Artigos de revistas: "PVM"

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Yuasa, Fukuko, Denis Perret-Gallix, Setsuya Kawabata e Tadashi Ishikawa. "PVM-GRACE". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 389, n.º 1-2 (abril de 1997): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(97)00047-8.

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Ju, Jiubin, Yong Wang e Yu Yin. "Scheduling PVM tasks". Journal of Computer Science and Technology 12, n.º 2 (março de 1997): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02951336.

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Hagège, A. "Étude PVM France". Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux - Pratique 2009, n.º 183 (dezembro de 2009): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1261-694x(09)73519-9.

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Ju, Jiubin, e Yong Wang. "Scheduling PVM tasks". ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review 30, n.º 3 (julho de 1996): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/230908.230914.

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Michielse, Peter. "Parallel multigrid using PVM". Applied Numerical Mathematics 19, n.º 1-2 (novembro de 1995): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9274(95)00018-p.

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Dodero, G., e R. Valia. "Pipelined programming in PVM". Journal of Systems Architecture 43, n.º 1-5 (março de 1997): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-7621(96)00110-5.

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Li, Liwei, e Paul S. Wang. "The CL-PVM package". ACM SIGSAM Bulletin 29, n.º 3-4 (dezembro de 1995): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/226186.226187.

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Beguelin, Adam, Jack Dongarra, Al Geist, Robert Manchek e Vaidy Sunderam. "Recent Enhancements To Pvm". International Journal of Supercomputer Applications and High Performance Computing 9, n.º 2 (junho de 1995): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109434209500900204.

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Lansing, Alexis J., e Vincent R. Franceschi. "The paraveinal mesophyll: a specialized path for intermediary transfer of assimilates in legume leaves". Functional Plant Biology 27, n.º 9 (2000): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99167.

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This paper originates from a presentation at the International Conference on Assimilate Transport and Partitioning, Newcastle, NSW, August 1999 The distance between sites of synthesis of assimilates and the site of phloem loading can be large, and specialized leaf cell layers such as the paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) might act to enhance the efficiency of transport. A number of techniques were used to analyse PVM of legume leaves with respect to a hypothesized function in transfer of assimilates between tissues. Of 39 legume species examined, PVM was found in 22. Leaves of all PVM-containing species had multiple palisade parenchyma layers, while non-PVM species generally had only one distinct palisade layer. Morphometric analysis identified a significant correlation between PVM presence and greater numbers of palisade cells per unit leaf surface area. Comparison of photosynthetic rates of four PVM and four non-PVM species showed the PVM species had higher rates on a leaf area basis than all but one of the non-PVM species. Microautoradiography of 14CO2 pulse–chase studies in soybean demonstrated PVM is an intermediary tissue in transfer of assimilates to vascular bundles. In addition, PVM cells but not mesophyll cells, were enriched in a sucrose binding protein previously found to be associated with sucrose-transporting tissues. The structural, positional and transport data support the hypothesis that the PVM acts as a transport pathway between the vascular system and photoassimilatory cells of the leaf, and has probably evolved to overcome diffusion limitations imposed by multiple palisade layers.

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Sinai, A. P., P. Webster e K. A. Joiner. "Association of host cell endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with the Toxoplasma gondii parasitophorous vacuole membrane: a high affinity interaction". Journal of Cell Science 110, n.º 17 (1 de setembro de 1997): 2117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.17.2117.

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The parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) of the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii forms tight associations with host mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We have used a combination of morphometric and biochemical approaches to characterize this unique phenomenon, which we term PVM-organelle association. The PVM is separated from associated mitochondria and ER by a mean distance of 12 and 18 nm, respectively. The establishment of PVM-organelle association is dependent on active parasite entry, but does not require parasite viability for its maintenance. Association is not a consequence of spatial constraints imposed on the growing vacuole. Morphometric analysis indicates that the extent of mitochondrial association with the PVM stays constant as the vacuole enlarges, whereas the extent of ER association decreases. Disruption of host cell microtubules partially blocks the establishment but not the maintenance of PVM-mitochondrial association, and has no significant effect on PVM-ER association. PVM-organelle association is maintained following disruption of infected host cells, as assessed by electron microscopy and by sub-cellular fractionation showing co-migration of fixed PVM and organelle markers. Taken together, the data suggest that a high affinity, potentially protein-protein interaction between parasite and organelle components is responsible for PVM-organelle association.

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Cavileer, T. D., R. C. Clarke, D. L. Corsini e P. H. Berger. "A New Strain of Potato Carlavirus M". Plant Disease 82, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1998): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.1.98.

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In 1994, potato samples for certification from Idaho seed fields reacted in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests to a polyclonal potato carlavirus M (PVM) antiserum. Sample affinity to the antiserum was lower than control samples. Furthermore, ELISA-positive samples were obtained from both symptomatic as well as asymptomatic plants. A complementary DNA library was prepared using both reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and primers based on published PVM sequences, or oligo d(T) primed reverse transcribed sequences. The nucleotide sequence was determined for the 3′-terminus of the genome. Putative coat protein amino acid sequence was compared to published PVM and potato virus S coat protein sequences. While this new isolate is likely a strain of PVM, it is significantly different from known PVM coat protein sequences in the amino terminus region. These differences may explain the poor reactivity to other PVM antisera and suggest that it is a new strain of PVM, which we have designated PVM-ID.

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He, Zhen, Haifeng Gan e Xinyan Liang. "Analysis of Synonymous Codon Usage Bias in Potato Virus M and Its Adaption to Hosts". Viruses 11, n.º 8 (14 de agosto de 2019): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11080752.

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Potato virus M (PVM) is a member of the genus Carlavirus of the family Betaflexviridae and causes large economic losses of nightshade crops. Several previous studies have elucidated the population structure, evolutionary timescale and adaptive evolution of PVM. However, the synonymous codon usage pattern of PVM remains unclear. In this study, we performed comprehensive analyses of the codon usage and composition of PVM based on 152 nucleotide sequences of the coat protein (CP) gene and 125 sequences of the cysteine-rich nucleic acid binding protein (NABP) gene. We observed that the PVM CP and NABP coding sequences were GC-and AU-rich, respectively, whereas U- and G-ending codons were preferred in the PVM CP and NABP coding sequences. The lower codon usage of the PVM CP and NABP coding sequences indicated a relatively stable and conserved genomic composition. Natural selection and mutation pressure shaped the codon usage patterns of PVM, with natural selection being the most important factor. The codon adaptation index (CAI) and relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) analysis revealed that the greatest adaption of PVM was to pepino, followed by tomato and potato. Moreover, similarity Index (SiD) analysis showed that pepino had a greater impact on PVM than tomato and potato. Our study is the first attempt to evaluate the codon usage pattern of the PVM CP and NABP genes to better understand the evolutionary changes of a carlavirus.

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Li, Wei, Xiaohu Huang e Nanning Zheng. "Parallel implementing OpenGL on PVM". Parallel Computing 23, n.º 12 (dezembro de 1997): 1839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8191(97)00090-2.

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Lin, Guangming, Xin Yao, Iain Macleod, Lishan Kang e Yuping Chen. "Parallel genetic algorithm on PVM". Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 1, n.º 3-4 (dezembro de 1996): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02900894.

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McDonald, Chris, e Kamran Kazemi. "Improving the PVM teaching environment". ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 29, n.º 1 (março de 1997): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/268085.268167.

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LEE, BU-SUNG, ALFRED HENG, WENTONG CAI e TAI-ANN TAN. "TASK SCHEDULING FACILITY FOR PVM". Parallel Processing Letters 06, n.º 04 (dezembro de 1996): 563–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626496000509.

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Whilst the concept of a virtual metacomputer over a networked collection of heterogeneous computer systems has slowly emerged. there are still some shortcomings of these systems. For example. some systems are still incapable of balancing the load amongst the workstations; the problem is accentuated by the heterogeneity of the computers. In this paper. we first discuss the design issue of our centralized task scheduler. and then present our implementation details. To use the task scheduler. some new library routines are provided. The task scheduler is layered above PVM; this has the advantage of retaining its portability. Since load-balancing is considered in task scheduling. our approach has been also proven to be more effective than the existing PVM round-robin task allocation scheme.

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Gormley, J. A., R. J. Howard e T. F. Taraschi. "Trafficking of malarial proteins to the host cell cytoplasm and erythrocyte surface membrane involves multiple pathways." Journal of Cell Biology 119, n.º 6 (15 de dezembro de 1992): 1481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.119.6.1481.

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During the asexual stage of malaria infection, the intracellular parasite exports membranes into the erythrocyte cytoplasm and lipids and proteins to the host cell membrane, essentially "transforming" the erythrocyte. To investigate lipid and protein trafficking pathways within Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes, synchronous cultures are temporally analyzed by confocal fluorescence imaging microscopy for the production, location and morphology of exported membranes (vesicles) and parasite proteins. Highly mobile vesicles are observed as early as 4 h postinvasion in the erythrocyte cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes incubated in vitro with C6-NBD-labeled phospholipids. These vesicles are most prevalent in the trophozoite stage. An immunofluorescence technique is developed to simultaneously determine the morphology and distribution of the fluorescent membranes and a number of parasite proteins within a single parasitized erythrocyte. Parasite proteins are visualized with FITC- or Texas red-labeled monoclonal antibodies. Double-label immunofluorescence reveals that of the five parasite antigens examined, only one was predominantly associated with membranes in the erythrocyte cytoplasm. Two other parasite antigens localized only in part to these vesicles, with the majority of the exported antigens present in lipid-free aggregates in the host cell cytoplasm. Another parasite antigen transported into the erythrocyte cytoplasm is localized exclusively in lipid-free aggregates. A parasite plasma membrane (PPM) and/or parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) antigen which is not exported always colocalizes with fluorescent lipids in the PPM/PVM. Visualization of two parasite proteins simultaneously using FITC- and Texas red-labeled 2 degrees antibodies reveals that some parasite proteins are constitutively transported in the same vesicles, whereas other are segregated before export. Of the four exported antigens, only one appears to cross the barriers of the PPM and PVM through membrane-mediated events, whereas the others are exported across the PPM/PVM to the host cell cytoplasm and surface membrane through lipid (vesicle)-independent pathways.

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Lin, Hong-Yen, Chien-Chang Yen, Kuo-Ching Jen e Kang C. Jea. "A Postverification Method for Solving Forced Duffing Oscillator Problems without Prescribed Periods". Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/317460.

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This paper proposes a postverification method (PVM) for solving forced Duffing oscillator problems without prescribed periods. Comprising a postverification procedure and small random perturbation, the proposed PVM improves the sensitivity of the convergence of Newton’s iteration. Numerical simulations revealed that the PVM is more accurate and robust than Kubíček’s approach. We applied the PVM to previous research on bifurcation problems.

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Spielmann, Tobias, David J. P. Fergusen e Hans-Peter Beck. "etramps, a NewPlasmodium falciparumGene Family Coding for Developmentally Regulated and Highly Charged Membrane Proteins Located at the Parasite–Host Cell Interface". Molecular Biology of the Cell 14, n.º 4 (abril de 2003): 1529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e02-04-0240.

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After invasion of erythrocytes, the human malaria parasitePlasmodium falciparum resides within a parasitophorous vacuole and develops from morphologically and metabolically distinct ring to trophozoite stages. During these developmental phases, major structural changes occur within the erythrocyte, but neither the molecular events governing this development nor the molecular composition of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) is well known. Herein, we describe a new family of highly cationic proteins from P. falciparum termed early transcribed membrane proteins (ETRAMPs). Thirteen members were identified sharing a conserved structure, of which six were found only during ring stages as judged from Northern and Western analysis. Other members showed different stage-specific expression patterns. Furthermore, ETRAMPs were associated with the membrane fractions in Western blots, and colocalization and selective permeabilization studies demonstrated that ETRAMPs were located in the PVM. This was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy where the PVM and tubovesicular extensions of the PVM were labeled. Early expressed ETRAMPs clearly defined separate PVM domains compared with the negatively charged integral PVM protein EXP-1, suggesting functionally different domains in the PVM with an oppositely charged surface coat. We also show that the dynamic change of ETRAMP composition in the PVM coincides with the morphological changes during development. The P. falciparum PVM is an important structure for parasite survival, and its analysis might provide better understanding of the requirements of intracellular parasites.

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Beckers, C. J., J. F. Dubremetz, O. Mercereau-Puijalon e K. A. Joiner. "The Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein ROP 2 is inserted into the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, surrounding the intracellular parasite, and is exposed to the host cell cytoplasm." Journal of Cell Biology 127, n.º 4 (15 de novembro de 1994): 947–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.127.4.947.

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The origin of the vacuole membrane surrounding the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is not known. Although unique secretory organelles, the rhoptries, discharge during invasion of the host cell and may contribute to the formation of this parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), no direct evidence for this hypothesis exists. Using a novel approach we have determined that parasite-encoded proteins are present in the PVM, exposed to the host cell cytoplasm. In infected cells incubated with streptolysin-O or low concentrations of digitonin, the host cell plasma membrane was selectively permeabilized without significantly affecting the integrity of the PVM. Antisera prepared against whole parasites or a parasite fraction enriched in rhoptries and dense granules reacted with the PVM in these permeabilized cells, indicating that parasite-encoded antigens were exposed on the cytoplasmic side of the PVM. Parasite antigens responsible for this staining of the PVM were identified by fractionating total parasite proteins by SDS-PAGE and velocity sedimentation, and then affinity purifying "fraction-specific" antibodies from the crude antisera. Proteins responsible for the PVM-staining, identified with fraction-specific antibodies, cofractionated with known rhoptry proteins. The gene encoding one of the rhoptry proteins, ROP 2, was cloned and sequenced, predicting and integral membrane protein. Antibodies specific for ROP 2 reacted with the intact PVM. These results provide the first direct evidence that rhoptry contents participate in the formation of the PVM of T. gondii and suggest a possible role of ROP 2 in parasite-host cell interactions.

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Dash, Sanjit Kumar, Satyam Raj, Rahul Agarwal e Jibitesh Mishra. "Automobile Predictive Maintenance Using Deep Learning". International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 11, n.º 2 (julho de 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaiml.20210701.oa7.

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There are three types of maintenance management policy Run-tofailure (R2F), Preventive Maintenance (PvM) and Predictive Maintenance (PdM). In both R2F and PdM we have the data related to the maintenance cycle. In case of Preventive Maintenance (PvM) complete information about maintenance cycle is not available. Among these three maintenance policies, predictive Maintenance (PdM) is becoming a very important strategy as it can help us to minimize the repair time and the associated cost with it. In this paper we have proposed PdM, which allows the dynamic decision rules for the maintenance management. PdM is achieved by training the machine learning model with the datasets. It also helps in planning of maintenance schedules. We specially focused on two models that are Binary Classification and Recurrent Neural Network. In Binary Classification we classify whether our data belongs to the failure class or the non failure class. In Binary Classification the number of cycles is entered and classification model predicts whether it belongs to the failure/non failure class.

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Sasanami, Tomohiro, Norio Yoshizaki, Hideo Dohra e Hideo Kubo. "Sperm acrosin is responsible for the sperm binding to the egg envelope during fertilization in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)". REPRODUCTION 142, n.º 2 (agosto de 2011): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-11-0120.

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An antibody library against quail sperm plasma membrane components was established and a mAb, which strongly inhibits sperm perforations of the perivitelline membrane (PVM) was obtained from the library. The antigen molecule of the mAb showed an apparent molecular weight of 45 kDa, and was distributed both on the surface and in the acrosomal matrix of the sperm head. Periodate oxidation revealed that the epitope of the antigen includes a sugar moiety. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the antigen revealed that the mAb recognizes sperm acrosin. When sodium dodecyl sulfate-solubilized PVM immobilized on a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane was incubated with sperm plasma membrane lysates, the sperm acrosin was detected on the PVM immobilized on the membrane, indicating that the sperm acrosin interacts with the components of PVM. Indeed, the mAb effectively inhibited the binding of acrosome-intact sperm to the PVM. These results indicate that the 45 kDa sperm acrosin is involved in the binding of sperm to the PVM in fertilization of Japanese quail.

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Ward, G. E., L. H. Miller e J. A. Dvorak. "The origin of parasitophorous vacuole membrane lipids in malaria-infected erythrocytes". Journal of Cell Science 106, n.º 1 (1 de setembro de 1993): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.106.1.237.

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During invasion of an erythrocyte by a malaria merozoite, an indentation develops in the erythrocyte surface at the point of contact between the two cells. This indentation deepens as invasion progresses, until the merozoite is completely surrounded by a membrane known as the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM). We incorporated fluorescent lipophilic probes and phospholipid analogs into the erythrocyte membrane, and followed the fate of these probes during PVM formation with low-light-level video fluorescence microscopy. The concentration of probe in the forming PVM was indistinguishable from the concentration of probe in the erythrocyte membrane, suggesting that the lipids of the PVM are continuous with and derived from the host cell membrane during invasion. In contrast, fluorescently labeled erythrocyte surface proteins were largely excluded from the forming PVM. These data are consistent with a model for PVM formation in which the merozoite induces a localized invagination in the erythrocyte lipid bilayer, concomitant with a localized restructuring of the host cell cytoskeleton.

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Dyer, Kimberly D., Rebecca A. Drummond, Tyler A. Rice, Caroline M. Percopo, Todd A. Brenner, Derek A. G. Barisas, Kendal A. Karpe, Martin L. Moore e Helene F. Rosenberg. "Priming of the Respiratory Tract with ImmunobioticLactobacillus plantarumLimits Infection of Alveolar Macrophages with Recombinant Pneumonia Virus of Mice (rK2-PVM)". Journal of Virology 90, n.º 2 (4 de novembro de 2015): 979–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02279-15.

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ABSTRACTPneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is a natural rodent pathogen that replicates in bronchial epithelial cells and reproduces many clinical and pathological features of the more severe forms of disease associated with human respiratory syncytial virus. In order to track virus-target cell interactions during acute infectionin vivo, we developed rK2-PVM, bacterial artificial chromosome-based recombinant PVM strain J3666 that incorporates the fluorescent tag monomeric Katushka 2 (mKATE2). The rK2-PVM pathogen promotes lethal infection in BALB/c mice and elicits characteristic cytokine production and leukocyte recruitment to the lung parenchyma. Using recombinant virus, we demonstrate for the first time PVM infection of both dendritic cells (DCs; CD11c+major histocompatibility complex class II+) and alveolar macrophages (AMs; CD11c+sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin F+)in vivoand likewise detect mKATE2+DCs in mediastinal lymph nodes from infected mice. AMs support both active virus replication and production of infectious virions. Furthermore, we report that priming of the respiratory tract with immunobioticLactobacillus plantarum, a regimen that results in protection against the lethal inflammatory sequelae of acute respiratory virus infection, resulted in differential recruitment of neutrophils, DCs, and lymphocytes to the lungs in response to rK2-PVM and a reduction from ∼40% to <10% mKATE2+AMs in association with a 2-log drop in the release of infectious virions. In contrast, AMs fromL. plantarum-primed mice challenged with virusex vivoexhibited no differential susceptibility to rK2-PVM. Although the mechanisms underlyingLactobacillus-mediated viral suppression remain to be fully elucidated, this study provides insight into the cellular basis of this response.IMPORTANCEPneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is a natural mouse pathogen that serves as a model for severe human respiratory syncytial virus disease. We have developed a fully functional recombinant PVM strain with a fluorescent reporter protein (rK2-PVM) that permits us to track infection of target cellsin vivo. With rK2-PVM, we demonstrate infection of leukocytes in the lung, notably, dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages undergo productive infection and release infectious virions. We have shown previously that administration of immunobioticLactobacillusdirectly to the respiratory mucosa protects mice from the lethal sequelae of PVM infection in association with profound suppression of the virus-induced inflammatory response. We show here thatLactobacillusadministration also limits infection of leukocytesin vivoand results in diminished release of infectious virions from alveolar macrophages. This is the first study to provide insight into the cellular basis of the antiviral impact of immunobioticL. plantarum.

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Rudzińska-Langwald, Anna. "Cytological changes in phloem parenchyma cells of Solanum rostratum (Dunal.) related to the replication of potato virus M (PVM)". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 59, n.º 1-4 (2014): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1990.004.

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The first cytological symptom of infection of phloem parenchyma cells by potato virus M is the formation of clusters of endoplasmic reticulum cisterns in a cytoplasm containing numerous ribosomes. Randomly distributed PVM particles are found in the vicinity of the cisterns. As the infection progresses, inclusions made up of regularly arranged particles of PVM are formed.The cytoplasm of the cells becomes electron transparent because the ER cisterns disappear. Masses of homogenous substances containing single PVM particles appear. There are two types of deposits in the inclusions containing PVM virus particles - additionally coated particles and tubules.

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Frey, Stefanie, Christine D. Krempl, Annette Schmitt-Gräff e Stephan Ehl. "Role of T Cells in Virus Control and Disease after Infection with Pneumonia Virus of Mice". Journal of Virology 82, n.º 23 (24 de setembro de 2008): 11619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00375-08.

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ABSTRACT Infection of mice with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is used as a natural host experimental model for studying the pathogenesis of infection with the closely related human respiratory syncytial virus. We analyzed the contribution of T cells to virus control and pathology after PVM infection. Control of a sublethal infection with PVM strain 15 in C57BL/6 mice was accompanied by a 100-fold increase in pulmonary cytotoxic T lymphocytes, 20% of which were specific for PVM. T-cell-deficient mice failed to eliminate PVM and became virus carriers in the absence of the clinical or histopathological signs of pneumonia that occurred after infection of control mice. Mice with limited T-cell numbers did not achieve virus control without weight loss, indicating that T-cell-mediated virus control was closely linked to immunopathology. Both CD4 and CD8 T cells independently contributed to virus elimination and disease. Virus control and disease were similar in the absence of perforin, gamma interferon, or tumor necrosis factor alpha. Interestingly, disease and mortality after lethal high-dose PVM infection were independent of T cells. These data illustrate a key role for T cells in control of PVM infection and demonstrate that both T-cell-dependent and -independent pathways contribute to disease in a viral dose-dependent fashion.

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Ahmad, Ishfaq. "Express versus PVM: A performance comparison". Parallel Computing 23, n.º 6 (junho de 1997): 783–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8191(96)00087-7.

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ZHOU, HONBO, e AL GEIST. "LPVM: a step towards multithread PVM". Concurrency: Practice and Experience 10, n.º 5 (25 de abril de 1998): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9128(19980425)10:5<407::aid-cpe326>3.0.co;2-6.

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Glasa, Miroslav, Katarína Šoltys, Lukáš Predajňa, Nina Sihelská, Jaroslav Budiš, Michaela Mrkvová, Ján Kraic, Daniel Mihálik e Ana Belén Ruiz-García. "High-throughput sequencing of Potato virus M from tomato in Slovakia reveals a divergent variant of the virus". Plant Protection Science 55, No. 3 (17 de maio de 2019): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/144/2018-pps.

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High-throughput sequencing (HTS) analysis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) samples revealed the presence of Potato virus M (PVM) in this crop in Slovakia. Full-length genomes of three PVM isolates were obtained using both HTS and Sanger sequencing validation. While two isolates (T40 and T50) were shown to belong to major Group I, a divergent T20 isolate was phylogenetically unrelated to any known PVM variant, potentially representing a new phylogenetic group. Despite a relatively high intraspecies diversity (17.3 ± 0.3%), no evidence of recombination was detected in the dataset of available complete PVM sequences. Conventional screening of tomato plants in Slovakia using ELISA and RT-PCR further confirmed a frequent occurrence of PVM in this host. Developed RT-PCR showed its polyvalence to detect the PVM Group I isolates, however, in silico analysis of primer binding sites indicated its compromised use for Group II isolates. Our results further pinpoint the significance of HTS for unbiased unveiling of virus diversity and a need for continual optimisation of molecular detection tools.

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Eksi, Saliha, e Kim C. Williamson. "Protein Targeting to the Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane of Plasmodium falciparum". Eukaryotic Cell 10, n.º 6 (15 de abril de 2011): 744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00008-11.

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ABSTRACTRed blood cell (RBC) invasion and parasitophorous vacuole (PV) formation byPlasmodium falciparumare critical for the development and pathogenesis of malaria, a continuing global health problem. Expansion of the PV membrane (PVM) during growth is orchestrated by the parasite. This is particularly important in mature RBCs, which lack internal organelles and no longer actively synthesize membranes. Pfs16, a 16-kDa integral PVM protein expressed by gametocytes, was chosen as a model for studying the trafficking of material from the parasite across the PV space to the PVM. The locations of Pfs16-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter proteins containing distinct regions of Pfs16 were tracked from RBC invasion to emergence. Inclusion of the 53 C-terminal amino acids (aa) of Pfs16 to a GFP reporter construct already containing the N-terminal secretory signal sequence was sufficient for targeting to and retention on the PVM. An amino acid motif identified in this region was also found in seven other known PVM proteins. Removal of the 11 C-terminal aa did not affect PVM targeting, but membrane retention was decreased. Additionally, during emergence from the PVM and RBC, native Pfs16 and the full-length Pfs16-GFP reporter protein were found to concentrate on the ends of the gametocyte. Capping was not observed in constructs lacking the amino acids between the N-terminal secretory signal sequence and the transmembrane domain, suggesting that this region, which is not required for PVM targeting, is involved in capping. This is the first report to define the amino acid domains required for targeting to theP. falciparumPVM.

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Sasanami, Tomohiro, Kenichi Sugiura, Toshinobu Tokumoto, Norio Yoshizaki, Hideo Dohra, Shunsuke Nishio, Shusei Mizushima, Gen Hiyama e Tsukasa Matsuda. "Sperm proteasome degrades egg envelope glycoprotein ZP1 during fertilization of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)". REPRODUCTION 144, n.º 4 (outubro de 2012): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-12-0165.

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At the time of fertilization, the extracellular matrix surrounding avian oocytes, termed the perivitelline membrane (pvm), is hydrolyzed by a sperm-borne protease, although the actual protease that is responsible for the digestion of the pvm remains to be identified. Here, we show evidence that the ubiquitin–proteasome system is functional in the fertilization of Japanese quail. The activities for the induction of the acrosome reaction and binding to ZP3 as revealed by ligand blotting of purified serum ZP1 are similar to those of pvm ZP1. Western blot analysis of purified ZP1 and ZP3 by the use of the anti-ubiquitin antibody showed that only pvm ZP1 was reactive to the antibody. In vitro penetration assay of the sperm on the pvm indicated that fragments of ZP1 and intact ZP3 were released from the pvm. Western blot analysis using the anti-20S proteasome antibody and ultrastructural analysis showed that immunoreactive proteasome was localized in the acrosomal region of the sperm. Inclusion of specific proteasome inhibitor MG132 in the incubation mixture, or depletion of extracellular ATP by the addition of apyrase, efficiently suppressed the sperm perforation of the pvm. These results demonstrate for the first time that the sperm proteasome is important for fertilization in birds and that the extracellular ubiquitination of ZP1 might occur during its transport via blood circulation.

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Murphy, Kimberly A., Rachel A. Kuhle, Andreas M. Fischer, Aldwin M. Anterola e Howard D. Grimes. "The functional status of paraveinal mesophyll vacuoles changes in response to altered metabolic conditions in soybean leaves". Functional Plant Biology 32, n.º 4 (2005): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05006.

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Antibodies raised against tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) were used to probe the functional status of the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) vacuole during changes in nitrogen metabolism within the leaf. Young plants grown under standard conditions had PVM vacuoles characterised by the presence of γ-TIP, which is indicative of a lytic function. When plants were then subjected to shoot tip removal for a period of 15 d, forcing a sink-limited physiological condition, the γ-TIP marker diminished while the δ-TIP marker became present in the PVM vacuole, indicating the conversion of the PVM vacuole to a storage function. When the shoot tips were allowed to regrow, the γ-TIP marker again became dominant demonstrating the reversion of these PVM vacuoles back to a lytic compartment. The changes in TIP markers correlated with the accumulation of vegetative storage proteins and vegetative lipoxygenases, proteins implicated in nitrogen storage and assimilate partitioning. This research suggests that the PVM vacuole is able to undergo dynamic conversion between lytic and storage functions and further implicates this cell layer in assimilate storage and mobilisation in soybeans.

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Wilhoit, Elizabeth D. "Photo and Video Methods in Organizational and Managerial Communication Research". Management Communication Quarterly 31, n.º 3 (20 de abril de 2017): 447–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0893318917704511.

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In this article, I introduce photo and video methods (PVM) to organizational communication. PVM have rarely been used in organizational communication research but offer advantages through providing a shared anchor around which researchers and participants can communicate, adding meaning through the framing and act of taking pictures or videos, and incorporating more senses. These additions to the research process offer new ways for participants and researchers to communicate. I detail two specific methods (photo-elicitation interviews and participant viewpoint ethnography) to illustrate some of the advantages of PVM relative to other methods. Through these examples, my goal is to inspire other scholars to see where PVM might be applicable to their research, adding differently supported theorizing to organizational communication.

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Salimi, Hamidullah, Shoichiro Ohyama, Hidetomi Terai, Yusuke Hori, Shinji Takahashi, Masatoshi Hoshino, Akito Yabu et al. "Trunk Muscle Mass Measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Reflecting the Cross-Sectional Area of the Paravertebral Muscles and Back Muscle Strength: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Prospective Cohort Study of Elderly Population". Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, n.º 6 (12 de março de 2021): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10061187.

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Trunk muscles play an important role in supporting the spinal column. A decline in trunk muscle mass, as measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (TMM–BIA), is associated with low back pain and poor quality of life. The purpose of this study was to determine whether TMM–BIA correlates with quantitative and functional assessments traditionally used for the trunk muscles. We included 380 participants (aged ≥ 65 years; 152 males, 228 females) from the Shiraniwa Elderly Cohort (Shiraniwa) study, for whom the following data were available: TMM–BIA, lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and back muscle strength (BMS). We measured the cross-sectional area (CSA) and fat-free CSA of the paravertebral muscles (PVM), including the erector spinae (ES), multifidus (MF), and psoas major (PM), on an axial lumbar MRI at L3/4. The correlation between TMM–BIA and the CSA of PVM, fat-free CSA of PVM, and BMS was investigated. TMM–BIA correlated with the CSA of total PVM and each individual PVM. A stronger correlation between TMM–BIA and fat-free CSA of PVM was observed. The TMM–BIA also strongly correlated with BMS. TMM–BIA is an easy and reliable way to evaluate the trunk muscle mass in a clinical setting.

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Ahmadian, G., P. Chambers e A. J. Easton. "Detection and characterization of proteins encoded by the second ORF of the M2 gene of pneumoviruses". Journal of General Virology 80, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 1999): 2011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-80-8-2011.

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The nucleotide sequence of the M2 gene of pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) was determined. The sequence showed that the gene encoded a protein of 176 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 20165 Da from a major ORF, which is smaller than the equivalent proteins encoded by human, bovine and ovine respiratory syncytial (RS) viruses. The PVM M2 protein is conserved, having 41% similarity to the equivalent human RS virus protein. In common with the M2 genes of the RS viruses and avian pneumovirus (APV), the PVM mRNA also contained a second ORF (ORF2) that partially overlaps the first ORF and which is capable of encoding a 98 residue polypeptide. No significant sequence identity could be detected between the putative M2 ORF2 proteins of PVM, APV and the RS viruses. The expression of the M2 ORF2 proteins of the pneumoviruses was investigated by using monospecific antisera raised against GST fusion proteins. Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of polypeptides encoded by M2 ORF2 of PVM and RS virus corresponding with those predicted by in vitro translation studies, but this was not the case for APV. The PVM polypeptide was present as three distinct products in vivo. The PVM and RS virus polypeptides were also detected in cells by immunofluorescence, which showed that both were present in the cytoplasm with a degree of localization in inclusion bodies. No APV M2 ORF2 protein could be detected in vivo. The RS virus M2 ORF2 polypeptide was shown to accumulate during infection and the potential implications of this are discussed.

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Buchholz, Ursula J., Jerrold M. Ward, Elaine W. Lamirande, Britta Heinze, Christine D. Krempl e Peter L. Collins. "Deletion of Nonstructural Proteins NS1 and NS2 from Pneumonia Virus of Mice Attenuates Viral Replication and Reduces Pulmonary Cytokine Expression and Disease". Journal of Virology 83, n.º 4 (3 de dezembro de 2008): 1969–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02041-08.

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ABSTRACT Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) strain 15 causes fatal pneumonia in mice and provides a convenient model for human respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis and immunobiology. We prepared PVM mutants lacking the genes for nonstructural proteins NS1 and/or NS2. In Vero cells, which lack type I interferon (IFN), deletion of these proteins had no effect on the efficiency of virus growth. In IFN-competent mouse embryo fibroblasts, wild-type (wt) PVM and the ΔNS1 virus grew efficiently and strongly inhibited the IFN response, whereas virus lacking NS2 was highly attenuated and induced high levels of IFN and IFN-inducible genes. In BALB/c mice, intranasal infection with wt PVM caused overt disease that began on day 6 and was lethal by day 9 postinoculation. In comparison, ΔNS1 induced transient, reduced disease, and ΔNS2 and ΔNS12 caused no disease. Thus, NS1 and NS2 are virulence factors, with NS2 being a major antagonist of the type I IFN system. The pulmonary titers of wt PVM and ΔNS1 were high on day 3 and increased further by day 6; in addition, expression of IFN and representative proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and T lymphocyte-related cytokines was undetectable on day 3 but increased dramatically by day 6 coincident with the onset of disease. The titers of ΔNS2 and ΔNS12 were somewhat lower on day 3 and decreased further by day 6; in addition, these viruses induced a more circumscribed set of cytokines/chemokines (IFN, interleukin-6 [IL-6], and CXCL10) that were detected on day 3 and had largely subsided by day 6. Lung immunohistology revealed abundant PVM-positive pneumocytes and bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells in wt PVM- and ΔNS1-infected mice on day 6 compared to few PVM-positive foci with ΔNS2 and ΔNS12. These results indicate that severe PVM disease is associated with high, poorly controlled virus replication driving the expression of high levels of pulmonary IFN and a broad array of cytokines/chemokines. In contrast, in the absence of NS2, there was an early, transient innate response involving moderate levels of IFN, IL-6, and CXCL10 that restricted virus replication and prevented disease.

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Peng, Haidong, Feng Jin, Depeng Meng, Jun Li, Shuhan Yu, Shen Zhang e Guigang Zeng. "Exploring the Pathological Role of Collagen in Paravertebral Muscle in the Progression of Idiopathic Scoliosis". BioMed Research International 2020 (3 de agosto de 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1527403.

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Background. Paravertebral muscle (PVM) is considered as a contributing factor of idiopathic scoliosis (IS); collagen is crucial for maintaining the mechanical properties of PVM, but only a few researches have described this field. In this study, we observed the muscle stiffness of PVM and the curvature of the spine by adjusting the content of collagen in PVM of rats and explored the role of collagen in the progression of IS. Methods. 32 female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: neutralizing antibody (NA) group (group 1), normal control group (group 2), IS group (group 3), and IS with NA group (group 4). TGF-β1 NA was injected into PVM in group 1 and group 4, while Normal saline in group 2 and group 3. The Cobb angle and muscle stiffness were measured before and after injection; the rats were sacrificed at one week after injection, and performed histological, Western Blot, and qRT-PCR examinations. Results. X-rays showed that scoliosis occurred in group 1 and relieved in group 4. The stiffness of PVM was decreased significantly on the convex side in group 1, while on the concave side in group 4. The expression of TGF-β1 and COL1 on the concave side in IS rats (group 3) was significantly increased than that in normal rats (group 2), the concentration of COL1 and COL3 in group 3 was significantly higher than that in group 2, and the addition of TGF-β1 NA significantly downregulated COL1 and COL3 in group 1 and group 4. The concentration of COL1 in convex PVM was negatively related to Cobb angle in group 1 and group 2, and in concave PVM was positively related to Cobb angle in group 3 and group 4. However, no significant correlation was found between COL3 and Cobb angle in group 3 and group 4. Conclusions. Asymmetric biomechanical characteristics of PVM was an important etiological factor of IS, which was directly correlated with collagen, it could be adjusted by local intramuscular injecting of TGF-β1 NA, and finally had an effect on the shape of the spine.

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Climstein, Mike, Jessica L. Alder, Alyce M. Brooker, Elissa J. Cartwright, Kevin Kemp-Smith, Vini Simas e James Furness. "Reliability of the Polar Vantage M Sports Watch when Measuring Heart Rate at Different Treadmill Exercise Intensities". Sports 8, n.º 9 (23 de agosto de 2020): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8090117.

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Background: Usage of wrist-worn activity monitors has rapidly increased in recent years, and these devices are being used by both fitness enthusiasts and in clinical populations. We, therefore, assessed the test–retest reliability of the Polar Vantage M (PVM) watch when measuring heart rate (HR) during various treadmill exercise intensities. Methods: HR was measured every 30 s (simultaneous electrocardiography (ECG) and PVM). Test–retest reliability was determined using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest real difference (SRD) were used to determine measurement variability. Results: A total of 29 participants completed the trials. ICC values for PVM during stages 1, 2 and 5 demonstrated good to excellent test–retest reliability (0.78, 0.78 and 0.92; 95% CI (0.54–0.90, 0.54–0.9, 0.79–0.97)). For PVM during stages 0 (rest), 3 and 4, the ICC values indicated poor to good reliability (0.42, 0.68 and 0.58; 95% CI (−0.27–0.73, 0.32–0.85, 0.14–0.80)). Conclusion: This study identified that the test–retest reliability of the PVM was comparable at low and high exercise intensities; however, it revealed a poor to good test–retest reliability at moderate intensities. The PVM should not be used in a clinical setting where monitoring of an accurate HR is crucial to the patients’ safety.

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van den Berg, Elske, Job B. M. van Woensel, Albert P. Bos, Reinout A. Bem, William A. Altemeier, Sean E. Gill, Thomas R. Martin e Gustavo Matute-Bello. "Role of the Fas/FasL system in a model of RSV infection in mechanically ventilated mice". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 301, n.º 4 (outubro de 2011): L451—L460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00368.2010.

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Infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children can progress to respiratory distress and acute lung injury necessitating mechanical ventilation (MV). MV enhances apoptosis and inflammation in mice infected with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a mouse pneumovirus that has been used as a model for severe RSV infection in mice. We hypothesized that the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system, a dual proapoptotic/proinflammatory system involved in other forms of lung injury, is required for enhanced lung injury in mechanically ventilated mice infected with PVM. C57BL/6 mice and Fas-deficient (“ lpr”) mice were inoculated intratracheally with PVM. Seven or eight days after PVM inoculation, the mice were subjected to 4 h of MV (tidal volume 10 ml/kg, fraction of inspired O2 = 0.21, and positive end-expiratory pressure = 3 cm H2O). Seven days after PVM inoculation, exposure to MV resulted in less severe injury in lpr mice than in C57BL/6 mice, as evidenced by decreased numbers of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and lower concentrations of the proinflammatory chemokines KC, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and MIP-2 in the lungs. However, when PVM infection was allowed to progress one additional day, all of the lpr mice (7/7) died unexpectedly between 0.5 and 3.5 h after the onset of ventilation compared with three of the seven ventilated C57BL/6 mice. Parameters of lung injury were similar in nonventilated mice, as was the viral content in the lungs and other organs. Thus, the Fas/FasL system was partly required for the lung inflammatory response in ventilated mice infected with PVM, but attenuation of lung inflammation did not prevent subsequent mortality.

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Griffith, J. W., K. M. Brasky e C. M. Lang. "Experimental pneumonia virus of mice infection of guineapigs spontaneously infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica". Laboratory Animals 31, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1997): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367797780600224.

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Guineapigs that were intranasally inoculated with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) seroconverted to PVM by 11 days post-infection. During the course of study (2-60 days post-infection) no gross or histologic lesions were identified within the lungs that could be attributed to PVM infection. Mild rhinitis and tracheitis were found in most animals and acute purulent bronchopneumonia in two animals, which may have resulted from spontaneous subclinical Bordetella bronchiseptica infection. Viral and bacterial respiratory diseases of the guineapig are briefly reviewed.

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Butrous, Ghazwan. "The PVM History Initiative of the PVRI". Pulmonary Circulation 1, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2011): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/pulmcirc.v1n1p125.

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Di Napoli, Claudia, Maurizio Giordano e Mario Mango Furnari. "A PVM-based distributed parallel symbolic system". Advances in Engineering Software 28, n.º 5 (julho de 1997): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-9978(97)00017-3.

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Iannello, Giulio, e Stefano Russo. "PVM communication performance over an ATM MAN". Journal of Systems Architecture 43, n.º 1-5 (março de 1997): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-7621(96)00080-x.

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Semeraro, B. D., e L. J. Gray. "PVM implementation of the symmetric-Galerkin method". Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 19, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1997): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-7997(97)00026-x.

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Dongarra, Jack, G. A. Geist, Robert Manchek e V. S. Sunderam. "Integrated Pvm Framework Supports Heterogeneous Network Computing". Computers in Physics 7, n.º 2 (1993): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4823162.

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Zarrelli, Roberto, Mario Petrone e Angelo Iannaccio. "Enabling PVM to exploit the SCTP protocol". Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 66, n.º 11 (novembro de 2006): 1472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2006.04.015.

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Sunderam, V. S. "PVM: A framework for parallel distributed computing". Concurrency: Practice and Experience 2, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1990): 315–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpe.4330020404.

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Ciampolini, A., e C. Stefanelli. "Extending PVM to a massively parallel architecture". Future Generation Computer Systems 12, n.º 1 (maio de 1996): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-739x(96)84676-0.

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Radtke, Andrea, Hannelore Neuhauser, Michael von Brevern, Tilman Hottenrott e Thomas Lempert. "Vestibular migraine – validity of clinical diagnostic criteria". Cephalalgia 31, n.º 8 (20 de abril de 2011): 906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102411405228.

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Background: Clinical recognition of vestibular migraine (VM) is still hampered by the lack of consensus diagnostic criteria. The aim of this study is a long-term evaluation of clinical criteria for definite (dVM) and probable (pVM) vestibular migraine. Methods: We re-assessed 75 patients (67 women, age 24–76 years) with dVM (n = 47) or pVM (n = 28) according to previously published criteria after a mean follow-up of 8.75 ± 1.3 years. Assessment included a comprehensive neurotological clinical examination, pure tone audiometry and caloric testing. Results: dVM was confirmed in 40 of 47 patients with a prior diagnosis of dVM (85%). Fourteen of 28 patients initially classified as pVM met criteria for dVM (50%), nine for pVM (32%). Six additional patients with dVM and two with pVM had developed mild sensorineural hearing loss, formally fulfilling criteria for bilateral Menière’s disease (MD), but had clinical features atypical of MD. Seven of these also met criteria for dVM at follow-up. The initial diagnosis was completely revised for four patients. Conclusion: Although VM diagnosis lacks a gold standard for evaluation of diagnostic criteria, repeated comprehensive neurotological evaluation after a long follow-up period indicates not only high reliability but also high validity of presented clinical criteria (positive predictive value 85%). Half of patients with pVM evolve to meet criteria for dVM. However, in a subgroup of VM patients with hearing loss, criteria for dVM and MD are not sufficiently discriminative.

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Pradipta, Ariel, Miwa Sasai, Kou Motani, Ji Su Ma, Youngae Lee, Hidetaka Kosako e Masahiro Yamamoto. "Cell-autonomous Toxoplasma killing program requires Irgm2 but not its microbe vacuolar localization". Life Science Alliance 4, n.º 7 (2 de junho de 2021): e202000960. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202000960.

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Interferon-inducible GTPases, such as immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), are essential for cell-autonomous immunity against a wide variety of intracellular pathogens including Toxoplasma. IRGs comprise regulatory and effector subfamily proteins. Regulatory IRGs Irgm1 and Irgm3 play important roles in anti-Toxoplasma immunity by globally controlling effector IRGs and GBPs. There is a remaining regulatory IRG, called Irgm2, which highly accumulates on parasitophorous vacuole membranes (PVMs). Very little is known about the mechanism of the unique localization on Toxoplasma PVMs. Here, we show that Irgm2 is important to control parasite killing through recruitment of Gbp1 and Irgb6, which does not require Irgm2 localization at Toxoplasma PVMs. Ubiquitination of Irgm2 in the cytosol, but not at the PVM, is also important for parasite killing through recruitment of Gbp1 to the PVM. Conversely, PVM ubiquitination and p62/Sqstm1 loading at later time points post-Toxoplasma infection require Irgm2 localization at the PVM. Irgm2-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Toxoplasma infection. Taken together, these data indicate that Irgm2 selectively controls accumulation of anti-Toxoplasma effectors to the vacuole in a manner dependent or independent on Irgm2 localization at the Toxoplasma PVM, which mediates parasite killing.

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