Artigos de revistas: "Refuse-derived fuel fly ash"

1

Adefeso, Ismail Babatunde, Daniel Ikhu-Omoregbe e Yusuf M. Isa. "Preliminary Assessment of Heavy Metals in Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) for Thermochemical Conversion". Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, n.º 2 (1 de maio de 2021): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.297.

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Thermochemical conversion of raw municipal solid waste (MSW) is continuously growing in the context of contemporary technology. The quality of MSW needs an improved analysis to enhance the choice of energy exploitation and environmental assessment of fly and bottom ashes associated with thermochemical conversion. MSW was collected from solid waste disposal facilities (SWDF) in Cape Town in order to investigate heavy metal distributions in MSW obtained from SWDF. The MSW was pre-treated to improve its quality. The 7700 Series quadrupole ICP-MS solution method was used to determine the concentrations and distributions of some heavy metals from SWDF in Cape Town. This study assessed and quantified the distributions of heavy metal in MSW in the city of Cape Town. The accumulation of high concentrations of heavy metals in bottom ash residue from thermochemical conversion could be a good remedy for heavy metals control. High transfer coefficients of heavy metals were observed, and the heavy metals were mainly transferred to the bottom ash. Heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in bottom ash are regarded as relatively unstable with the highest concentrations of Cu and Zn 1295 mg/Kg and 3347 mg/Kg, respectively. The heavy metals (especially Pb, Zn and Hg) emissions were technically monitored and controlled from escaping into the urban air-sheds atmosphere and prevented from their consequential secondary environmental and health implications.

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Ściubidło, A., I. Majchrzak-Kucęba e M. Niedzielska. "Comparison of fly ash from co-combustion of coal/solid recovered fuel (SRF) and coal/refuse derived fuel (RDF)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1398 (novembro de 2019): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1398/1/012015.

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Kwon, Seung-Jun, Yong-Sik Yoon, Sang-Min Park e Hyeok-Jung Kim. "Evaluation of Durability Performance of Fly Ash Blended Concrete due to Fly Ash Replacement with Tire Derived Fuel Ash". Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 28, n.º 6 (30 de dezembro de 2016): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4334/jkci.2016.28.6.647.

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Sinkkonen, Seija, Raili Mäkelä, Raili Vesterinen e Mirja Lahtiperä. "Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzothiophenes in fly ash samples from combustion of peat, wood chips, refuse derived fuel and liquid packaging boards". Chemosphere 31, n.º 2 (julho de 1995): 2629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(95)94372-u.

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Mlonka-Mędrala, Agata, Tadeusz Dziok, Aneta Magdziarz e Wojciech Nowak. "Composition and properties of fly ash collected from a multifuel fluidized bed boiler co-firing refuse derived fuel (RDF) and hard coal". Energy 234 (novembro de 2021): 121229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121229.

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Parzentny, Henryk R., e Leokadia Róg. "Distribution of Some Ecotoxic Elements in Fuel and Solid Combustion Residues in Poland". Energies 13, n.º 5 (3 de março de 2020): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051131.

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The purpose of this paper is to assess the content and distribution of some elements in coal from two bituminous coal basins and in fly ash and slag derived from combustion of the coals in six power plants in Poland. The petrographic composition and distribution of elements were characterized in the tested samples, using reflected light microscope, X-ray powder diffractometer, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray. The highest content of elements in coal occurs in siderite. In Al-Si particles, as well as in magnetite with skeletal and dendritic structure crystallized on the surface of Al-Si microspheres or cenospheres included in fly ash size < 0.05 mm and in the magnetic fraction of slag, the highest content of elements was noted. Due to the content of elements, fly ash and slag were considered to be neutral for the soil environment. Correlations, which have not been described before, have been observed between the likely mode of binding of some elements in coal and their distribution in fly ash and slag. These correlations could be of particular value when predicting the content and distribution of elements in combustion residues and in the assessment of their environmental toxicity.

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Arenillas, A., K. M. Smith, T. C. Drage e C. E. Snape. "CO2 capture using some fly ash-derived carbon materials". Fuel 84, n.º 17 (dezembro de 2005): 2204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.04.003.

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Luo, Biwei, Pengfei Li, Yan Li, Jun Ji, Dongsheng He, Qifeng Tian e Yichang Chen. "Feasibility of fly ash as fluxing agent in mid- and low-grade phosphate rock carbothermal reduction and its reaction kinetics". Green Processing and Synthesis 10, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2021): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2021-0008.

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Abstract The feasibility of industrial waste fly ash as an alternative fluxing agent for silica in carbothermal reduction of medium-low-grade phosphate ore was studied in this paper. With a series of single-factor experiments, the reduction rate of phosphate rock under different reaction temperature, reaction time, particle size, carbon excess coefficient, and silicon–calcium molar ratio was investigated with silica and fly ash as fluxing agents. Higher reduction rates were obtained with fly ash fluxing instead of silica. The optimal conditions were derived as: reaction temperature 1,300°C, reaction time 75 min, particle size 48–75 µm, carbon excess coefficient 1.2, and silicon–calcium molar ratio 1.2. The optimized process condition was verified with other two different phosphate rocks and it was proved universally. The apparent kinetics analyses demonstrated that the activation energy of fly ash fluxing is reduced by 31.57 kJ/mol as compared with that of silica. The mechanism of better fluxing effect by fly ash may be ascribed to the fact that the products formed within fly ash increase the amount of liquid phase in the reaction system and promote reduction reaction. Preliminary feasibility about the recycling of industrial waste fly ash in thermal phosphoric acid industry was elucidated in the paper.

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Gao, Pingqiang, Yan Zhang e Lin Zhao. "Synthetic zeolites derived from fly ash as effective mineral sorbents for diesel fuel spill remediation". Clays and Clay Minerals 64, n.º 5 (1 de outubro de 2016): 552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.2016.064035.

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Czuma, Natalia, Katarzyna Zarębska, Monika Motak, Maria Elena Gálvez e Patrick Da Costa. "Ni/zeolite X derived from fly ash as catalysts for CO2 methanation". Fuel 267 (maio de 2020): 117139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117139.

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Hower, James C., e J. David Robertson. "Chemistry and petrology of fly ash derived from the co-combustion of western United States coal and tire-derived fuel". Fuel Processing Technology 85, n.º 5 (abril de 2004): 359–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2003.05.003.

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Kim, Dongju, Dong-kyoo Park, Yong-taek Lim, Soo-nam Park, Yeong-Su Park e Kyunghyun Kim. "Combustion Melting Characterisation of Solid Fuel Obtained from Sewage Sludge". Energies 14, n.º 4 (3 de fevereiro de 2021): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040805.

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Solid fuelization technology can increase the heating value of sewage sludge such that it can be utilised as a fossil fuel substitutes. Reducing landfilling of bottom and fly ash resulting from heavy metals contained in sewage sludge is challenging. Hence, combustion melting technology (CMT), which can discharge bottom ash in the form of slag, has been proposed herein as an alternative to the conventional incineration technology. However, further research is required to improve the flowability of slag. Applicability of CMT for the stable treatment of heavy metals in the ash generated during the energisation of sewage sludge solid fuel has been reviewed. The change in the degree of fluidity was identified via a laboratory-scale fluidity measurement experiment following changes in melting temperature, mixing ratio of sewage sludge and sawdust, and basicity. The pouring index (PI) of sewage sludge solid fuel (pellet) was maintained at a level of about 60% at a basicity index of 0.8. Based on the results, the slagging rates and volume reduction rates, exhaust gas analysis, and heavy metal elution characteristics under oxygen enrichment were derived from a 2 ton/day combustion melting pilot plant experiment; thereafter, the feasibility of combustion melting of sewage sludge solid fuel was determined.

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Shah, Bhavna, Ritesh Tailor e Ajay Shah. "Sorptive sequestration of 2-chlorophenol by zeolitic materials derived from bagasse fly ash". Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 86, n.º 10 (12 de maio de 2011): 1265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2646.

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Narayanan, K. S., e R. B. Anand. "Experimental Investigation on Optimisation of Parameters of Thermo-Catalytic Cracking Process for H.D.P.E. & P.P. Mixed Plastic Waste with Synthesized Alumina-Silica Catalysts". Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (julho de 2014): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.307.

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The evolution of mankind from Paleolithic Era to the current big Era Nine has also found versatile applications of various plastic polymers owing to some desirable properties like mechanical strength, poor electrical and thermal conductivities and as a result, subsequent generation of its wastes are thriving up. Basically plastic polymers are synthetic organic matter containing hydrocarbons having high potency for thermal decomposition for producing alternate fuel. Thermo-Catalytic reaction process of high-density polyethylene (H.D.P.E.) & polypropylene (P.P.) mixed waste is investigated by using fly ash-derived silica–alumina catalysts and bentonite clay powder. The aim of the work is to find the optimum parameters of the process with locally processed catalysts in terms of their degradation temperature and yield. The thermal degradation of H.D.P.E. & P.P. mixed waste in the presence of catalysts is done with pyrolytic environment in a pilot scale stainless steel reactor with the continuous rated supply of nitrogen and L.P.G. heating. The process parameters are measured with thermocouples, flow control devices. Fly ash and bentonite are synthesised in a lab scale and used as catalysts. A series of pyrolytic experiments are conducted with the synthesised catalysts and commercial catalyst Zeolite-Y Hydrogen to demonstrate the optimum operating parameters on yield of mixed waste H.D.P.E. & P.P. derived hydrocarbon oil.

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15

Choi, Min Ju, Yong Joo Kim, Hyeok Jung Kim e Jae Jun Lee. "Performance evaluation of the use of tire-derived fuel fly ash as mineral filler in hot mix asphalt concrete". Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 7, n.º 2 (abril de 2020): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2019.05.004.

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Hower, James C., John G. Groppo, Heileen Hsu-Kim e Ross K. Taggart. "Distribution of rare earth elements in fly ash derived from the combustion of Illinois Basin coals". Fuel 289 (abril de 2021): 119990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119990.

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Qin, Linbo, Jia Song, Yangshuo Liang, Bo Zhao, Geng Chen e Jun Han. "Preparation of Fe and Ca Enriched Sorbents Derived from Coal Fly Ash for Arsenic Capture from Flue Gas". Energy & Fuels 35, n.º 14 (6 de julho de 2021): 11203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00874.

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Liu, Xiuru, Yiqing Sun, Fangming Xue, Jingcheng Su, jiangjiang Qu e Feng Chen. "Research Progress on Control and Removal Technology of SO3 of Coal-fired Power Plants". E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911801036.

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SO3 is one of pollutants in flue gas of coal power plants. It mainly derived from coal combustion in boiler and selective catalytic reduction denitrification system. The content of SO3 in flue gas were influenced by the combustion mode, sulfur content in fuel, composition of denitrification catalyst and fly ash. SO3 and water vapour generated H2SO4 droplets. Sulfate secondary particles in atmosphere could cause haze, acid rain and other disastrous weather. High concentration of SO3 could cause blockage and corrosion and affect the safe operation of the units. The generation mechanism of SO3 was discussed. The latest research progress on control and removal technology of SO3 was summarized. The study in this paper provides a reference for pollutant treatment in coal-fired power plants.

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19

Algoufi, Y. T., e B. H. Hameed. "Synthesis of glycerol carbonate by transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate over K-zeolite derived from coal fly ash". Fuel Processing Technology 126 (outubro de 2014): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.04.004.

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Sefidari, Hamid, Bo Lindblom, Lars-Olof Nordin e Henrik Wiinikka. "The Feasibility of Replacing Coal with Biomass in Iron-Ore Pelletizing Plants with Respect to Melt-Induced Slagging". Energies 13, n.º 20 (16 de outubro de 2020): 5386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205386.

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Combustion-generated fly ash particles in combination with the particles arising from the disintegration of iron-ore pellets, could give rise to the build-up of deposits on the refractory linings of the induration facility. Due to climate change and other environmental issues, there is a desire to cut down on use of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the feasibility of replacing coal with less carbon-intensive alternatives such as upgraded biomass, e.g., biochar and pyrolysis bio-oil. While the combustion of biomass can be carbon-neutral, the effects of biomass ash upon slagging during the iron-ore pelletizing process in a grate-kiln setup is unknown. In the present study, the effect of the interaction between the pellet dust and biomass-ash upon melt formation and the viscosity of the resulting melt, which can collectively affect melt-induced slagging, was theoretically assessed. The slagging potential of 15 different biomass fuels, suitable for the pelletizing process, was quantified and compared with one another and a reference high-rank coal using a thermodynamically derived slagging index. The replacement of coal with biomass in the pelletizing process is a cumbersome and challenging task which requires extensive and costly field measurements. Therefore, given the wide-ranging nature of the biomasses investigated in this study, a prescreening theoretical approach, such as the one employed in the present work, could narrow down the list, facilitate the choice of fuel/s, and help reduce the costs of the subsequent experimental investigations.

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Hower, James C., John G. Groppo, Heileen Hsu-Kim e Ross K. Taggart. "Signatures of rare earth element distributions in fly ash derived from the combustion of Central Appalachian, Illinois, and Powder River basin coals". Fuel 301 (outubro de 2021): 121048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121048.

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Hwa, Tay Joo. "Leachate of fly ash derived from refuse incineration". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 19, n.º 1-3 (1991): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00401308.

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Izidoro, Juliana De Carvalho, Caio Miranda, Davi Castanho, Carlos Rossati, Felipe Campello, Sabine Guilhen, Denise Fungaro e Shaobin Wang. "Physical and chemical characteristics of feed coal and its by-products from a Brazilian thermoelectric power plant". Journal of Applied Materials and Technology 1, n.º 1 (14 de julho de 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jamt.1.1.1-14.

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In this study, feed coal (FC) from the Figueira Thermoelectric Power Plant (FTPP), located in the state of Paraná (PR), Brazil was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution analysis by laser diffraction, loss of ignition (LOI), total carbon content (TC), pH and conductivity. FC-derived by-products (CCBs) collected at the FTPP were: bottom ash (BA), fly ash from cyclone filter (CA) and fly ash from bag filter (FA). In addition to the techniques used for feed coal characterization, CCBs were also characterized by total surface area (by using BET method), external surface area (by using laser diffraction), cation exchange capacity (CEC), bulk density, besides leaching and solubilization tests. FC sample contains 72.2% of volatile material, of which 55.3% is total carbon content. LOI, FTIR, TGA and TC analyzes corroborated with these results. The main crystalline phases in the FC sample were found to be quartz, kaolinite and pyrite. The elements As, Cr, Ni and Pb were encountered in the FC sample, indicating that the use of FTPP feed coal should be monitored due to the toxic potential of these elements. The three coal ashes were classified as class F according to ASTM and presented similar chemical composition, with total content of the main oxides (SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3) above 72%. Ashes enrichment factor analysis (EF) showed that As, Zn and Pb concentrate mainly in fly ash from bag filter (FA), whereas the elements K and Mg presented higher enrichment in the bottom ash (BA) . All ashes presented quartz, mullite and magnetite as crystalline phases, as well as the same functional groups, related to the presence of humidity, organic matter and Si and Al compounds. XRD, XRF, TGA, FTIR, LOI and TC techniques were correlated and confirmed the obtained results. Total and external surface area values of CCBs were related to the total carbon content (TC), as well as to the results of particle size distribution and the scanning electron micrographs of the samples. On the other hand the CEC of the ashes showed relation with the particle size distribution and with the external surface area. Leaching and solubilization tests of CCBs showed that FA sample was considered hazardous and classified as class I waste, while CA and BA samples were considered non-hazardous and non-inert wastes and classified as class II-A. FA sample from Figueira power plant must be discarded only after treatment or a stringent disposal criterion must be followed to avoid contamination on site. In this work, feed coal sample was also compared to the CCBs samples generated from it. The results showed the differences between fuel and products through the different characterization techniques. In addition to contributing to the understanding of the relationship between coal and its combustion products, this work can also help to reduce the environmental impacts caused by the CCBs disposal, as well as can also be used to compare the characteristics of CCBs from FTPP with the new wastes that will be generated by the same thermal power plant that will be soon modernized.

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Xie, J. J., e P. M. Walsh. "Erosion-Oxidation of Carbon Steel in the Convection Section of an Industrial Boiler Cofiring Coal–Water Fuel and Natural Gas". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 1997): 717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817048.

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Walsh et al. (1994) reported measurements of erosion of carbon steel by fly ash and unburned char particles in the convective heat transfer section of an industrial boiler cofiring coal–water fuel and natural gas. Erosion was enhanced by directing a small jet of nitrogen, air, or oxygen toward the surface of a test coupon mounted on an air-cooled tube. Ash and char particles that entered the jet from the surrounding flue gas were accelerated toward the surface of the specimen. Samples were exposed for 2 hours with metal temperature at 450, 550, and 650 K (350, 530, and 710°F). Changes in shape of the surface were measured using a surface profiler. Time-averaged maximum erosion rates were obtained from the differences between the original surface height and the lowest points in the profiles. Erosion was slowest at the lowest metal temperature, regardless of the jet gas composition. When the oxygen partial pressure at the sample surface was very small, under the nitrogen jet, erosion increased with increasing temperature over the range of temperatures investigated. At the intermediate oxygen level, in the air jet, erosion was most rapid at the intermediate temperature. In the presence of the pure oxygen jet erosion was slow at all three temperatures. A model was developed by Xie (1995) to describe wastage of tube material in the presence of the erosion by particle impacts and oxidation of the metal. The observed changes in erosion rate with temperature and oxygen concentration were consistent with a mechanism based upon the following assumptions: (1) Metal was eroded as a ductile material, at a rate that increased with increasing temperature. (2) Oxide was eroded as a brittle material, at a rate independent of temperature. (3) The oxide scale was strongly attached to the metal. (4) The erosion resistance of metal and scale was a linear combination of the resistances of the individual components. (5) Oxide formed according to the parabolic rate law, with a rate coefficient proportional to the square root of the oxygen partial pressure. (6) Erosion resistance from particles sticking to, or embedded in, the surface was negligible. Using the model and rate coefficients for metal and oxide erosion derived from the measurements, estimates were made of the erosion rate of a boiler tube as functions of impaction angle and gas velocity. Under the conditions of metal temperature, gas composition, particle size, particle concentration, and particle composition investigated, erosion of carbon steel is expected to be slower than 0.05 μm/h when the gas velocity in the convection section is less than approximately 8 m/s.

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Ayas, Gizem, e Hakan Öztop. "Thermal analysis of different Refuse Derived Fuels (RDFs) samples". Thermal Science, n.º 00 (2021): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201010249a.

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As a result of the activities carried out by people to maintain their daily lives in different places such as homes, hospitals, hotels or workplaces, waste consisting of furniture, paint, batteries, food waste, sachets, bottles, fabrics, and fibers with the heterogeneous structure is called Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Secondary fuels with higher heating value, which are generated by recycling of non-recyclable and reusable wastes in municipal solid wastes, are called as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). In this study, Refuse Derived Fuel1 (RDF1 : taken in December, winter season) and Refuse Derived Fuel2 (RDF2 : taken in June, summer season) samples obtained from different dates were used. The ultimate, proximate, calorific value, X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were performed for these samples. Combustion characterization from Refuse Derived Fuel samples was investigated in the applied analyzes. The results of the content analysis made were examined separately and compared with the Thermogravimetric analysis and Differential Thermal Analysis combustion graph curves. It was revealed that the Refuse Derived Fuel1 sample had a better combustion compared to the Refuse Derived Fuel2 sample, as the ash amount and content obtained as a result of the combustion also supported other data. In addition, the results of the analysis show how different the Refuse Derived Fuel samples taken from the same region in two different months are different from each other.

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Koukouzas, N., J. Hämäläinen, D. Papanikolaou, A. Tourunen e T. Jäntti. "MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CFB FLY ASH DERIVED FROM CO-COMBUSTION OF XYLITE AND BIOMASS". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, n.º 2 (1 de janeiro de 2007): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16733.

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The chemical and mineralogical composition of fly ash samples collected from different parts of two Circulating Fluidised Bed (CFB) facilities has been investigated. The fuels used, were Greek xylite/suhbituminous coal (from the Fiorina basin), Polish coal (from the Catowice region - Poland) and wood chips (Swedish conifer). The characterisation of the fly ash samples included chemical analyses, particle size distribution and X-ray diffraction. According to the chemical analyses the produced fly ashes are rich in CaO. Moreover, S1O2 is the dominant oxide in fly ash with Al203 and Fe2Oi found in considerable quantities. Finally, results obtained by XRD showed that the major mineral phase of fly ash is quartz, while other mineral phases that are occurred are maghemite, hematite, periclase, rutile, gehlenite and anhydrite, while the aforementioned mineral phases were identified by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

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Norton, Glenn A., Kenneth L. Malaby e Edward L. DeKalb. "Chemical characterization of ash produced during combustion of refuse-derived fuel with coal". Environmental Science & Technology 22, n.º 11 (novembro de 1988): 1279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00176a005.

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Ferrer, Eduardo, Martti Aho, Jaani Silvennoinen e Riku-Ville Nurminen. "Fluidized bed combustion of refuse-derived fuel in presence of protective coal ash". Fuel Processing Technology 87, n.º 1 (dezembro de 2005): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2005.04.004.

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Chen, Kuo Wei. "Manufacture of RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) by Carbon Ash from the Waste Tire Pyrolysis Resource Chemical Plant". Advanced Materials Research 852 (janeiro de 2014): 764–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.852.764.

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This study was to investigate the properties of the RDF produced from carbon ash of waste tire. Waste tire block was disposed of the pyrolysis in resource chemical plant to arise the carbon ash. After block technique, the RDF was made by a press at temperature and stress. In general, the set compression strength and heat value of the RDF ameliorate with the extrusion molding density for significant impact. The set ash, volatile content, Combustible content and heat value of the RDF ameliorate with the extrusion and drying temperature for significant impact. The set compression strength and volatile content and heat value of the RDF ameliorate with the adhesion QG15. In the economic and techniques conditions, the results of this study in accordance with appropriate operating conditions of the production and commercialization of marketing orientation.

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Âriņa, Dace, Rūta Bendere, Gintaras Denafas, Jānis Kalnačs e Mait Kriipsalu. "Characterization of Refuse Derived Fuel Production from Municipal Solid Waste: The Case Studies in Latvia and Lithuania". Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, n.º 3 (1 de novembro de 2020): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0090.

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AbstractThe authors determined the morphological composition of refuse derived fuel (RDF) produced in Latvia and Lithuania by manually sorting. The parameters of RDF (moisture, net calorific value, ash content, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur, chlorine, metals) was determined using the EN standards. Comparing obtained results with data from literature, authors have found that the content of plastic is higher but paper and cardboard is lower than typical values. Results also show that the mean parameters for RDF can be classified with the class codes: Net heating value (3); chlorine (3); mercury (1), and responds to limits stated for 3rd class of solid recovered fuel. It is recommended to separate biological waste at source to lower moisture and ash content and increase heating value for potential fuel production from waste.

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Chen, Kuo Wei. "The Wide-Applicant Feasibility Study of RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) - Example for Carbon Ash after the Waste Tire Pyrolysis T". Advanced Materials Research 852 (janeiro de 2014): 768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.852.768.

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The present research was involved in forming condition of adhesive, Press Temperature, Density etc. In addition to ameliorate strength and thermal performance test of the RDF produced from Carbon ash after the waste tire pyrolysis in resource chemical plant. This study explored optimal condition of Carbon ash-RDF production based on relevant tests to enhance its strength and thermal performance for optimal utilization of Carbon ash-RDF. The results can serve as a reference to the Carbon ash-RDF production process design. The main component of the formula is an adhesive, chemically modified starch as adhesion to make the carbon ash uniformly mix with water. Besides finding a suitable formula, this study also conducted analysis on product property and developed technique to improve process and product property, as an important reference for future studies.

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Arina, Dace, e Ausma Orupe. "Characteristics of mechanically sorted municipal wastes and their suitability for production of refuse derived fuel". Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Environmental and Climate Technologies 8, n.º -1 (9 de novembro de 2012): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10145-012-0003-0.

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Abstract The article presents the results of experimental work in the first waste mechanical Pre-treatment Centre in Latvia Daibe. The goal - to detect the main parameters for sorted waste parts and to compare them with parameters stated for refuse derived fuel (RDF) in a cement plant in Latvia (Cemex). Samples were taken in four fractions - coarse, medium, fine, metal. The parameters - upper, lower heating values, moisture, ash content, S, Cl, metals were determined. Results - coarse fraction has greater potential of the production of the RDF, but reduction of its content of Cl would be necessary.

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Chaerul, Mochammad, e Afifah Fakhrunnisa. "Refuse Derived Fuel Production through Biodrying Process (Case study: Solid Waste from Canteens)". Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 9, n.º 1 (24 de junho de 2020): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v9i1.24609.

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Due to its calorific value, wastes could be treated into Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) through several processes. In order to get higher calorific value, moisture content in the wastes could be removed by utilizing the heat generated from decomposition of organic fraction by microorganism (biodrying process). The study aims to treat solid wastes generated from canteens in Ganesha Campus of Institut Teknologi Bandung into RDF through biodrying process. Through standard sampling procedure, total waste generated from 59 canteens was 228 kg/day and organic fraction became the dominant (74%). There were 3 biodrying piles prepared, namely aeration, windrow, and control pile. Temperature in all piles increased in first and second weeks, then it gradually decreased and the average temperature were between 23-48 oC. The heat generated during the process could be remove water content and the optimum time 17-22 days could reach 20-30% of moisture content. The highest calorific value could be obtained from aerated pile (14.98 MJ/kg). By considering several parameters, the best RDF were produced from aerated pile. The parameters which still did not comply with the international standard of RDF were ash content, fixed carbon, and organic carbon. The quality of RDF was affected significantly by the composition of the feed. Though it could not meet with all parameters as an international standard of RDF, the product could be used as co-fuel to substitute coal or other fossil fuels for industrial activities. By knowing that the wastes could be converted into valuable product, the local municipality may shift the conventional paradigm of the waste management which is only collect-haul-dispose into a new paradigm by prioritizing waste recycle.

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Tripathi, Priyanka, e Lakshminarayana Rao. "Single particle and packed bed combustion characteristics of high ash and high plastic content refuse derived fuel". Fuel 308 (janeiro de 2022): 121983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121983.

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Świechowski, Kacper, Ewa Syguła, Jacek A. Koziel, Paweł Stępień, Szymon Kugler, Piotr Manczarski e Andrzej Białowiec. "Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Waste Components and Refuse-Derived Fuel—Process Efficiency and Fuel Properties of Carbonized Solid Fuel". Data 5, n.º 2 (21 de maio de 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data5020048.

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New technologies to valorize refuse-derived fuels (RDFs) will be required in the near future due to emerging trends of (1) the cement industry’s demands for high-quality alternative fuels and (2) the decreasing calorific value of the fuels derived from municipal solid waste (MSW) and currently used in cement/incineration plants. Low-temperature pyrolysis can increase the calorific value of processed material, leading to the production of value-added carbonized solid fuel (CSF). This dataset summarizes the key properties of MSW-derived CSF. Pyrolysis experiments were completed using eight types of organic waste and their two RDF mixtures. Organic waste represented common morphological groups of MSW, i.e., cartons, fabrics, kitchen waste, paper, plastic, rubber, PAP/AL/PE composite packaging (multi-material packaging also known as Tetra Pak cartons), and wood. The pyrolysis was conducted at temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 °C (20 °C intervals), with a retention (process) time of 20 to 60 min (20 min intervals). The mass yield, energy densification ratio, and energy yield were determined to characterize the pyrolysis process efficiency. The raw materials and produced CSF were tested with proximate analyses (moisture content, organic matter content, ash content, and combustible part content) and with ultimate analyses (elemental composition C, H, N, S) and high heating value (HHV). Additionally, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) of the pyrolysis process were performed. The dataset documents the changes in fuel properties of RDF resulting from low-temperature pyrolysis as a function of the pyrolysis conditions and feedstock type. The greatest HHV improvements were observed for fabrics (up to 65%), PAP/AL/PE composite packaging (up to 56%), and wood (up to 46%).

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Masu, Smaranda, Luminita Cojocariu, Eugenia Grecu, Florica Morariu, Despina Maria Bordean, Marinel Horablaga, Lucian Nita e Simona Nita. "Lolium Perenne - A Phytoremediation Option in Case of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Polluted Soils". Revista de Chimie 69, n.º 5 (15 de junho de 2018): 1110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.5.6270.

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Rehabilitation of polluted soils with petroleum products requires a re-vegetation strategy to obtain a green mass cover that can quickly and efficiently cover the polluted soil. For the gradual recovery of the destroyed soil, it was necessary: 1. adequate soil treatments with fertilizer i.e. sewage sludge and fly ash as amendment, 2. plant species selection, 3. agronomical works in accordance with geographical position and climatic conditions. Fertilizers and fly ash create conditions for plant installation, by nutrients insurance. Our experiment was conducted in pots with 91.73�11.12 [gKg-1 D.M (dry matter)] total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) polluted soil, fertilised with sewage sludge and fly ash 60 [tha-1] derived from the burning of fossil fuels in thermal power plants. The selected plant species for bio-remediation is Lolium perenne. The selected plant species Lolium perenne is installed on 50-90% of the land surface giving 8 successive crops of grass in the warm season. The TPH reductions of polluted and treated soil were 38.4-56.3 [%]. The biomass did not bioaccumulate chromium at the detection limit. The amounts of cadmium, lead and zink bioaccumulated in the aerial parts were below acceptable limits. The obtained biomass can be used as animal feed or for bedding in shelters. The soil remediation efficiencies of 91.73 � 11.12 [gKg-1 D.M] were directly proportional to the amount of fly ash used.

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Kalnacs, J., R. Bendere, A. Murasovs, D. Arina, A. Antipovs, A. Kalnacs e L. Sprince. "The Effect of Fuel Quality on Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, While Burning Biomass and RDF". Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 55, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2018): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2018-0004.

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Abstract The article analyses the variations in carbon dioxide emission factor depending on parameters characterising biomass and RDF (refuse-derived fuel). The influence of moisture, ash content, heat of combustion, carbon and nitrogen content on the amount of emission factors has been reviewed, by determining their average values. The options for the improvement of the fuel to result in reduced emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide have been analysed. Systematic measurements of biomass parameters have been performed, by determining their average values, seasonal limits of variations in these parameters and their mutual relations. Typical average values of RDF parameters and limits of variations have been determined.

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Maneewan, Somchai, Weera Punin, Chantana Punlek, Atthakorn Thongtha e Tanongkiat Kiatsiriroat. "Feasibility of Refuse Derived Fuel 5 Composed of the Mechanical Biological Waste Treatment and Crude Oil Sludge". Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (outubro de 2013): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.699.

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The main focus of this paper is concerned with the production and properties of refuse derived fuel 5 (RDF-5) for use in energy from waste technologies. The analysis was performed using feedstocks made up of residues from a range of mechanical biological treatment (MBT) plants and crude oil sludge. The RDF-5 was composed of crude oil sludge and mechanical biological waste treatment (MBWT). The ratios of MBWT to crude oil sludge were 5:95, 10:90, 15:85 and 20:80 respectively. The physical and thermal characteristics of RDF-5 were examined. This was further investigated in the context of the parameters required during production and the properties of RDF-5. RDF-5 was produced using a screw compactor. Analysis of the optimal mixing ratios between the crude oil sludge and MBWT were undertaken by testing the thermal value based on ASTM D 240 moisture contents was based on ASTM D 3173, ash was based on ASTM D 3174, and density was based on ASTM E 75 respectively. The results showed that the optimal ratios of MBWT to crude oil sludge were 15:85 and 20:80 have feasibility to produce the RDF-5. Because of the ratios of 15:85 and 20:80 have a high value 10,831 kcal/kg and 11,260 kcal/kg, the percentages of moisture were 2.73% and 5.93% and the density values were 750 kg/m3and 806 kg/m3respectively (RDF-5 has a high heating value (HHV > 5,000 kcal/kg), with the percentage of moisture content not exceeding 10 percent and the density value (D 600 kg/m3) according to production of solid fuels standards). The ash values were 5.10% and 4.74% respectively. Comparing the energy production costs between RDF-5 and other fuels used in Thailand we found that the production costs of RDF-5 were 0.014 /MJ and 0.013 /MJ which are comparable to that of paddy husk and much cheaper than those of fuel lignite and bituminous. This preliminary evaluation reveals that the recovery of energy through RDF-5 production from MBWT with crude oil sludge is cost attractive and it should be considered as a feasible option for utilizing energy from MBWT with crude oil sludge.

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Kimambo, Offor N., e P. Subramanian. "Energy efficient refuse derived fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste rejects: a case for Coimbatore". International Journal of Environment 3, n.º 2 (30 de maio de 2014): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10530.

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In this paper production of energy efficient Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste rejects was carried out during August 2012 – April 2013 in Coimbatore City India. Municipal Solid wastes rejects (paper, plastics with exception of polyvinyl chloride, textiles) were collected from waste dump yard of Coimbatore City. Sawdust, coir dust, water hyacinth and rice husk were mixed with the collected wastes at a fixed amount of 20 percent. After grinding, cassava starch was used as a binder to produce RDF briquettes with the help of uniaxial piston briquettes making machine. Physical, chemical and thermal characteristics of the RDF were studied to assess their potential use as energy efficient material. The analyses were divided into three categories namely, physical, proximate and ultimate analyses. Results indicated that, under physical and proximate analyses; impact resistance index (IRI) for all the RDF samples were 200, density were less than 1 kg cm-3, moisture were less than 10 % wt, ash content varied from 2.8 to 9.2 % wt, whilst volatile mater had mean value of 83.1 % wt and fixed carbon which is by subtraction ranged from 1.4 to 9.2 % wt. With respect to Ultimate analysis, Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen varied from 27.01 to 39.78 % wt, 44.8 to59.7 % wt, 5.9 to 8.1 % wt respectively. On the other hand nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine ranged from 0.18 to 0.87 % wt, 0.27 to 0.71 % wt and 0.339 to0.521 % wt respectively. Calorific values (high heating values) ranged from 5085 to 6474.9 kcal kg-1. The results were compared with Energy research Centre for the Netherland database and noted that with exception to moisture, fixed carbon and hydrogen other parameters had a significant lower or higher differences. From the study, RDF from municipal solid wastes rejects along with the additives produced high energy efficient materials. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10530 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 205-215

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Kupka, Tomasz, Marco Mancini, Michael Irmer e Roman Weber. "Investigation of ash deposit formation during co-firing of coal with sewage sludge, saw-dust and refuse derived fuel". Fuel 87, n.º 12 (setembro de 2008): 2824–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.01.024.

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Pandeline, Deborah A., Paul J. Cosentino, Edward H. Kalajian e Mario F. Chavez. "Shear and Deformation Characteristics of Municipal Waste Combustor Bottom Ash for Highway Applications". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1577, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1997): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1577-13.

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Municipal waste combustor (MWC) bottom ash from mass-burn (MB) and refuse-derived-fuel (RDF) facilities was evaluated for potential use as highway fill material. MWC bottom ash exhibits acceptable shear and deformation characteristics for many highway applications. RDF ash contains a lower metals percentage than MB ash. The specific gravity of both ashes was found to be a function of metals content. Moisturedensity relationships and unconfined compressive strengths were found to be a function of compaction energy and moisture content. Allowing compacted ash to age increased its unconfined compressive strength. Stress-strain characteristics of both ashes are similar to those of sands. Cohesion exists possibly because of pozzolonic reactions in the bottom ash. The angle of internal friction increased with compacted density. Elastic moduli are a function of density and confining pressure. RDF ash was found to be twice as stiff as MB ash. California bearing ratio results greater than 100 indicated that MB ash could be utilized as road base, and values between 25 and 95 indicated that RDF would be acceptable for use in subgrade and subbase. Bearing ratio results were highly dependent on moisture conditions. Both ashes exhibit little to no swell and should not cause field problems during saturation.

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O'Doherty, T., D. J. Morgan e N. Syred. "A Multi Fuelled Cyclone Combustor". Energy & Environment 3, n.º 4 (junho de 1992): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9200300405.

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The paper outlines a series of tests carried out on a prototype 1.5 MW vertical cyclone combustor with integral ash removal which removes in excess of 80% of the ash. For high calorific value fuels such as coal the system is run fuel rich to avoid slagging. The low calorific value exhaust gases are passed via a transfer duct into an inverted swirl burner/furnace arrangement where final burnout of the gasified products occur. The sytem, designed to utilise a wide range of solid fuels was evaluated for a range of biomass materials and coal. The coal work investigated the effects of crushed (dm ≃ 250 μm) and pulverised (dm ≃ 70–80 μm) bituminous coals on system performance whilst biomass trials investigated the effects of chopped straw, chicken litter, shredded paper and refuse derived fuels. The fuel and air were premixed and fired tangentially in all cases into the primary combustor. The combustor was operated over a range of mixture ratios (φ) from fuel rich (φ = 0.5) to fuel lean (φ = 2.0) with temperatures in the order of 1250°C, hence operated in a non-slagging mode. The whole system was operated with a minimum of secondary air, required only to burn the gasified products from the primary chamber. The trials included monitoring of exhaust gases for a range of emissions. In addition, isokinetic sampling of the exhaust gases was carried out to determine particulate emission levels. Results show that best fuel burnout is achieved with biomass material levels better than 99% being achieved. Satisfactory performance was achieved with coal, (ash retention emissions) with fuel burnout in the order of 80%. Ash retention values for the biomass materials was in excess of 80% up to 98%. Coal ash retention levels were lower when analysed on a mass balance basis but of the same order when considering particulate emissions.

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Brna, Theodore G., e James D. Kilgroe. "Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: Removal from flue gas and distribution in ash/residue of a refuse-derived fuel combustor". Chemosphere 25, n.º 7-10 (outubro de 1992): 1381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(92)90157-m.

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Rania, Mutiara Fadila, I. Gede Eka Lesmana e Eka Maulana. "ANALISIS POTENSI REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) DARI SAMPAH PADA TEMPAT PEMBUANGAN AKHIR (TPA) DI KABUPATEN TEGAL SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR INCINERATOR PIROLISIS". SINTEK JURNAL: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin 13, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/sintek.13.1.51-59.

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The garbage dumping in Tegal Regency has reached 989.8 m3/day and increasing every year. The percentage of waste in Murareja landfill is dominated by plastic waste which is 40.15%. The plastic waste will be processed by pyrolysis by utilizing Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) as its fuel. The percentage of garbage in Murareja TPA that can be used as RDF is quite high, which is 28.7%, consisting of 15.35% paper waste, 2.35% rubber / leather waste, 2% garbage cloth, 1% wood waste, and 8% plastic waste. The waste is considered potentially to be produced into RDF. The production of RDF aims to convert the combustible waste fraction from 4K1P waste (Paper, Wood, Fabrics, Rubber / Leather and Plastics) to be fueled. Therefore it is important to know how much potential of 4K1P waste to be processed into RDF, and how optimal calorific value of RDF is to be used as fuel of pyrolysis incinerator on Waste Power Generation at Murareja TPA, Tegal regency. Based on the result of the research that has been done, the theoretical value of the theoretical value of 4K1P RDF briquette is 3677.0945 - 5507.114 [kcal / kg]. From the actual data obtained with laboratory testing the value of RDF beverage caloric waste 4K1P RDF amounted to 3973.45 [kCal / kg]. The optimal calorific value of RDF required as a pyrolysis incinerator fuel is 3248.809 [kcal / kg]. Based on the results of laboratory tests, the percentage of moisture content, ash content, volatile content and carbon content are 4.68%, 11.64%, 7.81% and 75.87% respectively.

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Bajracharya, Nripendra, Bhakta Bahadur Ale, Ramesh Man Singh e Tri Ratna Bajracharya. "Waste to Energy: An Assessment of Application of the Selective Fuel for Applications in Industries using a Mixture of "A" Grade Coal and Municipal Solid Waste". Journal of the Institute of Engineering 12, n.º 1 (6 de março de 2017): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v12i1.16887.

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This paper is about how the garbage that is considered as nuisance can actually be a source of energy that is vital for us. The fuel prepared by blending combustible fraction of waste is called refuse derived fuel (RDF). When the waste is mixed with coal known as selective fuel, they can be the replacement for coal in industries. The vertical shaft brick kiln (VSBK) has been taken as a representative of industrial sector. This is the theme of this research. The coal sample used is from Assam, India which is the A grade coal normally used in VSBKs of Nepal. The selective fuel was undergone proximate analysis, smoke index test, flue gas emission test and was also tested for its calorific value. The moisture content and ash content is found to be 8.69% and 11.21% respectively which is the acceptable range for VSBK. The fixed carbon content of the fuel is 28.03%. The sulphur content of the coal is 6.4% which can be captured using Ca(OH2. Addition of lime and presence of excess air help to control smoke during combustion. Flue gas emission test shows CO emission of 56.66 ppm, CO2 emission of 2% and no SO2 emission. The economic analysis shows that installation of small scale briquetting plant is feasible. Besides this, mathematical calculation has also been done to deduce some results.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2016, 12(1): 129-142

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Benlamoudi, Ali, Aeslina Abdul Kadir e Mohamed Khodja. "Incorporation of Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials (AFR) to Produce a Sustainable Cement". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n.º 4.30 (30 de novembro de 2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.30.22079.

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Throughout the last two decades, tremendous researches have been carried out to investigate the possibility to reduce the cement plants’ costs in terms of raw materials and fuel consumption. Different types of alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) have been used and proved their efficiencies such as sewage sludge, used tires, crushed aggregates, refuse derived fuel (RDF), red mud, ash and others. Generally, it has been deduced that the possibility to incorporate AFR to produce an acceptable quality of cement is related mainly to its calorific value and its chemical composition. As results, it was reported that incorporation of AFR has reached up to 100% for raw materials substitution and more than 30% for fossil fuel replacement. Nevertheless, the AFR may contain toxic components such as volatile content and heavy metals that need careful attention in its decisive use since it may pose serious problems to the environment and the living things. More parameters may affect the cement production cost including the moisture content of AFR, the burning temperature, the residential time, the accessibility to the AFR, the easy handling and others. The high moisture content of the AFR may increase the total cost of cement production because of the need of a high thermal energy to dry it prior to be incorporated into cement plant. Same thing goes with temperature needed by the AFR to be burned within the kiln. This overview summarizes the studies throughout the last two decades related to cement manufacturing by using AFR based on the main parameters studied by the researchers, the main advantages and the main disadvantages.

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Gulyurtlu, I., T. Crujeira, M. H. Lopes, P. Abelha, D. Boavida, J. Seabra, R. Gonçalves, C. Sargaço e I. Cabrita. "The Study of Combustion of Municipal Waste in a Fluidized Bed Combustor". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 128, n.º 2 (30 de janeiro de 2006): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2191507.

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The combustion behavior of municipal solid waste was studied in a pilot fluidized bed combustor. The waste was pelletized prior to its use. Both co-firing with coal and combustion of waste alone were under taken. The combustion studies were carried out on the pilot installation of INETI. The fluidized bed combustor is square in cross section with each side being 300mm long. Its height is 5000mm. There is a second air supply to the freeboard at different heights to deal with high volatile fuels. There was a continuous monitoring of the temperatures in the bed, as well as the composition of the combustion gases. The combustion gases leaving the reactor were let go through the recycling cyclone first to capture most of particulates elutriated out of the combustor. There was a second cyclone, which was employed with the aim of increasing the overall efficiency of collecting solid particles. The gaseous pollutants leaving the stack were sampled under isokinetic conditions for particulate matter, chlorine compounds, and heavy metals. The ash streams were characterized for heavy metals. The results obtained were compared with national legislation. The results obtained suggest that (i) the combustion efficiency was very high, (ii) there was an enrichment of ashes with heavy metals in the cyclones compared to the bed material, (iii) in general, the flue gas emissions were below the permited limits, and (iv) for the compliance with the new European directive for stricter emission limits adequate control devices, like bag filters, should be integrated with refuse derived fuel (RDF) combustion.

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Diallo, Amadou Dioulde Donghol, Ma’an Fahmi Rashid Alkhatib, Md Zahangir Alam e Maizirwan Mel. "ENHANCEMENT OF THE CALORIFIC VALUE OF EM1707PTY FRUIT BUNCH (EFB) BY ADDING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AS SOLID FUEL IN GASIFICATION PROCESS". IIUM Engineering Journal 22, n.º 2 (4 de julho de 2021): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v22i2.1566.

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Empty fruit bunch (EFB), a biomass-based waste, was deemed a potential replacement for fossil fuel. It is renewable and carbon neutral. The efficient management of this potential energy will help to deal with the problem associated with fossil fuels. However, a key parameter for evaluating the quality of raw material (EFB) as a fuel in energy applications is the calorific value (CV). When this CV is low, then its potential utilization as feedstock will be restricted. To tackle this shortcoming, we propose to add municipal solid waste to enhance energetic value. Thus, two major issues will be solved: managing solid residues and contributing an alternative energy source. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of mixing EFB and municipal solid waste (MSW) to make clean energy that is conscious of the environment (climate change) and sustainable development. The selected MSW, comprising of plastics, textiles, foam, and cardboard, were mixed, with EFB at various ratios. Proximate analysis was used to determine moisture content, ash, volatiles, and fixed carbon, whilst elemental analysis, is used to determine CHNS/O for MSW, EFB and their various mixtures. The CV of each element was also measured. The research revealed a significant increase in the calorific value of EFB by mixing it with MSW according to MSW/EFB ratios: 0.25; 0.42; 0.66; 1.00 and 1.50 the corresponding calorific values in (MJ/kg) were 19.77; 21.22; 22.67; 27.04 and 28.47 respectively. While the calorific value of pure EFB was 16.86 MJ/kg, the mixing of EFB with MSW promoted the increase in the CV of EFB to an average of 23.83MJ/kg. Another potential environmental benefit of applying this likely fuel was the low chlorine (0.21 wt. % to 0.95 wt. %) and sulfur concentrations (0.041 wt. % to 0.078 wt.%). This potential fuel could be used as solid refuse fuel (SRF) or refuse-derived fuel (RDF) in a pyrolysis or gasification process with little to no environmental effects. ABSTRAK: Tandan buah kosong (EFB), sisa berasaskan biojisim, adalah berpotensi sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil. Ia boleh diperbaharui dan karbon neutral. Pengurusan berkesan pada potensi tenaga ini dapat membantu mengatasi masalah melibatkan bahan bakar fosil. Namun, kunci parameter bagi menilai kualiti bahan mentah (EFB) sebagai bahan bakar dalam aplikasi tenaga adalah nilai kalori (CV). Apabila CV rendah, potensi menjadi stok suapan adalah terhad. Sebagai penyelesaian, kajian ini mencadangkan sisa pepejal bandaran ditambah bagi meningkatkan nilai tenaga. Oleh itu, dua isu besar dapat diselesaikan: mengurus sisa pepejal dan menambah sumber tenaga alternatif. Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji potensi campuran tandan buah kosong (EFB) dan sisa pepejal bandaran (MSW) bagi menghasilkan tenaga bersih dari sudut persekitaran (perubahan iklim) dan pembangunan lestari. Pemilihan MSW, terdiri daripada plastik, tekstil, gabus dan kadbod, dicampurlan dengan pelbagai nisbah EFB. Analisis proksimat telah digunakan bagi mendapatkan kandungan kelembapan, abu, ruapan, dan karbon tetap, manakala analisis asas telah digunakan bagi mendapatkan CHNS/O bersama MSW, EFB dan pelbagai campuran lain. Nilai kalori (CV) setiap elemen turut diukur. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan penambahan ketara dalam nilai kalori EFB dengan campuran bersama MSW berdasarkan nisbah MSW/EFB 0.25; 0.42; 0.66; 1.00 dan 1.50 nilai kalori sepadan (MJ/kg) adalah 19.77; 21.22; 22.67; 27.04 dan 28.47 masing-masing. Manakala nilai kalori EFB tulen adalah 16.86 MJ/kg, campuran EFB dan MSW menunjukkan kenaikan CV dengan EFB pada purata 23.83MJ/kg. Antara potensi semula jadi lain adalah dengan mencampurkan bahan bakar ini dengan kalori rendah (0.21 wt. % kepada 0.95 wt. %) dan kepekatan sulfur (0.041 wt. % kepada 0.078 wt.%). Bahan bakar ini berpotensi sebagai bahan bakar pepejal sampah (SRF) atau bahan bakar yang terhasil dari pepejal sampah (RDF) melalui proses pirolisis atau proses gasifikasi yang sedikit atau tiada kesan langsung terhadap persekitaran.

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Gokhalea, A. J., e G. Burnet. "By-Product Sulfur from the Stabilization of Coal Solid Wastes". MRS Proceedings 136 (1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-136-55.

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ABSTRACTA stabilization process for coal cleaning and coal combustion-related wastes has been developed that uses the energy derived from the fuel contained in the coal cleaning wastes. The wastes are pulverized, when necessary, formed into granules in a rotary pan agglomerator, and then fired to a sintering temperature. The result is a readily disposable product that is highly resistant to environmental degradation. Granules of refuse only, and of refuse/fly ash and refuse/FGD sludge mixtures have been investigated. About 90 wt% of the sulfur in the refuse/sludge mixtures is evolved as SO2 during the combustion/sintering portion of the process. Studies using a microreactor system have shown the generation of SO2 to be a function of temperature and to parallel the decomposition of the sulfur-containing compounds present. Based on laboratory tests, SO2 concentrations of 4–8 vol% are predicted in the SO2-rich off-gases. By-product sulfur recovery from the off-gases appears practical and attractive using current technology that is proven and well established.

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Mohamad, Ashaari B., e David L. Gress. "The Effect of Substituting Rdf on the Physical and Environmental Properties of Coal Fly Ash". MRS Proceedings 136 (1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-136-223.

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ABSTRACTRefuse-derived-fuel (RDF) consisting mainly of waste paper and plastics is a viable fuel source for the production of power. An experimental test burn partially substituting coal with RDF was undertaken by the Public Service of New Hampshire at the Merrimack Power Station.Five percent and ten percent RDF were substituted, on a BTU basis, for coal in the test bums. The chemical and physical properties of the resulting fly ash were determined. Twelve test burn days were run with 4 days of 5% RDF and 8 days of 10% RDF. Emphasis was placed on investigating the effect of the RDF fly ash on Portland cement concrete.Most of the chemical and physical properties of the coal-RDF fly ash were found to be comparable with ordinary coal fly ash except for the amount of cadmium and lead, the pozzolanic activity index and the compressive strength of fly ash concrete. Cadmium and lead were at average levels of 5.1 ppm and 102.6 ppm for the 5% RDF, and 7.8 ppm and 198.3 ppm for the 10% RDF, respectively. Although the pozzolanic activity index of coal-RDF fly ash increases over normal coal fly ash, preliminary results show that the 28-day compressive strength of concrete with direct replacement of cement and sand decreases by up to 30%. Leaching tests on crushed concrete were conducted to evaluate the environmental effect of acid rain.

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