Results. Several agents were identified including Buscopan, Glucagon, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and papaveretum. Non medicinal agents are water, effervescent agents, and papain. No evidence was found to suggest preference or effectiveness of use of a certain pharmacological agent compared to others. Buscopan, Glucagon, benzodiazepines, and nitrates were studied extensively and may be used in selected patients with caution. Use of papain is obsolete in management of soft bolus impaction.
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Ojeda, Victoria D., Laura Romero e Arisa Ortiz. "A model for sustainable laser tattoo removal services for adult probationers". International Journal of Prisoner Health 15, n.º 4 (5 de dezembro de 2019): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-09-2018-0047.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe a sustainable free laser tattoo removal clinic for economically disadvantaged adult probationers. Design/methodology/approach This paper describes the partnerships, methods and challenges/lessons learned from the implementation of a free monthly laser tattoo removal program for adult probationers within a medical school setting in California. Findings Possible patients are identified via a collaboration with the county’s Probation Department. Founded in 2016, this monthly program has provided tattoo removal services to >37 adult patient probationers, many of whom receive follow-up treatments. Clients seek to remove about four blue/black ink tattoos. Since its inception, 23 dermatology residents have volunteered in the program. Challenges to patients’ ongoing participation primarily pertain to scheduling issues; strategies for overcoming barriers to participation are provided. No safety concerns have emerged. Social implications Programs such as this public-private partnership may benefit probationers by eliminating financial barriers associated with tattoo removal. This model supports the training of cohorts of dermatologists seeking community service opportunities related to laser medicine. Others seeking to implement a similar program may also consider expanding treatment days/times to facilitate access for working probationers, providing enrollment options for other health and social services (e.g. public insurance, food stamp programs) and hosting a mobile onsite clinic to address clients’ physical and mental health needs. Originality/value This paper describes a unique collaboration between law enforcement and a medical school and it may assist other jurisdictions in establishing free tattoo removal programs for the benefit of probationers. The methods described overcome challenges regarding the implementation of this specialized clinical service.
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Yeh, T. Y., e C. H. Wu. "Pollutant removal within hybrid constructed wetland systems in tropical regions". Water Science and Technology 59, n.º 2 (1 de janeiro de 2009): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.846.
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Hybrid constructed wetlands have received tremendous interests for water quality enhancement due to insufficient sewage treatment and groundwater deterioration in Taiwan. The main objectives of this study were to investigate pollutant removal efficiencies and mechanisms within field-scale hybrid natural purification systems. The studied hybrid constructed wetland systems include an oxidation pond, two serial surface flow wetlands with a cascade in between, and a subsurface flow wetland receiving secondary treated dormitory sewage. The average SS, BOD and COD percent removal efficiency was 86.7, 86.5 and 57.8%, respectively. The ratio of BOD to COD decreased from 0.65 in the initial aerobic compartment to 0.21 in anoxic parts of the systems, indicating most biological degradable materials were decomposed in the aerobic oxidation pond and surface flow wetlands. Heavy metal removal percentages of copper and zinc were 72.9 and 68.3%, respectively. Sedimentation and plant uptake are the possible sinks for metals retention. Significant phosphorus removal was not achieved in this study. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and ammonium decreased from 4.08 to 1.43 and 3.74 to 1.21 mg/L, respectively, while nitrate nitrogen increased from 1.91 to 3.85 mg/L within the aerobic oxidation pond and surface flow wetlands. This result demonstrated nitrification occurring within aerobic compartments. The nitrate nitrogen continued to decrease from 3.85 to 1.43 mg/L within the anoxic subsurface wetlands mainly through denitrification transformation. Total nitrogen removal was from 7.61 to 3.61 mg/L, with the percentage removal of total nitrogen around 52.6%. The primary nitrogen removal and transformation mechanisms within the studied wetland systems were nitrification within aerobic followed by denitrificaiton within anaerobic systems. The emergent macrophytes enhance aeration through oxygen transferring that attributing the higher organic matter removal and nitrification rate. The hybrid wetland systems are viable options of pollutants transformation and removal in tropical countries, while tertiary wastewater systems are too costly or unable to operate. Effluent of purified systems can comply with local surface water criteria rendering for groundwater recharge.
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Kraly, Jennifer, Robert G. Pond, Ann Hayward Walker, John Caplis, Don V. Aurand, Gina M. Coelho, Buzz Martin e Michael Sowby. "Ecological Risk Assessment Principles Applied to Oil Spill Response Planning". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2001): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-177.
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ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the process of a cooperative ecological risk assessment (ERA) that was used to examine the potential environmental consequences of oil spill scenarios in San Francisco Bay, California; Galveston Bay, Texas; and Puget Sound, Washington. The purpose of the ERA process is to evaluate the ecological trade-offs associated with the use of each of five potential oil spill removal options—natural recovery, on-water mechanical recovery, shoreline cleanup, dispersant use, and on-water in situ burning. The desired outcome of the evaluation is identification of the optimum mix of response options in reducing injury to each specific environment. Evaluations at each location were accomplished through a series of facilitated workshops involving technical experts and resource managers from as many stakeholder organizations as possible. At these workshops, the participants developed relative ecological risk evaluations for response options. At the conclusion of each ERA, the workshop participants felt that the cooperative ERA process had the potential to become an integral part of the area contingency planning process by facilitating the assessment of the effectiveness of response strategies contained in an Area Contingency Plan (ACP). Repeated application of the process for various scenarios should enable an area committee to optimize response strategies over time by maximizing net environmental benefit. This paper describes the process used by the participants and presents a simplified version of the ERA process amenable to shorter timeframes and consequently more scenarios.
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Blumenthal, U. J., M. Strauss, D. D. Mara e S. Cairncross. "Generalised Model of the Effect of Different Control Measures in Reducing Health Risks from Waste Reuse†". Water Science and Technology 21, n.º 3 (1 de março de 1989): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0106.
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Health risks from wastewater and excreta reuse are assessed using an epidemiological definition of attributable risk instead of the presence of a microbiological hazard. Measures for health protection need not rely on total pathogen removal by waste treatment processes but may include ways to prevent direct human exposure to the wastes. The range of possible options for health protection includes: waste treatment, crop restriction, localised application methods, control of human exposure, and combinations of the different methods. A generalised model is used to show the effectiveness of each option in reducing health risks to agricultural workers and consumers of the crops grown. Three different regimes are available for rendering waste reuse ‘safe' to both workers and consumers, and several regimes are capable of reducing but not eliminating health risks. Case studies are given of the application of the model to wastewater and excreta reuse in agriculture and aquaculture in 6 different countries. The model can be used to aid decisions by planners and engineers to ensure that health protection measures are targetted towards specific exposed groups in the population, within their local context. † The full version of this article will appear in Water Science and Technology, 2l(6/7), 567-577 (1989).
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Mira, Filipe Santos, João Pina Cabral, Luís Rodrigues, Nuno Oliveira, Gil Agostinho, Ana Galvão e Rui Alves. "Multiple complications of a 14-year-old hemodialysis catheter". Journal of Vascular Access 20, n.º 5 (13 de junho de 2019): 567–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1129729819854828.
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Introduction: Vascular access for hemodialysis is a key factor in every patient dependent on this treatment. Maintaining a central venous catheter can be a good choice when all the other options have been exhausted, but unwanted and rare complications may arise from longer catheter dwell time. Case report: We describe a case of a 65-year-old woman undergoing hemodialysis treatment since 1986 after a bilateral nephrectomy due to complicated nephrolithiasis. Her last access, two Tesio® tunneled cuffed catheters implanted via the right internal jugular vein functioned correctly for 14 years without complications, and so, was not replaced in the meantime. She was referred to our hospital due to a rupture in a catheter lumen, which was corrected conservatively by creating a more proximal tunnel and excising the affected area. A few weeks later, a new rupture in the same lumen was identified, so the catheter was replaced with angiographic control. The catheter was frail, so upon its removal, the tip fractured and remained in the right ventricle, being swiftly removed by an endovascular snare without complications. Discussion: This case reports two rare complications associated with catheter handling and identifies a possible technique for conservative resolution of a lumen rupture.
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Guo, Dongsheng, Kai Shu, Rudong Chen, Changshu Ke, Yanchang Zhu e Ting Lei. "MICROSURGICAL TREATMENT OF SYMPTOMATIC SACRAL PERINEURIAL CYSTS". Neurosurgery 60, n.º 6 (1 de junho de 2007): 1059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000255457.12978.78.
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Abstract OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the microsurgical results of symptomatic sacral perineurial cysts of 11 patients and to discuss the treatment options of the past 10 years. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 11 patients with symptomatic sacral perineurial cysts who underwent microsurgical treatment at Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from 1993 through 2006. The philosophy was to perform total or partial cyst wall removal, to imbricate the remaining nerve sheath if possible, and to repair local defect with muscle, Gelfoam (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI), and fibrin glue. Patient outcomes were assessed by comparing the preoperative and postoperative examination results. The average follow-up time obtained from return visits to the neurosurgery clinic or by telephone questionnaires ranged from 2 months to 13 years. A literature search and analysis of current treatment options were performed. RESULTS Nine of the 11 patients (82%) experienced complete or substantial relief of their preoperative symptoms. One patient (Patient 4) experienced worsening of bladder dysfunction after surgery and recovered slowly to subnormal function during the subsequent 2 months. The symptoms of Patient 9 did not resolve, and magnetic resonance imaging showed that the cyst had reoccurred. The patient underwent reoperation 3 months later without any improvement. One patient (Patient 11) experience a cerebrospinal fluid leakage complication. Neither new postoperative neurological defects nor infection were observed in our series. In the literature, there are six different treatment options under debate and controversially discussed. CONCLUSION Microsurgical treatment yielded the best long-term resolution of patient symptoms to date and should be recommended to appropriately selected patients.
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Petrushin, A. L., e A. V. Pryaluchina. "PUBIC SYMPHYSIS DIASTASIS IN PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY (REVIEW)". Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia 24, n.º 3 (7 de outubro de 2018): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21823/2311-2905-2018-24-3-145-156.
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Purpose of the study— to generalize and arrange the data published in scientific literature and to present currentviews on epidemiology, diagnostics and treatment options for pubic symphysis diastasis during pregnancy and delivery. Semeiotic separation wider than 10 mm is considered pubic symphysis diastasis during pregnancy and delivery. Diastasis above 14-25 mm might be associated with ruptures of sacroiliac joints. Frequency of such pathology is reported in the range from 0,03 to 2,8%. Key risk factors of this pathology include multiparity and repeated labor. Symptoms of pubic separation include pain and signs of pelvic instability manifesting immediately after delivery or within a short period of time after the delivery. AP roentgenography is the principal diagnostics method however lately ultrasound exam is done more frequently. Conservative option prevails in treatment of pubic symphysis diastasis. Surgical procedures are recommended in case of separation above 30-50 mm, ruptures of sacroiliac joints, open lesions, failed conservative treatment and urological dysfunction. In such cases preferred option is the internal fixation by plate and screws. Some authors use external fixation. Late-term outcomes of both methods do not demonstrate significant differences. Pain regress after the surgery is observed within 3 weeks to 6 months postoperatively, walking with partial load is restored in 5-14 days, full load on the lower limbs is possible 6 months postoperatively. Indications for removal of implants after internal fixation are not clearly defined. Following surgical treatment of pubic symphysis diastasis the majority of authors incline to subsequent operative delivery.
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Kouba, Lamia, Bayan Alsaid, Taisser Almeree, Mazen Allouche e Abdulghani Alshalabi. "Multiple Hepatic and Renal Hydatid Cysts Managed with Laparoscopic Surgery". Case Reports in Surgery 2019 (17 de dezembro de 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6969232.
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Cystic echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The liver and lungs are the most commonly infected organs. We present the first-of-a-kind case of laparoscopic excision of 8 hydatid cysts, of which seven were in the liver and one was in the kidney of a 40-year-old patient. The patient presented with fatigue and fever and a one-year history of vague abdominal pain. Albendazole was administered before surgical intervention. The postoperative follow-up period was notable for a renal fistula. The patient subsequently underwent CT-guided percutaneous removal of a central hepatic hydatid cyst that was inaccessible using laparoscopic techniques. Cystic echinococcosis is endemic in the Mediterranean region. The growing number of immigrants and refugees from endemic areas could increase the prevalence of the disease in nonendemic countries. Therefore, it is important for physicians worldwide to be familiar with the diagnostic modalities and possible treatment options for hydatid disease.
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Meeson, Richard L., e Rhiannon Strickland. "Traumatic joint luxations in cats: Reduce, repair, replace, remove". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 23, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2021): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x20979508.
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Practical relevance: Traumatic joint luxations are usually associated with significant trauma and there may be concomitant systemic injury. Joints are unstable as a result of injury to one or more supporting structures and the clinician should aim to determine which structures are damaged with physical examination, diagnostic imaging and careful assessment under sedation/anaesthesia. The aim is to reduce the joint back to its anatomical position, and then to maintain this through repair of damaged structures. However, where this is not possible, replacement or removal (arthrodesis/excision arthroplasty) of the joint remain viable options. Clinical challenges: Owing to the small size of feline joints and the severity of damage often seen, surgical management of these cases can be challenging. The first priority is to ensure the patient is systemically well before embarking on any specific surgical treatment of a luxated joint. Cats also present challenges in the postoperative period and a lack of patient and owner compliance can be detrimental to postoperative outcomes. Aims: This article aims to help the reader diagnose joint luxations and to assist decision-making with an overview of the management and treatment options available. Evidence base: There are a number of original articles and textbook chapters in the literature covering aspects of different joint luxations, particularly for the more common luxations. This article draws on information from key feline research and, where necessary, extrapolates from relevant canine research. The authors also offer practical guidance based on their own clinical experience.
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Amar, Arun Paul. "Controversies in the neurosurgical management of cerebellar hemorrhage and infarction". Neurosurgical Focus 32, n.º 4 (abril de 2012): E1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.2.focus11369.
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Evidence-based guidelines for the management of hemorrhagic and ischemic cerebellar stroke are sparse, and most available data come from Class III studies. As a result, opinions and practices regarding the nature and role of neurosurgical intervention vary widely. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to adjudicate several contentious issues, such as the difference in the management of cerebellar hemorrhage versus infarction, criteria for imaging to exclude an underlying structural lesion, the value of MRI for patient selection, the role of external ventricular drainage, the indications for operative management, the timing of surgical intervention, and various options of surgical technique, among others. Treatment algorithms proposed in several different studies are compared and contrasted. This analysis is concluded by a summary of the recommendations from the American Stroke Association, which advises that patients with cerebellar hemorrhage who experience neurological deterioration or who have brainstem compression and/or hydrocephalus due to ventricular obstruction should undergo surgical evacuation of the hemorrhage as soon as possible, and that initial treatment of such patients with ventricular drainage alone rather than surgical removal of the hemorrhage is not recommended.
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Ding, Jiaxi, Sandra Fernando-Sieminski e Pradeepa Yoganathan. "Intraocular Foreign Bodies—A Review from Entry to Exit and Beyond". US Ophthalmic Review 08, n.º 02 (2015): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/usor.2015.08.02.135.
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Ophthalmic trauma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness in young adults, may be associated with obvious or occult intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs). Critical work-up includes careful history-taking as well as slit-lamp and dilated eye examination. These components are frequently supplemented by imaging tests. Currently, computed tomography is the mainstream modality, offering highly sensitive detection and localization of IOFBs as small as 0.5 mm. IOFBs impact visual prognosis by producing direct damage, causing secondary toxicity, and increasing infectious risk. Factors bearing a poor visual prognosis include large IOFB size, posterior segment location of IOFB, and retinal detachment or endophthalmitis on presentation. Timing of IOFB removal is controversial, but when possible, it is preferable to perform extraction within 24 to 48 hours of initial injury. Antibiotic coverage is also recommended with options of oral alone, intravenous followed by oral, or combination of intravitreal and oral. Even as technology and surgical techniques continue to improve IOFB management, we must still advocate accident prevention to our patients through education and emphasis of protective eyewear.
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Youssef, T. F., A. Matter e M. R. Ahmed. "Surgical management of vestibular schwannoma: attempted preservation of hearing and facial function". Journal of Laryngology & Otology 127, n.º 5 (3 de abril de 2013): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215113000546.
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AbstractBackground:Vestibular schwannomas are benign tumours which usually originate from the vestibular portion of the VIIIth cranial nerve. Treatment options include observation with serial imaging, stereotactic radiation and microsurgical removal.Aim:The goal of surgery was complete eradication of tumour with preservation of hearing and facial nerve function.Methods:A retrospective review was undertaken of 24 cases of vestibular schwannoma jointly operated upon by a team of neurosurgeons and otologists at the Suez Canal University Hospital, with assessment of VIIth and VIIIth cranial nerve function, tumour size, and extent of growth. All surgery utilised a retromastoid, suboccipital approach.Results:Complete tumour removal was achieved in 19 patients. Anatomical preservation of the facial nerve was possible in 66.6 per cent of patients. Pre-operative, useful hearing was present in four patients, and preserved in 80 per cent. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage was diagnosed in two (8.3 per cent) patients, who responded to conservative therapy.Conclusion:The retromastoid, suboccipital surgical approach to the skull base can be safely and successfully achieved using a microsurgical technique, with minimal or no damage to neurovascular structures, even for large tumours.
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Brookins, Milagros D., Sreekumari Rajeev, Timothy D. Thornhill, Kurt Kreinheder e Debra L. Miller. "Mandibular and Maxillary Osteomyelitis and Myositis in a Captive Herd of Red Kangaroos (Macropus Rufus)". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 20, n.º 6 (novembro de 2008): 846–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870802000627.
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Jaw infections in macropods are common and will result in mortality if not promptly diagnosed and aggressively treated. They have most often been reported in wallabies; however, in the current case, the gross and histopathologic findings, microbial culture, and management of jaw infections in a population of red kangaroos ( Macropus rufus) housed in a zoological park are described. Three red kangaroos, among a group of 23, were submitted for necropsy after death after progressively invasive and nonresolving jaw infections. Extensive bone and soft-tissue inflammation and necrosis were observed in all animals. A mixed population of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was cultured; however, Pseudomonas spp. was consistently isolated from the sites of infection in all animals. Parental administration of gentamicin and penicillin, along with daily oral flushing of the wounds with Betadine, removal of all rough forage, and hand feeding soft-pelleted feed, was effective in controlling the progression of disease in 1 affected animal. This case documents an important disease in an additional macropod species and identifies predisposing factors, possible etiologies, and treatment and/or management options.