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Nilebäck, Erik. "A novel biotinylated surface designed for QCM-D applications". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-19250.
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Control of protein immobilization at sensor surfaces is of great interest within various scientific fields, since it enables studies of specific biomolecular interactions. To achieve this, one must be able to immobilize proteins with retained native structure, while minimizing non-specific protein binding. The high affinity interaction between streptavidin (SA) and biotin is extensively used as a linker between a surface, where SA is immobilized, and the (biotinylated) molecule of interest. Self- assembled monolayers (SAMs) of poly- and oligo ethylene glycol (PEG and OEG) derivatives have been proven in literature to minimize non-specific protein binding, and biotin-exposing SAMs have been shown efficient for immobilization of SA.
The aim of this master's thesis project was to develop biotinylated gold surfaces for quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) applications through the self-assembly of mixed monolayers of thiolated OEG (or PEG) derivatives with or without a terminal biotin head group. For this, different thiol compounds were to be compared and evaluated. For the systems under study, the required biotin density for maximum specific SA immobilization was to be established, while keeping the non-specific serum adsorption at a minimum. Model experiments with biotinylated proteins immobilized to the SA-functionalized surfaces were to be performed to evaluate the possibilities for commercialization.
A protocol for the preparation of a novel biotinylated surface was developed based on the immersion of gold substrates in an ethanolic incubation solution of dithiols with OEG chains (SS-OEG and SS-OEG-biotin, 99:1) and found to give reproducible results with respect to low non-specific protein binding and immobilization of a monolayer of SA. The modified surfaces allowed for subsequent immobilization of biotinylated bovine serum albumin (bBSA) and biotinylated plasminogen (bPLG). PLG was the subject of a challenging case study, using a combination of QCM-D and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), where the immobilized protein was subjected to low molecular weight ligands that were believed to induce conformational changes. The high control of the surface chemistry allowed for the interpretation of the increased dissipation shift upon ligand binding in terms of conformational changes.
An obstacle before commercialization of the described biotinylated surfaces is that they do not seem stable for storage > 7 days. The reasons for this have to be investigated further.
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Fostock, Ziad. "QCM Sensor Chip : – Construction of plastic parts for injection molding". Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-100017.
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I augusti 2007 tillfrågades författaren av Attana AB om han kunde konstruera dennes QCM-sensorchip för formsprutning som en del av hans examensarbete inom industriell design. Examensarbetet innefattade de två plastdelarna som utgör hölget av sensorchipet. Ytterliggare skulle en ny konstruktionslösning som underlättar montering av sensorchipet föreslås, en given plats för identifikationsmärkning av sensorchipet skulle implementeras och den estetiska aspekten av designen skulle slutföras inom ramarna av arbetet. Arbetsprocessen innebar ett tvärdisciplinärt uppdrag som ingenjör, designer och projektledare i nära samarbete med andra utvecklings- och tillverkningsingenjörer, materialspecialister och biokemister. Arbetet fortskred iterativt genom fyra faser, nämligen: förstudie, analys, syntes och utvärdering. Arbetet resulterade i en förenklad monteringskonstruktion och en integrerad plats för identifikationsmärkning av chipet. Designen och konstruktionen var också till en viss gräns verifierade med hänsyn till generiska riktlinjer för formsprutning och av specialister som undersökte konstruktionslösningen. En konstruktionslösning där ett snäppfäste integrerades för att underlätta montering av delarna presenterades av författaren. Dessutom presenterades ett urval av lämpliga material. I framtida arbete måste formsprutningsverktygsmakaren slutföra nödvändiga beräkningar för att tillåta eftersökta toleranser i det formsprutade sensorchipet.In August 2007 the author was asked by Attana AB to construct its QCM sensor chip for injection molding as part of his Master Thesis in Industrial Design Engineering. The thesis work concerned the plastic housing of the sensor chip which consists of two plastic parts. In addition, a new construction solution that simplified assembly was to be proposed, a designated area for identification tagging was to be integrated into the design, and the aesthetic aspect of the design was to be finalized. The process implied working cross-disciplinary as an engineer, designer and a project manager in close collaboration with other development engineers, manufacturing engineers, material specialists and biochemists. The work iteratively progressed through the four phases: research, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. The work resulted in simplified assembly construction and the integration of a designated feature for identification-tagging. The design and construction were also verified, to a certain extent, respective of generic guidelines for injection molding and from specialists who reviewed the construction. A construction solution was proposed with an integrated snap fit design to allow simplified assembly. A selection of materials was also presented. Further investigation has to be done on behalf of the mold tool manufacturer in order to finalize the construction and with respect to tolerances.
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Cui, Li. "Conducting polymer-based QCM-interdigitated electrode hybrid electronic nose system". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3974/.
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This research project was concerned with the establishment and characterisation of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) - conductimetric interdigitated electrode hybrid "second generation" Electronic Nose system. Research objectives covered a number of technical limitations and analytical difficulties existed in the "first generation" Electronic Nose system. A wide variety of work was carried out, including the design and fabrication of the electronic nose system, the optimisation of sensors response, the device modelling, the studies of vapour-polymer interaction mechanisms and the application of the electronic nose in multi-component analysis. A QCM-interdigitated electrode hybrid sensor odour measurement system was established, and sensor fabrication techniques developed. Some important parameters corresponding to sensor characteristics were investigated such as the conditions for polymer film polymerisation. By studying 16 different coatings, "optimal" individual initial resistances were proposed, which minimise long-term baseline resistance drift, whilst maintaining good sensitivity. A set of sensors was made with low initial resistance variation. Sensor detection dynamic range was found to be dependent on the type of the coating material and the film thickness. The response of a combined hybrid sensor pair remained stable during a test period of 45 days, which showed an improved stability. The principle of the sensor's response and device modelling were addressed. The vapour-polymer interactions and sensor pair's response were linked by a sensitivity coefficient (S), which was defined as the relative resistivity change by a single molecule absorbed into the polymer film. A pair of sensors showing concentration independence over a wide concentration range can be formed on separate QCM and interdigitated electrodes with the same polymer. The combined response (Srf) can be used to identify a particular vapour. Based on the concentration independence, the proposed "odour maps" showed the feasibility of distinguishing odourants using a significantly lower number of different types of sensor coatings. This demonstrated the improved selectivity of a hybrid system compared with the single property system.
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Rezania, Yaser. "Gas Adsorption Using Conjugated Polymers : Studied by Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM)". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60049.
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Karamollaoglu, Irem. "Development Of Qcm Based Dna Biosensors For Detection Of Genetically Modified Organisms". Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608288/index.pdf.
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A great effort has been recently devoted to the development of new devices for the detection of specific sequences of DNA, due to increasing need of label - free, fast, cheap, and miniaturized analytical systems able to detect target sequences for screening purposes, especially in food industry for genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
In this study, development of a QCM - based DNA biosensor for the detection of the hybridisation of CaMV 35S promoter sequence (P35S) was investigated. Attention was focused on the choice of the coating chemistry that could be used for the immobilisation of probe sequences on the gold surface of the quartz crystal. Two immobilisation procedures were tested and compared considering the amount of the immobilised probe, the extent of the hybridisation reaction, the possibility of regeneration and the absence of non - specific adsorption.
The two coating methods were based on the use of self - assembled monolayers. One of them employed the interaction between the thiol and gold for the immobilisation of a thiolated P35S probe, while the other employed formation of functionalised aldehyde groups by ethylenediamine plasma polymerization on the gold surface for the immobilisation of amined P35S probes through gluteraldehyde activation. Results indicated that immobilisation of a thiolated probe provides better immobilisation characteristic, higher sensitivity for the detection of the hybridisation reaction, absence of non - specific adsorption and a higher stability with respect to the regeneration step.
The optimised immobilisation procedure for the thiolated probe was used for the detection of P35S sequence in PCR - amplified DNAs and in real samples of pflp - gene inserted tobacco plants that produce ferrodoxin like protein additionally. Fragmentation of the genomic DNAs were achieved by digestion with restriction endonucleases and sonication. The obtained results from the fragmented genomic DNAs demonstrated that it is possible to detect the target sequence directly in non-amplified genomic DNAs by using the developed QCM - based DNA biosensor system.
The developed QCM-based DNA biosensor represented promising results for a real-time, label - free, direct detection of DNA samples for the screening of GMOs.
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Boström, Fredrik. "Single-cycle kinetics for QCM biosensors for high throughput nanoparticle characterization application". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-298942.
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Characterizing nanoparticles to be able to understand how they functions in the body is important for development of drugs. Furthermore with increasing number of nanoparticle product the nanotoxicity of nanoparticles is important to understand. This report is a part of the EU-project Nanoclassifier which purpose is to “develop a cost effective, high throughput screening platform for characterization of the bionanointerface and its cell-binding partners”. Single-cycle kinetic was used to determine the number of binding epitopes on polystyrene nanoparticle with transferrin corona. The number of available epitopes describes how active the Nanoparticle will be in the body. For this purpose Single-cycle kinetic methodology was successfully used on nanoparticles. Single-cycle kinetic methodology has great potential to become the standard method for high throughput nanoparticle epitope characterization.
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Duan, Xiao Xia. "Lipid based sensing of organic vapours : a study combining AFM and QCM". Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10738/.
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This thesis investigates the development of a vapour sensor that is useful in fields such as environmental protection, or healthcare. A summary review of vapour sensing techniques is given, leading to the choice of exploiting a simple, low cost, high-resolution mass sensing technique-Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) to fabricate a lipid based vapour sensor. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic vapours have been introduced in the sensing experiment. Three types of lipids based sensors, which were 1, 2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC), 1, 2-dioctadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol and their mixtures, were fabricated on AT cut quartz crystal based substrates by spin coating. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used for topography analysis; QCM was used for quantitative analysis. Film thickness data suggests that a bilayer DLPC is 4.3 nm and a bilayer DSPC is 5.8 nm thick. The average film thickness is approximately proportional to the coating concentration with a constant of proportionality of 4.3 nm/mM and 5.8 nm/mM for DLPC and DSPC, respectively. The results from the AFM and QCM trials have led to the development of a controllable process for the fabrication of a repeatable amount of lipid membrane based vapour sensors. The response of each film when exposed to ethanol, methanol, toluene and cyclohexane vapours was recorded. The results show that hydrophilic compounds could be recognised efficiently by lipids having shorter alkyl chains. Frequency changes caused by adsorption of test vapours could be enhanced when cholesterol was co-immobilised in the lipid layer. The best sensing behaviour (that is, excellent response, reversibility and negligible baseline drift) and sensitivity was achieved in a sensor coated with DLPC/DSPC/cholesterol mixed film (50 mg/ml DLPC/DSPC/cholesterol-1:1:8 in volume ratio). The limit of detection of this sensor is 400 ppm to ethanol, 800 ppm to methanol, 1300 ppm to toluene and 2300 ppm to cyclohexane, separately.
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Peduru, Hewa Thamara Mangalika, e s3007291@student rmit edu au. "Development and evaluation of QCM sensors for the detection of influenza virus from clinical samples". RMIT University. Applied Science, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080516.160600.
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The Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a very sensitive mass-detecting device which is based on changes in to the vibrational frequency of quartz crystals after adsorption of substances to a modified crystal surface. In this study a QCM-based biosensor was developed for the rapid diagnosis of influenza viruses and its suitability and limitations were compared with currently available diagnostic methods on 67 clinical samples (nasal washes) received during the 2005 Australian winter. The type-specific and conserved viral M1 proteins of both A/PR/8/34 and B/Lee/40 viruses were used to prepare polyclonal antisera for the development of an ELISA. The limits of detection of ELISAs for the detection of purified A/PR/8/34 and B/Lee/40 nviruses were 20Ýg/mL nand 14 Ýg/mL using polyclonal antibodies, and 30 Ýg/mL and 20 Ýg/mL for monoclonal antibodies, respectively. The limit for detection of each virus was 104 pfu/mL, irrespective of whether antisera or monoclonal antibodies were used for capture. Non-purified cell culture-grown preparations of either virus could be detected at 103 pfu/mL The QCM utilised the same reagents used in ELISAs. However, a number of parameters were then further optimised to improve the sensitivity of the tests. These included blocking of non-specific binding, examination of the effects of flow-cell compression, the role of pH, flow rate, antibody concentration and the addition of protein A to the crystal surfaces of the biosensor. The lowest virus concentration that could be detected with the QCM was 104 pfu/mL for egg-grown preparations of both A/PR/8/34 and B/Lee/40, which could be detected within 30 min. However, conjugation of 13 nm gold nanoparticles to a second detector antibody resulted in a 10-fold increase in sensitivity and a detection limit of 103 pfu/mL that could be determined within 1 h. The direct detection of the influenza viruses in nasal samples was not possible by QCM because of the significant frequency fluctuation that was probably caused by the viscosity of the samples. Therefore, an additional culture step of 12 h was required, which increased the processing time to 2 days. The QCM/nanoparticle method was shown to be as sensitive as the standard cell culture method, and the QCM method as sensitive as the shell vial method. The QCM and QCM/nanoparticle methods were shown to be 81 and 87% as sensitive and both were 100% as specific as the real-time polymerase chain reaction. However, for use in rapid diagnosis, improvements are required to remove frequency fluctuation resulting from the direct use of nasal samples.
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Stålgren, Johan Jim Roger. "Adsorption of Surfactants at the Solid-Liquid Interface : A Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemistry, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3291.
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MATTOS, Alessandra Batista de. "Determinação da troponina T cardíaca humana empregando sistema de microbalança de quartzo por injeção de fluxo". Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2007. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/1774.
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As determinações da troponina cardíaca T (TnT) podem contribuir para o diagnóstico e tratamento de infarto agudo do miocárdio e para a estratificação dos riscos dos pacientes com síndromes coronárias agudas no que respeita ao risco relativo de mortalidade. Neste trabalho, um sistema de microbalança de quartzo por injeção de fluxo baseado na alteração de freqüência elétrica em resposta à ligação antígeno-anticorpo foi empregado para determinação da TnT cardíaca. As variações de freqüências foram registradas por um contador de freqüência acoplado a um microcomputador. O anticorpo monoclonal específico foi imobilizado sobre a superfície de um eletrodo de cristal de quartzo por ligação irreversível via monocamadas auto-organizadas. O adsorbato composto por filme de alcanotiól foi formado incubando uma solução de 2-aminoetanotiol (cisteamina) por 2 h, seguido por glutaraldeído a 2,5% (v/v). Em seguida, anticorpos monoclonais anti- troponina T (anti-TnT) foram covalentemente imobilizados sobre o eletrodo de ouro do cristal de quartzo e foi usada uma solução de glicina (10mM) como agente bloqueante. Com o imunossensor desenvolvido foi possivel medir concentrações de troponina T com limite de detecção de 0,025 ng/mL. A superfície do sensor pode ser regenerada por injeção de uma solução do dodecil-sulfato de sódio 1% (p/v). A determinação da TnT foi realizada em amostras de soros humanos permitindo seu uso nas aplicações clínicas para diagnóstico do IAM
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Herrán, Fernando. "Validation, improvement and implementation of sorption mathematical models using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10063.
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Ce travail de thèse a été réalisé, dans le cadre de la convention CIFRE 1538/2010, au sein d'adixen Vacuum Products (aVP) à Annecy (France). Il a été en partie financé par le projet S.P.A.M. (Surface Physics for Advanced Manufacturing). Il s'agit d'un projet ITN financé par le programme Pierre et Marie Curie de la Communauté Européenne rassemblant des partenaires universitaires et industriels dont aVP. L'objectif de ce programme était de contribuer à l'étude et au développement de la lithographie et en particulier la lithographie à ultraviolet extrême (EUVL). Ce travail porte sur la problématique de la contamination moléculaire dans l'industrie des semi-conducteurs ainsi que les besoins de maitrise de contamination pour la photolithographie EUVL. Pour ce faire, des modèles mathématiques de sorption ont été recherchés, testés et validés à l'aide d'une microbalance à quartz (QCM). Cette technique, possédant une très haute sensibilité (au niveau du ng), permet d'étudier les phénomènes de sorption relatifs à tout matériau déposable sur un cristal de quartz mis au contact de différents gaz dont la pression partielle est maitrisée. Par conséquent, le protocole détaillé dans cette thèse peut être utilisé pour d'autres types d'expériences dans toute discipline nécessitant une telle précision. Le déroulement de notre plan d'expérience comprend deux types de matériaux naturellement différents : un polymère (PCBA) d'une part et deux substrats métalliques (SS AISI 304 et CuC1) d'autre part pour lesquels le transfert de masse n'intervient pas de la même manière. Les gaz d'étude ont été sélectionnés pour leur intérêt dans l'industrie des semi-conducteurs (vapeur d'eau, HF). Le résultat de l'interaction des gaz d'étude avec les substrats ciblés est suivi en direct par la QCM, ce qui permet non seulement de valider et/ou améliorer les modèles mathématiques déjà disponibles dans la bibliographie mais aussi de les ajuster aux données obtenues expérimentalement. Nous pouvons ainsi non seulement prévoir le comportement des contaminants à l'équilibre (isothermes) et à l'état transitoire mais aussi réaliser des estimations de sorption à des températures autres que celles retenues pour notre plan d'expérienceThis thesis was carried out within the framework of the CIFRE 1538/2010 convention at adixen Vacuum Products (aVP) in Annecy (France). It is has been partly funded by the ITN project SPAM (Surface Physics for Advanced Manufacturing). SPAM is an ITN project funded by the Pierre and Marie Curie program of the European Community bringing together academic institutions and industrial partners including aVP. The objective of this program was to contribute to the study and development of lithography and extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). This work deals with the issues caused by the airborne molecular contamination (AMC) in the semiconductor industry and their control needs in EUVL and the current photolithography. In order to tackle the problem, sorption mathematical models have been investigated and validated using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). This technique, which confers a high sensitivity (ng level), allows the study of the sorption phenomena related to any deposable material onto a quartz crystal in contact with different gases whose concentrations are accurately controlled. Consequently, the protocol detailed in this thesis may be used for other types of experiments in any discipline requiring such precision. The conduct of our experimental plan includes two types of naturally different materials: a polymer (PCBA) on the one hand and two metallic substrates (stainless steel AISI 304 and CuC1) on the other hand, for which the matter transfer does not occur in the same manner. Studied gases were selected for their interest in the semiconductor industry (water vapor, HF). The resulting interaction between the studied gases and the targeted substrates is continuously followed by the QCM, which allows not only to validate the mathematical models already proposed by the literature but also to fit the experimentally obtained data. This enables us not only to predict the behavior of the AMC at equilibrium (isotherms) and the transient state but also to provide sorption estimations at temperatures other than those specified in our experimental plan
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Pei, Zhichao. "Carbohydrate Synthesis and Study of Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions Using QCM Biosensors and Microarray Technologies". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4177.
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Carvalho, Lucas Lodovico de. "Construção e caracterização eletroquímica de eletrodos baseados em grafeno". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-30092014-132359/.
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A demanda crescente por meios de armazenar eficientemente energia elétrica tem incentivado a busca de materiais que melhorem o desempenho específico de dispositivos armazenadores de carga elétrica. Dentre os materiais a base de carbono, destaca-se o grafeno e seus derivados como tendo grande potencial para aumentar o desempenho de tais. Nesse trabalho, estudam-se duas abordagens para a imobilização de grafeno sobre condutores metálicos e o efeito que essas tem na eletroquímica dos sistemas. De maneira geral, evitou-se a utilização de polímeros como aglutinantes na construção de eletrodos, visto que esses podem interferir negativamente na eletroquímica do sistema (além de não serem condutores elétricos, não têm nenhum benefício em relação a aumento de capacitância do eletrodo). As metodologias estudadas podem ser separadas em duas categorias, sendo essas a de eletrodos obtidos por deposição eletroforética de derivados de grafeno e imobilização de grafeno sobre condutores metálicos pelo uso de camadas orgânicas, que servem de ponto de ancoragem para os derivados de grafeno. Os eletrodos foram então caracterizados eletroquimicamente, visando principalmente seu uso em capacitores eletroquímicos. Dentre as técnicas utilizadas para tal, destacam-se o uso de voltametria cíclica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, além de técnicas não eletroquímicas como espectroscopia Raman, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia de força atômica e microbalança de cristal de quartzo. De modo geral, pode-se observar que a deposição eletroforética é uma maneira simples de obter eletrodos modificados, e apresenta alta reprodutibilidade. O fato de não possuírem outros compostos químicos que não o grafeno, além de serem altamente rugosos, mostrou que esses eletrodos tem desempenho capacitivo muito bom, sendo o método de obtenção do grafeno e a maneira escolhida para deposição diretamente responsáveis pela morfologia obtida. A construção de eletrodos pela ancoragem de grafeno foi feita com base na (eletro)química de sais de diazônio, que se mostrou bastante promissora quanto a capacidade de se obter uma ligação química estável entre as folhas de grafeno e o metal. A alta reatividade dos sais de diazônio, no entanto, se mostrou danosa a eletroquímica do grafeno, sendo que tais eletrodos não apresentaram nenhuma característica que justificasse seu uso em capacitores eletroquímicos. Assim, os avanços e desafios restantes em relação a essas abordagens na construção capacitores eletroquímicos com alto desempenho específico encontram-se aqui detalhados.The increasing demand for efficient electrical energy storage devices has pushed research towards materials with potential to increase the specific performance of such devices. Among the carbon-based materials, one that has been heavily studied as a potential candidate to accomplish such feat is graphene and its chemical derivatives. In this work, two methodologies to accomplish graphene immobilization over metallic current collectors are approached, as well as the effects that such approaches have on the electrochemistry of the resulting electrodes. As a general guideline, the usage of polymeric binders as ways of keeping good mechanical stability are avoided, due to their tendency to negatively impact the system\'s electrochemistry (not only they\'re normally electrical in sulators, they also don\'t usually possess any intrinsic electroactivity that could enhance the electrode\'s capacitance). The methodologies in study can be separated into two categories, namely, electrophoretic deposition and usage of organic molecules as anchoring points to attach graphene sheets to the surface. Such electrodes were characterized by a number of electrochemical technics, most prominently cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the group of electrochemical technics, and Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance in the group of non-electrochemical technics. Electrophoretic deposition of graphene is proved to be a very straightforward and reproducible way to obtain modified electrodes. Since no chemical compound other than the graphene derivatives are necessary, and that the final electrodes have very rough surfaces, such electrodes have very high capacitance, and those characteristics are direct consequence of the chosen method. Anchoring graphene derivatives on the surface of metallic conductors by the (electro)-chemistry of diazonium salts is shown to be a promising method to achieve strongly bound graphene sheets to a surface. The high reactivity of diazonium salts, though, hampers the electrochemical activity of graphene, and no electrodes suitable to be used in electrochemical capacitors were obtained. In summary, the advances and remaining challenges towards the use of such methodologies in the construction of electrochemical capacitors are presented here.
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SOLLAMI, DELEKTA SZYMON. "Hexosomes as Drug Delivery Vehicles for Antimicrobial Peptides". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172360.
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This master thesis project was carried out at SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden within the FORMAMP project which goal is to increase the efficiency and stability of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) by exploring and developing a number of innovative formulation strategies for the drug delivery of those systems. In view of the growing problem of bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics, AMPs represent one of the most promising alternatives as therapeutics against infectious diseases: besides having a fast and non-specific mechanism of action, they are less prone to bacterial resistance. In this project, the goal was to develop an efficient method for the formulation of hexagonal lyotropic phase nanodispersions (called hexosomes) as drug delivery vehicles for the AP114, DPK-060 and LL-37 AMPs. Then, these formulations were characterized through size measurements, zeta potential measurements, SAXS, cryo-TEM and UPLC and their stability was assessed. Lastly, the interaction of these systems with model bacterial membranes was tested through QCM-D and ellipsometry. The relevant samples were found to have a hexagonal structure with the lattice parameter being larger when peptide was loaded. The systems were observed to be sufficiently stable and the peptide loading efficiency was found to be higher than 90% in most cases. The hexosomes loaded with LL-37 were observed to preserve the effectiveness of the peptide when interacting with the model membrane through QCM-D.
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Poitras, Charles. "Development of a QCM-D based biosensor for detection of waterborne E. coli O157:H7". Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116023.
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The contamination of drinking water by microbial pathogens is recognized as one of the most pressing water supply problems of our day. To minimize the impact of pathogens and parasites on the environment and public health, accurate methods are needed to evaluate their presence and concentration. Although various techniques exist to detect certain pathogens in water (e.g., immunofluorescence or PCR techniques), these are time- and labor-intensive. A direct, real-time method for detection and quantification of target organisms would thus be very useful for rapid diagnosis of water safety. A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) based biosensor for detection of waterborne pathogens (i.e., Escherichia coli O157:H7) was developed. The detection platform is based on the immobilization of affinity purified antibodies onto gold coated QCM-D quartz crystals via a cysteamine self-assembled monolayer. The results show that the optimal sensor response is the initial slope of the dissipation shift. A highly log-log linear response is obtained for detection of E. coli O157:H7 over a broad range of cell concentration from 3 x 105 to 1 x 109 cells/mL. The prepared biosensor also exhibits a log-log linear working range from 107 to 109 cells/mL for E. coli K12 D21, a non-pathogenic model organism. The biosensor also shows satisfactory selectivity using Bacillus subtilis . To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the use of the slope of the dissipation shift as a sensor response when using QCM-D technology.Keywords: Biosensor, QCM-D, E. coli O157:H7, polyc1onal antibodies, dissipation slope, cysteamine, self-assembled monolayer
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Pinto, Edilson Moura. "Estudo da transferência de carga e massa na interface cobre/líquido : uma aplicação da QCM". [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/277663.
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Orientador: David Mendez SoaresDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Neste trabalho, a QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalan e) Microbalança de Cristal de Quartzo, como ténica alternativa para o estudo da corrosão /inibição do metal cobre. Estudamos a proteção anti-corrosão de superfícies de cobre mediante a adsorção de inibidores voláteis de corrosão (VCI-CHAB,Ciclohexilamina-Benzoato). Utilizamos uma QCM, composta de um cristal de quartzo de 6MHz, recoberto por um filme de ouro depositado por sputtering. Utilizamos Técnicas eletroquímicas para caracterizar a corrosão. Para isto, estudamos a corrosão do metal cobre em diferentes ambientes, básicos e ácidos, na presença e ausência dos inibidores. Aplicamos a QCM acoplada à um potenciostato (EQCM), como método de determinação de variação de massa e e carga de correntes da corrosão/inibição. A presença dos filmes VC I sobre a superfície de cobre, também foi demonstrada pela técnica Reflection-Absorption Infra-Red Spectros opy (RAIRS), através da Micros copia de infravermelho razante, esta técnica é indicada para situações em que os filmes formados são Ultra-finos. Baseado nos resultados das medidas feitas, propomos e des revemos um modelo para a dsorção dos filmes VCI sobre a superfície metálica, incluindo a formação da corrosão por pitting
Abstract: In this work we used the QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance) as an alternative technique for the studying of the corrosion/inhibition of cooper. We studied the protection of cooper surfaces due to the adsorption of a volatile corrosion inhibitor, (VCI-Cyclehexilamine-Benzoate). We used electrochemical techniques to characterize the corrosion in different environments. We applied the QCM together with the potentiostat as a method of determination of charge and mass variations. In this work the QCM has been used as a complementary technique for investigating the corrosion of copper with and without adsorbed inhibitors. The protection of copper surfaces due to the adsorption of a volatile corrosion inhibitor (VCI) ¿ Cyclohexylamine Benzoate ¿ has been studied by electro chemical techniques to characterise the corrosion in aqueous environments over a wide range of pH values. The presence of VCI films on the copper surface was also shown by Reflection-Absorption Infra-Red Spectroscopy (RAIRS), a technique indicated for situations when very thin films are formed. The EQCM, which used 6 MHz gold-sputtered quartz crystals coated with electrodeposited copper films, was applied to the simultaneous determination of the charge and frequency variations associated with the corrosion process, with and without adsorbed inhibitor. Based on the measurements, a model has been developed to describe the dynamics of adsorption of the VCI on the metalli surface, including the formation of pits on the surface
Mestrado
Superfícies e Interfaces ; Peliculas e Filamentos
Mestre em Física
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SQUARCIA, LAURA. "MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ON METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES ENABLING THE MONITORING OF BACTERIAL BIOFILM GROWTH AND DISINFECTION". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2936827.
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Biofilm are dangerous for human health in many situation, from hospital to daily life. As sustainability is one of the topics of highest interest and with an impact at global level, the optimization of disinfection treatments to reduce the environmental impact is needed. Sensing technologies can provide a mean to fulfil these requirements. Hence, sensing methods enabling the detection of biofilm in early stage of formation and able to perform a real-time monitoring are sought for more and more. Due to the need to address these topics to develop know-how on research capable to delivery results in the short to long term, this work was structured to carry out both cutting-edge and application-oriented research. Upon a state of the art analysis, the atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been identified as a promising technology to investigate bacteria biofilms. Mechanical analysis on biofilms at different stages has been performed on P.fluorescens biofilms from 7 days up to 43 days old, revealing that there is a relation between softness of the biofilm and its age. In addition, AFM topography investigation of early-stage P.fluorescens biofilms before and after exposure to silica nanoparticles of 4nm and 100 nm diameter has been performed, showing that an interaction occurs with visible modification in cell morphology. Coupled with AFM studies, a laboratory setup based on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) with dissipation module, capable of detecting in real-time both mass and viscoelastic changes of bacteria biofilms, has been created. Experiments conducted, by adopting and optimizing suitable protocols for bacteria growth, have shown that disinfection processes provided by different chemical compounds can be effectively monitored through frequency and dissipation measurements. If QCM-based systems are robust and compact, they can be affected by some issues due to operational conditions that would need to be taken into account in the design of a system based on this technology for practical application.
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Erik, Bergendal. "Who’s in charge? Electro-responsive QCM Studies of Ionic Liquid as an Additive in Lubricant Oils". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-186118.
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Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance has been employed to investigate electro-responsiveness of an ionic liquid as an additive in lubricant oils on a gold surface. Polarisation of the surface reveals changes in frequency where an increase in magnitude amplified the observed response, corresponding to a controllable alternation of the ionic liquid configuration on the surface as a function of applied potential. The frequency changes are due to different packing of the anion and cation, respectively, on the surface as their mass densities and geometries are different. Relaxation of the system was reversible to the application of a potential and it was also found to be diffusion dependent, where the ratio between the ion diffusivities could be extracted from the results. Measurement of the system relaxation reveals a potential decay of that of a discharging capacitor, with an internal resistance inducing an initial potential drop due to the resistivity of the oil medium. The discharge behaviour was also proven to show high internal reproducibility validity within experiments. This newly discovered insight in responsive differences of ion packing is of importance, not only for ionic liquid additives in tribology, but for understanding and exploiting ionic liquids in an array of electrochemical applications.
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Mcnamara, Thomas. "Analysis and metric development for the study of viscoelastic thin films utilising a quartz crystal microbalance". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/analysis-and-metric-development-for-the-study-of-viscoelastic-thin-films-utilising-a-quartz-crystal-microbalance(b82fec4b-728d-43e6-842b-0941f21be200).html.
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The aim of this thesis is the creation of a set of tools for the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) that aid in the measurement and quantification of soft viscoelastic thin films and experimental work demonstrating their use. The QCM-D is an acoustic technique that monitors structural changes occurring at the sensor's surface via changes in the sensor's resonance frequency and the rate of mechanical energy loss (dissipation). As a first approximation, the frequency shifts are used to measure mass changes on the sensor's surface, and dissipation shifts used to quantify changes in the rigidity of the film. Use of the QCM-D responses in this manner requires that the film is acoustically thin and rigid, limiting its application to soft films. To quantify mass and viscoelastic changes using the QCM-D, soft films either need to be approximated to a thin, rigid layer, or the frequency and dissipation responses modelled using a viscoelastic model. Such an approximation leads to the encompassment of all the viscoelastic properties into the single dissipation measurement in addition to potentially introducing errors in mass calculations. Existing commercial software allows for the deconvolution of film parameters such as the shear modulus and viscosity by fitting experimental data to a viscoelastic model. This analysis can only be done after the experimental data is collected however, and provides no guidance on future experiments, also commonly requiring an initial estimate of the parameter values under investigation. I have developed an experimental optimisation tool, termed the total parameter matrix sensitivity (TPM-sensitivity). It is defined as the Jacobian determinant of the QCM-D responses with respect to the parameters under investigation, e.g. the film's height, density, viscosity and shear modulus and the bulk fluid's density and viscosity. TPM-sensitivity is a measure of how readily resolvable and separable the film and bulk are when analysing the QCM-D responses. This enables the user to select the most mathematically important harmonics, and using this I was able to experimentally resolve the viscoelastic information of a soft film using frequency responses alone. I have also defined a classification system which categorises the QCM-D responses relative to a perfectly rigid and thin film. This provides guidance on the level of analysis required to gain information about the film parameters, with the limitations of commonly applied rules of thumb also demonstrated. Examples using these computational tools and metrics are also presented with data I obtained experimentally and from the literature. Of the experimental investigations, the curing process of a bulk elastomer is of particular importance due to the film being both soft and acoustically thick, demonstrating QCM-D use for a film not complying to either of thecommonly used film approximations.
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Childers, Erin P. "Tunable Poly(ester urea)s for Tissue Engineering Applications". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1478691327581315.
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Lehner, Carey. "QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE STUDIES ON FRICTION MODIFIERS FOR LUBRICANT APPLICATIONS". VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4034.
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Lubricants are used in numerous applications to control friction and protect moving parts from fatigue. These fluids consist of a variety of surface active chemistries competing for the surface to provide performance. In order to develop fluids that meet the ever-increasing requirements (from legislation and manufacturers), techniques that can provide insight into surface adsorption, in real time, and relate it back to performance are critical.
The objective of this work is to determine if Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) is an effective technique to investigate surfactant adsorption in regimes that are common to the transportation lubricant industry. QCM-D is employed to quantify the mass, characterize the morphology, and quantify the kinetics of adsorption of common friction modifiers. The adsorption information is then compared to macroscopic properties (friction and corrosion prevention) to determine if this technique can aid in formulating future lubricants.
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Lee, Kyeong Tae 1960. "Investigation of adsorption and dissolution using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) techniques: Application to semiconductor cleaning and polishing". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282696.
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The adsorption of selected surfactants and inorganic ions of interest to semiconductor processing onto metallic, semiconductor, and dielectric surfaces has been investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique. The effects of variables such as solution pH and concentration on the extent of adsorption have been characterized. Improvement of the sensitivity of the technique using an electrical bias to the crystal electrode has been explored. The etch rate of sputter coated silicon, sputter coated silica, and thermally grown silica of interest to semiconductor processing has been investigated using a thickness shear mode (TSM) quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique. In this research, silicon and sputtered silica and low temperature thermal oxide were investigated in ammonia peroxide solutions using a quartz crystal microbalance. The results obtained have been compared with the literature results to show that a QCM is a valuable in situ measurement technique to follow low levels of etch rate. In an application of the QCM technique to the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process, the static etch rate and chemical mechanical polishing rate of an Al-1%Si-0.5%Cu alloy were investigated in abrasive-free solutions containing a proprietary amine at alkaline pH values. The effect of lixiviant, oxidizing agents, complexing agents, temperature, and applied pressure on polishing behavior were investigated. The results have shown that it is possible to polish aluminum alloy films with a high degree of selectivity over SiO2 using abrasive-free amine based solutions containing a glycine based complexing agent.
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Le, Tulzo Harold. "Exploration de procédés tout-ALD via la synthèse de couches minces à base de sulfures et d’oxydes pour l’élaboration de cellules photovoltaïques de type CIGS". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEC011.
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Ce projet s’inscrit dans le champ thématique «Production durable et énergies renouvelables » de l’ADEME et plus particulièrement dans l’axe « Production, gestion et stockage de vecteurs énergétiques issus de sources renouvelables ». Il est proposé d’utiliser les atouts de la technique de dépôt chimique en phase vapeur par flux alternés (ALD) pour la synthèse de matériaux de haute qualité pour initier des transferts vers des procédés ALD optimisés pour l’industrialisation ainsi que permettre l’élaboration de cellules tout-ALD. Soucieux de comprendre les mécanismes de croissance impliqués, faire avancer les connaissances fondamentales liées à l’ALD et afin d’optimiser au mieux le matériau au dispositif, ce projet possède également un fort caractère exploratoire. Il s’inscrit dans les grands projets de recherches communs de l’IPVF (projet II.B en particulier), et profitera directement des ressources et compétences de l’IRDEP. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’utiliser les atouts de la technique ALD pour la synthèse de matériaux pour applications dans les futures générations de cellules solaires en couches minces CIGS. Cette technique permet le dépôt de films uniformes, couvrants et d’épaisseur contrôlée à l’échelle de la monocouche dans des conditions douces. Grâce à ses caractéristiques, elle connaît un développement spectaculaire dans le domaine industriel pour la microélectronique. Dans le domaine du photovoltaïque, le contrôle à une échelle de plus en plus précise des épaisseurs et des interfaces va également dans le sens d’une utilisation accrue de l’ALD dans les années à venir. Le cœur du projet portera sur la synthèse de matériaux et l’ingénierie fine des interfaces pour à la fois l’intégration dans des dispositifs CIGS, mais aussi l’élaboration de cellules tout-ALD. Le doctorant devra non seulement prendre en main un réacteur de dépôt ALD nouveau au laboratoire, mais surtout mettre à profit ses fonctionnalités pour la synthèse de matériaux par l’utilisation de précurseurs chimiques innovants. En parallèle, il utilisera un autre réacteur ALD équipé d’une assistance plasma qui permettra de diversifier les réactivités et le travail d’optimisation des interfaces. La compréhension des mécanismes réactionnels mises en jeu via des études in-situ (dont deux outils seront implémentés par le doctorant durant ce projet) et les caractérisations des matériaux synthétisés (DRX, MEB/EDX, transmission optique, ...) sera primordiale. En effet, cette dernière combinée à une stratégie adaptée de design des molécules permettront la synthèse de nouveaux matériaux de compositions et structures bien définies et des ingénieries d’interface à l’échelle de la monocouche atomique. Enfin, ces matériaux seront directement intégrés aux cellules CIGS, et testés pour valider les concepts et permettre le développement de dispositifs photovoltaïques plus performants et plus économes en matériau. Ils seront par ailleurs les composants fondamentaux d’une première cellule CIGS tout-ALDThe goal of this doctoral research project is to use the advantages of the ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) technique for the synthesis of innovative materials to be used in the future generations of CIGS thin film solar cells. ALD technique allows the deposition in smooth conditions (low temperature, mbar pressure level) of conformal and uniform films, with a high control of the thickness at the atomic layer scale. Due its unique features, it is now widely applied in the field of microelectronics. In photovoltaics, the need to control at smaller scale and more accurately the thickness and the interfaces of the films implies a wide development of ALD in the next years. The main focus of this project is the synthesis of new materials with a fine interface engineering that will be integrated in CIGS devices and allows the elaboration of all-ALD solar cell. The doctoral candidate will pilot a new ALD reactor, and use its new functionalities to synthesize materials from innovative chemical precursors. In parallel, a second ALD reactor equipped with a plasma module will give access to other reactivities and allow further optimization of the interfaces. Understanding the reaction mechanisms involved via in-situ studies (for which two new analytical tools will be implemented by the student during the project) and materials characterization (XRD, SEM/EDX, optical transmission ...) will be compulsory for the success of this project. Finally, those materials will be integrated in CIGS devices, and tested to validate new concepts and allow the development of more efficient photovoltaic devices with reduced cost of atoms. In addition to this, they will be the building blocks of a first all-ALD solar cell
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Stubbs, Desmond Dion. "Development of an Acoustic Wave Based Biosensor for Vapor Phase Detection of Small Molecules". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10412.
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For centuries scientific ingenuity and innovation have been influenced by Mother Natures perfect design. One of her more elusive designs is that of the sensory olfactory system, an array of highly sensitive receptors responsible for chemical vapor recognition. In the animal kingdom this ability is magnified among canines where ppt (parts per trillion) sensitivity values have been reported. Today, detection dogs are considered an essential part of the US drug and explosives detection schemes. However, growing concerns about their susceptibility to extraneous odors have inspired the development of highly sensitive analytical detection tools or biosensors known as electronic noses.
In general, biosensors are distinguished from chemical sensors in that they use an entity of biological origin (e.g. antibody, cell, enzyme) immobilized onto a surface as the chemically-sensitive film on the device. The colloquial view is that the term biosensors refers to devices which detect the presence of entities of biological origin, such as proteins or single-stranded DNA and that this detection must take place in a liquid. Our biosensor utilizes biomolecules, specifically IgG monoclonal antibodies, to achieve molecular recognition of relatively small molecules in the vapor phase.
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Lee, Sang Hun. "Theoretical and Experimental Characterization of Time-Dependent Signatures of Acoustic Wave Based Biosensors". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11631.
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The object of this thesis research is to facilitate the appraisal and analysis of the signatures of the modern acoustic wave biosensors, as well as to improve the experimental methodology to enhance sensor performance. For this purpose, both theoretical characterization of acoustic wave sensor signatures and experimental studies for the most frequently used acoustic wave biosensors, the liquid phase QCM (quartz crystal microbalance) and the vapor phase SAW (surface acoustic wave) sensors, are presented. For the study of SAW vapor phase detection, the author fabricated different types of two-port SAW resonator sensors on quartz substrates and designed and performed a significant number of detection experiments. These were conducted both with calibrated or known target samples under laboratory conditions at Georgia Tech Hunt Lab and with samples of unknown concentrations such as seized crack cocaine (courtesy of Georgia Bureau of Investigation, GBI) to see the sensors capability to work in the field conditions. In addition, the dependence of the SAW sensor signatures on specific locations of the surface perturbation was investigated to account for some observed abnormal responses. Finally, a novel approach to classify and visualize chemically analogous substances is introduced.
The author expects that the thesis work herein may contribute to the study of the modern acoustic wave biosensors which includes but is not limited to: the establishment of underpinning theory that will aid in the evaluation of the signatures; the practical aspects of design and fabrication of SAW devices specific to the vapor phase immunoassay; the development of efficient experimental methodologies; the strategic immobilization of a biolayer on SAW resonator based biosensors; and, the acquisition of reference data for the development of commercial acoustic wave sensors.
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Carrigan, Shawn D. "Development of hydrogel platforms for increased QCM-D biointerface sensitivity in real-time immunoassay of sepsis-related biomarkers". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86068.
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This doctoral thesis describes the development of novel rapid deposition hydrogel platforms that serve as biointerfaces for real-time immunoassay using quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM). Biointerface development was undertaken with the goal of developing a simple system relying on affordable technology to achieve real-time immunoassay performance equivalent to more complex and involved protocols.The primary advantage of the hydrogel biointerfaces developed herein lies in their rapid preparation using affordable, non-toxic reagents. Compositions developed over three sequential development cycles rely on chemically cross-linking carboxymethylcellulose, which serves to covalently immobilise recognition elements through amine coupling, to polyethyleneimine. The various compositions require 10 minutes or less to deposit, a substantial improvement over competing self-assembled monolayer protocols requiring incubations ranging from hours to days using highly toxic reagents. Additional benefit lies in the immunoassay functionality of the biointerface, as these compositions excel in the traditional performance criteria of surface regeneration, minimisation of non-specific protein binding, and assay detection limit.
The peak detection limit achieved using a sandwich assay for a 17 kDa cytokine was 25 ng/mL in buffer and 500 ng/mL in a 1:3 serum dilution, with generic immunoassay capability for other cytokines demonstrated. Reusability of the developed biointerfaces is equally strong, with up to twenty regeneration cycles demonstrated without diminished sensitivity. Finally, mass-based estimates of non-specific serum adsorption indicate that the composition developed during the final design iteration equals the performance of the best protein-resistant biointerfaces currently available in the literature.
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El, Sabahy Julien. "Couches minces organo-siliciées déposées par PECVD pour la fonctionnalisation de capteurs de gaz". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI115/document.
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La détection de gaz est un enjeu de plus en plus important, aussi bien dans le domaine de la surveillance de la qualité de l’air -intérieur et extérieur- que dans le suivi de procédés. Cet enjeu est d’autant plus critique dans le cas des composés organiques volatiles (COVs) que leur impact sur la santé publique est avéré. Détecter et quantifier leur présence devient une problématique majeure et différentes solutions existent. L’une d’elles, basée sur le couplage d’une nano-poutre résonnante et d’une micro colonne de chromatographie, s’avère être une solution prometteuse. Ces deux dispositifs alliant sélectivité et grande sensibilité nécessitent cependant une fonctionnalisation à l’aide d’une couche sensible. Ces travaux se sont focalisés sur le développement de matériaux sensibles de la famille des SiOCH déposés en couche mince par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur assisté par plasma (PECVD). L’étude de la réponse sous gaz des différents matériaux synthétisés au cours de cette thèse a été réalisée à l’aide de microbalances à cristal de quartz (QCM). Les mesures obtenues ont ensuite été corrélées à un modèle simple permettant de proposer une interprétation de l’interaction entre les SiOCH et le gaz d’intérêt, à l’équilibre mais aussi en régime dépendant du temps. La première partie de l’étude montre l’impact de la composition chimique de ces matériaux sur leur affinité envers un gaz représentatif des COVs aromatiques : le toluène. En s’appuyant sur des caractérisations physico-chimiques, le rôle de différentes liaisons chimiques ainsi que celui de l’hydrophobie des couches minces sur l’interaction avec le gaz d’intérêt a été analysé. Ces travaux montrent qu’un compromis entre composition chimique et hydrophobie doit être trouvé afin de préserver affinité et temps de réponse des SiOCH. L’étude de l’influence de la porosité sur la sensibilité a ensuite été abordée dans un second temps. Pour cela, des procédés originaux de réalisation de couches minces poreuses ont été développés afin de proposer de nouveaux matériaux poreux et d’accroître leur sensibilité vis-à-vis du toluène. Les limites de l’approche soustractive généralement utilisée pour ce type de matériau (i.e. l’approche porogène) ont pu ainsi être dépassées en termes de porosité et de tailles de pores. Concernant la détection de gaz, il s’avère difficile de décorréler l’impact de la chimie de celui de la porosité. Quoi qu’il en soit, l’augmentation de la porosité ouverte n’apparait pas comme le seul paramètre pertinent pour accroître la sensibilité de ces matériaux aux faibles concentrationsGas detection is a growing field, both for indoor and outdoor air quality monitoring and for process monitoring. It is indeed particularly critical in the case of volatile organic compounds (VOC) whose impact on public health is proven. Detecting and quantifying their presence becomes a major problem and various solutions are available. One of them, based on the coupling of a resonant beam and a chromatography micro column, appears to be a promising solution. Those two devices combine selectivity and high sensitivity; however, they require functionalization with a sensitive layer. This work focused on SiOCH thin films deposited by PECVD. The gas interaction of the sensitive layers deposited during this work was studied using quartz crystal microbalances (QCM). The obtained measurements were then correlated to a simple model, providing an interpretation of the interaction – for steady-state but also kinetic regime - between the SiOCH and the gas of interest. The first part of the study shows the impact of the chemical composition of those materials on their affinity for toluene, representative for aromatic VOCs. Relying on physico-chemical characterization techniques, the role of various chemical bonds on the solid/gas interaction was investigated. This work shows that a compromise between chemical composition and hydrophobicity has to be reached to preserve SiOCH affinity and temporal response. The influence of porosity was then explored in a second step to further increase the sensitivity of those materials. Original deposition processes were developed in order to propose new porous materials with higher toluene affinity. The limits of the subtractive approach generally used for these PECVD materials (i.e. the porogen approach) were then overcome in terms of porosity and pore size. Concerning gas detection, it is difficult to decorrelate between the impact of chemistry and porosity. Whatever, increasing porosity does not appear to be the only relevant parameter in order to increase these materials affinity at low concentrations
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Zhang, Mengxue. "INFLUENCE OF SODIUM SALTS ON THE SWELLING AND RHEOLOGY OF HYDROPHOBICALLY CROSSLINKED, NON-IONIC HYDROGELS DETERMINED BY QCM-D". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1555682656086202.
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Adapa, Deekshitha. "Sorption of Benzene, Tolueneand Ethylbenzeneby Plasticized PEMA and PEMA/PMMA Sensing Films Using aQuartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) at 298.15K". Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7720.
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Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) in the environment is important for human health and wellness. Long term exposure of certain VOC’s like benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) has a severe effect on human health. There are techniques such as gas chromatography, photo ionization, and mass spectroscopy that are time consuming, require gas sampling and are ineffective in real time sensing in air. Acoustic wave devices such as surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices can be used for sensing BTEX compounds in both vapor and liquid phase. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a low-frequency acoustic wave device, which can be used to characterize polymer film sensing quickly and easily by studying the sorption properties of BTEX compounds in them. In this work, thin films (~ 0.5 microns) of polymer/plasticizer blends are spin-coated on a 5MHz QCM for the detection of VOC’s. A polymer/plasticizer combination of poly (ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) and a copolymer of poly (ethyl methacrylate) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PEMA/PMMA) with di n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-n-butyl sebacate (DBS) and n-butyl stearate (BS) are used for the detection of benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene in vapor phase. The working apparatus consists of a stream of solvent vapor diluted with nitrogen to an arbitrary concentration passing over the QCM oscillated to its resonant frequency. The sorption data are reported at 298.15 K in terms of activity as a function of weight fraction curves and are interpreted with the Flory-Huggins ternary model. The addition of plasticizer modifies the free volume properties of the polymer, thereby increasing diffusion and sensitivity of BTEX vapors. The plasticizer composition is tailored to 17.5%, for maximum sorption with minimal viscoelastic effects. The sorption and sensitivity of BTEX are interpreted and studied in terms of plasticizer type and concentration.
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Selvaratnam, Thevapriya. "Optimization and characterization of a centrally functionalized quartz crystal microbalance sensor surface for Norovirus detection : Optimering och karakterisering av en centralt funktionaliserad kvartskristall mikrovåg sensoryta för norovirus detektion". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknik och hälsa (STH), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172550.
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In this study a biosensor based on real time quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) monitoring is optimized and characterized for the application in the Norosensor. This biosensor is aimed to recognise, capture and amplify Norovirus (NoV). In an initial step a simplified bioassay was developed that focuses on the latter parts of the assay which consists of DNA-guided probing and amplification of the captured virus and includes the development of an amplification model assay directly to the functionalised crystal surface. A padlock probe with matching sequence to the conjugated oligonucleotide on the quartz crystal surface is used as target in the model assay. Although a number of studies have been carried out based on padlock probe ligation and rolling circle amplification (RCA) based QCM sensing, these studies utilize the entire crystal surface to capture and amplify the biomolecule. In this research work the QCM monitoring is explored on a centrally functionalised electrode surface through conjugation only at the centre of the electrode for increased mass sensitivity. Thus, allowing capture and amplification of the padlock probe only at the centre of the quartz crystal. A 14mm diameter, thermoncompensated AT-cut, nonpolished quartz crystal with a 10mm diameter gold surface coating acting as electrode was utilized for QCM measurements. The detection system is based on mass binding and amplification on the QCM to produce a negative frequency shift in the fundamental frequency of the vibrating quartz crystal. The amplification products were additionally fluorescently labelled and fluorescent microscopy images were also obtained at the end of every experiment to verify the presence or absence of DNA capture and amplification. Experimental findings show that the current flow chamber with a 15ul capacity is able to detect a specific padlock probe concentration of 1nM on a conjugated region of ~2.5mm diameter. RCA amplified the mass with an average frequency shift of -80Hz in 60mins RCA incubation time. Further, the specificity and sensitivity of the QCM system was explored. However, the system has limitations where sensor binding of reaction proteins, such as DNA ligase and BSA, to some extent is observed. The storage stability of the functionalized self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the QCM is also observed to deteriorate and thus, is of concern. Nevertheless the combination of RCA based amplification with QCM real-time monitoring has the potential for rapid and simple, low cost detection of the Norovirus.I det här arbetet har vi optimerat och karateriserat en biosensor för detektion av Norovirus som orsakar häftiga utbrott av kräksjuka under vinterhalvåret vilket leder till både försämrad vård samt stora ekonomiska förluster för samhället. Målet inom EU projektet “Norosensor” är att utveckla ett snabbtest som kan tillämpas efter ett utbrott på till exempel en vårdavdelning och som ska mäta mängden virus i luften vilket kan fungera som riktlinje för om en avdelning är säker att användas eller ej. Tekniskt är målet med testet att fånga in viruspartiklar från luften som specifikt binds till sensorytan. Därefter ökar vi känsligheten från bundna partiklar genom en DNA-baserad amplifiering. Detta genererar specifik, viruskorrelerad massa som mäts med en kvartskristall mikrovågs sensor. När massan ökar minskar frekvenser vid vilken kristallen vibrerar och detta mäts i realtid. Det här arbetet har inte behandlat infångande eller inbindning av virus utan har fokuserat på den senare delen av protokollet som omfattar amplifieringen på sensorytan. En modell-assay har därför utvecklats där viruspartikeln istället representeras av en så kallad “padlock probe” (hänglås probe). Då sensorn är mycket känslig har först olika protokoll testats för effektiv rengöring av ytan med hjälp av ultraljud. I nästa steg har ytan funktionaliserats med thiol-modifierade syntetiska DNA molekyler som används för infångningen av målmolekylen på sensorytan (virus eller i detta fall padlock proben). Det har tidigare uppskattats att för att få maximal känslighet i massmätningen så är det fördelaktigt att binda viruset endast i mitten på en mycket liten yta av kristallen. Den här avhandlingen har därför fokuserat på att utveckla protokoll för detta där ytan först funtionaliserats i mitten innan resten av ytan blockats för att undvika ospecific inbindning. Resultaten visar att vi kan generera en centrerad funtionalisering och att vi får låg ospecifik binding. Protokollet består av flera biokemiska reakionssteg såsom (i) inbindning och lingering av padlock probe och (ii) amplifiering av den ligerade proben genom “rolling circle amplification”. För att kunna verifiera att vi fått amplifieringsprodukter på ytan har vi dels mätt frekvensändringen på grund av ökad massa men också märkt in dem med fluorescerande molekyler och detekterat dem i microskop. Under arbetets gång har ett flertal olika typer av kristaller testats. Det visade sig att om en polerad yta används (1μm grovhet) så migrerade molekylerna iväg från mitten när vi oscillerade kristallen medan vi fick bättre resultat om något grövre (3μm) ytor användes. Vi testade även ett flertal olika flödesceller av olika material och med olika reaktionsvolymer. Eftersom kristallen är mycket känslig så påverkar faktorer som flödeshastigheter och eventuella luftbubblor frekvensen. Vi optimerade därför detta och körde mätningarna vi6konstant flöde men med alternerande, låga hastigheter när vi tillsatte nya reagens eller inkuberade reaktionerna. Vi förvärmde även reaktionsmixarna för att minska ospeficika effekter och konstaterade att den funktionaliserade ytan påverkades av lagring över tid. I våra försök såg vi att protein såsom ligeringsenzymet och albumin, vilka har förhållandevis stor massa, hade effekter på frekvensen redan i sig genom att binda till ytan. Ytterligare optimeringar måste därför göras framöver för att minska denna inbinding bland annat genom bättre tvättsteg. Vi kunde dock påvisa linjär massökning med ökad amplifieringstid och har bevisad hög specificitet. Slutligen utvecklades ett litet mjukvaruprogram för att automatisera analysen och minska bruset. Sammanfattingsvis har vi lyckats utveckla ett enkelt och snabbt system för specifik massamplifering av Norovirus.
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Wang, Kathleen F. "Characterizing molecular-scale interactions between antimicrobial peptides and model cell membranes". Digital WPI, 2014. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/153.
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Due to the escalating challenge of antibiotic resistance in bacteria over the past several decades, interest in the identification and development of antibiotic alternatives has intensified. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which serve as part of the innate immune systems of most eukaryotic organisms, are being researched extensively as potential alternatives. However, the mechanism behind their bactericidal capabilities is not well understood. Previous studies have suggested that AMPs may first attach to the cell membranes, leading to pore formation caused by peptide insertion, lipid removal in the form of peptide-lipid aggregates, or a combination of both mechanisms. In addition to the lack of mechanistic knowledge, a significant hurdle in AMP-based drug development is their potential cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. Understanding AMP interactions with eukaryotic model membranes would allow therapeutics to be tailored for preferential action toward specific classes of bacterial membranes. In this study, we developed novel methods of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) data analysis to determine the fundamental mechanism of action between eukaryotic and bacterial membrane mimics and select membrane-active AMPs. A new technique for creating supported membranes composed entirely of anionic lipids was developed to model Gram-positive bacterial membranes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging was also used to capture the progression of AMP-induced changes in supported lipid membranes over time and to validate our method of QCM-D analysis. QCM-D and AFM were used to investigate the molecular-scale interactions of four peptides, alamethicin, chrysophsin-3, sheep myeloid antimicrobial peptide (SMAP-29) and indolicidin, with a supported zwitterionic membrane, which served as a model for eukaryotic cell membranes. Since established methods of QCM-D analysis were not sufficient to provide information about these interaction mechanisms, we developed a novel method of using QCM-D overtones to probe molecular events occurring within supported lipid membranes. Also, most previous studies that have used AFM imaging to investigate AMP-membrane interactions have been inconclusive due to AFM limitations and poor image quality. We were able to capture high-resolution AFM images that clearly show the progression of AMP-induced defects in the membrane. Each AMP produced a unique QCM-D signature that clearly distinguished their mechanism of action and provided information on peptide addition to and lipid removal from the membrane. Alamethicin, an alpha-helical peptide, predominantly demonstrated a pore formation mechanism. Chrysophsin-3 and SMAP-29, which are also alpha-helical peptides of varied lengths, inserted into the membrane and adsorbed to the membrane surface. Indolicidin, a shorter peptide that forms a folded, boat-shaped structure, was shown to adsorb and partially insert into the membrane. An investigation of rates at which the peptide actions were initiated revealed that the highest initial interaction rate was demonstrated by SMAP-29, the most cationic peptide in this study. The mechanistic variations in peptide action were related to their fundamental structural properties including length, net charge, hydrophobicity, hydrophobic moment, accessible surface area and the probability of alpha-helical secondary structures. Due to the charges associated with anionic lipids, previous studies have not been successful in forming consistent anionic supported lipid membranes, which were required to mimic Gram-positive bacterial membranes. We developed a new protocol for forming anionic supported lipid membranes and supported vesicle films using a vesicle fusion process. Chrysophsin-3 was shown to favor insertion into the anionic lipid bilayer and did not adsorb to the surface as it did with zwitterionic membranes. When introduced to supported anionic vesicle films, chrysophsin-3 caused some vesicles to rupture, likely through lipid membrane disruption. This study demonstrated that molecular-level interactions between antimicrobial peptides and model cell membranes are largely determined by peptide structure, peptide concentration, and membrane lipid composition. Novel techniques for analyzing QCM-D overtone data were also developed, which could enable the extraction of more molecular orientation and interaction dynamics information from other QCM-D studies. A new method of forming supported anionic membranes was also designed, which may be used to further investigate the behavior of bacterial membranes in future studies. Insight into AMP-membrane interactions and development of AMP structure-activity relationships will facilitate the selection and design of more efficient AMPs for use in therapeutics that could impact the lives of millions of people per year who are threatened by antibiotic-resistant organisms.
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Weckman, Nicole Elizabeth. "Microfabricated acoustic sensors for the detection of biomolecules". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274899.
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MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems) acoustic sensors are a promising platform for Point-of-Care biosensing. In particular, piezoelectrically driven acoustic sensors can provide fast results with high sensitivity, can be miniaturized and mass produced, and have the potential to be fully integrated with sample handling and electronics in handheld devices. Furthermore, they can be designed as multiplexed arrays to detect multiple biomarkers of interest in parallel. In order to develop a microfabricated biosensing platform, a specific and high affinity biodetection platform must be optimized, and the microfabricated sensors must be designed to have high sensitivity and maintain good performance in a liquid environment. A biomolecular sensing system that uses high affinity peptide aptamers and a passivation layer has been optimized for the detection of proteins of interest using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The resulting system is highly specific to target proteins, differentiating between target IgG molecules and other closely related IgG subclasses, even in complex environments such as serum. Piezoelectrically actuated MEMS resonators are designed to operate in flexural microplate modes, with several modes shown to be ideally suited for fluid based biosensing due to improved performance in the liquid environment. The increase in quality factor of these MEMS microplate devices in liquid, as compared to air, is further investigated through the analytical and finite element modeling of MEMS fluid damping mechanisms, with a focus on acoustic radiation losses for circular microplate devices. It is found that the impedance mismatch at the air-water interface of a droplet is a key contributor to reduced acoustic radiation losses and thus improved device performance in water. Microplate acoustic sensors operating in flexural plate wave and microplate flexural modes are then integrated with a fluidic cell to facilitate protein sensing from fluid samples. Flexural plate wave devices are used to measure protein mass adsorbed to the sensor surface and initial results toward microplate flexural mode protein sensing are presented. Finally, challenges and areas of future research are discussed to outline the path towards finalization of a sensing platform taking advantage of the combination of the sensitive MEMS acoustic sensor capable of operating in a liquid environment and the specific and high affinity biomolecular detection system. Together, these form the potential basis of a novel Point-of-Care platform for simple and rapid monitoring of protein levels in complex samples.
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Suhr, Matthias. "Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Zellwandkomponenten der gram-positiven Bakterienstämme Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-A12 und JG-B53 und deren Wechselwirkungen mit ausgewählten relevanten Metallen und Metalloiden". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-175188.
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Durch die Untersuchungen der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es erfolgreich gelungen die beiden gram-positiven Mikroorganismen Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-A12 und Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 unter geregelten und idealen Kultivierungsbedingungen im Bioreaktor in hinreichenden Biomasseausbeuten zu kultivieren. Aus der Biomasse beider Stämme ist es anschließend gelungen, die primären Zellwandkomponenten bestehend aus Membranlipiden, Peptidoglykan mit sekundären Zellwandpolymeren und S-Layer-Proteinen in reiner Form und in guten Ausbeuten zu extrahieren. Diese Zellwandkomponenten wurden dann unter Verwendung von biochemischer und strukturanalytischer Methoden charakterisiert. Dabei ist es erstmals gelungen, die Membranlipide beider genutzter Mikroorganismen in Bezug auf deren Zusammensetzungen der enthalten hydrophoben Fettsäuren und der hydrophilen phosphathaltigen Kopfgruppen zu charakterisieren.
Durch die vergleichend durchgeführten Metallbindungsversuche im Batch-Verfahren konnten Bindungspräferenzen intakter Zellen von Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-A12 und Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 und deren isolierten Zellwandkomponenten mit den Metallen As, Au, Cd, Eu, Pb, Pd, Pt bzw. U untersucht werden. Dabei konnten sowohl in den Untersuchungen intakter Zellen und der primären Zellwandbestandteile deutlich höhere Metallsorptionsraten und Metallentfernungseffizienzen für Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 festgestellt werden als dies bei Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-A12 nachzuweisen war. Dies macht diesen Stamm für potentielle technische Anwendungen als metallselektives biosorptives Material weitaus interessanter.
Die Untersuchungen der Einzelkomponenten in Suspension lieferten jedoch nur begrenzt Informationen zur Interaktion der Metalle mit den Schichten wie sie unter natürlichen Bedingungen in der Zelle vorkommen. Daher wurden unter Verwendung der QCM-D erstmals die primären Zellwandkomponenten beider Mikroorganismen (S-Layer und Peptidoglykan) sowie von Referenzlipiden an Grenzflächen erfolgreich im nanoskaligen Bereich abgeschieden und online verfolgt. Dadurch war es möglich vereinfachte Einzelschichtsysteme der gram-positiven bakteriellen Zellwand nachzubilden.
In den Untersuchungen konnten stabile Schichten generiert werden, welche vergleichbar zu dem Schichtsystem vitaler Zellen sind. Zusätzlich konnte bei den Abscheidungen der S-Layer-Proteine SlfB und Slp1 der positive Effekt von Polyelektrolytmodifizierungen auf das Rekristallisationsverhalten, die Schichtstabilität und den Bedeckungsgrad auf der technischen Oberfläche aufgezeigt werden. Zur Untersuchung der Metallinteraktion zellulärer Einzelschichtsysteme wurden in dieser Arbeit exemplarisch nach den erfolgreichen Untersuchungen zur Rekristallisation, die S-Layer-Proteine als erste Interaktionsschicht des Gesamtzellsystems mit der QCM-D untersucht. Diese stabilen und intakten Schichten konnten analog zu den Schichtuntersuchungen der reinen biologischen Komponenten und nach den QCM-D Metallinteraktionsstudien mit den S-Layer Strukturen mittels der Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) untersucht und bildgebend dargestellt werden.
In weiteren spektroskopischen Untersuchungen (TRLFS) der Zellwandkomponenten konnten die lumineszierenden Eigenschaften von Europium ausgenutzt werden, um das Metallbindungsverhalten der einzelnen Komponenten als auch des Gesamtsystems der Zellen beider Mikroorganismen zu bestimmen. Somit konnte Europium als spektroskopische Sonde eingesetzt werden um Rückschlüsse die Biomolekül-Metallwechselwirkungen zu ermöglichen. Dabei konnten vor allem mit den beiden oberflächennahen Zellschichten Lösung teilweise sehr starke Metall-Biomolekül-Wechselwirkungen beobachtet werden.
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Renner, Lars. "Polymer Supported Lipid Bilayer Membranes for the Integration of Transmembrane Proteins". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1241457489091-02157.
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This work reports on the successful formation of supported multicomponent lipid bilayer membranes (sLBMs) from natural occurring lipids as well as synthetic lipids on a set of polymer cushions consisting of alternating maleic acid copolymers. Maleic acid copolymers provide a versatile platform to adjust the physico-chemical behaviour by the choice of the comonomer unit. The formation of sLBMs was triggered by a transient reduction of the electrostatic repulsion between the polymer cushions and the lipid vesicles by lowering the solutions pH to 4. Upon formation the stability of sLBMs was not affected by subsequent variations of the environmental pH to 7.2. Even drastic changes in the environmental pH (between pH 2 and pH 9) did not lead to delamination and proved the stability of the polymer sLBM. The degree of hydrophilicity and swelling of the anionic polymer cushions was found to determine both the kinetics of the membrane formation and the mobility of the lipid bilayer with lipid diffusion coefficients in the range from 0.26 to 2.6 µm2 s-1. An increase in cushion hydrophilicity correlated with a strong increase in the diffusion coefficient of the lipids. This trend was found to correlate with the kinetics of bilayer formation in the process of vesicle spreading. The observations strongly support the important role of the support’s polarity for the fluidity of the sLBM, which is probably related to the presence of a water layer between support and bilayer. The investigated polymer cushions are considered to open new options for the in situ modulation of lipid bilayer membranes characteristics to match the requirements for the successful integration of functional transmembrane proteins (TMPs). As each cushion exhibits different physico-chemical properties, the resulting behaviour of the sLBMs and TMPs could be exactly adjusted to the specific requirements of biological samples. This is exemplarily shown by the integration of the TMP beta amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE). Integrated BACE was observed to be mobile on all polymer cushions. On the contrary, no lateral mobility of BACE was found in solid sLBM. Furthermore, the activity of integrated BACE was analysed by the cleavage of an amyloid precursor protein analogue. Remarkably, the polymer cushions did not only enhance the mobility but were also found to increase the activity of BACE by a factor of 1.5 to 2.5 in comparison to solid sLBM. From the obtained results it is obvious that even small cytoplasmic domains of transmembrane proteins might not be preserved upon the integration in silica sLBM. The observed beneficial effects of the utilised polymer cushions on the mobility and activity of transmembrane proteins motivate further studies to clarify the general applicability of the polymer platform. Altogether, this polymer platform provides valuable options to form sLBM with varying characteristics to reconstitute transmembrane proteins for a wide range of possible future applications in biologyDie vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Bildung von polymer unterstützten Lipiddoppelschichten zur Integration von transmembranen Proteinen. Das Polymerkissensystem besteht aus alternierenden Maleinsäurecopolymeren. Lipiddoppelschichten wurden durch die Steuerung der elektrostatischen Repulsion erzeugt: die Verringerung des pH-Wertes auf 4 wurde eine Erhöhung der adsorbierten Vesikelmenge auf den Polymeroberflächen induziert. Nach der erfolgten Bildung der Lipiddoppelschichten kann der pH-Wert beliebig variiert werden, ohne dass die Stabilität der Lipiddoppelschichten beeinflusst wird. Auch drastische Veränderungen des pH-Milieus (pH 2 - pH 9) führten zu keinen Veränderungen in der Membranintegrität. Der Grad der Hydrophilie und der Quellung der anionischen Polymerschichten beeinflusst sowohl die Bildung der Modellmembranen als auch die Mobilität der integrierten Lipidmoleküle. Dabei reichen die erzielten Lipiddiffusionskoeffizienten von 0.26 bis 2.6 µm2 s-1. Dabei ist die Mobilität direkt von der Hydrophilie des Substrates abhängig. Die beobachteten Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich die entscheidende Rolle der Polarität der verwendeten Substratoberflächen auf die Lipidmobilität, die sehr wahrscheinlich mit der Präsenz einer variablen Wasserschicht zusammenhängt. Die untersuchten Polymerkissen eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten für die insitu Modulierung der Charakteristika von Lipidschichten, um funktionale transmembrane Proteine zu integrieren. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen physiko-chemischen Eigenschaften kann das Verhalten der Lipidschichten und der transmembranen Proteine nach den spezifischen Anforderungen des Modellsystems angepasst werden. Die funktionale Integration wurde am Beispiel des transmembranen Proteins BACE nachempfunden. Die Mobilität des integrierten BACE wurde auf allen Polymerkissen beobachtet. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde auf harten Substraten keine BACE Mobilität gefunden. Die Aktivität des integrierten BACE wurde durch die enzymatische Spaltung eines APP-Analogons nachgewiesen. Bemerkenswerteweise wurde ein Anstieg der BACE Aktivität auf den Polymerkissen um den Faktor 1,5 bis 2,5 im Vergleich zu den auf harten Substraten integrierten BACE beobachtet. Zusammenfassend, die verwendeten Polymerkissen bieten vielfältige Möglichkeiten Lipidschichten mit variierenden Eigenschaften für die Integration von transmembranen Proteinen zu erzeugen
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Eriksson, Anna I. K. "Enrichment and Separation of Phosphorylated Peptides on Titanium Dioxide Surfaces : Applied and Fundamental Studies". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Analytisk kemi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-204723.
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Protein phosphorylation is a very common posttranslational modification (PTM), which lately has been found to hold the keyrole in the development of many severe diseases, including cancer. Thereby, phosphoprotein analysis tools, generally based on specific enrichment of the phosphoryl group, have been a hot topic during the last decade. In this thesis, two new TiO2-based on-target enrichment methods are developed and presented together with enlightening fundamental results. Evaluation of the developed methods was performed by the analysis of: custom peptides, β-casein, drinking milk, and the viral protein pIIIa. The results show that: i) by optimizing the enrichment protocol (first method), new phosphorylated peptides can be found and ii) by the addition of a separation step after the enrichment (second method), more multi-phosphorylated peptides, which usually are hard to find, could be detected. The fundamental part, on the other hand, shows that the phosphopeptide adsorption is caused by electrostatic interactions, in general follows the Langmuir model, and the affinity increases with the phosphorylation degree. Here, however, the complexity of the system was also discovered, as the adsorption mechanism was found to be affected by the amino acid sequence of the phosphopeptide.
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Wei, Danming. "Low-Cost Quartz Crystal Microbalance System Platform Designed for Chemical Nanoparticle". TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1635.
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QCM sensor is a response to a kind of broad spectrum, high sensitivity, and simple structure, low-cost detection device, and particularly its quality as a type of gas sensor is widely used. With the successful oscillation in liquid phase, QCM sensor has been involved in the application analytical chemistry, surface chemistry, biochemistry and environmental monitoring side and many other scientific fields. With sensitive surface film as the sensitive element, AT-cut quartz crystal as energy transducer components by changes of the relationship between mass of surface film and frequency of QCM sensor transduces signals of mass or concentration into output frequency signal of sensor, thus achieve changes of mass or concentration detection. This paper mainly states how to design a low-cost QCM system platform with Arduino microcontroller board based on QCM sensor specific properties. For the oscillator circuit selection and differential frequency circuit design, the shield board has properly matched Arduino Mega2560, then by programming code to make Arduino acquire frequency of QCM sensor in real-time. Meanwhile, the interface and data store are corresponding convenient for real- time observing and data post-processing. By the tests of anhydrous ethanol evaporation, QCM system platform was calibrated and Sauerbrey equation verification. Moreover, this paper studies that photocatalytic degradation processing of Rhodamine B (RB) and methyl orange solution at the Surface of nanocrystalline TiO2 by QCM sensor.
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Montagut, Ferizzola Yeison Javier. "Sistema Oscilador Mejorado para Aplicaciones de Microbalanza (QCM) en Medios Líquidos y Propuesta de un Nuevo Método de Caracterización para Biosensores Piezoeléctricos". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/9688.
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La microbalanza de cristal de cuarzo (QCM) se usa como técnica alternativa de análisis químico, donde las aplicaciones dependen directamente de la sensibilidad del cristal. Por tanto, es el parámetro más importante que determina el uso de los cristales de cuarzo frente a otras técnicas. La ecuación de Sauerbrey, teóricamente relaciona la variación de la densidad de masa en la superficie del cristal con el cambio de la frecuencia y al mismo tiempo predice que la sensibilidad aumenta en la misma proporción que el cuadrado de la frecuencia fundamental de resonancia serie del cristal. Aumentar la frecuencia fundamental de trabajo para aumentar la sensibilidad, es una necesidad; el objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es estudiar los sistemas de caracterización de resonadores de cuarzo, que se usan en la actualidad y proponer un sistema o una mejora a los ya existentes que permitan el uso de cristales de cuarzo de alta frecuencia de fundamental (HFF-QCM).
De los sistemas que en la actualidad caracterizan a la microbalanza de cuarzo, se destacan los analizadores de impedancia y los osciladores, como métodos de caracterización de HFF-QCM. Los analizadores, por su gran tamaño y coste, quedan relegados a su uso como instrumento de referencia en el laboratorio. Los osciladores en cambio, por su bajo coste, su capacidad de integración, su sencillez del circuito y la monitorización continua de frecuencia de oscilación, lo hacen adecuados como interfaz para sistemas sensores basados en QCM. En esta tesis, se propone un sistema oscilador, basado en un oscilador diferencial equilibrado, como sistema de caracterización de cristales a 10 MHz, estudiándose el comportamiento del circuito, la capacidad de este sistema para compensar la capacitancia paralela del cristal, las aplicación de este tipo de interfaz para la caracterización de líquidos y finalmente se desarrollo una aplicación como inmunosensores piezoeléctricos para la detección del pesticida Carbaryl.Montagut Ferizzola, YJ. (2011). Sistema Oscilador Mejorado para Aplicaciones de Microbalanza (QCM) en Medios Líquidos y Propuesta de un Nuevo Método de Caracterización para Biosensores Piezoeléctricos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/9688
Palancia
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Grunewald, Christian [Verfasser]. "Untersuchung der Adsorption und Anordnung von funktionalisierten Silica-Nanopartikeln auf Oberflächen durch die Kombination von QCM-D und REM / Christian Grunewald". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138234338/34.
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Humbert, Claude. "Couplage d'un filtre numérique sur FPGA avec une microbalance à quartz pour la détection de masse par localisation de modes". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCD051.
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Il existe un intérêt croissant pour la détection de masse ultra-précise dans les domaines de la santé, de l'environnement et de l'agroalimentaire. Dans ce contexte, la dernière décennie a vu l'émergence de capteurs basés sur la localisation d'Anderson dans un réseau de résonateurs faiblement couplés. Connu pour être très sensible aux perturbations de masse, ce phénomène nécessite toutefois des résonateurs couplés, ce qui constitue un défi en raison des contraintes de microfabrication. Afin de surmonter cette limitation, nous présentons dans cette thèse une solution alternative basée sur un système hybride constitué d'un filtre numérique FPGA et d'un résonateur mécanique type QCM ayant un facteur de qualité Q supérieur à 100 000. L'aspect numérique du système permet d'atteindre une sensibilité maximale à partir d'un réglage fin des différents paramètres. En outre, ce système peut être adapté à la géométrie du résonateur physique, permettant en effet la mise en œuvre de la localisation des modes dans les structures résonantes des ondes de cisaillement telles que le QCM qui est largement utilisé en biodétection pour son facteur Q élevé et sa grande surface active. Cette solution a été conçue, mise en œuvre et testée avec des perturbations numériques et de masse, et les résultats sont conformes aux modèles théoriques. Enfin, les sensibilités normalisées expérimentales obtenues sont au moins d'un ordre de grandeur supérieur à ceux que l'on trouve dans la littérature, ce qui est prometteurs pour la conception d'une nouvelle génération de capteurs ultrasensibles basés sur la technologie de localisation d'Anderson. Cependant, ces résultats doivent encore être confrontés au rapport signal/bruit, comme le suggèrent les études théoriques réalisées dans le cadre de cette thèseThere is an ever growing interest in ultra-accurate mass detection in the health, environment and agri-food fields. In this context, the last decade has seen the emergence of resonant sensors based on Anderson localization in an array of weakly coupled resonators. Known to be highly sensitive to mass perturbations, this phenomenon however requires identical and coupled resonators, which is a challenge due to microfabrication constraints. In order to overcome this limitation, we present in this thesis an alternative solution based on a hybrid system, where a hardware (field programmable gate array) plays the role of a resonator as well as the coupling in closed loop with a quartz cristal microbalance (QCM) having a Q-factor greater than 100000. The digital aspect of the system allows maximum sensitivity to be achieved with a fine tuning of the different parameters. In addition, this system can be adapted to the geometry of the physical resonator, indeed allowing the implementation of mode localization in shear waves resonant structures such as the QCM which is widely used in biosensing for its high Q-factor and large binding surface. This solution has been designed, implemented and tested with digital and mass perturbations, and the results are consistent with theoretical models. Finally, the experimental sensitivities achieved in this work are at least an order of magnitude higher than those found in the literature, which is promising for the design of a new generation of ultrasensitive sensors based on Anderson localization. However, these results have yet to be confronted with signal-to-noise ratio problems, as suggested by the theoretical studies carried out in the framework of this thesis
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Tondu, Thomas. "Étude de la pulvérisation ionique : application aux effets de jet de la propulsion plasmique". Toulouse, ENSAE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ESAE0031.
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La propulsion plasmique expose certaines parties de satellites au bombardement ionique par des ions Xe⁺ de quelques centaines d’eV. Il apparaît alors un risque de diminuer la durée de vie ou les performances des satellites à cause des phénomènes d’érosion ionique ou de contamination par les produits d’érosion sur certaines surfaces du satellite. Des études expérimentales et numériques ont été entreprises afin de comprendre ces phénomènes et acquérir la capacité de produire des données expérimentales fiables. L'installation expérimentale lDEFlXe nous a ainsi permis de mettre au point une technique particulièrement efficace de mesure de taux d’érosion par microbalances à quartz (QCM). Nous avons alors validé la mesure du taux d’érosion à incidence normale, ainsi que pour des incidences obliques avec des métaux (argent et cuivre). La contamination quant à elle a été étudiée par deux techniques complémentaires : la spectrométrie de masse qui étudie l’émission et la contamination sur QCM. Parallèlement aux études expérimentales, nous avons développé le code CSiPl de type Monte Carlo permettant de produire des données quantitatives sur l'érosion, et l'émission (direction et énergie). Ce code reprend les fondements de TRIM en améliorant la description des collisions à la surface. On retrouve ainsi par la simulation les résultats expérimentaux. En utilisant des mesures expérimentales et CSiPI, nous avons pu interpréter des résultats faisant intervenir des cibles plus complexes. Nous avons en particulier étudié l'influence de la rugosité de la cible sur la pulvérisation ionique ainsi que celle des ions implantés dans la cible.
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Pillai, Karthik. "Bio-inspired Cellulose Nanocomposites". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28575.
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Natural composites like wood are scale-integrated structures that range from molecular to the macroscopic scale. Inspired by this design, layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition technique was used to create lignocellulosic composites from isolated wood polymers namely cellulose and lignin, with a lamellar architecture. In the first phase of the study, adsorption of alkali lignin onto cationic surfaces was investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). Complete coverage of the cationic surface with alkali lignin occured at low solution concentration; large affinity coefficients were calculated for this system at differing pH levels. Adsorption studies with organosolv lignin in an organic solvent, and spectroscopic analysis of mixtures of cationic polymer with alkali lignin revealed a non-covalent interaction. The work demonstrated how noncovalent interactions could be exploited to molecular organize thin polyphenolic biopolymers on cationic surfaces. The second phase of the study examined the adsorption steps during the LbL assembly process to create novel lignocellulosic composites. LbL assembly was carried out using oxidized nanocellulose (NC) and lignin, along with a cationic polymer poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA). QCM-D was used to follow the sequential adsorption process of the three different polymers. Two viscoelastic models, namely Johannsmann and Voigt, were respectively used to calculate the areal mass and thickness of the adsorbed layers. Atomic force microscopy studies showed a complete coverage of the surface with lignin in all the disposition cycles, however, surface coverage with NC was seen to increase with the number of layers. Free-standing composite films were obtained when the LbL process was carried out for 250 deposition cycles (500 bilayers) on a cellulose acetate substrate, following the dissolution of the substrate in acetone. Scanning electron microscopy of the cryo-fractured cross-sections showed a lamellar structure, and the thickness per adsorption cycle was estimated to be 17 nm. The third phase of the study investigated the effect of LbL ordering of the polymers versus a cast film composed of a blended mixture of the polymers, using dynamic mechanical analysis. A tan ï ¤ peak was observed in the 30 â 40 ºC region for both films, which was observed in the neat NC film. Heating of the samples under a compressive force produced opposite effects in the films, as the LbL films exhibited swelling, whereas the cast films showed densification. The apparent activation energy of this transition (65 â 80 kJ mol-1) in cast films, calculated based on the Arrhenius equation was found to be coincident to those reported for the ï ¢ transition of amorphous cellulose. The peak was seen to disappear in case of LbL films in the second heat, whereas it was recurring in case of cast films of the blended mixture, and neat NC films. Altogether, the together the work details a novel path to integrate an organized lignin and cellulose molecular structure, albeit modified from their native form, into a three-dimensional composite material.Ph. D.
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Liu, Zelin. "Studies of Biomacromolecule Adsorption and Activity at Solid Surfaces by Surface Plasmon Resonance and Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39455.
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Self-assembly of polysaccharide derivatives at liquid/solid interfaces was studied by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) adsorption onto cellulose surfaces from aqueous solutions was enhanced by electrolytes, especially by divalent cations. A combination of SPR and QCM-D results showed that CMC formed highly hydrated layers on cellulose surfaces (90 to 95% water by mass). Voigt-based viscoelastic modeling of the QCM-D data was consistent with the existence of highly hydrated CMC layers with relatively low shear viscosities of ~ 10-3 Nâ ¢sâ ¢m-2 and elastic shear moduli of ~ 105 Nâ ¢m-2.
Adsorption of pullulan 3-methoxycinnamates (P3MC) and pullulan 4-chlorocinnamates (P4CC) with different degrees of cinnamate substitution (DSCinn) onto cellulose, cellulose acetate propionate (CAP), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), and methyl-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM-CH3) surfaces was also studied by SPR and QCM-D. Hydrophobic cinnamate groups promoted the adsorption of pullulan onto all surfaces and the adsorption onto hydrophobic surfaces was significantly greater than onto hydrophilic surfaces. SPR and QCM-D results showed that P3MC and P4CC also formed highly hydrated layers (70 to 90% water by mass) with low shear viscosities and elastic shear moduli.
Finally, cellulose adsorption and activity on pullulan cinnamate (PC) and cellulose blend films were studied via QCM-D and in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). The hydrophobicity of PC surfaces was controlled by adjusting the degree of cinnamate substitution per anhydroglucose unit (DSCinn). It was found that cellulase showed weak adsorption onto low DSCinn PC surfaces, whereas cellulase adsorbed strongly onto high DSCinn PC surfaces, a clear indication of the role surface hydrophobicity played on enzyme adsorption. Moreover, cellulase catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose/PC and cellulose/polystyrene (PS) blend surfaces was studied. The QCM-D results showed that the cellulase hydrolysis rate on cellulose in cellulose/PC blend surfaces decreased with increasing DSCinn. AFM images revealed smooth surfaces for cellulose/PC (DSCinn = 0.3) blend surfaces and laterally phase separated morphologies for cellulose/PC (DSCinn â ¥ 0.7) blend surfaces. The combination of QCM-D and AFM measurements indicated that cellulase catalyzed hydrolysis was strongly affected by surface morphology. The cellulase hydrolysis activity on cellulose in cellulose/PS blend surfaces was similar with cellulose/PC blend surfaces (DSCinn â ¥ 0.7).
These studies showed self-assembly of macromolecules could be a promising strategy to modify material surfaces and provided further fundamental understanding of adsorption phenomena and bioactivity of macromolecules at liquid/solid interfaces.Ph. D.
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Ni, Ying. "Arabinoglucuronoxylan and Arabinoxylan Adsorption onto Regenerated Cellulose Films". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78163.
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Cellulose and hemicelluloses have attracted increasing interest as renewable biopolymers because of their abundance. Furthermore, the recognition of biomass as a sustainable and renewable source of biofuels has driven research into the assembly and disassembly of polymers within plant cell walls. Cellulose thin films are useful in the study of interactions between cellulose and hemicelluloses, and quartz crystal microbalances with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are widely used to investigate polymer adsorption/desorption at liquid/solid interfaces.
In this study, smooth trimethylsilyl cellulose (TMSC) films were spincoated onto gold QCM-D sensors and hydrolyzed into ultrathin cellulose films upon exposure to aqueous HCl vapor. The adsorption of arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX) and arabinoxylan (AX) onto these cellulose surfaces was studied. The effects of structure, molar mass and ionic strength of the solution were considered. Increasing ionic strength increased AGX and AX adsorption onto cellulose. While AGX showed greater adsorption onto cellulose than AX by QCM-D, the trend was reversed in SPR experiments. The combination of QCM-D and SPR data showed a greater amount of water was trapped within the AX films. Both adsorbed AGX and AX films were subsequently visualized by AFM. Images from AFM showed AGX and AX adsorbed as aggregates from water, while AGX and AX adsorbed from CaCl2 yielded smaller xylan particles with more numerous globular structures on the cellulose surfaces. Images from AFM of xylan films on bare gold surfaces also showed layers of uniform aggregates that were consistent with AX and AGX aggregation in solution.Master of Science
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Williams, Randolph. "Organic Vapor Sensing Using High Frequency Thickness Shear Mode Resonators". Scholar Commons, 2005. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/918.
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Thickness shear mode (TSM) sensors, also known as quartz crystal micro-balances (QCM) are a class of acoustic wave sensors that have been used for gas/vapor sensing. Fast and sensitive chemical vapor sensing, specifically of hydrocarbon vapors is an important application for these vapor sensors. The TSM sensors typically used have a lower sensitivity compared with other acoustic wave sensors. This thesis describes the development of high sensitivity organic vapor sensors using thin polymer film coatings on TSM devices. Commercially available AT-quartz TSM devices were milled leaving a thin quartz membrane surrounded by a thicker outer ring. This resulted in an increased frequency and a consequent increase in sensitivity, as described by the Sauerbrey equation. The TSM sensors were then coated with thin sensing films of rubbery polymers. Isothermal experiments at room temperature were conducted. A fully instrumented and automated test bed consisting of a temperature-controlled organic vapor dilution system, a precision impedance analyzer, and computer based data acquisition was developed and used to evaluate the performance of the coated TSM devices. The TSM devices compared in this study were AT cut with fundamental resonant frequencies of 10, 20, and 96 MHz. The results of tests conducted are presented to demonstrate increase in sensitivity for higher fundamental frequency TSM devices. 96 MHz TSM resonators were found to be 8 to 27 times more sensitive than 10 MHz resonators. Sensitivity was limited by the difficulty in coating sensing layers and damping of the resonator. Additionally, each sensor was evaluated and compared in terms of detection limit and noise level. 96 MHz resonators had higher noise levels than 10 MHz or 20 MHz resonators; as a result, 96 MHz resonators did not show significant improvements in LOD. Also, response times for 96 MHz resonators were quicker than 10 MHz or 20 MHz resonators and response times generally decreased with analyte concentration. Several rubbery polymer films as well as copolymers were investigated to determine which sensing film would have the optimal performance in terms of response time, recovery, reproducibility, repeatability, frequency noise, and baseline drift.
The organic vapors studied were benzene, toluene, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, dichloroethane, and chloroform at levels ranging from 0.2 to over 13.7 volume percentage in nitrogen gas. The Butterworth-VanDyke (BVD) equivalent circuit model was used to model both the perturbed and unperturbed TSM resonator. Monitoring the sensor response through the equivalent circuit model allowed for discriminating between the organic vapors. Vapor discrimination, in turn, depended upon the changes in the resistance parameter. Finally, the vapor liquid equilibrium at the polymer solvent interface was utilized to correct for perturbations, due to temperature changes, in the sensor response.
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Xu, Zeqian [Verfasser], e Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Rupp. "Application of QCM-D to simulate oral interfacial interactions of bacteria, antibacterial agent and titanium implant surfaces / Zeqian Xu ; Betreuer: Frank Rupp". Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/121284985X/34.
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Bonnet, Laetitia. "Synthèse de couches minces de polymères par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur par une polymérisation amorcée in-situ (iCVD) : mécanisme de croissance et application aux capteurs de gaz". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1258/document.
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La miniaturisation des composants microélectroniques est nécessaire pour des gains de coûts, de place ou de performance. Des capteurs de gaz, faciles d'utilisation (transportables et non encombrants) peuvent alors être envisagés et ouvrir la possibilité à la détection de certains gaz toxiques en très faible quantité (tels que les COV, composés organiques volatils) qui ne sont que trop peu détectés actuellement. Les performances d'un capteur de gaz sont en premier lieu liées à sa couche mince sensible qui permet la détection par interaction avec le gaz cible. Ces travaux se focalisent sur le développement de couches sensibles de polymères réalisées par une technique de synthèse novatrice de dépôt chimique en phase vapeur par une polymérisation amorcée in-situ (iCVD). Cette technique possède de nombreux avantages pour la réalisation de composants nanométriques comme par exemple l'absence de solvant dans son procédé ou les faibles températures mises en jeu. L'impact des paramètres du procédé iCVD sur les propriétés du film mince est dans un premier temps discuté, et le mécanisme de croissance du film mince de polymère est par la suite étudié. Pour la première fois, deux régimes de croissance sont décrits. Le premier régime, ainsi visible pour de faibles temps de dépôt, est caractérisé par une vitesse de croissance faible. Le second régime apparaît à des temps de dépôt plus important et se traduit par une vitesse de croissance plus élevée et constante dans le temps. Grâce à de nombreuses caractérisations macroscopiques et microscopiques des couches minces de poly(méthacrylate de néopentyle), un modèle pour le mécanisme de croissance de film mince de polymère est proposé. Ce régime en deux temps semble être corrélé à l'épaisseur du film mince et une épaisseur critique est identifiée. De plus, pour comprendre cette croissance, un facteur primordial est mis en évidence. En effet, la concentration en monomère sur le lieu de la polymérisation est déterminante pour la croissance et permet la réalisation des films minces maîtrisés et reproductibles, nécessaires dans le domaine des capteurs de gaz. Différents polyméthacrylates déposés en couche mince par iCVD sont testés comme couche sensible. Ces films ont permis la détection du toluène en très faible quantité (ppm) et ont l'avantage de conduire à des capteurs réversiblesMiniaturization of microelectronic devices is mandatory for cost, space and performance benefits. Easy-to-use gas sensors can then be designed and detection of low level of toxic gases can be achieved. The sensor performances are closely dependent on the sensitivity of the thin film towards the targeted gas. This study focuses on sensitive polymer thin films deposited by initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD). This innovative deposition method has the advantage to be solvent-free and does not require high reaction temperatures, which allows its use in many fields, including nanocomponent fabrication. The iCVD process parameters are investigated and their influence on the thin film properties discussed. The study of the growth mechanism reveals an unexpected two-regime growth of the deposited films. The first regime, in the early stage of the deposition process, is characterized by a relatively slow growth. In the second regime, the growth rate slightly increases and the film thickness increases linearly with the deposition time. Based on microscopic and macroscopic data gained on poly(neopentyl methacrylate) thin films, a model for the growth mechanism of the polymer thin film is proposed. The change of regime appears to be correlated to the thin film thick-ness. This study shows the presence of a critical thickness. Moreover, the monomer concentration building up where the polymerization takes place is the most significant parameter to understand the film growth. It is also the key parameter to enable the deposition of reproducible and thickness controlled films, which is required for gas sensor applications. Finally, polymethacrylate films, obtained by iCVD, are tested as sensitive layers and low toluene gas concentration (ppm) can be detected, while the gas sensors are reversible
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Cervera, Chiner Lourdes. "Aplicación y validación de la tecnología de inmunosensores piezoeléctricos de alta frecuencia (HFF-QCM) para la detección de pesticidas y antibióticos en miel". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/152488.
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[ES] Esta tesis doctoral se enmarca en uno de los retos demandados por la sociedad relativo a la seguridad y calidad alimentaria, establecido en los actuales planes estatales y europeos de investigación científica, técnica y de innovación. En particular, la investigación realizada en esta tesis doctoral, contribuye a la validación de una técnica de análisis novedosa para la detección de pesticidas y antibióticos de interés en la miel. Esta técnica está basada en el uso combinado de la tecnología de sensores acústicos de alta resolución (High Fundamental Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalance - HFF-QCM) funcionalizados con anticuerpos monoclonales, como elemento de reconocimiento biológico, para la detección de dos pesticidas (carbaril y DDT) y un antibiótico (sulfatiazol), en la matriz alimentaria miel. La metodología desarrollada se presenta como una técnica de análisis, alternativa y/o complementaria a las ya existentes, que resuelve algunos inconvenientes de las mismas; con la ventaja de requerir bajo consumo de muestra, ser fiable, simple, de bajo coste y de fácil manejo, por lo que no necesita de personal altamente cualificado. Además, es una técnica rápida que proporciona los resultados en pocos minutos, y está basada en instrumentación portátil, lo que facilita su implantación en la línea de trabajo.
Los límites de detección alcanzados en miel por los inmunosensores HFF-QCM para carbaril, DDT y sulfatiazol fueron: 7, 24 y 0.10 µg/kg, respectivamente. Por su parte, los límites de cuantificación para los mismos analitos fueron: 17, 52 y 2 µg/kg, respectivamente. Los valores obtenidos con esta nueva tecnología son del mismo orden de magnitud que las técnicas de referencia actuales (cromatografía, SPR y ELISA), y confirman que cumple con los LMRs establecidos en el marco normativo actual.
Respecto a la validación de esta nueva tecnología, el inmunosensor HFF-QCM desarrollado para la detección de sulfatiazol cumplió los requisitos de precisión y exactitud establecidos por la guía SANCO 12571/2013 para concentraciones de sulfatiazol en miel iguales o superiores a 10 ¿g/kg. Los inmunosensores HFF-QCM desarrollados para la detección de carbaril y DDT se aproximaron a los criterios de validación recomendados por la guía SANCO 12571/2013.
Los resultados obtenidos con la técnica propuesta para el análisis de mieles reales han sido corroborados mediante cromatografía. En este sentido, ninguna de las muestras de miel reales analizadas mediante cromatografía y HFF-QCM reveló la presencia de pesticidas o de antibióticos en la miel, lo que confirma la fiabilidad de la técnica para la detección de estos contaminantes.
Los hallazgos obtenidos en esta tesis son prometedores y establecen un punto de partida para futuros desarrollos encaminados a lograr la detección simultánea de varios analitos en un único análisis y muestra. Esto podría lograrse con un array de sensores HFF-QCM.
En definitiva, la investigación realizada pone de manifiesto que los inmunosensores basados en la tecnología HFF-QCM son una alternativa seria a las técnicas actuales, para la cuantificación in situ de pesticidas y antibióticos en la industria de envasado de la miel.[CA] Aquesta tesi doctoral s'emmarca en un dels reptes demandats per la societat relatiu a la seguretat i qualitat alimentària, establit en els actuals plans estatals i europeus d'investigació científica, tècnica i d'innovació. En particular, la investigació realitzada en aquesta tesi doctoral, contribuïx a la validació d'una tècnica d'anàlisi nova per a la detecció de pesticides i antibiòtics d'interés en la mel. Esta tècnica està basada en l'ús combinat de la tecnologia de sensors acústics d'alta resolució (High Fudamental Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalance - HFF-QCM) functionalitzats amb anticossos monoclonals, com a element de reconeixement biològic, per a la detecció de dos pesticides (carbaril i DDT) i un antibiòtic (sulfatiazol), en la matriu alimentària mel. La metodologia desenvolupada es presenta com una tècnica d'anàlisi, alternativa y/o complementària a les ja existents, que resol alguns inconvenients de les mateixes; amb l'avantatge de requerir baix consum de mostra, ser fiable, simple, de baix cost i de fàcil maneig, per la qual cosa no necessita de personal altament qualificat. A més, és una tècnica ràpida que proporciona els resultats en pocs minuts, i està basada en instrumentació portàtil, la qual cosa facilita la seua implantació en la línia de treball Els límits de detecció aconseguits en mel pels inmunosensors HFF-QCM per a carbaril, DDT i sulfatiazol van ser: 7, 24 i 0.10 µg/kg, respectivament. Per la seua banda, els límits de quantificació per als mateixos analits van ser: 17, 52 i 2 µg/kg, respectivament. Els valors obtinguts amb aquesta nova tecnologia són del mateix orde de magnitud que les tècniques de referència actuals (cromatografia, SPR i ELISA), i confirmen que complix amb els LMRs establits en el marc normatiu actual. Respecte a la validació d'esta nova tecnologia, l'inmunosensor HFF-QCM desenvolupat per a la detecció de sulfatiazol va complir els requisits de precisió i exactitud establits per la guia SANCO 12571/2013 per a concentracions de sulfatiazol en mel iguals o superiors a 10 µg/kg. Els inmunosensors HFF-QCM desenvolupats per a la detecció de carbaril i DDT es van aproximar als criteris de validació recomanats per la guia SANCO 12571/2013. Els resultats obtinguts amb la tècnica proposta per a l'anàlisi de mels reals han sigut corroborats per mitjà de cromatografia. En aquest sentit, cap de les mostres de mel reals analitzades per mitjà de cromatografia i HFF-QCM va revelar la presència de pesticides o d'antibiòtics en la mel, la qual cosa confirma la fiabilitat de la tècnica per a la detecció d'estos contaminants. Les troballes obtinguts en aquesta tesi són prometedors i estableixen un punt de partida per a futurs desenvolupaments encaminats a aconseguir la detecció simultània de diversos analits en un únic anàlisi i mostra. Açò podria aconseguir-se amb una matriu de sensors HFF-QCM. En definitiva, la investigació realitzada posa de manifest que els inmunosensors basats en la tecnologia HFF-QCM són una alternativa seriosa a les tècniques actuals, per a la quantificació in situ de pesticides i antibiòtics en la indústria d'envasament de la mel.
[EN] This thesis is part of one of the challenges demanded by society regarding food safety and quality, established in the current state and European plans for scientific, technical and innovation research. In particular, the research carried out in this doctoral thesis contributes to the validation of a novel analysis technique for the detection of pesticides and antibiotics of interest in honey. This technique is based on the combined use of high resolution acoustic sensor technology (High Fundamental Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalance - HFF-QCM) functionalized with monoclonal antibodies, as a biological recognition element, for the detection of two pesticides (carbaryl and DDT ) and an antibiotic (sulfathiazole), in the honey food matrix. The developed methodology is presented as an analysis technique, alternative and / or complementary to those that already exist, which solves some of their drawbacks; with the advantage of requiring low sample consumption, being reliable, simple, low cost and easy to use, so it does not require highly qualified personnel. In addition, it is a fast technique that provides results in a few minutes, and is based on portable instrumentation, which facilitates its implementation in the industry. The detection limits reached in honey by the HFF-QCM immunosensors for carbaryl, DDT and sulfatiazole were: 7, 24 and 0.10 µg / kg, respectively. On the other hand, the quantification limits for the same analytes were: 17, 52 and 2 µg / kg, respectively. The values obtained with this new technology are of the same order of magnitude as the current reference techniques (chromatography, SPR and ELISA), and confirm that it meets the MRLs established in the current regulatory framework. Regarding the validation of this new technology, the HFF-QCM immunosensor developed for the detection of sulfathiazole meet the precision and accuracy requirements established by the SANCO 12571/2013 guideline for concentrations of sulfathiazole in honey equal to or greater than 10 ¿g / kg. The HFF-QCM immunosensors developed for the detection of carbaryl and DDT approached the validation criteria recommended by the SANCO guide 12571/2013. The results obtained with the proposed technique for the analysis of real honeys have been verified by chromatography. In this sense, none of the real honey samples analyzed by chromatography and HFF-QCM revealed the presence of pesticides or antibiotics in honey, confirming the reliability of this technique for the detection of these contaminants. The findings obtained in this thesis are promising and establish a starting point for future developments aimed at achieving the simultaneous detection of several analytes in a single analysis and sample. This could be accomplished with an array of HFF-QCM sensors. Ultimately, the research carried out shows that immunosensors based on HFF-QCM technology are a serious alternative to current techniques for in situ quantification of pesticides and antibiotics in honey packaging industry.
Así mismo quiero agradecer a la Generalitat Valenciana y al Fondo Social Europeo por haberme proporcionado la financiación económica mediante el contrato “Ayudas para la contratación de personal investigador en formación de carácter predoctoral” (ACIF/2016/132), ya que sin este contrato la realización de esta tesis no habría sido posible. Además, quiero agradecer de nuevo a la Generalitat Valenciana y al Fondo Social Europeo por el apoyo financiero para llevar a cabo una estancia predoctoral en el Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos de la Universidad de León (ICTAL), España (BEFPI/2018/021). Y no menos importante es el agradecimiento al Ministerio Español de Economía y Competitividad, que mediante Fondos FEDER ha financiado esta investigación a través del proyecto titulado: “Diseño de una plataforma basada en matrices de sensores de cuarzo de alta resolución para HTS (High-Throughput Screening) de residuos en mieles” (PQHTS-HONEY, AGL 2013-48646-R).
Cervera Chiner, L. (2020). Aplicación y validación de la tecnología de inmunosensores piezoeléctricos de alta frecuencia (HFF-QCM) para la detección de pesticidas y antibióticos en miel [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/152488
TESIS
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Peipmann, Ralf. "In situ Charakterisierung der viskoelastischen und elektrochemischen Eigenschaften von Poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophen)". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-84236.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophen) (PEDOT) ist ein Kunststoff der zur Gruppe der intrinsisch leitfähigen Polymere (ILP) zählt. Aufgrund seiner chemischen und thermischen Stabilität findet er Verwendung in antistatischen Verkleidungen und als Elektrodenmaterial. PEDOT (und andere ILP) zeigen aufgrund ihrer Schaltbarkeit zwischen (reduzierten, ) neutralen und oxidierten Zuständen unterschiedliche Eigenschaften wie Leitfähigkeit, Farbe oder Viskoelastizität.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die elektrochemischen und viskoelastischen Eigenschaften von PEDOT-Filmen untersucht. Dabei wurde die Quarzmikrowaage (QCM) in Verbindung mit potentiostatischen (Potentialsprung, PS) und potentiodynamischen (Cyclovoltammetrie, CV) elektrochemischen Methoden verwendet, so dass in situ elektrochemische und mechanische Eigenschaften der Filme zugänglich waren. Zur Bestimmung der viskoelastischen Eigenschaften wurde ein Auswertealgorithmus entwickelt, welcher auf ein mathematisches Modell zur Bestimmung des Schermoduls nach Efimov zurückgreift.
Während der Herstellung wurden Parameter wie Lösungsmittel, Leitsalz, Vorpolarisations- und Abscheidungspotential variiert und die erhaltenen Filme bezüglich Schermodul und Morphologie charakterisiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Elektrolytzusammensetzung einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die viskoelastischen Eigenschaften der Filme besitzt, welche mit der Morphologie der Filme korrelieren.
Des Weiteren wurden die Änderungen der viskoelastischen Eigenschaften dieser Filme untersucht, welche während dem elektronischen Schalten zwischen neutralem und oxidiertem Zustand aufgrund des Ionenaustausches erfolgen. CV- und PS-Experimente zeigten, dass die viskoelastischen Eigenschaften durch Konzentration und pH-Wert des Elektrolyten beeinflusst werden und in unterschiedlicher Weise auf die Potentialänderungen reagieren.
Durch den Einbau von Magnetit-Partikeln in die Schichten konnten Hybridfilme erhalten werden, deren Eigenschaften durch das Anlegen eines äußeren Magnetfeldes beeinflusst werden können. Solche Filme zeigten in einem äußeren Magnetfeld (0,7T) höhere Schermodule und einen stark unterdrückten Ionenaustausch.
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Rodrigues, Raquel Oliveira. "Development and optimization of a biological protocol for DNA detection of escherichia coli O157:H7 by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D)". Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/8015.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen associated to outbreaks with high mortality. Since the traditional methods for its detection are often time-consuming, there is a need to develop new techniques that allow a rapid, simple, reliable, specific and sensitive detection. The present study aimed to develop a biological protocol for DNA detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D), to be applied as a genosensor. DNA thiol Probes and the respective DNA Target were selected from the eae gene of E. coli O157:H7. Several parameters (such as, concentration, incubation time and temperature) were studied and optimized, on the steps of DNA thiol Probes immobilization, 6-Mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) blocking agent deposition and DNA Target hybridization. Both the DNA probe and target oligonucleotides were linked to fluorochromes allowing the use of Epifluorescence microscopy, to verify the mass deposition results obtained by the QCM-D device, in the gold electrode. In this study, the best results regarding immobilization on the gold electrode at 22ºC were obtained using 1.00 μM of DNA probe and 30 minutes of incubation. MCH blocking agent was prepared with 1x TE buffer instead of Milli-Q water, and best results were achieved with 1.00 mM and 30 minutes of incubation. Co-immobilization of DNA thiol probes with MCH did not reveal a significant improvement compared with the separated steps. An increase in the quantity of target DNA detected in the gold electrode was observed when using 1.00 μM target DNA at 30ºC, however the analysis of the Epifluorescence microscope images indicate that this increase is possibly related with non-specific immobilization instead of hybridization efficiency increase. Escherichia coli O157:H7 é um microrganismo patogénico associado a surtos alimentares com elevada mortalidade. Considerando que os métodos tradicionais de deteção são demasiado morosos, torna-se necessário desenvolver novas técnicas que permitam uma rápida, simples, fiável, específica e sensível deteção. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, o desenvolvimento de um protocolo biológico para a deteção de ADN de Escherichia coli O157:H7 usando uma Microbalança de Cristal de Quartzo com factor de Dissipação (QCM-D), de forma a ser aplicado como um genossensor. As sondas tioladas de ADN e, respetivo ADN complementário, foram selecionadas a partir do gene eae de E. coli O157:H7. Foram estudados e otimizados vários parâmetros (concentração, tempo de incubação e temperatura) nos passos de imobilização de sondas tioladas de ADN, de deposição de 6-Mercapto-1-Hexanol (MCH) e hibridação de ADN complementar. Foram adicionados fluorocromos às sondas tioladas de ADN e ADN complementar, para a verificação dos resultados obtidos em massa a partir da QCM-D por microscopia de epifluorescência. Neste estudo, os melhores resultados relativamente à imobilização das sondas de ADN foram conseguidos com 1.00 μM de concentração e tempo de imobilização de 30 minutos. O agente bloqueador (MCH) foi preparado em tampão 1x TE e os melhores resultados foram alcançados com 1.00 mM e 30 minutos de incubação. A co-imobilização de sondas de ADN com MCH não mostrou melhorias significativas. Usando 1.00 μM de ADN complementar a 30ºC, observou-se um aumento da quantidade de ADN depositado no eléctrodo de ouro, contudo as imagens obtidas por microscopia de epifluorescência mostraram que este aumento pode ser devido a imobilização inespecífica e não por aumento da eficiência de hibridação.
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Hosseinpour, Saman. "Molecular studies of initial atmospheric corrosion of copper : Exploration of ultra-sensitive techniques for the inhibiting effect of self assembled monolayers, and the effect of gamma radiation". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Yt- och korrosionsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-136267.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Atmospheric corrosion indoors is of great practical importance for the degradation of metals, for example in electronics, military equipment, and cultural heritage items. It involves a wide range of chemical, electrochemical, and physical processes occurring in gas, liquid, and solid phases, and at the interfaces between them. Hence, a molecular understanding of the fundamental interactions during atmospheric corrosion is of utmost importance. Copper is one of the most used metals in electrical contacts, power generators, heat exchangers, etc. and is prone to indoor atmospheric corrosion. Although corrosion and oxidation of copper in the presence of corrosion stimulators is thermodynamically inevitable, there are ways to reduce the kinetics of corrosion and oxidation reactions. Self assembled monolayers (SAMs) of organic molecules, when adsorbed on copper surfaces, have proven to be efficient barriers against copper corrosion. However, understanding at the molecular level of the initial stages of corrosion of SAM covered copper in atmospheric corrosion conditions is lacking. The main reason is the inability of the conventional analytical methods to detect and characterize very thin corrosion products formed during the initial stages (from seconds to days) of atmospheric corrosion of SAM covered copper. To overcome this situation a highly surface sensitive technique, vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS), has been utilized in situ and ex situ in this thesis to detect and follow the oxidation of alkanethiol SAM covered copper in dry air as well as to assess the conformational changes of SAM molecules during oxidation. A very sensitive gravimetric method, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), and a highly sensitive and versatile optical technique, nanoplasmonic sensing (NPS), were combined in situ with VSFS to quantify this very slow oxidation process. This combination allowed the heterogeneity of the oxidation process as well as the mass and the rigidity of the corrosion products to be detected simultaneously. To address indoor atmospheric corrosion conditions where carboxylic acids play an important role we next studied the interaction between SAM covered copper and humidified air, to which formic acid was added. The in situ identification of the corrosion products and their formation kinetics was done using near surface sensitive infrared reflection/absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), and the effect of hydrocarbon chain length in alkanethiol SAMs on their corrosion protection efficiency was investigated. The effect of the anchoring group in the SAMs on their corrosion protection efficiency was studied for hexaneselenol using -SeH as the anchoring group, and the results were compared with its thiol counterpart, hexanethiol, with -SH as the anchoring group. Complementary in situ and ex situ VSFS measurements were performed to assess the quality of the SAMs before, during, and after exposure. It was shown that the SAMs of alkanethiols greatly inhibited the formation of copper (I) oxide and slowed down the formation of other corrosion products, i.e. copper formate and copper hydroxid. This was due to a selective hindrance of the corrosion stimulators, oxygen, water, and formic acid molecules reaching the copper-SAM interface. The corrosion inhibiting effect increased with the hydrocarbon chain length. The SAMs of hexaneselenols, on the other hand, exhibited an accelerated formation of copper (I) oxide, copper formate and copper hydroxide compared to an unprotected surface as a result of the partial removal of hexaneselenol molecules from the copper surface during prolonged exposure. The experience gained in characterizing and quantifying thin copper oxides was further used to explore the influence of gamma (γ) radiation on copper corrosion in anoxic water. This multi-analytical approach included IRAS, cathodic reduction, confocal Raman microscope, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy. The results clearly showed that copper dissolution as well as the oxide layer thickness increase with gamma radiation under the exposure conditions.Atmosfärisk korrosion under inomhusförhållanden är av stor praktisk betydelse på grund av dess inverkan på exempelvis vårt kulturarv i museimiljöer, tillförlitligheten hos elektronik i olika industriella sammanhang, eller militär utrustning förvarad i olika förråd. Den atmosfäriska korrosionen styrs av ett brett spektrum av kemiska, elektrokemiska och fysikaliska processer som äger rum i tre faser: atmosfären, den tunna fuktfilmen på objektytan och den fasta fasen, samt i de bägge fasgränserna mellan de tre faserna. För att kunna hitta motmedel mot korrosionen är det av yttersta vikt att öka den molekylära förståelsen för dessa processer. Koppar är en mycket använd metall i elektriska eller elektroniska komponenter, i värmeväxlare eller VVS-sammanhang, som beslag och i en rad olika dekorer. Metallen korroderar eller oxiderar spontant i många korrosiva miljöer, men det finns ett brett spektrum av metoder för att minska korrosions- eller oxidationshastigheten. Monoskikt av tätpackade självassocierande organiska molekyler (engelska: self assembled monolayers, förkortat SAM) adsorberade på kopparytan har visat sig vara effektiva barriärer för kopparkorrosion. Den molekylära insikten i dessa monoskikts funktionssätt för att minska den atmosfäriska korrosionen är dock ännu rätt så begränsad. Den främsta orsaken är oförmågan hos mer etablerade analytiska metoder att kunna karakterisera de ytterst små mängder av korrosionsprodukter som bildas under den atmosfäriska korrosionens inledande skeenden upp till några dagars exponering. Den extremt ytkänsliga och i korrosionssammanhang fortfarande relativt oprövade analysmetoden summafrekvensspektroskopi (engelska: vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy, förkortat VSFS) har därför använts för att under pågående exponering följa det mycket långsamma oxidationsförlopp som uppstår när koppar, skyddat av något organiskt monoskikt, exponeras för torr luft. VSFS har även kunnat användas för att under pågående oxidation följa strukturella förändringar hos monoskiktet. För att kvantifiera en så långsam oxidationsprocess har även en annan extremt masskänslig metod kunnat kombineras med VSFS, en kvartskristallmikrovåg med s.k. dissipationsövervakning, förkortat QCM-D. Ytterligare en i korrosionssammanhang oprövad men lika masskänslig teknik har kunnat kombineras med VSFS. Den metoden besitter än så länge bara ett engelskt namn, nanoplasmonic sensing (NPS). Kombinationen VSFS–QCM-D–NPS har utnyttjats i en serie unika försök, där inte bara de ytterst långsamma oxidationshastigheterna kunnat mätas upp, utan även andra viktiga faktorer såsom graden av heterogenitet i den bakomliggande oxidationsprocessen. För att närma sig en miljö som kan efterlikna korrosiva inomhusförhållanden har atmosfären i nästa steg befuktats och dessutom har låga halter av myrsyra tillsats. Just tillsatsen av karboxylsyror har visat sig generera korrosionsprodukter med en sammansättning som på koppar och vissa andra metaller efterliknar de som bildas under atmosfärisk korrosion inomhus. Identifiering av korrosionsprodukter och deras tillväxthastighet på koppar, skyddat av olika långa tätpackade kolkedjor med en tiolgrupp i ena ändan som binder till kopparsubstratet, har kunnat ske med infraröd reflektions-absorptionsspektroskopi (IRAS) under in situ-förhållanden. Ju längre kolvätekedjor desto större korrosionsinhibieringsförmåga kunde påvisas. När den på koppar förankrade tiolgruppen ersattes med en selenolgrupp blev korrosionsinhibieringsförmågan sämre. Kompletterande mätningar in situ och ex situ utfördes med hjälp av VSFS för att undersöka kvaliteten på de tätpackade kolvätekedjorna, varvid kunde påvisas att graden av tätpackning hos kolkedjorna försämrades med ökad exponeringstid. Förutom den allmänna nedbromsningen av korrosionshastigheten på koppar blev sammansättningen av bildade korrosionsprodukter på oskyddat koppar en annan än på koppar skyddat av tioler. I det förra fallet detekterades korrosionsprodukterna koppar(I)oxid, koppar(II)format och koppar(II)hydroxid, under det att ingen koppar(I)oxid påvisades på skyddat koppar, endast små mängder koppar(II)format och koppar(II)hydroxid kunde detekteras. De adsorberade kolkedjorna tycks hindra de korrosionsstimulerande molekylerna vatten, myrsyra och syrgas från att nå kopparytan lika effektivt. När de tiolförankrade kolvätekedjorna ersattes med selenolförankrade kolvätekedjor desorberades en del kolvätekedjor från kopparsubstratet vid längre exponeringstider. Resultatet blev att mängden korrosionsprodukter nu blev signifikant större än på oskyddat koppar, sannolikt på grund av galvanisk korrosion. Erfarenheterna från detta doktorsarbete vad gäller kvantifiering av små mängder kopparoxider har även utnyttjats för att undersöka inverkan av g-strålning på kopparkorrosion i rent vatten. Härvid användes ett multianalytiskt angreppssätt bestående av IRAS, katodisk reduktion, konfokal Ramanmikroskopi, atomkraftsmikroskopi, svepelektronmikroskopi, fotoelektronspektroskopi, samt analys av utlöst mängd koppar i vattenlösningen med induktivt kopplad plasmaatomemissionsspektroskopi. Resultaten visar tydligt att utlösningen av koppar, liksom det bildade oxidskiktets tjocklek, ökar med g-strålningen under rådande exponeringsförhållanden.
QC 20131206