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1

Horlick-Jones, Tom. Problem structuring and risk analysis. York: ESRC Risk & Human Behaviour Programme, 1995.

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2

Bell, Gary, Rosane Pagano, Jon Warwick, and Carlos Sato, eds. Problem Structuring Approaches for the Management of Projects. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93263-7.

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3

Jackson, M. A. Problem frames: Analysing and structuring software development problems. New York: Addison-Wesley, 2000.

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4

Jackson, M. A. Problem frames: Analysing and structuring software development problems. Harlow: Addison-Wesley, 2001.

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5

Jonathan, Rosenhead, ed. Rational analysis for a problematic world: Problem structuring methods for complexity, uncertainty, and conflict. Chichester [England]: Wiley, 1989.

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6

John, Mingers, and Rosenhead Jonathan, eds. Rational analysis for a problematic world revisited: Problem structuring methods for complexity, uncertainty and conflict. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley, 2001.

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7

Yearworth, Mike. Problem Structuring: Methodology in Practice. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2024.

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8

Yearworth, Mike. Problem Structuring: Methodology in Practice. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2024.

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9

Yearworth, Mike. Problem Structuring: Methodology in Practice. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2024.

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10

Bell, Gary, Rosane Pagano, Jon Warwick, and Carlos Sato. Problem Structuring Approaches for the Management of Projects: Demonstrating Successful Practice. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

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11

Problem Structuring Approaches for the Management of Projects: Demonstrating Successful Practice. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

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12

Long, Linda. The Power of Logic in Problem Structuring and Communicaton: Workbook Edition. SCC Publishing, 2006.

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13

Rosenhead, Jonathan. Rational Analysis for a Problematic World: Problem Structuring Methods for Complexity, Uncertainty and Conflict. John Wiley & Sons, 1990.

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14

(Editor), Jonathan Rosenhead, and John Mingers (Editor), eds. Rational Analysis for a Problematic World: Problem Structuring Methods for Complexity, Uncertainty and Conflict, 2nd Edition. Wiley, 2001.

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15

Rational analysis revisited: Proceedings of a one-day event on problem structuring methods ... held on London on 6 May 1994. London: [s.n.], 1995.

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16

Stern, Marc J. Trust, negotiation, and public involvement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793182.003.0006.

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People in just about every profession or pastime must navigate the diverse ideas and values of others to accomplish their goals. The theories in this chapter provide strategies for structuring interactions between stakeholders, for enhancing trust and understanding between diverse parties, for promoting collaboration, and for addressing conflict. Each theory is summarized succinctly and followed by guidance on how to apply it to real world problem solving.
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17

Enserink, B., P. Bots, E. van Daalen, L. Hermans, J. Koppenjan, R. Kortmann, J. Kwakkel, J. Slinger, T. Ruijgh van der Ploeg, and W. Thissen. Policy Analysis of Multi-Actor Systems. TU Delft Open, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5074/t.2022.004.

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Policy of Multi-Actor Systems is an introduction into the art of craft of problem exploration and problem structuring. It positions policy analysis as a scientific discipline focused on systems analysis in a multi-actor context to support better informed decision-making. The approach presented in this book is considered to be the cornerstone of the curricula of the Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management of Delft University of Technology and underlies the research on (the governance of) socio-technical systems. Systems thinking applied in a multi-actor environment and its inherent multi-disciplinary character is what makes this work stand out from traditional hard- and soft systems approaches. The core of the book is dedicated to systems analysis, actor- or stakeholder-analysis and discusses methods for dealing with uncertainty. These analytical activities combined lead to a rich problem description and to plans for further research. Due to the stepwise approach this book serves as a basis for any problem analysis both for our bachelor and master students, our alumni worldwide and any interested practitioners.
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18

Hall, Peter A. Politics as a Process Structured in Space and Time. Edited by Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.2.

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Historical institutionalism embraces models of the polity that acknowledge the impact on political action of the social, economic and political structures in which actors are embedded at particular times and places. In addition to examining how events affect the immediate outcome of interest, it considers how they restructure the institutional or ideological setting so as to condition outcomes at later periods in time. Through a comparison with alternative modes of analysis, this chapter outlines what it means to see politics as a structured process. Taking up the problem of plasticity raised by a second wave of historical institutional analysis, it considers how institutions might be dependent on social coalitions but still factors structuring politics by virtue of how they sustain those coalitions.
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19

Goertz, Gary. Concepts, Theories, and Numbers: A Checklist for Constructing, Evaluating, and Using Concepts or Quantitative Measures. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0005.

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This article presents guidance on how to think about the concepts. It proposes to explore some issues in the assessment of concepts and quantitative measures. It presents the basic problem in its general outlines. It then offers a very short example, typically using published research. The structuring and aggregating concepts and measures indicates that one must first consider the theory embodied in the concept. Then one should survey plausible aggregation and structural relationships that could be applied in a quantitative measure. It is noted that one needs to ask about the existence or not of zero points. The gray zone needs to be explored independently of the two extremes. Homogeneity is another aspect of comparing within and between various concepts and measures of the same phenomenon. This article generally highlights that it is the lack of integration of theory and methodology which proves problematic.
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20

McGowan, Todd. Confronted with Too Much. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038143.003.0001.

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This chapter analyzes the films of Spike Lee. Lee's films employ types of excess such as unconventional shots, extreme characters, and improbable scenes to intervene in critical issues that trouble the contemporary world—the question of the subject's singularity, the role that fantasy plays in structuring our reality, the political impact of passion, the power of paranoia in shaping social relations, the damage that the insistence on community inflicts, the problem of transcendence, and the struggles of the spectator. Above all, Lee is known for being a political filmmaker and the concept of excess holds the key to understanding the politics of his films. Excess has enabled Lee to create a varied corpus of films that treat a broad spectrum of fundamental social and political problems. These films include She's Gotta Have It (1986), Do the Right Thing (1989), Jungle Fever (1991), and Malcolm X (1992).
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21

Annas, Julia. Law in the Republic. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755746.003.0002.

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Contrary to common perception, the Republic is full of references to law, as well as stressing the importance of the rulers’ education. The ideal state is structured by laws, as is the rulers’ education, in which they are brought up to be law-abiding and to get others to obey the laws. It is the laws structuring the rulers’ education which are the most basic to the existence of the ideal state, while legislation that we would consider fundamental, such as courts, is treated as more minor. Plato does not consider the relation of law-abidingness to the rulers’ education, assuming that rulers brought up under good laws will further stabilize and enforce good laws. He does not deal with the problem that this makes the ideal city a necessarily unrealizable ideal: it cannot be reached from actual societies, but only by the actions of people already brought up under the laws.
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22

Линков, А. С. Общая теория и технология графического структурирования и представления знаний (Общая теория и технология ГСиП знаний). Академическое изд-во «Гео», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21782/b978-5-6043022-1-7.

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The monograph is devoted to the creation of a single complex of scientiJic and practical developments aimed at solving the problems of knowledge operation (such as information or data) by means of their graphic structuring and representation (GSR) in any subject areas of science and practice. In particular, it can be used in information and digital technologies, knowledge engineering, systemic analysis, cognitive science, implementation of interdisciplinary research, etc. Its main purpose is systematization of knowledge, as well as conceptual modeling of complex notions and objects of activity in the logic of problem-oriented approach. The complex is a trinity of theoretical principles, graphic language of conceptual modeling (GLCM) of knowledge, and the GSR technology, implemented using Microsoft Excel, and has no analogues in the given subject area. Its basis is Linkov’s diagonal information graphic knowledge matrix (digmata), being a universal way to extract and structure knowledge from text and other sources, as well as a universal converter of any representation form of knowledge into a uniform graphic form. Simplicity and constructiveness of the complex allow its wide introduction into practice. The monograph is accompanied by a USB Jlash drive containing text and graphic materials. The monograph is intended for the widest range of persons confronted with the above-mentioned problems of science and practice.
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23

Leonardo, Zeus. Ideology, Discourse, and School Reform. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216973904.

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Leonardo introduces an integrated theory of ideology that examines its necessary, negative, and positive functions. A three-dimensional theory highlights the concept of ideology during the reform process and links it to domination. Through an ideological critique of reform language, the book provides insights into domination and ways to counteract it. The movement for educational change lacks a concerted engagement with ideology with respect to school reform. Ideology is a central, structuring concept in education, especially regarding the intractable problem of domination. Race, class, and gender inequalities have become dilemmas that plague many students' chances for academic success, let alone the good life. In addition to constructing ideology as a form of distortion, the book considers it as a necessary mechanism for teachers as they make meaning of their daily experiences as well as a positive force for teachers who combat relations of domination. This work introduces an integrated theory of ideology that examines its necessary, negative, and positive functions. A three-dimensional theory highlights the concept of ideology during the reform process and links it to educational and social inequality. This work looks at the rhetoric of education reform and ways to counteract it so that the goal of educational equality will be possible for all.
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