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Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Prehistoric Archaeology"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 30 de julho de 2024

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1

Koutrafouri, Vasiliki G. "Ritual in prehistory : definition and identification : religious insights in early prehistoric Cyprus". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3288.

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Prehistoric archaeology has had major difficulties in identifying ritual practices. The history of archaeological approaches ranges from a total repudiation of the capability of the discipline to recognise and analyse ritual activities in the past, to absolute acceptance of all identified prehistoric patterns as ritual. Even within a postmodern apprehension of the world, where deconstruction of all established perceptions seems to have reached an end point, prehistoric archaeology has never successfully constructed a notion of ritual in prehistory. Acknowledging that ritual definition and identification is a problem of the modern western archaeologist, this thesis identifies the root of the problem in methods of thinking deeply rooted in western civilization, in our cultural schemata, and in approaches to archaeology that only superficially observe the problem rather than confront and resolve it. In seeking a resolution, this work proposes a structural dismantling of the problem and its recomposition from its basics. The thesis proposes a middle-range theory based on structuralism and pragmatics and a method of meticulous contextual and relational analysis for the identification and interpretation of ritual practices in prehistory. As a starting point, death is identified as the quintessential category for the exploration of a mytho-logic system and its subsequent definition. The treatment of the dead is recognised as the ideal starting point for an examination of the archaeological record in quest for ritual. Ritual structural elements identified in the context of burial are used subsequently for the identification of non-death ritual practices. The identification of religious practices in Early Prehistoric Cyprus reveals a vibrant ritualpracticing culture contrary to previous commonly accepted observations. Structured depositions in ritually empowered containers; ritual transport; hoarding; symbolic abandonment; ritual sealing; ritual burning; ritual use of burials for the creation of liminality; construction of highly symbolic structures and subsequent attribution of agency to them, all constitute religious practices attested by this thesis for the Cypriot PPNB and Aceramic Neolithic. This identification of ritual in Early Prehistoric Cyprus enables the exploration of this culture’s mytho-logic. The thesis demonstrates how early Cypriots viewed their world and their position in it. Finally, this research offers new perspectives in recognising past socio-cultural realities through the examination of ritual practices.

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Smith, Geoffrey M. "Pre-Archaic technological organization, mobility, and settlement systems : a view from the Parman Localities, Humboldt County, Nevada /". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1436213.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2006.
"August, 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 257-268). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2006]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.

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Searight, Susan. "The prehistoric rock art of Morocco". Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2001. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/381/.

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This study aims to examine all aspects of Moroccan rock art and place it in an archaeological and environmental context. Almost 300 sites are now known but few have been studied fully. This work is the first overall analysis to be attempted. Data on climatic changes during the Holocene period, together with archaeological and faunal reports, provided the necessary background to the rock art. The distribution of engraved and painted sites in Morocco is very uneven. Animals were the most frequent themes, but a review of all the sites revealed great site and subject diversity. Four main types of engravings were Identified, their Characteristics described and their distribution plotted. Climatic fluctuations, new animal species, the introduction of meth weapons, the chariot and writing established a chronological framework. A critical appraisal of these events led to a tentative chronology for Moroccan rock art, thought here to have started around 2500 be. The situation of rock art sites showed that they were chosen for very specific reasons, some of them by nomadic pastoralists. Viewing rock art as a medium of communication, it was proposed that the images were messages defining territories, proclaiming ownership or commemorating heroes or battles. The images may have two levels of meaning: one easily understood by members of the group and by outsiders, the second, symbolic, less obviously comprehensible. Moroccan rock art was not an isolated phenomenon in north Africa. The rock art of Algeria, Libya and Mauritania showed both similarities and differences, IrnpMng a cultural link, albeit tenuous, between these countries. Available archaeological, environmental and rock art data revealed striking differences In information-availability between north and south Morocco. Archaeological research has established a chronologicaal nd cultural framework, in northern Morocco,to which rock art adds nothing. On the other hand, rock engravings of metal weapons are almost the only evidence of a Moroccan Bronze Age. In southern Morocco, the distribution of rock art sites reveals intensive human activity in an area little known from excavation. Rock art, archaeology and environment are thus related in this study to producea comprehensive picture of the past.

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Campana, Ivan. "Prehistoric house and 3D reconstruction: towards a BIM archaeology". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666054.

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La tesis doctoral titulada “La Casa Prehistórica y La Reconstrucción 3D: Hacia una Arqueología en Entorno BIM”, presenta los esfuerzos para construir y validar un modelo multidimensional de un palafito del sito del Neolítico Temprano de La Draga (Girona, España), explícitamente construido para explicar los restos arqueológicos y para entender la lógica del espacio construido antiguo. Una innovadora metodología basada en el BIM (Building Information Module) ha sido utilizada para creare el modelo y expandir su potencial explicativo. El texto incluye una descripción de la base teórica de esta investigación centrándose sobre la génesis de la Arqueología Virtual y sus ramificaciones incluyendo propósitos, problemas y ventajas de este nuevo aproche a la arqueología. La descripción incluye también Análisis Funcional e Ingeniería Inversa explorando las relaciones con la Arqueología Virtual. Finalmente una se presenta un resumen de la “nueva entrada” en arqueología, el BIM. También se describe la relación entre Etnografía y Arqueología, la evolución de la Etnoarqueología y como similitudes etnográficas y arquitectónicas, cuando los datos arqueológicos carecen o son poco claros, pueden ser utilizadas para deducir o especular formas y técnicas de los antiguos palafitos. Asimismo se presenta una reseña de los diferentes tipos de casa Neolíticas alrededor del planeta para mostrar la gran diversidad de arquitecturas en estos tiempos remotos. Este estudio también incluye una descripción de las fuerzas físicas que afectan los palafitos y los diferentes tipos de degradación de la madera que podrían afectar a un palafito. El núcleo de la investigación describe la metodología reconstructiva a partir de la “disección” de la casa, utilizando una ontología innovadora basada en la moderna definición arquitectónica le las partes de la casa, hasta la reconstrucción de sus elementos. Las relaciones entre los diferentes elementos y partes de la casa han sido examinadas para demonstrar cómo funcionan y cómo interactúan entre ellos. La tesis incluye la descripción de como se ha realizado cada etapa del proceso reconstructivo utilizando los datos a nuestra disposición. Se describe además el proceso creativo emprendido para crear un proceso BIM funcional que pueda aplicarse no solamente al sitio de La Draga sino también a todos los sitios arqueológicos en general. Se describe también como hemos implementado el modelo conceptual de la casa prehistórica de madera en un Building Information Model (BIM) para expandir el modelo explicativo y generalizar nuestros resultados iniciales. Finalmente se describe el desarrollo de la teoría de “Los tres cerditos”. Esta teoría ha sido pensada para demonstrar que edificios con formas, dimensiones etc. similares no solo pueden tener significados y funciones muy diferentes sino también diferentes reacciones a las mismas fuerzas físicas, y por eso deberían evitarse comparaciones basadas singularmente sobre “similitudes en las formas”.
The PhD thesis titled “Prehistoric House and 3D Reconstruction: Towards A BIM Archaeology”, illustrates the efforts to build and validate a high-dimensional visual model of the pile dwelling from the Early Neolithic site of La Draga (Girona, Spain), explicitly built to explain archaeological remains and to understand the logic of built spaces in a remote past. An innovative methodology based on BIM (Building Information Module) has been used to create the model and expand its explicative capability. The dissertation includes a description of the theoretical background of this research focusing on the genesis of Virtual Archaeology and its ramifications including purposes, problems and advantages of this new approach to Archaeology. The description take also into account Functional Analysis and Reverse Engineering exploring the relationship with Virtual Archaeology. Finally an overview of the “new entry” in Archaeology, the BIM is given. The relationship between Ethnography and Archaeology, the evolution of Ethnoarchaeology and how ethnographical and architectonical similarities, when the archaeological data is scarce or unclear, could be used to deduce or speculate the form and technique of the ancient pile dwelling are also described. A general vision about different kinds of Neolithic houses around the globe is also given, in order to display the great diversity of architectonics at these early times. The research also includes a description of those physic forces that affect a pile dwelling and the different kind of wooden degradation that could affect a pile dwelling. The core of the research is meant to describes the reconstruction methodology from “dissecting” the house, using an innovative ontology based on modern architectural definition of house parts, to the reconstruction of its elements. The relationships between the different elements and parts of the house have been examined in order to show how they work and how they interact with each others. The dissertation includes a description of how each reconstructive steps has been undertaken using all the data at our disposal. The creative process undertaken in order to create a functional BIM process that would fit not only with the site of La Draga but also with all the archaeological sites in general, it is also described. The thesis includes the description of how we have implemented the conceptual model of the prehistoric timber house into a Building Information Model (BIM) for expanding the explanatory model and generalize our initial findings. Finally, the development of the “Three little pigs theory”, is presented. This theory has been designed to demonstrate how buildings having similar shapes, dimension etc. may not only have very different meanings and functions but also different responses to the same physic forces, which is why comparisons based uniquely on “similarities in shapes” should be avoided.

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Scholma-Mason, Nela. "Archaeology and folklore : the Norse in Orkney's prehistoric landscape". Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18121/.

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This research focuses on the representation of mounds and standing stones in Orkney's folklore, and how this can inform us about potential Norse perceptions of sites and the landscape. The Orcadian folkloric record is examined under consideration of wider parallels, whilst case studies are considered individually as well as within their wider landscape setting.

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Williams, Matthew Gregory Meredith. "Prehistoric coastal archaeology of the Farasan Islands, Saudi Arabia". Thesis, University of York, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2339/.

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Despite being the oldest multidisciplinary archaeological discipline the study of coastal archaeology and shell mounds has received relatively little attention until recently. The recognition of the importance of coastal resources from the Holocene back into the Palaeolithic has resulted in a new focus on the theme. One of the key questions is how far coastal resource exploitation goes back and whether what we see now is purely a product of Holocene intensification. The Arabian Peninsula has received relatively little attention and the role of coastal economies in the history of the region is poorly understood compared to many areas. The recent discovery of one of the highest densities of shell midden sites in the world provided the opportunity for these questions to be addressed. A multidisciplinary project using both state of the art and tried and tested methods resulted in the discovery and mapping of nearly 3000 shell midden sites and extensive coastal change on the islands. This thesis found compelling evidence for a short burst of intensive shellfish exploitation and site accumulation, the culmination of a long history of shell midden formation in the region going back into the early Holocene. Excavation of several sites allowed the formation processes of large shell mounds to be assessed, which is another question central to shell midden research. Geoarchaeological investigations have put these processes into context with coastal change to determine that exploitation was taking advantage of a small window of ecological opportunity. Dating methods have also been scrutinised, with a new value for local Marine Reservoir Effect determined, and Amino Acid Racemization calibrated for the region and tested.

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Faught, Michael Kent 1950. "Clovis Origins and Underwater Prehistoric Archaeology in Northwestern Florida". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565547.

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Cox, Katharine, e n/a. "Human migration in prehistoric Northeast Thailand". University of Otago. Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090626.150746.

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The aim of this thesis is to examine the scale of human migration in three prehistoric settlements in the Upper Mun River Valley (UMRV) Northeast Thailand, from c. 1700BC - AD500. Archaeological data implies migration may have had a central role in the development of agriculture and later metal technology in the region, which is suggested to show increased social complexity over this important stage in the development of states in mainland Southeast Asia. The scale of these migrations, however, are not known and based on archaeological evidence it is unclear whether there were large numbers of individuals migrating into the region in order to bring about the changes seen in the archaeological record. Two potentially complementary-methods are used to identify the extent of migration in the UMRV in this thesis. The first method, the study of dental morphological traits, is used as an indication of genotype of 78 prehistoric individuals. The second method is isotope analysis of the dental enamel of 74 individuals, used as indicators of childhood residence and diet. Strontium (Sr), Carbon (C) and Oxygen (O) isotopes are analysed. The first method reflects an individual�s genetic heritage through inherited traits, while the second method is an indication of an individual�s migration during their lifetime. Together, these methods may provide a powerful means to assess the scale of migration over an extended period of time in this region. As it has been posited that the introduction of agriculture is related to migration of people into the region, the current study hypothesises that while immigrants would be identified from outside the UMRV during all phases of occupation at the sites, this would be particularly so during the earlier phases. It is also hypothesised through analysis of the morphological traits that genetic relationships at each site could be suggested. Finally, it is also hypothesised that individuals with evidence for infectious diseases, which are otherwise rare in the region, would be immigrants. The frequencies of the dental morphological traits at each site are calculated, and a local pattern for each site developed. The results from the morphological traits suggest low levels of migration into the UMRV, and overall group homogeneity. Despite this homogeneity, it is suggested that several individuals may have been from a different genetic pool to others at the sites, reflected in a different combination of dental traits. There is also some evidence for genetic relationships between individuals, and over time, possibly indicating familial relationships at the sites. Stability in the Sr isotopes over time suggest a local signature for the UMRV. Sr isotopes did not support a hypothesis of large-scale immigration into the UMRV, as there were few isotopic outliers identified. Those individuals with clear outlier Sr results, and therefore probable immigrants, were predominately female. All phases of occupation of the UMRV attracted some long-range inward movement of people, although the data suggests long-range migration diminished over time. [delta]��C values show no significant change over time, possibly supporting the Sr data of limited migration into the region. While the interpretation of this isotope is primarily from a perspective of migration it is recognised that this may be limited to understanding variation in diet in the individuals. [delta]�⁸O values show significant change over time (p = 0.00, ANOVA), perhaps consistent with previous research which suggested increased aridity in the UMRV. An alternative explanation of the [delta]�⁸O data is that migration increased with time, with people who were differentiated by their O isotopes but not their Sr, however the increased aridity hypothesis is favoured here. The hypothesis that individuals with evidence for infectious disease would be long-range immigrants into the region is rejected. None of the individuals who had physical evidence for infectious disease had chemical data to support their being immigrants. The putative migrants to the UMRV are presented as case studies, assessing the complementarity of the methods used. It is argued that given the changes in the environment over time in the UMRV the area may have become less attractive to immigrants and as a result the communities may have become more insular. The data yielded from the two methods have demonstrated the value of using inherited dental traits together with isotopic data of individual migration for investigating human mobility in the past. Using these methods, this study shows that there were low levels of migration into the UMRV and that long-range migration was more frequent in the earliest phases of occupation in the region.

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Beausang, Elisabeth. "Childbirth and mothering in archaeology /". Gothenburg : Department of Archaeology, Univ. of Gothenburg, 2005. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0703/2006483161.html.

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10

Wymer, Dee Anne. "The paleoethnobotanical record of central Ohio - 100 B.C. to A.D. 800 : subsistence continuity amid cultural change". Connect to resource, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1219945114.

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11

Heidkamp, Blair. "Spinning through Time: An Analysis of Pottery Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Early Bronze I Spindle Whorl Assemblages from the Southern Levant". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535374272535722.

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Norris, James D. "DID STONE RAW MATERIAL DIFFERENCES INFLUENCE PREHISTORIC TOOL-MAKING?" Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1586434796098326.

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Crosby, Victoria Mary. "Agricultural change in later prehistoric and Roman Britain". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/413914/.

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This thesis has the dual aim of examining the agriculture of the later prehistoric and Romano-British period and investigating the ways in which agricultural systems and agricultural change can be described and explained in an archaeological context. It is argued that a broader approach will enable more useful information to be extracted from the increasing volume of data available. An eight part framework is used as the basis for a discussion of some classes of evidence for agriculture. The framework encompasses socio-economic factors as well as aspects of agricultural practice. It is argued that an agricultural system is defined by its organisation as much as its practices, and that it can only be understood in its socio-economic context. Conversely, agriculture discussed in this way becomes a source of information on social, economic and political organisation. Patterns of change are identified, and it is suggested that the essentially static picture of later prehistoric agriculture prevalent in much of the literature is erroneous and hinders understanding. The areas of fertility maintenance and the organisation of land use are particularly emphasised. The use of historical and experimental data to estimate productivity of past agricultural systems is discussed. Problems in drawing social inferences from the remains of agricultural activity are considered, and it is suggested that considering the organisation of agriculture as an element in a society provides a key to these difficulties. Some relationships between agricultural and social organisation in the Iron Age are suggested.

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Hood, David James, e n/a. "A social history of archaeology in New Zealand". University of Otago. Department of Anthropology, 1996. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070530.152806.

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Consideration of the degree to which social factors have influenced the development of archaeology has become a recent focus of interest among archaeologists; however little work has been done on determining the relationship of social factors to archaeology in new Zealand. The aim of this thesis is to consider whether archaeologists were influenced by the surrounding New Zealand society between the years 1840 and 1954 and if so, in what manner were they influenced. In particular, consideration is given to how the social background of New Zealand archaeology compared with the social influences of British archaeology compared with the social influence of British archaeology of the time. For the purposes of the study the term archaeologist applies to all those who investigated or recovered in situ archaeological material. Lists of archaeologists of the day were compiled from journals, newspaper articles, and unpublished sources. From these lists the social background of those engaging in archaeology was reconstructed. Developments in archaeology theory and methodology were also examined, not only to determine the manner in which they effected the practise of archaeology, but also to determine the source of those developments, and the reasons for their adoption. The wider social context was also examined to determine the degree to which archaeology reflected certain factors in New Zealand society, not simply in the manner in which archaeology was carried out, but also in the reasons for which research was conducted. This study demonstrates that though the discipline, and in particular the power, was concentrated among urban professionals, the social spread of those engaging in archaeology was wide. This was particularly the case between the turn of the century and the Second World War, when archaeologists with a tertiary background were in a minority. Archaeologists were influenced both from inside and outside the field, the degree of influence being determined by individual factors. As archaeologists were a part of society, so too was society part of archaeological practice. In the manner in which archaeology was conducted the influence of societal attitudes towards women and Maori can be seen.

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Coleman, Dwight F. "Archaeological oceanography of inundated coastal prehistoric sites /". View online ; access limited to URI, 2003. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3115624.

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Munoz, Samuel E. "Prehistoric Human-Environment Interaction in Eastern North America". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28665.

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Industrialized human societies both affect and are vulnerable to environmental change, but the dynamics of human-environment relationships during prehistory are less well understood. Using large databases of accumulated paleoecological and archaeological records, this dissertation explores the relationship between prehistoric humans and environmental change in eastern North America. A synthesis of late Quaternary paleoecological and archaeological data from the northeastern United States shows a close temporal correspondence between changes in climate, terrestrial ecosystems, human culture and population numbers. These synchronous changes occurred at 11.6, 8.2, 5.4 and 3.0 thousand years before present, before the adoption of maize agriculture when human groups in eastern North America subsisted by hunting and gathering. Further examination of these datasets in southern Ontario over the last two thousand years found that clearance of forests by prehistoric Native Americans for agricultural fields significantly altered terrestrial ecosystems at a sub-regional scale (102-10 3 m). Together, these results support the hypothesis that prehistoric Native Americans had a greater environmental impact than previously believed, but show that this impact was concentrated around agricultural settlements and was less substantial than that associated with European settlement during the historic period. The methodologies developed in this dissertation provide a means to better understand human-environment relationships in other regions which differ in their environmental and cultural histories.

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Brown, Andrew G. "The changing role of lithic artefacts in later prehistoric England". Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306047.

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Dods, Roberta Robin. "Prehistoric exploitation of wetland habitats in North American boreal forests". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317920/.

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The thesis begins with an overview of hunter-gatherers from an historical perspective and insights from the ethnographic and ethno-ecological literature. Then the prehistoric cultural sequence of the northern boreal forest is examined against the environmental contexts of the research area, specifically a number of Initial Woodland through Terminal Woodland archaeological sites in Northwestern Ontario. Faunal data from the study sites, along with published data from other archaeological sites in NE Ontario and observations from the ethnographic literature, contribute to this section. Analysis and interpretation includes the logistics of site location and observations on possible indications of fire in prehistoric sites from NW Ontario. The faunal data from these sites is in microfiche in the Appendix A. Within the context of TEK (Traditional Ecological Knowledge) and WSK (Western Scientific Knowledge), fieldwork in modern boreal environments, undertaken in Saskatchewan in 1995, is reported. The assessment of sites follows from their initial selection from infra-red satellite images to their ground-based examination. Soil development, fire history of several areas and observations on fire regimes are explored. The character of patchwork habitat development, and the place of fire regimes and beaver colonisation in this development, are examined. Taphonomic losses at various ecological and cultural levels (Taphonomies I-IV) are considered in the context of theoretical constructs, leading to an interpretative model. Habitat utilisation by prehistoric Northern Boreal forest hunter-gatherers is considered in the final chapter. The role of Beaver as 'keystone species' and the nature of interlinked resources are explored. Fire regimes, and the subsequent development of first stage regrowth patterns as integral parts of the economic system, leads to a model for the management of resources by prehistoric boreal hunters-gatherers. The philosophical implications for the interpretation of hunter-gatherers as effective shapers of an exploited landscape, along with the problematic areas in the research, are outlined in the concluding part of the work.

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Goldberg, David Martin. "Contextualising ritual practice in later prehistoric and Roman Britain". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6649/.

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For much of the twentieth century, Romano-Celtic syncretism has been considered an unproblematic fusion of polytheistic belief systems assumed to preserve prehistoric Celtic religion and yet also provide a key form of evidence for the assimilative process of Romanisation. However, given the abrupt disjunction in ritual practice and especially changes in material form, Chapter 1 proposes that the evidence from the Roman period and its relationship to pre-conquest religion needs to be re-evaluated, not assumed. A reconsideration of syncretic or 'native' religion in Roman Britain will be accomplished by focusing on the usual categories of Roman period artefactual evidence, including iconography, inscriptions, ritual sites and votive offerings. The wealth of religious material from the frontier zones of Central Britain will be repositioned within a discussion of ritualised practices, hybridised identities and contextualised landscapes. Chapter 2 will outline how the study of the Roman conquest and colonisation of Britain has affected the study of religion and especially Romano-Celtic syncretism. Previous approaches will be reviewed, as well as the implications of post-colonial theory. Chapter 3 will develop a holistic methodology for studying ancient religion building on theoretical approaches of contextualisation, ritualisation and hybridisation. The general tendency in archaeological discourse to separate the evidence for ritual practice and religion from the wider socio-cultural background compounds the specific problems arising from imperial colonisation and ethnic dichotomies. Considering the socioeconomic, sociopolitical and landscape context of ritual practice provides an integrated methodology for interpretation that has the potential to over-ride dichotomies such as Roman and Native or ritual and practical. Chapter 4 will begin with one of the timeless interpretations of ancient religion, which is a concern with fertility. This paramount ritual motivation is often framed in general terms, but this chapter will demonstrate that more specific interpretations can be offered by examining the socio-economic context of ritual practice. The relationship between sheep husbandry, pastoralist production and iconographic expression in Roman Britain will help contextualise the fertility interpretation of the genii cucullati, associated matres, and the divine couple of Mercury and a goddess with a vessel. Chapter 5 considers the regionalised distribution of votive altars dedicated to the local deities of the Hadrian's Wall frontier zone. A case study of inscriptional practice on the 61 votive altars dedicated to the variously spelled theonym of Vitiris will explore identity and the socio-political context of ritual practice. Discussions of religion in Roman Britain barely consider Vitiris despite being the most popular local cult from the frontier zone and in terms of inscriptional evidence second only to Jupiter for all of Roman Britain. A floruit in the late second and early third century AD and the multi-cultural milieu of the northern frontier provide the socio-political context for the local cult of Vitiris. Chapter 6 considers the landscape context of ritual practice and evidence for votive deposition from both pre-and post conquest Central Britain. The landscape context of votive deposits, especially votive altars, and other 'stray' finds from non-military contexts, have not received great attention from Roman studies. A reliance on classical and early medieval texts has led to interpretations of Celtic religion as a natural religion with frequent emphasis on the essential sacred nature of water. A frequent focus on watery contexts in the archaeological study of hoarding and votive deposition has also created binary distinctions in interpretation between wet and dry contexts. However, there would have been considerably more complexity to the bodies of knowledge associated with these important ritualised practices. A variety of spatial scales will be used to contextualise material culture that has often been labelled as 'stray' finds. Examining this material through wider, regional, topographic and hydrographic analysis will allow more to be said about the context of deposition, and show the long-term ritualisation of the landscapes of Central Britain. The final chapter will summarise the inter-dependence of, and interaction between, society, the economy, and the landscape, generating the holistic methodological approach of vernacular religion. As befits a wide-ranging study of religious material in an imperial context, Chapter 7 will shift to a British and western provincial scale in order to place the local and regional case studies into their wider context. The contextual categories allow analysis to shift from everyday socio-economic practices, to life-span concerns and identity construction of socio-political context, to the landscape and longue duree. Following these themes from prehistory into the post-conquest period will acknowledge not just continuity, abandonment and assimilation, but also adaptation, innovation, and renovation; renewal as the complex "reconciliation of tradition and innovation" (Woolf 2001a: 182). Through a careful critical evaluation of vernacular religion, Roman archaeology has a chance to move beyond the dichotomies of religious syncretism - not by using vernacular descriptively as a simple replacement of 'native', but by considering the context specific processes of hybridisation and ritualised practice.

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Bartelheim, Martin. "Die Rolle der Metallurgie in vorgeschichtlichen Gesellschaften : sozioökonomische und kulturhistorische Aspekte der Ressourcennutzung ; ein Vergleich zwischen Andalusien, Zypern und dem Nordalpenraum = The @role of metallurgy in prehistoric societies /". Rahden, Westf. : Leidorf, 2007. http://www.vml.de/d/detail.php?ISBN=978-3-89646-872-7.

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Haines, Angela L. "Determining Prehistoric Site Locations in Southwestern Ohio: A Study in GIS Predictive Modeling". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1306497891.

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22

McGlade, James. "The emergence of structure : modelling social transformation in Later Prehistoric Wessex". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272608.

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Newcomb, Joanne Marie 1962. "Prehistoric population dynamics in the Silver Creek area, east-central Arizona". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278640.

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The Silver Creek area has been the focus of archaeological research since the late nineteenth century. Many of the theories resulting from this work have incorporated estimates of population, either explicitly or implicitly, into the fabric of their arguments. Topics such as sociopolitical structure, migration, aggregation, and social integration require population reconstructions as a foundation for understanding the processes of culture change. Numerous population reconstructions have been presented in the past for the Silver Creek area; however, much of the data incorporated in the present study was unavailable for the previous reconstructions. In this study, several models based on numerous plausible assumptions are presented to determine if a best fit can be found. The results show that there was a major increase in population in the Silver Creek area between A.D. 900-1100, and population declined steadily after about A.D. 1100-1150 until the region was abandoned by about A.D. 1400.

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24

Chen, Wei-Chun 1958. "Models of prehistoric land use in the Gaoping region, southwest Taiwan". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282737.

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With its unique geomorphic setting and extended settlement history, Taiwan has yielded unequivocal rich archaeological record. In addition, numerous historical documents, demographic census records, ethnographic data, and geological information provide supporting evidence for archaeological interpretation. This study has systematically surveyed the west part of the Gaoping region. Results are used to compare with the existing archaeological sites from other parts of the region. After having both natural and cultural formation processes examined and their impacts on archaeological records assessed, and based on site spatial distributions and their temporal placements, this study then generates three hypothetical models, namely the demographic, the ethnographic, and the geographic, to interpret and explain site distribution pattern across space through time. The potential of archaeological research in Taiwan is emphasized and further research inquiries are addressed.

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Kaldahl, Eric James 1971. "Late Prehistoric technological and social reorganization along the Mogollon Rim, Arizona". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284218.

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This study seeks to study the social processes of community reorganization through the changing technological organization of flaked stone tools. The Mogollon Rim region of east-central Arizona, between AD 1000 and AD 1400, was the scene of remarkable social changes. In this period, migrants were attracted into the region and new small communities were created. After a period of dispersed settlement pattern communities, some of the communities developed large, aggregated settlements. In this process of aggregation, community growth was facilitated by the incorporation of migrants. Social integrative forces at work included the development of interhousehold exchanges, as well as informal and formal suprahousehold organizations. In spite of these social integrative forces, community dissolution and abandonment sooner or later came to all of these settlements. The technology of daily life is one means of exploring these social organizational forces. Chipped stone studies have been behind the times in the American Southwest when addressing social organization research through the examination of Pueblo chipped stone assemblages. Technological organization is a creation of households and suprahousehold groups. Technological organization changes as community organization changes. This study examines the chipped stone tools and debitage from ten east-central Arizona pueblos, forming inferences about how the organization of chipped stone tool production, distribution, consumption, and discard was arranged in each community. Each community studied was a product of migrants and resident families, social exchanges, social integration, and social dissolution. This study demonstrates the utility of chipped stone analysis for studying the social processes at work in communities.

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26

Naschinski, Anja. "Möglichkeiten und Grenzen funktionaler Interpretation an Keramik : Experimente, Beobachtungen, Analysen /". Oxford : British Archaeological Reports, 2001. http://books.google.com/books?id=YSVmAAAAMAAJ.

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27

Bush, Jessica Jo. "A Spatial Analysis of 24HL1085: A Prehistoric Site in the Bear's Paw Mountains". The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05152009-142055/.

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This thesis is a spatial analysis of 24HL1085 and attempts to discern the use areas of two prehistoric components, Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric, through the identification of spatial patterns created by the excavated lithics, faunal remains, and fire cracked rock (FCR). I also wanted to show that understanding the spatial layout of FCR is just as important as understanding the spatial layout of lithics and faunal remains. In order to complete this analysis the three ring model developed by Stevenson (1985) was adapted and combined with the trend surface analysis created by Hodder and Orton (1976). Theory behind this analysis was based heavily on work done by Binford (1978, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1987). Results from this study showed that both components were comprised of several discernible use areas that provided a better understanding of how the site was created and used. Despite being separated by several thousand years, both components are representative of campsites at which people were hunting and gathering resources locally before leaving. Without the spatial data obtained from the FCR, a spatial analysis would have been almost impossible to complete to the same degree of certainty.

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28

Foxon, Andrew David. "Bone, antler, tooth and horn technology and utilisation in prehistoric Scotland". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1991. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1157/.

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This study is concerned with the technology and utilisation of skeletal hard tissue in prehistoric Scotland. The natural properties of skeletal tissues were considered, their reaction to particular methods of manufacture and utilisation were studied and a detailed examination made of material from a number of archaeological sites. Whilst the conclusions reached are site-specific, their usefulness as general statements on technology and utilisation are explored. There are two volumes - volume I containing the main text and volume II the catalogues and illustrations. Volume I begins with an introduction (Chapter 1). There then follow two sections. Section I starts by examining the approaches which were taken, identifies parallel studies, the range of techniques which were used in the study and the nature of the generalisations presented here (Chapter 2). The structure and properties of skeletal materials, and the determinant effect which these have on the techniques of manufacture, are discussed in Chapters 3 & 4. Section II comprises four case studies of large assemblages from settlement sites which date from the Mesolithic Period to the Iron Age - the site of Risga, Loch Sunart, Ardnamurchan (Mesolithic, Chapter 5); Skara Brae, Orkney (Neolithic, Chapter 6); Midhowe in Rousay, Orkney and Cnoc Sligeach at Sollas, North Uist (both Iron Age, Chapters 7 & 8). In each study the site and its excavation are discussed. All the objects from the sites were examined afresh and those from animals sources analysed in terms of skeletal origin, techniques of manufacture, object classification and distribution on site. Volume I concludes with Chapter 9 in which the results are summarised and the general applicability of the results is discussed. Volume II contains simplified object catalogues for each site which are intended as a concordance to enable the individual objects studied to be identified by others. Illustrations are given of representative objects within the categories. For ease of reference volume II also contains the bibliography and all the other illustrations for the study.

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Winthrop, Kathryn R. "Prehistoric settlement patterns in southwest Oregon". Thesis, View full-text version online through Southern Oregon Digital Archives, 1993. http://soda.sou.edu/awdata/030904f1.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1993.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 256-275). Also available via Internet as PDF file through Southern Oregon Digital Archives: http://soda.sou.edu. Search First Nations/Tribal Collection.

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Guo, Lixin. "Chang Jiang zhong you di qu chu qi she hui fu za hua yan jiu : 4300B.C.-2000B.C. /". Shanghai : Shanghai gu ji chu ban she, 2005. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/chi0701/2007350047.html.

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Qi, Meng. "A study of the late prehistoric burial records of Xinjiang, northwest China (c. 3000−200BCE)". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26940.

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Xinjiang is well known as a key part of the ancient Silk Road. Since the start of research on Xinjiang’s prehistory, the archaeological records have been dominated by burials. For a long period, studies of these burials have focused on grave goods, including typology, dates, and cultural exchange reflected by similarities of object forms and styles between different regions, while leaving mortuary practices and their implications for social and ideological dimensions largely overlooked. In this thesis, burials dated to the late prehistoric period of Xinjiang (c. 3000−200 BCE) in the Northern Zhunge’er Basin, Upper Ili River Valley, Northern Tarim Basin, and Eastern Tianshan Mountain Region are studied from a regional perspective. These regions have diverse landscape, large numbers of excavated graves, and relatively complete cultural-historic sequences, providing optimal conditions for interregional comparison and diachronic observation. The core questions explored in this study are the vertical differentiation of mortuary treatment, change and continuity of burial customs in each region and their implications for social complexity and the behavior and ideology of living people who practiced the burial rituals. Multiple statistical methods are used to investigate the patterns of mortuary variables. The results show that vertical differentiation in mortuary treatment varied greatly from one region to another. It emerged earlier and was much more dramatic in steppe areas than in oasis areas. Among different steppe regions, the emergence and degree of mortuary differentiation is also varied. There are differences between oasis and steppe areas in the variation of numbers of individuals per grave. Collective burials gained a varied degree of popularity in the oasis areas after the 1st millennium BCE, implying an increasing importance of expression of kinship in mortuary contexts. By contrast, the steppe areas either had few collective burials or saw a change from small-scale collective burials to single burials between the 2nd and 1st millennium BCE. Rich burials were used to display the roles and status of individuals rather than the collective. Combining the results of burial analysis and available settlement materials, this study suggests that the development of social complexity was regionally imbalanced in Xinjiang during the late prehistoric period.

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32

Denford, Geoffrey Thomas. "Prehistoric and Romano-British Kimmeridge shale : a model for the analysis of artifacts". Thesis, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309167.

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Clark, Jacob Daniel. "Insular monument building : a cause of social stress? : the case of prehistoric Malta". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/b9922318-01f8-463d-91f4-4330436c2013.

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Prehistoric monument building, particularly that on islands, is reviewed. The insularity and nature of island societies and the question of possible social stress arising from these activities is posed. The degree of stress must be quantified and the technique of energetics analysis is the best available. Prehistoric Malta is chosen for detailed examination of these questions. The island is first described, including its location, geography, geology, climate and extant remains, together with the cultural phases and possible structure of its society. The rationale of an energetics analysis is covered with several examples of its application and a justification of its utility for Malta. The Ggantija temple is chosen for particular study and detailed drawings of its remains are given. The architecture of the original temple is hypothesised and the materials involved quantified. For each material the unit labour costs of procurement (including the location of sources), transport, preparation and construction are estimated. By combining the quantities of materials used with the unit labour costs, the total labour requirements are computed. A sensitivity analysis, allowing for significant variation of all the important figures, is given. Previous work on labour requirements is reviewed and found to be a grave over-estimate. The prehistoric population numbers, and the availability of temple building workers, is estimated. Combinations of the figures for labour required and labour available allows estimates of the percentage demand on worker's time to be made, including a sensitivity analysis. These percentages give a quantified view of the stress which temple building placed on society. Contrary to previous suggestions embedded in the literature, no excessive stress is indicated. Further, there is no evidence of any concentration of building effort at the end of the period and it is unlikely that temple construction per se contributed to that culture's downfall. These are major conclusions and justify the use of energetics analysis and the work involved

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Church, Flora. "An inquiry into the transition from late woodland to late prehistoric cultures in the central Scioto Valley, Ohio circa A.D. 500 to A.D. 1250". Connect to resource, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1232541325.

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Blair, Susan. "The prehistoric archaeology of the Grand Manan Archipelago, cultural history and regional integration". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23780.pdf.

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Sellers, Tabitha A. "The Influence of Subsistence Shift on Dental Reductions: A Comparison of Prehistoric and Modern Nubian and Somalian Dental Samples". Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1212091467.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Cincinnati, 2008.
Advisor: MariaTeresa Tersigni. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Sep. 4, 2008). Includes abstract. Keywords: Archaelogy; Dental; Calcagno; Nubian; Somalian; Anthropology. Includes bibliographical references.

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37

Druce, Denise. "Mesolithic to Romano-British archaeology and environmental change of the Severn Estuary, England". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/88ed7caf-e747-4571-87ba-107751a91f6a.

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Knoll, Michelle K. "Prehistoric timberline adaptations in the eastern Uinta mountains, Utah /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2003. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd278.pdf.

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Dietz, Michael J. Benfer Robert Alfred Pearsall Deborah M. "Diet, subsistence and health a bioarchaeological analysis of Chongos, Perú /". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6169.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 17, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Robert A. Benfer, Jr. and Dr. Deborah Pearsall. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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40

McElhoes, Jennifer L. "Spatial, Technological, and Functional Variability Among the Prehistoric Ceramics of the Southern California Coast". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10605659.

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Prehistoric pottery found across southern California has a remarkably discrete spatial distribution. While locally manufactured vessel ceramics are common to the south and southeast of the Los Angeles River, sherds are virtually absent in deposits located to the northwest and along the California Coast. Two primary possibilities exist to account for this pattern. First, it is possible that populations to the north may have had access to resources necessary for vessel alternatives and may have differed in their settlement patterns or subsistence practices. Alternatively, it is possible that ceramics are concomitant with distinct population histories and that the southern area of the coast was occupied with populations that are derived from the California desert where vessel ceramics are common, while the rest of the area was occupied by populations with no tradition of making pottery. In this thesis, I generate descriptions of ceramics including measurements of technological and functional variability of ceramic deposits across southern California. These measurements are designed to determine the degree of variation that exists in the use and production methods of vessel ceramics. I explore whether ceramic distributions are correlated with space and the structure of the environment. Based on my results, I conclude that ceramic variability is driven by utilitarian functions and, thus, their distribution is related to proximity to subsistence resources. The evidence supports the hypothesis that the presence of ceramics is explained by the functional roles pottery plays within the population and appears as a consequence of necessity for cooking and processing vital subsistence resources which are correlated to wetland regions.

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Williams, Michael A. "Shamanic interpretations : reconstructing a cosmology for the later prehistoric period of north-western Europe". Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391352.

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Chippindale, Christopher. "The Later Prehistoric rock-engravings of Val Fontanalba, Mont Bego, Tende, Alpes-Maritimes, France". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272468.

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Birnbaum, David. "Ceramic Technology and Cultural Identity in the Fox Lake Sanctuary, Brevard County, Florida". OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1535.

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Conventions of Culture-Historical archaeology have persisted in Florida's Indian River Region since the early twentieth century. Traditional ceramic typologies focusing on the superficial stylistic characteristics of pottery have dominated anthropological assessments of Indian River culture during the prehistoric Malabar Period (ca. 1000 BC-AD 1565). Using a practice-oriented approach to analyze technological attributes of St. Johns pottery from Malabar-period assemblages offers an opportunity to examine the communities of practice surrounding craft production as an avenue for elucidating prehistoric cultural identities. This study explores ceramic technology within the Malabar period assemblages of the Fox Lake Sanctuary, and intra-regional and inter-regional site comparisons are quantitatively tested to evaluate variation in technological attributes between assemblages. Statistical results suggest a differentiation between certain technological attributes of St. Johns pottery in Malabar and St. Johns assemblages, notably in the rim thickness and lip morphology of simple form St. Johns Plain vessels.

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44

Topping, P. G. "The pottery of the later prehistoric period in the Western Isles of Scotland". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354213.

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45

Alecksynas, Nia M. "Violence and warfare in the late prehistoric Southwest| A ritual explanation". Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10110346.

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The last four decades of research regarding the late prehistoric American Southwest has produced abundant evidence for violence, warfare and cannibalism among the Ancestral Puebloan peoples. Most archaeologists attribute this rise in violence and subsequent abandonment of the Four Corners region to degrading environmental conditions. While ecological factors surely contributed, it is hard to accept that this alone led to the extreme mutilation of hundreds of human remains found throughout the Pueblo territory. It is proposed that increasing social complexity along with new ritual practices resulted in intense and violent attacks throughout the Pueblo expanse.

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46

Mickelson, Andrew M. "CHANGES IN PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AS A RESULT OF SHIFTS IN SUBSISTENCE PRACTICES IN EASTERN KENTUCKY". The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1039032983.

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Belcher, William R. "Fish exploitation of the Baluchistan and Indus Valley traditions an ethnoarchaeological approach to the study of fish remains /". online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 1998. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9813108.

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48

Long, Deborah J. "Prehistoric field systems and the vegetation development of the gritstone uplands of the Peak District". Thesis, Keele University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241351.

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Small valley mires situated adjacent to prehistoric field systems on the East Moors of the Peak District have been dated typologically and by radiocarbon dating to the second millennium BC. These have been used as sources of evidence for environmental change, brought about primarily by prehistoric human activity. The mires have been examined using pollen, spore, charcoal and stratigraphic analyses. Regional vegetation change from the third millennium BC is illustrated in a core from a raised mire site, central to the study area. Of the small valley mire sites studied, two display similar stratigraphic sequences where clay, containing pollen types indicative of agricultural activity, is overlain by peat. Palynological evidence from the valley mire sites indicates that woodland clearance with arable activity was occurring in localized areas across the East Moors from the second millennium and through the first millennium Be. Evidence from a core taken through one of the stone boundaries in a cairnfield complex above the valley mire site at Stoke Flat suggests that the fields and boundaries were associated with this agricultural activity. Radiocarbon dating has indicated that at the valley mire sites, peat accumulation started with the decline of evidence of agricultural activity at the end of the first millennium Be. Although local conditions vary at each site, there is evidence that agricultural activity in the vicinity of the field systems occurred through the first millennium Be, towards the end of which evidence of agricultural activity declined and moorland species became established. Following widescale woodland decline at the end of the first millennium Be, evidence suggests that regeneration was prevented by increased grazing pressures, climatic change, increased rates of soil deterioration and the possible abandonment of former woodland management practices.

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49

Smith, R. W. "Prehistoric human ecology in the Wessex chalklands with special reference to evidence from the valleys". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332995.

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Wozniak, Joan Alice. "Exploring landscapes on Easter Island (Rapanui) with geoarchaeological studies : settlement, subsistence, and environmental changes /". view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3113031.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 689-733). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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