Artigos de revistas: "Powertrain control"

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Karlušić, Juraj, Mihael Cipek, Danijel Pavković, Željko Šitum, Juraj Benić e Marijan Šušnjar. "Benefit Assessment of Skidder Powertrain Hybridization Utilizing a Novel Cascade Optimization Algorithm". Sustainability 12, n.º 24 (12 de dezembro de 2020): 10396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410396.

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Over the last decade, off-road vehicles have been increasingly hybridized through powertrain electrification in terms of additional electrical machine-based propulsion and battery energy storage, with the goal of achieving significant gains in fuel economy and reductions in greenhouse gases emissions. Since hybrid powertrains consist of two or more different energy sources and may be arranged in many different configurations, there are many open questions in their design and powertrain energy management control, which may have influence on the hybridized powertrain purchase cost and efficiency. This paper presents simple backward optimization models of conventional and hybrid cable skidder powertrains. These models are then used in the optimization of control variables over one forest path in order to find the minimum possible fuel consumption. The optimization results show that 15% fuel efficiency improvement in winching and skid trail driving can be achieved with the selected hybrid powertrain. With that improvement, main hybrid drive components can be paid off in 13 years.

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Arsie, Ivan, Alfonso Di Domenico, Cesare Pianese e Marco Sorrentino. "Modeling and Analysis of Transient Behavior of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles". Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, n.º 3 (9 de setembro de 2006): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2743071.

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The paper focuses on the simulation of a hybrid vehicle with proton exchange membrane fuel cell as the main energy conversion system. A modeling structure has been developed to perform accurate analysis for powertrain and control system design. The models simulate the dynamics of the main powertrain elements and fuel cell system to give a sufficient description of the complex interaction between each component under real operating conditions. A control system based on a multilevel scheme has also been introduced and the complexity of control issues for hybrid powertrains have been discussed. This study has been performed to analyze the energy flows among powertrain components. The results highlight that optimizing these systems is not a trivial task and the use of precise models can improve the powertrain development process. Furthermore, the behavior of system state variables and the influence of control actions on fuel cell operation have also been analyzed. In particular, the effect of introducing a rate limiter on the stack power has been investigated, evidencing that a 2kW∕s rate limiter increased the system efficiency by 10% while reducing the dynamic performance of the powertrain in terms of speed error.

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Wegener, Marius, Thorsten Plum, Markus Eisenbarth e Jakob Andert. "Energy saving potentials of modern powertrains utilizing predictive driving algorithms in different traffic scenarios". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, n.º 4 (8 de agosto de 2019): 992–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019867172.

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In this article, we analyze the interaction between powertrain technology, predictive driving functionalities, and inner-city traffic conditions. A model predictive velocity control algorithm is developed that utilizes dynamic traffic data as well as static route information to optimize the future trajectory of the considered ego-vehicle. This controller is then integrated into a state-of-the-art simulation environment for automated driving functionalities to calculate energy saving potentials for vehicles with a conventional gasoline engine powertrain and a P3-hybrid powertrain configuration as well as for a battery electric vehicle based on real driving measurements. The comparison of these powertrains under various traffic conditions shows that all three technologies profit from predictive driving functionalities. The determined reduction in energy demand ranges from 15% to more than 40%, but it is highly dependent on the boundary conditions and the selected powertrain technology. Specifically, it is shown that electrified powertrains can profit the most when the time-gap to the preceding vehicle is maintained at a high level. For a conventional powertrain, this effect is less pronounced and can be attributed to the efficiency characteristics of gasoline engines. It can be concluded that the development of advanced predictive driving functionalities requires microscopic simulation of inner-city traffic to achieve optimum results with regard to energy consumption.

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Dorey, R. E., D. Maclay, T. Shenton e Z. Shafiei. "Advanced Powertrain Control Strategies". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 28, n.º 1 (março de 1995): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)45688-6.

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Deaconu, Sorin Ioan, Marcel Topor, Gabriel Nicolae Popa e Feifei Bu. "Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Matrix Converter and Direct Torque Control in Powertrains Asynchronous Motor Drives". MATEC Web of Conferences 292 (2019): 01066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929201066.

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Electric transportation has made rapid developments and significant steps toward the full electrical powertrain systems. With the increased use of electric vehicles energy conversion systems several technologies have been developed and reached a high degree of performance. Since electric vehicles and hybrid are the more cost competitive technology available today, the evolution toward a more reliable powertrain combining different electric powertrain systems is needed. Induction machine and permanent magnet generators/motors integrated powertrains have some significant advantages over other types of systems such as no need of excitation, low volume and weight, high precision, and no use of a complex gearbox for torque/speed conversion. A electric vehicle powertrain for EV propulsion with a induction motor and a matrix converter is proposed in this paper. The induction motor is controlled using the direct torque flux algorithm. The traditional power conversion stages consist of a rectifier followed by an inverter and bulky DC link capacitor. It involves 2 stages of power conversion and, subsequently, the efficiency of the overall EV is reduced because of power quality issues mainly based on total harmonic distortion. The proposed solution incorporates a matrix converter is mainly utilized to control the induction electric motor for propulsion. The matrix converter is a simple and compact direct AC-AC converter. The proposed EV with matrix converter is modeled using PSIM.

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Maddumage, W. U., K. Y. Abeyasighe, M. S. M. Perera, R. A. Attalage e P. Kelly. "Comparing Fuel Consumption and Emission Levels of Hybrid Powertrain Configurations and a Conventional Powertrain in Varied Drive Cycles and Degree of Hybridization". Science & Technique 19, n.º 1 (5 de fevereiro de 2020): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-1-20-33.

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Hybrid electric powertrains in automotive applications aim to improve emissions and fuel economy with respect to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Variety of design scenarios need to be addressed in designing a hybrid electric vehicle to achieve desired design objectives such as fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions. The work in this paper presents an analysis of the design objectives for an automobile powertrain with respect to different design scenarios, i. e. target drive cycle and degree of hybridization. Toward these ends, four powertrain configuration models (i. e. internal combustion engine, series, parallel and complex hybrid powertrain configurations) of a small vehicle (motorized three wheeler) are developed using Model Advisor software and simulated with varied drive cycles and degrees of hybridization. Firstly, the impact of vehicle power control strategy and operational characteristics of the different powertrain configurations are investigated with respect to exhaust gas emissions and fuel consumption. Secondly, the drive cycles are scaled according to kinetic intensity and the relationship between fuel consumption and drive cycles is assessed. Thirdly, three fuel consumption models are developed so that fuel consumption values for a real-world drive cycle may be predicted in regard to each powertrain configuration. The results show that when compared with a conventional powertrain fuel consumption is lower in hybrid vehicles. This work led to the surprisingly result showing higher CO emission levels with hybrid vehicles. Furthermore, fuel consumption of all four powertrains showed a strong correlation with kinetic intensity values of selected drive cycles. It was found that with varied drive cycles the average fuel advantage for each was: series 23 %, parallel 21 %, and complex hybrids 33 %, compared to an IC engine powertrain. The study reveals that performance of hybrid configurations vary significantly with drive cycle and degree of hybridization. The paper also suggests future areas of study.

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Adegbohun, Feyijimi, Annette von Jouanne, Ben Phillips, Emmanuel Agamloh e Alex Yokochi. "High Performance Electric Vehicle Powertrain Modeling, Simulation and Validation". Energies 14, n.º 5 (9 de março de 2021): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051493.

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Accurate electric vehicle (EV) powertrain modeling, simulation and validation is paramount for critical design and control decisions in high performance vehicle designs. Described in this paper is a methodology for the design and development of EV powertrain through modeling, simulation and validation on a real-world vehicle system with detailed analysis of the results. Although simulation of EV powertrains in software simulation environments plays a significant role in the design and development of EVs, validating these models on the real-world vehicle systems plays an equally important role in improving the overall vehicle reliability, safety and performance. This modeling approach leverages the use of MATLAB/Simulink software for the modeling and simulation of an EV powertrain, augmented by simultaneously validating the modeling results on a real-world vehicle which is performance tested on a chassis dynamometer. The combination of these modeling techniques and real-world validation demonstrates a methodology for a cost effective means of rapidly developing and validating high performance EV powertrains, filling the literature gaps in how these modeling methodologies can be carried out in a research framework.

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Xiong, Shaoping, Gabriel Wilfong e John Lumkes. "Components Sizing and Performance Analysis of Hydro-Mechanical Power Split Transmission Applied to a Wheel Loader". Energies 12, n.º 9 (28 de abril de 2019): 1613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091613.

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The powertrain efficiency deeply affects the performance of off-road vehicles like wheel loaders in terms of fuel economy, load capability, smooth control, etc. The hydrostatic transmission (HST) systems have been widely adopted in off-road vehicles for providing large power density and continuous variable control, yet using relatively low efficiency hydraulic components. This paper presents a hydrostatic-mechanical power split transmission (PST) solution for a 10-ton wheel loader for improving the fuel economy of a wheel loader. A directly-engine-coupled HST solution for the same wheel loader is also presented for comparison. This work introduced a sizing approach for both PST and HST, which helps to make proper selections of key powertrain components. Furthermore, this work also presented a multi-domain modeling approach for the powertrain of a wheel loader, that integrates the modeling of internal combustion (IC) engine, hydraulic systems, mechanical transmission, vehicle(wheel) dynamics, and relevant control systems. In this modeling, an engine torque evaluation method with a throttle position control system was developed to describe the engine dynamics; a method to express the hydraulic loss of the axial piston hydraulic pump/motor was developed for modeling the hydraulic transmission; and a vehicle velocity control system was developed based on altering the displacement of a hydraulic unit. Two powertrain models were developed, respectively, for the PST and HST systems of a wheel loader using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation on a predefined wheel loader drive cycle was conducted on both powertrain models to evaluate and compare the performance of wheel loader using different systems, including vehicle velocity, hydraulic displacement control, hydraulic torque, powertrain efficiency, and engine power consumption. The simulation results indicate that the vehicle velocity controller developed functions well for both the PST and HST systems; a wheel loader using the proposed PST solution can overall save about 8% energy consumption compared using an HST solution in one drive cycle. The sizing method and simulation models developed in this work should facilitate the development of the powertrains for wheel loaders and other wheeled heavy vehicles.

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Cho, D., e J. K. Hedrick. "Automotive Powertrain Modeling for Control". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 111, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 1989): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3153093.

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A dynamic model of an automotive powertrain system is developed by the use of eight states and two time-delays in the continuous-time domain, with careful attention given to the dynamics and kinematics of a four-stroke spark-ignition engine, an automatic transmission, and rubber tires. The model is relatively simple, yet it predicts the important dynamics (including those during a shift) quite well when compared to experimental data. The model is well suited for developing powertrain controllers and can also be used for studying the dynamic behavior of a powertrain system. A great deal of effort was directed toward preserving the generic nature of modeling so that the developed techniques can be easily adapted to different vehicles with a minimum amount of bench tests for obtaining parameters.

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Cook, Jeffrey A., Jing Sun, Julia H. Buckland, Ilya V. Kolmanovsky, Huei Peng e Jessy W. Grizzle. "Automotive Powertrain Control - A Survey". Asian Journal of Control 8, n.º 3 (22 de outubro de 2008): 237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1934-6093.2006.tb00275.x.

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Hu, Donghai, Yanzhi Yan e Xiaoming Xu. "Determination methodology for stable control domain of electric powertrain based on permanent magnet synchronous motor". Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, n.º 8 (agosto de 2018): 168781401879305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018793053.

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Oscillation of torque and speed occurs in the electric powertrain based on permanent magnet synchronous motor under field-oriented control when we set an unreasonable proportional control parameter of proportional–integral regulator. Thus, it influences the stability and reliability of electric powertrain. The objectives of this article are to study nonlinear dynamics of electric powertrain under various complex operating conditions and settle a minimum stable range of proportional control parameter of proportional–integral regulator. To achieve these goals, nonlinear dynamic model of electric powertrain was established. Then, we solved equilibrium points and analyzed the stability of equilibrium points. Finally, we set different control parameters of proportional–integral regulator and various complex working conditions of electric powertrain to simulate nonlinear dynamics of electric powertrain. The simulation results show the electric powertrain operates stably when the control parameter is set in the area where there is only one stable equilibrium point. Chaos do exist in the electric powertrain with field-oriented control under different working conditions. Our analysis reveals the dynamics of electric powertrain are dependent on proportional control parameters of proportional–integral regulator and electric powertrain performs unstably most likely under the operating condition with no-load and zero reference rotational speed.

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Wan, Guo Qiang, Ying Huang, Fu Jun Zhang e Gang Li. "Integrated Powertrain Control for Gear Shifting". Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (dezembro de 2011): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.725.

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Drivability and fuel economy are continuously emphasized during the development of automobiles, and shift quality is the most important part of the drivability. To improve the shift quality, the integrated powertrain control strategy for gear shifting is presented in this paper. First of all, the transmission control strategy based on the turbine speed trajectory is proposed. Furthermore, an output torque observer is determined to implement the coordinated engine control, and then the torque based coordinated engine control is presented. Finally, the integrated powertrain control strategy is studied by experiments. The experimental results show that the integrated powertrain control reduces the shift jerk and the dissipated clutch energy during gear shifting.

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Kim, Kiyoung, Namdoo Kim, Jongryeol Jeong, Sunghwan Min, Horim Yang, Ram Vijayagopal, Aymeric Rousseau e Suk Won Cha. "A Component-Sizing Methodology for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using an Optimization Algorithm". Energies 14, n.º 11 (27 de maio de 2021): 3147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113147.

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Many leading companies in the automotive industry have been putting tremendous effort into developing new powertrains and technologies to make their products more energy efficient. Evaluating the fuel economy benefit of a new technology in specific powertrain systems is straightforward; and, in an early concept phase, obtaining a projection of energy efficiency benefits from new technologies is extremely useful. However, when carmakers consider new technology or powertrain configurations, they must deal with a trade-off problem involving factors such as energy efficiency and performance, because of the complexities of sizing a vehicle’s powertrain components, which directly affect its energy efficiency and dynamic performance. As powertrains of modern vehicles become more complicated, even more effort is required to design the size of each component. This study presents a component-sizing process based on the forward-looking vehicle simulator “Autonomie” and the optimization algorithm “POUNDERS”; the supervisory control strategy based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP) assures sufficient computational system efficiency. We tested the process by applying it to a single power-split hybrid electric vehicle to determine optimal values of gear ratios and each component size, where we defined the optimization problem as minimizing energy consumption when the vehicle’s dynamic performance is given as a performance constraint. The suggested sizing process will be helpful in determining optimal component sizes for vehicle powertrain to maximize fuel efficiency while dynamic performance is satisfied. Indeed, this process does not require the engineer’s intuition or rules based on heuristics required in the rule-based process.

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Kohel, Petr, e Rastislav Toman. "DEVELOPMENT OF A CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR A PARALLEL HYBRID POWERTRAIN". MECCA Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars 17, n.º 1 (20 de julho de 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mecdc.2020.01.03.

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The current legislation calls for fast electrification of vehicle powertrains, since it is necessary to fulfil the CO2 requirements for the vehicle fleets. The hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) with parallel powertrain topologies – together with pure battery electric vehicles (BEV) – are the most common ways of electrification. However, the HEV powertrain – opposed to the BEV or conventional powertrain – poses an interesting challenge associated with the control system design to achieve the ideal power split between an internal combustion engine (ICE) and electrical machines (EM) during the whole vehicle operation.The presented paper sums up the specific functions and requirements on a control system, together with the description of general control strategy options for a HEV powertrain. The proposed control strategy then combines heuristic rules with a suboptimal numerical control method, calculating the optimal power split ratio based on the efficiencies of ICE and EMs. This control strategy is built into a modular algorithm in Matlab/Simulink for two different parallel HEV powertrain topologies: P2 and P0P4. It is subsequently coupled with a vehicle models created in GT-Suite environment and tested on a WLTC homologation driving cycles. The following simulation tests show the fuel consumption reduction potential for chosen HEV topologies working in hybrid modes, in comparison to a base operation with conventional mode only. Yet, the heuristic rules can be further optimized to obtain even better overall results.Současná legislativa tlačí výrobce vozidel k okamžité elektrifikaci pohonu, protože je to v tuto chvíli jediná možnost, jak dostát požadavkům na flotilové emise CO2. Nejběžnější formou elektrifikace pohonu jsou v dnešní době vozidla s paralelním hybridním pohonem anebo bateriové elektromobily. Nicméně hybridní pohon, na rozdíl právě od konvenčního nebo čistě elektrického pohonu, představuje zajímavé výzvy spojené s návrhem řídicího algoritmu, který musí v každém okamžiku zajišťovat optimální rozdělení výkonu mezi spalovací motor a elektromotor.Tento článek v úvodu krátce shrnuje specifické funkce a požadavky na takový řídicí algoritmus, společně s obecným přehledem možných řídicích strategií hybridních vozidel. Následně je navržena řídicí strategie kombinující heuristická pravidla se suboptimální numerickou metodou, která vypočítává parametr optimálního dělení výkonu na základě účinností spalovacího motoru a elektromotoru. Na základě navrhnuté strategie je v programu Matlab/Simulink vytvořen modulární řídicí algoritmus pro dvě paralelní hybridní topologie: P2 a P0P4, který je následně propojen s modely vozidel vytvořenými v simulačním prostředí GT-Suite a testován v homologačním cyklu WLTC. Nakonec je prezentováno několik testů řídicího algoritmu, které demonstrují úsporu paliva vybraných topologií hybridního vozidla pracujících v hybridních režimech, ve srovnání s provozem pouze v konvenčním režimu pohonu. Avšak heuristická pravidla mohou být dále optimalizována, s cílem dosáhnout ještě příznivějších celkových výsledků.

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Datlinger, Christoph, e Mario Hirz. "Benchmark of Rotor Position Sensor Technologies for Application in Automotive Electric Drive Trains". Electronics 9, n.º 7 (28 de junho de 2020): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071063.

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Rotor shaft position sensors are required to ensure the efficient and reliable control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSM), which are often applied as traction motors in electrified automotive powertrains. In general, various sensor principles are available, e.g., resolvers and inductive- or magnetoresistive sensors. Each technology is characterized by strengths and weaknesses in terms of measurement accuracy, space demands, disturbing factors and costs, etc. Since the most frequently applied technology, the resolver, shows some weaknesses and is relatively costly, alternative technologies have been introduced during the past years. This paper investigates state-of-the-art position sensor technologies and compares their potentials for use in PMSM in automotive powertrain systems. The corresponding evaluation criteria are defined according to the typical requirements of automotive electric powertrains, and include the provided sensor accuracy under the influence of mechanical tolerances and deviations, integration size, and different electrical- and signal processing-related parameters. The study presents a mapping of the potentials of different rotor position sensor technologies with the target to support the selection of suitable sensor technologies for specified powertrain control applications, addressing both system design and components development.

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Delprat, S., J. Lauber, T. M. Guerra e J. Rimaux. "Control of a Parallel Hybrid Powertrain: Optimal Control". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 53, n.º 3 (maio de 2004): 872–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2004.827161.

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ZHANG, Junzhi. "Development of Hybrid Powertrain Control Software". Journal of Mechanical Engineering 45, n.º 05 (2009): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2009.05.115.

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Triantos, G., e A. T. Shenton. "NARMAX Structure Selection for Powertrain Control". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, n.º 22 (abril de 2004): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)30357-9.

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Mamala, Jaroslaw, e Jerzy Jantos. "Shift speed control in CVT powertrain". International Journal of Vehicle Design 54, n.º 1 (2010): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2010.034868.

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Çağatay Bayindir, Kamil, Mehmet Ali Gözüküçük e Ahmet Teke. "A comprehensive overview of hybrid electric vehicle: Powertrain configurations, powertrain control techniques and electronic control units". Energy Conversion and Management 52, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2011): 1305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2010.09.028.

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Qian, Li-Jun, Fu-Long Xin, Xian-Xu Bai e Norman M. Wereley. "State observation–based control algorithm for dynamic vibration absorbing systems featuring magnetorheological elastomers: Principle and analysis". Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, n.º 18 (1 de fevereiro de 2017): 2539–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x17692047.

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Based on state observation, a rapid, stable, and effective control algorithm for magnetorheological elastomer (MRE)–based dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs) applied to automobile powertrain mount systems is proposed and investigated in this article. The state-space model for powertrain mount systems with MRE-based DVAs is established using the rank criterion method for observable systems. According to the principle of system reconfiguration, a full state observation model using an adaptive Kalman filter with Sage–Husa noise estimator is developed. With the state vectors estimated by the Kalman filter, the phase difference between the displacement of the dynamic mass of the MRE-based DVA relative to the powertrain and the absolute displacement of the powertrain is updated continuously based on Simpson’s rule. By adjusting the applied current to the MRE-based DVA with fuzzy logic control corresponding to the cosine value of the phase difference, the natural frequency of the MRE-based DVA could track the excitation frequency of the powertrain well, which results in vibration attenuation of the powertrain mount system. With consideration of excitation noise, time delays, and parametric uncertainties, the simulation experiments of vibration attenuation performance of the MRE-based DVA for the powertrain mount systems when under time-varying excitation are carried out to verify the effectiveness and the stability of the proposed algorithm with fuzzy steps. The simulation results show that when using the proposed algorithm with fuzzy steps, the MRE-based DVA could attenuate the powertrain vibration rapidly and effectively, and the vibration attenuation performance will not be influenced by noise, time delays, and parametric uncertainties.

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Kim, Namdoo, Sungwook Choi, Jongryeol Jeong, Ram Vijayagopal, Kevin Stutenberg e Aymeric Rousseau. "Vehicle Level Control Analysis for Voltec Powertrain". World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, n.º 2 (2 de agosto de 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9020029.

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The next generation of the Volt vehicle with the new “Voltec” extended-range propulsion system was introduced into the market in 2016. The second-generation Volt’s powertrain architecture provides five modes of operation, including two electric vehicle operations and three extended-range operations. Vehicle testing was performed on a chassis dynamometer set within a thermal chamber at the Advanced Powertrain Research Facility at Argonne National Laboratory. The study first focused on assessing the improvement of the new Voltec system by comparing the system efficiency with the previous system. Second, control behavior and performance were analyzed under normal ambient temperature to understand the supervisory control strategy on the Voltec system based on the test data. The analysis focused on the engine on/off strategy, powertrain operation mode, energy management, and engine operating conditions. Third, test data from the control analysis were used to summarize the vehicle control logic.

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Шириязданов e Rustem Shiriyazdanov. "Matching characteristics of agricultural power plants of mobile machines to the terms of their usage". Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, n.º 3 (14 de dezembro de 2014): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6504.

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Lack of accommodation of powertrains characteristics of mobile machines with the conditions of their operation in the agricultural sector leads to several problems. The aim of this study was chosen to create an approach to harmonize the characteristics of mobile machines powertrains with the conditions of their operation in the agricultural sector, which would allow to increase the efficiency of these machines due to: taking into account engine modes and transmission, peculiar to real operating conditions; taking into account the influence of the control action on the engine operation modes and transmission (partial work on high-speed mode); taking into account the influence of external constraints (requirements, efficiency criteria) on the engine operation modes the and transmission; the possibility of using operational means of establishing characteristics in the early stages of designing. A number of tasks were solved: 1) Creation of a mathematical model of the system, including the powertrain, the mobile machine operating conditions and control actions; 2) Collection of experimental data to verify the adequacy of the model; 3) Conducting computational experiments; 4) Optimization model for applications. Using the developed model, it becomes possible for any unit of the “powertrain - mobile machine – operation environment” system to set design requirements for specific operating conditions, as well as the laws of control of system components. The methods of applications of the model, the specific algorithms of system control for applications were developed.

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Ye, Ming, Yitao Long, Yi Sui, Yonggang Liu e Qiao Li. "Active Control and Validation of the Electric Vehicle Powertrain System Using the Vehicle Cluster Environment". Energies 12, n.º 19 (24 de setembro de 2019): 3642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193642.

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With the development of intelligent vehicle technologies, vehicles can obtain more and more information from various sensors. Many researchers have focused on the vertical and horizontal relationships between vehicles in a vehicle cluster environment and control of the vehicle power system. When the vehicle is driving in the cluster environment, the powertrain system should quickly respond to the driver’s dynamic demand, so as to achieve the purpose of quickly passing through the cluster environment. The vehicle powertrain system should be regarded as a separate individual to research its active control strategy in a vehicle cluster environment to improve the control effect. In this study, the driving characteristics of vehicles in a cluster environment have been analyzed, and a vehicle power-demanded prediction algorithm based on a vehicle-following model has been proposed in a cluster environment. Based on the vehicle power demand forecast and driver operation, an active control strategy of the vehicle powertrain system has been designed considering the passive control strategy of the powertrain system. The results show that the vehicle powertrain system can ensure a sufficient backup power with the active control proposed in the paper, and the motor efficiency is improved by 0.61% compared with that of the passive control strategy. Moreover, the overall efficiency of the powertrain system is increased by 0.6% and the effectiveness of the active control is validated using the vehicle cluster environment.

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Balerna, Camillo, Marc-Philippe Neumann, Nicolò Robuschi, Pol Duhr, Alberto Cerofolini, Vittorio Ravaglioli e Christopher Onder. "Time-Optimal Low-Level Control and Gearshift Strategies for the Formula 1 Hybrid Electric Powertrain". Energies 14, n.º 1 (31 de dezembro de 2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010171.

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Today, Formula 1 race cars are equipped with complex hybrid electric powertrains that display significant cross-couplings between the internal combustion engine and the electrical energy recovery system. Given that a large number of these phenomena are strongly engine-speed dependent, not only the energy management but also the gearshift strategy significantly influence the achievable lap time for a given fuel and battery budget. Therefore, in this paper we propose a detailed low-level mathematical model of the Formula 1 powertrain suited for numerical optimization, and solve the time-optimal control problem in a computationally efficient way. First, we describe the powertrain dynamics by means of first principle modeling approaches and neural network techniques, with a strong focus on the low-level actuation of the internal combustion engine and its coupling with the energy recovery system. Next, we relax the integer decision variable related to the gearbox by applying outer convexification and solve the resulting optimization problem. Our results show that the energy consumption budgets not only influence the fuel mass flow and electric boosting operation, but also the gearshift strategy and the low-level engine operation, e.g., the intake manifold pressure evolution, the air-to-fuel ratio or the turbine waste-gate position.

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Zhang, Nong, Nga Hoang e Hai Ping Du. "A Novel Dynamic Absorber Using Enhanced Magnetorheological Elastomers for Powertrain Vibration Control". Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (junho de 2008): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.117.

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This paper presents a novel Adaptive Tuned Vibration Absorber (ATVA) using the enhanced magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) for powertrain vibration reduction. The MRE material used in this application includes micro-sized iron particles enhanced by adding nano-sized magnetic powders. With the enhancement, MRE’s elastic modulus significantly increases due to the MR effect. In the new ATVA, the MRE plays a role as a torsional spring whose stiffness coefficient can be varied with an external magnetic field. Additionally, this ATVA could operate in shearsqueeze mode rather than shear mode. Thus, the frequency range is much wider than that of general MREs. Such property of the enhanced MRE is an advantage for constructing a smart ATVA for powertrain vibration control because the ATVA can work effectively in a wide frequency range instead of a narrow bandwidth as a conventional dynamic absorber does. Numerical simulations of a powertrain system for the second and third gear fitted with the ATVA are used to validate its effectiveness. The obtained results show that the powertrain vibration can be greatly suppressed. Particularly, the ATVA is effective in reducing the powertrain vibration not only in case of the single harmonic excitation but also for the case of the multi-harmonic excitation. Furthermore, the simulation results can be used to optimize the ATVA’s design, which will be our next work.

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Gao, Shang An, Xi Ming Wang, Hong Wen He, Hong Qiang Guo e Heng Lu Tang. "Powertrain Matching Based on Driving Cycle for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 288 (fevereiro de 2013): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.288.142.

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Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) is one of the most efficient technologies to solve the problems of the energy shortage and the air pollution caused by the internal-combustion engine vehicles, and its performance strongly depends on the powertrains’ matching and its energy control strategy. The theoretic matching method only based on the theoretical equation of kinetic equilibrium, which is a traditional method, could not take fully use of the advantages of FCHEV under a certain driving cycle because it doesn’t consider the target driving cycle. In order to match the powertrain that operates more efficiently under the target driving cycle, the matching method based on driving cycle is studied. The powertrain of a fuel cell hybrid electric bus (FCHEB) is matched, modeled and simulated on the AVL CRUISE. The simulation results show that the FCHEB has remarkable power performance and fuel economy.

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Wang, Xi Ming, Hong Wen He, Heng Lu Tang, Hong Zhou Qin e Jian Kun Peng. "Study on Powertrain Matching Based on Driving Cycle for Hybrid Electric Vehicle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 288 (fevereiro de 2013): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.288.175.

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The performance of fuel economy and emissions reduction of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) strongly depends on the powertrains’ matching and its energy control strategy. The theoretic matching method only based on the theoretical equation of kinetic equilibrium, which is a traditional method, could not take fully use of the advantages of HEV under a certain driving cycle because it doesn’t consider the target driving cycle. In order to match the hybrid powertrain that operates more efficiently under the target driving cycle, the matching method based on driving cycle is presented. The powertrain of a hybrid electric bus is matched, modeled and simulated on the CRUISE, a forwards simulation platform from AVL. The simulation results show that the matching method based on driving cycle presented in this paper could not only meet the requirements of the power performance, but also operate efficiently under the target driving cycle.

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Pires da Cruz, António, Christian Angelberger e Adlène Benkenida. "Simulation Tools for Powertrain Design and Control". Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Revue de l'IFP 64, n.º 3 (maio de 2009): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2009032.

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Vroemen, B. "Hierarchical control of the Zero Inertia powertrain". JSAE Review 22, n.º 4 (outubro de 2001): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0389-4304(01)00139-4.

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van Berkel, Koos, Theo Hofman, Bas Vroemen e Maarten Steinbuch. "Optimal Control of a Mechanical Hybrid Powertrain". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 61, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2012): 485–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2011.2178869.

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Terwen, Stephan, Michael Back e Volker Krebs. "Predictive Powertrain Control for Heavy Duty Trucks". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, n.º 22 (abril de 2004): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)30329-4.

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Back, Michael, Stephan Terwen e Volker Krebs. "Predictive Powertrain Control for Hybrid Electric Vehicles". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, n.º 22 (abril de 2004): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)30383-x.

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Zhong, Zai Min, e Qiang Wei. "Modeling and Torsional Vibration Control Based on State Feedback for Electric Vehicle Powertrain". Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (julho de 2013): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.411.

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Electric vehicles will longitudinally vibrate obviously under acceleration and regenerative braking conditions (because of torsional vibration of the electric vehicle powertrain). This paper includes models of motor rotor, gear reducer and differential assembly, half shafts, tire and body and nonlinear powertrain dynamic model in consideration of gear backlash and frictional characteristics between tire and ground. Real car tests confirm that it is correct under acceleration conditions. Then a two mass-spring damper linear model which is simplified from the nonlinear powertrain dynamic model is proposed to design torsional vibration control algorithm based on state feedback. The simulation results show that the algorithm can actively eliminate torsional vibration.

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35

Han, Woosung, e Seung-Jong Yi. "A study of shift control using the clutch pressure pattern in automatic transmission". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2003): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070360613246.

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It is necessary to understand the overall system including engine, torque converter, multiplate clutch, band brake, one-way clutch, planetary gears, road load and tyre to analyse the performance of the vehicle powertrain. The performance of the powertrain can be analysed using dynamic models including transient characteristics and the equations of motion are derived from the dynamic models of the powertrain. In this study, the shift transient characteristics of the vehicle equipped with a Ravigneaux-type planetary gears automatic transmission has been investigated. A shift control using engine torque reduction and optimum pressure trajectory has also been investigated in order to enhance transient characteristics during shift.

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Zou, Yuan, Dong-ge Li e Xiao-song Hu. "Optimal Sizing and Control Strategy Design for Heavy Hybrid Electric Truck". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/404073.

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Due to the complexity of the hybrid powertrain, the control is highly involved to improve the collaborations of the different components. For the specific powertrain, the components' sizing just gives the possibility to propel the vehicle and the control will realize the function of the propulsion. Definitely the components' sizing also gives the constraints to the control design, which cause a close coupling between the sizing and control strategy design. This paper presents a parametric study focused on sizing of the powertrain components and optimization of the power split between the engine and electric motor for minimizing the fuel consumption. A framework is put forward to accomplish the optimal sizing and control design for a heavy parallel pre-AMT hybrid truck under the natural driving schedule. The iterative plant-controller combined optimization methodology is adopted to optimize the key parameters of the plant and control strategy simultaneously. A scalable powertrain model based on a bilevel optimization framework is built. Dynamic programming is applied to find the optimal control in the inner loop with a prescribed cycle. The parameters are optimized in the outer loop. The results are analysed and the optimal sizing and control strategy are achieved simultaneously.

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Jin, Zhen Hua, Da Wei Gao e Qing Chun Lu. "Modeling and Control Research for Fuelcell Supercapacitor Hybrid Powertrain". Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (março de 2014): 1173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.1173.

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Simulation research work is presented for fuel cell supercapacitor hybrid powertrain. Sub-systems of the fuel cell hybrid powertrain are modeled, simulation system is developed and load following control strategy is designed. Vehicle dynamic and fuel economy performance are investigated through simulation method and the control strategy is verified through experiments on dynamic testbed. Simulation and test result show that supercapacitor can work well for power assist and fuel economy performance is improved through brake energy recovery.

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38

Lei, Yulong. "Throttle control strategies in the process of integrated powertrain control". Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering (English Edition) 18, n.º 03 (2005): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/cjme.2005.03.429.

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Xin, Fu-Long, Xian-Xu Bai e Li-Jun Qian. "Principle, modeling, and control of a magnetorheological elastomer dynamic vibration absorber for powertrain mount systems of automobiles". Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, n.º 16 (3 de novembro de 2016): 2239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16672731.

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This article proposes and validates the principle of a new magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) for powertrain mount systems of automobiles. The MRE DVA consists of a vibration absorption unit and a passive vibration isolation unit. The vibration absorption unit composed of a magnetic conductor, a shearing sleeve, a bobbin core, an electromagnetic coil, and a circular cylindrical MRE is utilized to absorb the vibration energy, and the passive vibration isolation unit is used to support the powertrain. The finite element method is employed to validate the electromagnetic circuit of the MRE DVA and obtain the electromagnetic characteristics. The theoretical frequency-shift principle is analyzed via the established constitutive equations of the circular cylindrical MRE In order to demonstrate how the parameters of the MRE influence the vibration attenuation performance, the MRE DVA is applied to a powertrain mount system to replace the conventional passive mount. The frequency-shift property of the vibration absorption unit and the vibration attenuation performance of the MRE DVA on the powertrain mount system are experimentally tested. To validate and improve the vibration attenuation performance for the semi-active powertrain mount systems, an optimal variable step algorithm is proposed for the MRE DVA and numerical experiments are carried out.

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Liu, Hui, Shuo Zhang, Wei He e Li Jin Han. "Natural and Forced Vibration of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain". Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (outubro de 2013): 3141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3141.

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In this paper, the natural vibration characteristics of a hybrid vehicle powertrain are simulated. The nonlinear dynamic model is proposed by using the lumped parameter method, and the dynamic response characteristics of the powertrain with a wide range change of engine speed and torque are studied. The conclusions provide the basis for the system design and control strategies constituting of hybrid vehicle powertrain.

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41

Cai, William, Xiaogang Wu, Minghao Zhou, Yafei Liang e Yujin Wang. "Review and Development of Electric Motor Systems and Electric Powertrains for New Energy Vehicles". Automotive Innovation 4, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2021): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-021-00139-z.

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AbstractThis paper presents a review on the recent research and technical progress of electric motor systems and electric powertrains for new energy vehicles. Through the analysis and comparison of direct current motor, induction motor, and synchronous motor, it is found that permanent magnet synchronous motor has better overall performance; by comparison with converters with Si-based IGBTs, it is found converters with SiC MOSFETs show significantly higher efficiency and increase driving mileage per charge. In addition, the pros and cons of different control strategies and algorithms are demonstrated. Next, by comparing series, parallel, and power split hybrid powertrains, the series–parallel compound hybrid powertrains are found to provide better fuel economy. Different electric powertrains, hybrid powertrains, and range-extended electric systems are also detailed, and their advantages and disadvantages are described. Finally, the technology roadmap over the next 15 years is proposed regarding traction motor, power electronic converter and electric powertrain as well as the key materials and components at each time frame.

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Han, Peng, Xiu Sheng Cheng, Yi Huang, Qiang Gu e Hua Bin Hu. "Research on the Shift Schedule of Dual Clutch Transmission for Pure Electric Vehicle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (janeiro de 2014): 1318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.1318.

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The shift schedule is one of the core contents of main control logic of pure electric vehicle drive control system. With the right shift schedule, the vehicle can obtain good power performance and fuel economy. A shift schedule of dual clutch transmission (DCT) for pure electric vehicle based on powertrain coordination control is presented in this paper. Based on conventional vehicle shift schedule, the DCT shift schedule of pure electric vehicle drive system with powertrain coordination control is analyzed in detail. In order to verify the effectiveness of the shift schedule, some simulations are carried out. The results show the shift schedule of dual clutch transmission for pure electric vehicle based on powertrain coordination control can improve the vehicle power performance.

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Meyer, Richard T. "Distributed Switched Optimal Control of an Electric Vehicle". Energies 13, n.º 13 (1 de julho de 2020): 3364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133364.

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Distributed control is investigated to solve an electric vehicle switched optimal control problem faster than centralized control without significant performance change. The powertrain includes a cooling system, supercapacitor, and two switched mode components: a battery with discharging and charging modes and an electric drive with motoring and generating modes. Control-oriented component power flow models are developed with mode and temperature dependence. Component specific power and thermal management optimization problems, subject to these models, require solution for overall powertrain management. The power management problem is switched, having discrete-valued mode selection variables. Both problems are solved in a distributed manner using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). An ADMM-based algorithm to solve the switched powertrain management problem is proposed; it (i) solves the embedded version of the switched problem that relaxes discrete mode switch values to continuous values and (ii) projects embedded mode selection values onto discrete values and then solves the problem with now known mode selections. The distributed solution approach is demonstrated using a trapezoidal drive profile and three regulatory profiles. The regulatory results are compared to centralized control and the proposed algorithm achieved at least a 3.3 times improvement in solution time with comparable drive performance.

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44

Pogosov, Denis. "Multimode heavy robots motion control and powertrain optimization". IMK-14 - Istrazivanje i razvoj 20, n.º 4 (2014): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/imk1403067p.

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Dauron, A. "Model-Based Powertrain Control: Many Uses, No Abuse". Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Revue de l'IFP 62, n.º 4 (julho de 2007): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2007054.

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Pognant-Gros, P., e A. Ketfi-Cherif. "Powertrain control and evaluation of Hybrid Powersplit Systems". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 45, n.º 30 (2012): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20121023-3-fr-4025.00068.

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Kazemi, Reza, Mohsen Raf’at e Amir Reza noruzi. "Nonlinear Optimal Control of Continuously Variable Transmission Powertrain". ISRN Automotive Engineering 2014 (1 de janeiro de 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/479590.

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Optimization of gear ratio with the objectives of fuel consumption reduction and vehicle longitudinal performance improvement has been the subject of many studies for years. Finding a strategy for changing gears with specific control objectives, especially in the design of vehicles equipped with Continuously Variable Transition system (CVT), which has advantage of arbitrary selection of gear ratio, has been the aim of some recent researches. Optimal control theory has rarely been used in the previous control approaches applied to such systems due to the limitations in the use of fast computational systems. The aim of this study is to design the aforementioned gear ratio change strategy and related control rules on the basis of optimal control. A driver model is also designed for the simulation of driving cycle using MATLAB Simulink Toolbar. Results of implementing optimal control rules in vehicle longitudinal movement simulation with the aim of fuel consumption reduction are finally represented. The presented method has the remarkable advantage of considerable fuel consumption reduction in comparison to other proposed approaches for gear ratio change strategies.

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Serrarens, A. F. A., T. A. Vijlbrief e M. Steinbuch. "Non-linear feedback control of the ZI powertrain". International Journal of Vehicle Design 39, n.º 3 (2005): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2005.008474.

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Al-Aawar, Nizar, e Abdul-Rahman A. Arkadan. "Optimal Control Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain". IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 3, n.º 2 (junho de 2015): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2014.2323019.

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Janiaud, Noëlle, François-Xavier Vallet, Marc Petit e Guillaume Sandou. "Electric Vehicle Powertrain Architecture and Control Global Optimization". World Electric Vehicle Journal 3, n.º 4 (25 de dezembro de 2009): 682–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj3040682.

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