Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Pre-industrialization; City; Residential location"

Annexation of adjacent municipalities was a growth strategy crucial to both Montreal and Toronto. The importance of the pre-annexation history of a suburb such as Maisonneuve, a major industrial city when Montreal absorbed it in 1918, is obvious. Little, however, has been written on suburbs lacking an industrial base. This paper demonstrates that the government of a sparsely populated, almost entirely residential suburb could take decisions which continued to shape development long after annexation. Annexed in 1910, the Town of Notre Dame de Grâces had been intended by its founders to become a residential haven for the middle class. The population of Notre Dame de Grâces Ward grew quickly, from 4,000 in 1910 to 46,850 in 1931. By the 1920s, it was recognized as the preferred residential location for middle-income, white-collar anglophones. It welcomed only the financially reliable: those who lost their jobs typically moved to cheaper quarters elsewhere, leaving the area with fewer indigents than any other ward in Montreal. Popularly known as "N.D.G.," its success came in part from favourable location. It was situated mainly on the far reaches of the western slope of Mount Royal, "above the hill," elevated above the smoky industrial area along the Lachine Canal by the bluff which runs for miles. Moreover, the independent City of Westmount, equally residential but wealthier, sheltered N.D.G. from downtown bustle. Nonetheless, N.D.G.'s pre-annexation government determined when suburban growth might "take off," the land use, the economic level of new inhabitants, and about what axis builders would concentrate the best homes.

Three residential colleges located in a university campus at the capital city of Kuala Lumpur and built in different decades were selected for landscape studies with respect to species and position of the trees, as well as the effects of the current landscapes as a shelter in reducing solar radiation on buildings, as a pre-assessment for the Low Carbon Cities Framework (LCCF) and assessment system. These landscape designs were carefully studied through on-site observation. The name and location of the matured plants were redrawn and visualised with standard normal photographs. The studies revealed that the old residential college landscape is dominated by tropical forest trees which are able to provide a significant shade to the buildings and offered a potential to achieve sustainable development due to a higher rate of carbon sequestration. While, palm and hybrid fruit plants were most extensively cultivated in the landscape of new residential colleges due to low maintenance and being fast growing.

The most common environmental concern in metropolitan cities worldwide is noise pollution. Kota metropolis (India) is also suffering from the problem of the increased noise level in the urban environment. Kota metropolis has been selected for the assessment of noise pollution. The main reasons behind the increasing level of noise in the city are increased population, rapid urbanization and industrialization, increased transportation facilities, urban development, construction and demolition works etc. The noise levels were recorded for day-time (6 am to 10 pm) as per Indian standard time for 96 days. Sixteen sampling points are made within the city depending upon the category of area/zone such as industrial, residential, silence and commercial. Six days were prescribed for each sampling location for noise level measurement. Noise descriptors such as Lmax, Lmin, L10, L50, L90, NC (noise climate), Lnp (noise pollution level), Leq (equivalent noise level), and NEI (noise exposure index) were computed with the observed data. Noise descriptors are very useful to indicate the physiological and psychological effects of noise pollution associated with noise levels. It makes regulating agency to take necessary actions in high noise areas for noise vulnerable groups such as Childs, old persons etc. Noise levels were recorded with the digital sound level meter " HTC SL-1350". Obtained equivalent noise levels were in between 65 dB(A) to 85 dB(A). The results were then compared with the WHO standards of community noise levels, and Indian noise pollution standards. It is noticed that the noise levels in all monitoring stations were well above the limits of the standards prescribed by the WHO and CPCB. Small variations in noise levels were observed for all sampling locations i.e. noise levels were almost similar at sampling locations. Noise levels were distinct in magnitude for morning and evenings hours. Noise Exposure Index (NEI) was greater than 1 which shows significant high noise levels in all the sampling locations. Kota metropolis desperately needs new strategies to reduces the high noise level in the city. Regulating agencies should take necessary action before things get out of control. Some immediate actions are suggested in the study.

Kuta Alam Subdistrict is one of the subdistricts in the Banda Aceh city that has a risk of fire disasters. This is because this area is a residential area with a moderate category. Semi-permanent buildings and temporary constructions are still at high risk of fire often found in the area. Based on the results of interviews with the Banda Aceh Fire and Rescue Service, there were 27 fire incidents from 2014 to 2017, of which 12 houses were burned down, 2 schools, 3 office units, and 10 other public facilities affected by the fire. This research is needed to improve the ability of people to prevent and protect themselves, especially in pre-disaster conditions so that they can reduce the fire incidence. The community capabilities in fire disaster mitigation are the methods used in this study. Subdistrict consist of optimizing land use in city development, minimizing street parking, increasing green open space, increasing the ability of water sources and wet towel / clothes as a method of fire outage if there is a small fire at home, access information about procedures for firing and providing early warning, and must be able to evacuate to the designated location.

The main factors determining the need to place educational facilities on the territory of municipalities and districts of Moscow are highlighted. The method of selecting territories within the boundaries of which the location of objects of preschool and general education is the most relevant is proposed. It was used to develop sound proposals for ensuring the balancing development of educational and housing stock facilities. In order to select priority territories within the boundaries of which it is advisable to place new objects of preschool and general education, specialists of the NPTS «City Development» determined the current and projected capacity deficit in objects of preschool and general education. The calculation was carried out in the context of individual buildings that provide services in the field of preschool and general education, residential blocks and micro-districts, as well as municipal formations. It was established that it is advisable to locate new pre-school education facilities within the boundaries of blocks where the projected capacity deficit exceeds 120 places, and to place new general education facilities within the boundaries of blocks where the projected capacity deficit exceeds 550 places.

Bombay of the interwar years was a city in transition. TheUrbs Prima in Indus, and second city of the British Empire, became increasingly both a site of nationalist sentiment and a conduit of cosmopolitan cultural and economic currents. Its urban fabric witnessed the shift from colonial, Victorian city tomodernemetropolis. Captured in A. R. Haseler’s dramatic aerial photograph from the mid-1930S (Fig. 1), the Regal Cinema stands out against the Indo-Saracenic monuments of late imperial Bombay — notably George Wittet’s Gateway of India (1924) seen at the top of the photograph, his Prince of Wales Museum (1923) — its gardens on the bottom left — and, on the right, his Royal Institute of Science (1920). Although not a government-commissioned building, to the right of the Gateway, on the waterside, is the Taj Mahal Hotel (1903), a luxurious structure intended by the Parsi industrialist, Jamsetji N. Tata, to be a location for inter-cultural relations. Extending this type of space to some degree, the Regal was built by another Parsi, Framji Sidhwa, in 1933. The cinema marked the beginning of a decade-long building boom that corresponded with a significant population increase, as more and more migrants joined the city’s growing industrial workforce.The Art Deco styling of the new financial, residential, and commercial buildings, like the Regal, celebrated and framed a modern public culture which responded to the unique socio-political realities of interwar Bombay. ‘Public culture’, a term developed by Arjun Appadurai and Carol Breckenridge, is conceptualized here as a dynamic process of indigenization, one that takes into account the global flow of ideologies through human migration and especially by mass media, one that destabilizes the ‘high-low’ binary and avoids the homogenizing terminology of ‘westernization’ or ‘Americanization’. The Art Deco cinema might be considered a crossroads where the often interpenetrating and sometimes competing narratives of commerce, nation, empire and formations of modern subjectivities intermingled: a nexus of cultural, economic, technological and political flow. The use of Art Deco is important in the context of Bombay as the style signified modernity and a particular sense of cosmopolitanism on the one hand, and yet resonated with or extended pre-existing cultural traditions in a distinctly local manner on the other.

The Residential sector in Brazil is responsible for 26% of energy consumption for illumination, refrigeration and heating, because of this there is a necessity to project in a correct way the openings and choose better materials for construction, targeting the energy rationalization. This article describes the development of a new model that uses a method where openings are represented by single glass and double glass. The model is based on a healthy balance equations purely theoretical and empirical data. Simplified equations are derived through a synthesis of the measured data obtained from meteorological stations, as well as the literature. The implementation of the model in a design tool integrated naturally lit buildings is discussed in this article, to better punctuate the requirements of comfort and energy efficiency in architecture and engineering. Assumes significant importance in studies of heatstroke buildings, aiming to guide the professionals through the process of architectural design, preliminary study and detail of construction elements. It was used a method of degree-days for an assessment of the energy performance of a building showed that the design of the architectural design should always be considered the materials used and the size of the openings. The energy performance was obtained through the model, considering the location of the building in the city of Curitiba, Foz do Iguaçu, Londrina and Cascavel - PR. Obtained climatic data of these locations and in a second step, it was obtained the coefficient of total heat loss in the building pre-established so evaluating the thermal comfort and energy performance. It was observed that heating degree days in winter are of 77.78 to Curitiba the base temperature of 14 ° C and cooling degree days in winter 30.17. For Curitiba lower air exchange, the lower the energy consumption for heating and thus the higher the intake, the greater exchange of air. This means that the more openings in buildings in Curitiba, and are installed to the east side, they may be higher because the glass added to the geometry of architectural spaces will cause the environment conserve energy.

Introduction. The article deals with the issue of the situation in the urban economy and the socio-cultural sphere of the city of Stalingrad in the mid-1920s, on the eve of the beginning of socialist reconstruction. Methods. The authors use the historical-descriptive (idiographic), historical-genetic, historicalcomparative methods, as well as quantitative methods in the study of statistical sources. Analysis and results. By this time, urban infrastructure, which had suffered significantly during the Civil War, was largely restored. Water supply, transportation worked in general satisfactorily. The number of healthcare and educational institutions, their accessibility to the population increased compared with the pre-war period. Nevertheless, the situation in the social sphere remained very tense. Despite the fact of the increase in employment, unemployment continued to increase. The level of wages was rather low even in state institutions; the market periodically experienced interruptions in the supply of food, especially bread and meat. The lack of housing was an urgent problem. The commissioning of new and renovated residential buildings did not keep pace with population growth. With a constant increase in the cost of education, schools were located in unsuitable premises, classes were crowded. Despite all the efforts of the city authorities, health care institution also experienced serious financial difficulties. The social security system covered only a small fraction of those in need of assistance. In the city, there were still hundreds of street children and adult beggars. Hooliganism was still widespread on the working outskirts. The main reason for the inability of local authorities to fundamentally solve social problems was the lack of financial resources. The existing model of new economic policy actually exhausted its capabilities.

Britain's minority ethnic groups are numerous and diverse, and among them there are complex relationships between their origins, the timing of their arrival by decade and the age of the migrants, their geographical distribution in Britain, and gender differences in their occupational status distributions. All of these lifecourse attributes have implications for the migrants' situations as they reach old age. To advance our knowledge and understanding of these factors, this paper examines the lifecourse of a sample of 303 South Asian older migrants living in Birmingham, England's second largest city. The sample included 103 Gujaratis, 100 Punjabis, and 100 Sylhetis. The paper examines their living arrangements, education and language abilities, occupational status, and settlement and moves within the United Kingdom. The associations between ethnic group membership, gender and pre-migration histories are related to differences in their settlement patterns and residential mobility in Britain. The findings show variations in the timing, chronology and locations of each ethnic group's major lifecourse events, in the meanings associated with the events, and in the outcomes in late life. The similarities and differences between the ethnic groups and between men and women are discussed with regard to the current socio-economic situation of ethnic older people in the UK and the prospect for continuing inequalities.

From the very beginning of Novosibirsk (pre-revolutionary Novonikolaevsk), the ribbon of the Ob River pine forest began to dwindle as a result of man-induced activity, e.g. logging, wood clearing, construction of dugouts and houses, etc. The small rivers that flew through the forest were used for quarries and water mills. As a result, the intensive industrial development disturbed the terrain and provoked revinement. Subsequently, the abandoned intracity park zones of the relict forest were transformed into residential, business, and industrial areas, such as Alhambra, Mikhailovsky Grove, etc. The quality of the forest stand during the period of industrialization was affected by the technogenic load from industrial enterprises that had no sewage treatment plants. An ill-conceived green policy led to the loss of the environment-forming function of the Novosibirsk pine forest, because only small areas of it remained within the city boundaries. The once green banks of small rivers that flew into the Ob preserved the last remains of the pine forest. However, they were destroyed, as the rivers were placed in underground pipelines, the ravines were washed away, and infill construction flourished. At the moment, the remaining green areas fail to perform the main function of urban forests: they neither reduce the negative environmental load, nor reproduce themselves. In addition, they make poor recreational areas. The remaining relic pine forest and other green areas continue to experience both direct and indirect negative impact, e.g. deforestation, air and water pollution, etc. The largest preserved site of the Ob River pine forest is the Zaeltsovsky public park. Located to the north of the Yeltsovka-2 (Bolshoi) River, it has been used for summer cottages, recreation, and foraging mushrooms and berries since the XIX century. The article gives a historical retrospective of the reduction in the area of the Ob River pine forest and its causes. It also describes the Comfortable Urban Environment project aimed at preserving green areas and pine forests.