Livros: "Relative pronouns"

1

Brendsel, Daniel Joseph. An interpretive lexicon of New Testament Greek: Analysis of prepositions, adverbs, particles, relative pronouns, and conjunctions. Grand Rapids, MI, USA: Zondervan, 2014.

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2

1947-, Hirschbühler Paul, ed. Las construcciones de relativo. Madrid: Taurus Universitaria, 1991.

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3

García, Francisco Osuna. Las construcciones de relativo. Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 2005.

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4

García, Francisco Osuna. Las construcciones de relativo. Córdoba [Spain]: Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Córdoba, 2005.

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5

Lars, Larsson. La sintassi dei pronomi relativi in italiano moderno: Con particolare riguardo alla concorrenza tra CHE e PREP. + CUI/IL QUALE nella proposizione relativa ad antecedente temporale. Uppsala: Dept. of Romance Languages, Uppsala University, 1990.

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6

Kunstmann, Pierre. Le relatif-interrogatif en ancien français. Genève: Droz, 1990.

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7

Kunstmann, Pierre. Le relatif-interrogatif en ancien français. Genève: Droz, 1990.

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8

Kunstmann, Pierre. Le Relatif-interrogatif en ancien français. Genève: Droz, 1990.

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9

Kunstmann, Pierre. Le Relatif-interrogatif en ancien français. Genève: Droz, 1990.

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10

Bouarich, Houriya. Étude contrastive arabe/français: Cas de la relative. München: Lincom Europa, 2008.

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11

Sandberg, Bengt. Zum es bei transitiven Verben vor satzförmigem Akkusativobjekt. Tübingen: Narr, 1998.

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12

Manella, Claudio. Guida ai pronomi: Personali, relativi, interrogativi, possessivi, dimostrativi e indefiniti : verbi ed espressioni idiomatiche con traduzioni in inglese, francese, tedesco, spagnolo : spieggazioni, esempi, esercizi e test : tre livelli di difficoltà, facile, medio, difficile : chaivi. Firenze: Progetto lingua, 1999.

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13

Kordić, Snježana. Relativna rečenica. Zagreb, Croatia: Hrvatsko filološko društvo, 1995.

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14

Keidan, Artemij, e Luca Alfieri, eds. Deissi, riferimento, metafora. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-744-7.

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This collection of essays by young specialists in linguistic disciplines addresses the oldest – and yet still topical – issues in the debate on language. It also includes a contribution by the famous Russian semiologist Boris Uspenskij (pupil, friend and collaborator of L. Hjelmslev, R. Jakobson and M. Lotman). Valentina Martina explores the relation between the plane of linguistic meanings and reality through an analysis of the concept of "system". The article by Artemij Keidan addresses the problem of the definition of deixis and its role in the disambiguation of proposition, with special reference to structuralism and contemporary theories on direct reference. The work of Luca Alfieri takes its cue from recent studies on cognition to demonstrate the unsustainability of the Jacobsonian dichotomy of metaphor and metonymy. Rounding off the book is an essay by Boris Uspenskij on the role of personal pronouns in the structure of language, in semiotics and in human communication, lavishly illustrated with examples and historical curiosities.

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15

Serbo-Croatian. München, Germany: Lincom Europa, 1997.

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16

Kordić, Snježana. Der Relativsatz im Serbokroatischen. München, Germany: Lincom Europa, 1999.

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17

Wörter im Grenzbereich von Lexikon und Grammatik im Serbokroatischen. München, Germany: Lincom Europa, 2001.

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18

Kordić, Snježana. Riječi na granici punoznačnosti. Zagreb, Croatia: Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, 2002.

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19

Christiansen, Stacy. Relative Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780195176339.022.299.

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20

Haspelmath, Martin. Formal and Functional Types of Indefinite Pronoun. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0003.

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This chapter examines formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun. It first presents some examples of different indefinite pronoun series in a variety of languages, focusing on a formal element shared by all members of an indefinite pronoun series, such as some and any in English. This element is called indefiniteness marker, an affix or a particle which stands next to the pronoun stem. The chapter proceeds by discussing two main types of derivational bases from which indefinite pronouns are derived in the world's languages: interrogative pronouns and generic ontological category nouns like person, thing or place. It also looks at the main functional types of indefinite pronoun, namely: negative indefinite pronouns and negative polarity (or scale reversal). Finally, it analyses some alternatives to indefinite pronouns, including generic nouns, existential sentences, non-specific free relative clauses, and universal quantifiers.

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21

Bárány, András. Inverse agreement in Hungarian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804185.003.0003.

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This chapter turns to object agreement with personal pronouns in Hungarian. Pronouns are interesting because they do not always trigger agreement with the verb: first person objects never trigger object agreement (morphology), and second person pronouns only do with first person singular subjects. It is proposed that the distribution of object agreement is a morphological effect and argues that all personal pronouns do in fact trigger agreement, but agreement is not always spelled out. This means that Hungarian has an inverse agreement system, where the spell-out of agreement is determined by the relative person feature (or person feature sets) of the subject and the object. A formally explicit analysis of the syntax and the morphological spell-out of agreement is provided.

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22

Dworkin, Steven N. Inflectional morphology of medieval Hispano-Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687312.003.0003.

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This chapter describes the inflectional nominal, pronominal, and verbal morphology of Old Spanish, a language whose texts show a great deal of formal variation. It first deals with nominal gender and plural marking before going on to describe the morphology of articles, demonstratives, and possessives. Attention next turns to the forms of subject and object pronouns, indefinite, interrogative, and relative pronouns, negators, and adverbs. The rest of the chapter deals with inflectional verbal morphology. It opens with a survey of the three conjugation classes, the relevant past participles, and morphophonological alternations involving monophthongs and diphthongs in verb stems, before examining for each synthetic and analytic tense the wide range of relevant verbal suffixes or endings and instances of stem alllomorphy in both the indicative and subjunctive.

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23

Stokke, Andreas. The Difference between Lying and Misleading. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825968.003.0005.

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The notions of what is said and assertion, as relative to questions under discussion, are used to provide an account of the lying-misleading distinction. The chapter argues that utterances are sometimes interpreted relative to the so-called Big Question, roughly paraphrased by “What is the world like?” This observation is shown to account for the fact that, when conveying standard conversational implicatures, what is asserted is likewise proposed for the common ground. The chapter applies the resulting account of the lying-misleading distinction to ways of lying and misleading with incomplete predicates, possessives, presuppositions, pronouns, and prosodic focus. A formal notion of contextual questionentailment is defined which shows when it is possible to mislead with respect to a question under discussion while avoiding outright lying.

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24

Haspelmath, Martin. Negative Indefinite Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0008.

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This chapter examines the typology of negative indefinite pronouns, with particular emphasis on their relation with other indefinites. It first considers the received taxonomy of negated indefinites, showing that it is inadequate and that the implicational map for representing the functions of indefinite pronouns offers a better classification. Four main syntactic ways of expressing negative indefinites, or the direct-negation function of indefinite pronouns, are described: verbal negation plus (ordinary) indefinite, verbal negation plus ‘special indefinite’, verbal negation plus ‘negative indefinite’, and ‘negative indefinite’ without verbal negation. The chapter proceeds by analysing one important aspect of the syntax of negative indefinites: the co-occurrence with a negative element associated with the verb. It also formulates a number of cross-linguistic generalizations and proposes functional explanations for them before concluding with an assessment of various diachronic sources of negative indefinites, including negative scalar focus particles and minimal-unit expressions.

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25

Ferraresi, Gisella, e Agnes Jäger. Introduction to Part II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0007.

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The chapter provides an overview of the main issues and contributions of Part II of the volume. This part discusses various phenomena concerning the middle field in the historical stages of German. In particular, the discussion concerns the question of the relative order of elements and the factors influencing changes of this order. In the left-most part of the middle field—the Wackernagel position, where light and clitic elements appear—the order of pronouns and their interplay with complementizer agreement is an intriguing topic. Another relevant aspect concerns the order of full NPs and the role that syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors play for the relative order of these constituents over the course of the language history. Finally, negation and its grammaticalization along Jespersen’s Cycle is a phenomenon of the middle field which is discussed in this part of the book.

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26

Abondolo, Daniel. Uralic Languages. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.6.

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All but three of the thirty-nine Uralic languages are endangered, most of them seriously so; of the family’s ten main branches, only two have members considered safe (Finnish and Estonian of the Fennic branch, plus Hungarian). This chapter surveys a selection of phonological, morphological, and syntactic features of the Uralic languages; the emphasis is on presenting aspects that are usually ignored, oversimplified, or misrepresented. Among the topics broached are vowel harmony; consonant gradation, which in the Uralic context is of four distinct kinds, three of them quite old; less-than-agglutinative (i.e. fairly fusional features of several languages); problems of phonological reconstruction; the inflection of personal pronouns; person marking on nouns and Subject, Agent, and Object marking on verbs; and kinds of relative, complement, and support clauses.

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27

Cardoso, Adriana. Appositive relativization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723783.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 investigates the dissimilar behavior of appositive relative clauses introduced by the complex relative pronoun o qual in Contemporary European Portuguese and earlier stages of Portuguese. From a descriptive point of view, eight contrasting properties are identified, relative to: (1) additional internal head; (2) extraposition; (3) pied-piping; (4) clausal antecedents; (5) split antecedents; (6) coordination of the wh-pronoun with another DP; (7) illocutionary force; and (8) the presence of a coordinator. From a theoretical point of view, it is argued that the same structural analysis cannot alone derive the contrasting properties of appositive relativization. To account for the variation found in the diachronic and cross-linguistic dimensions, it is claimed that appositive relatives might involve two different structures: specifying coordination and head raising.

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28

Haspelmath, Martin. Theoretical Approaches to the Functions of Indefinite Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0005.

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This chapter focuses on various theoretical approaches to the semantic and syntactic functions of indefinite pronouns. It begins with a discussion of structuralist semantics, which suggests that language is a system whose parts must be defined and described on the basis of their place in the system and their relation to each other, rather than on the basis of their own intrinsic properties. It then considers some of the problems associated with structuralist semantics, including the unclear status of the semantic features; significant overlap of the functions of grammatical items in many areas, including indefinite pronouns; and structuralist semantics makes wrong predictions about semantic change. The chapter proceeds by analysing logical semantics and the issues raised by this approach, along with syntactic approaches, the theory of mental spaces, pragmatic scales and scale reversal. Finally, it explains the relationship between focusing and sentence accent.

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29

The relative clause in Old English: An analysis of syntactic and stylistic ambiguity. Lewiston, N.Y: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2010.

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30

van Schaaik, Gerjan. The Oxford Turkish Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.001.0001.

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The point of departure of this book is the fundamental observation that actual conversations tend to consist of loosely connected, compact, and meaningful chunks built on a noun phrase, rather than fully fledged sentences. Therefore, after the treatment of elementary matters such as the Turkish alphabet and pronunciation in part I, the main points of part II are the structure of noun phrases and their function in nominal, existential, and verbal sentences, while part III presents their adjuncts and modifiers. The verbal system is extensively discussed in part IV, and in part V on sentence structure the grammatical phenomena presented so far are wrapped up. The first five parts of the book, taken together, provide for all-round operational knowledge of Turkish on a basic level. Part VI deals with the ways in which complex words are constructed, and constitutes a bridge to the advanced matter treated in parts VII and VIII. These latter parts deal with advanced topics such as relative clauses, subordination, embedded clauses, clausal complements, and the finer points of the verbal system. An important advantage of this book is its revealing new content: the section on syllable structure explains how loanwords adapt to Turkish; other topics include: the use of pronouns in invectives; verbal objects classified in terms of case marking; extensive treatment of the optative (highly relevant in day-to-day conversation); recursion and lexicalization in compounds; stacking of passives; the Başı-Bozuk and Focus-Locus constructions; relativization on possessive, dative, locative, and ablative objects, instrumentals and adverbial adjuncts; pseudo-relative clauses; typology of clausal complements; periphrastic constructions and double negation.

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31

Light, Caitlin. The pragmatics of demonstratives in Germanic. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0012.

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This chapter will seek to demonstrate that demonstrative pronouns in Germanic are inherently pragmatically contrastive, in that they conventionally signal a marked and unexpected referent given the existing discourse structure. Data on object topicalization show that in information-structurally driven operations, demonstrative pronouns pattern more like contrastive elements than like non-contrastive ones. In this way they can be analysed as subinformative in the sense of Gast (2010), with an information-structural function not unlike contrastive topics. This conclusion leads us to a better understanding of the behaviour of demonstrative pronouns in discourse. Thus, a careful consideration of information-structural phenomena leads to insight into both crucial details of the grammar, and how these issues relate to language in use.

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32

The Logic Of Pronominal Resumption. Oxford University Press, USA, 2012.

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33

Asudeh, Ash. The Logic of Pronominal Resumption. Oxford University Press, 2012.

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34

Miller, D. Gary. The Oxford Gothic Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813590.001.0001.

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This reference grammar of Gothic includes much history along with a description of Gothic grammar. Apart from runic inscriptions, Gothic is the earliest attested language of the Germanic family in Indo-European. Specifically, it is East Germanic. Most of the extant Gothic corpus is a 4th-century translation of the Bible, traditionally ascribed to Wulfila. This translation is historically important because it antedates Jerome’s Latin Vulgate. Gothic inflectional categories include nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Nouns are inflected for three genders, two numbers, and four cases. Adjectives also have weak and strong forms, as do verbs. Verbs are inflected for three persons and numbers, indicative and nonindicative mood (here called optative), past and nonpast tense, and voice. The mediopassive survives as a synthetic passive and syntactically in innovated periphrastic formations. Middle and anticausative functions were taken over by simple reflexive structures. Nonfinite are the infinitive, the imperative, and two participles. Gothic was a null subject language. Aspect was effected primarily by prefixes, relativization by relative pronouns built on demonstratives plus a complementizer. Complementizers were the norm with subordinated verbs in the indicative or optative. Switch to the optative was triggered by irrealis (the unreal), matrix verbs that do not permit a full range of subordinate tenses (e.g. hopes, wishes), potentiality, and alternate worlds. Many of these are also relevant to matrix clauses (independent optatives). Essentials of linearization include prepositional phrases, default postposed genitives and possessive adjectives, and preposed demonstratives. Verb-object order predominates, but there is considerable variation. Verb-auxiliary order is native Gothic.

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35

Longuenesse, Béatrice. The First Person in Cognition and Morality. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845829.001.0001.

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The book is the revised version of two lectures presented, in the spring 2017, as the Spinoza lectures in the University of Amsterdam. Both lectures explore the contrast and collaboration between two types of standpoint on the world, each of which finds expression in a specific use of the first-person pronoun “I.” One standpoint is the particular standpoint we have on the world insofar as we are spatially and temporally located, biologically unique, socially and culturally determined individuals. The other is the universally communicable standpoint we share or can hope to share with all other human beings, whatever their particular biological, social, or cultural determination. The book explores the degree to which using the first-person pronoun “I” is the expression of one or the other standpoint. The first lecture explores this question in relation to the exercise of our mental capacities in abstract reasoning and knowledge of objective facts about the world. The second lecture explores this question in relation to what we take to be our moral obligations.

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36

Hagstrom, Paul. Case and Agreement. Editado por Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder e Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.18.

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Children’s use of case and agreement morphology offers a window into the structure of their developing grammatical systems. Children acquiring English commonly produce accusative pronouns in subject position, and use verb forms lacking agreement morphology. The systematic patterns in these errors and correlations between them have been the subject of a great deal of research over the past few decades. This chapter lays out some of the results to date and the theoretical interpretations they have led to, as well as points of debate on methodology. The discussion centers around English, with other languages considered where predictions differ, and the topics include a general overview of the relation of case and agreement, optional/root infinitives, default case, and morphological access.

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37

Bayley, Robert. Variationist Sociolinguistics. Editado por Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron e Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0001.

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The central ideas of variationist sociolinguistics are that an understanding of language requires an understanding of variable as well as categorical processes, and that the variation witnessed at all levels of language is not random. Rather, linguistic variation is characterized by orderly or “structured heterogeneity.” In addition, synchronic variation is often a reflection of diachronic change. This chapter reviews representative studies and outlines the main assumptions underlying the variationist approach. It presents an example of variationist analysis, using the well-known case of variation between Spanish null and overt subject personal pronouns. Then, the chapter considers a number of relatively recent developments in variationist sociolinguistics including the expansion of the variationist paradigm into new areas such as second-language acquisition and sign linguistics, as well as recent work that combines ethnographic observation and quantitative analysis.

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38

Otsuka, Yuko. Ergative–Absolutive Patterns in Tongan: An Overview. Editado por Jessica Coon, Diane Massam e Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.40.

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Tongan (Polynesian) shows ergative-absolutive (ERG-ABS) patterns in morphology as well as syntax, but the ERG-ABS pattern is not consistent throughout the language. Noun morphology shows a split between clitic pronouns and other types of nouns. In syntax, three phenomena show an ERG-ABS contrast: (a) relativization using the gap strategy is limited to ABS and ERG-relatives require resumption; (b) coordinate reduction applies only if the gap and the antecedent are in the same case, be it ABS or ERG; and (c) only ABS, but not ERG, can serve as the antecedent of the null SE anaphor. No single factor can account for all three of these phenomena and at least two of the three patterns are shown to be better viewed as PF-phenomena. The data suggest that syntactic ergativity should be understood as a construction-specific phenomenon rather than a language-specific property.

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Mitkov, Ruslan. Anaphora Resolution. Editado por Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0014.

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The article provides a theoretical background of anaphora and introduces the task of anaphora resolution. The importance of anaphora resolution in natural language parsing (NLP) is distinct, and early work and recent developments are outlined in this article. Finally, issues that need further attention are discussed. Anaphora is the linguistic phenomenon of pointing back to a previously mentioned item in the text. Varieties of anaphora include pronominal anaphora, lexical noun phrase anaphora, and nominal anaphora. The interpretation of anaphora is crucial for the successful operation of a machine translation system. It is essential to resolve the anaphoric relation when translating into languages that mark the gender of pronouns. Finally, the article suggests that the last years have seen considerable advances in the field of anaphora resolution, but there are still a number of outstanding issues that either remain unsolved or need further attention.

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40

Enfield, N. J. Linguistic expression of commands in Lao. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0009.

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This chapter undertakes a survey of commands and similar speech acts in Lao, the national language of Laos. The survey draws upon a corpus of naturally occurring speech in narratives and conversations recorded in Laos. An important linguistic resource for expressing commands is a system of sentence-final particles. The particles convey subtle distinctions in meaning of commands, including matters of politeness, urgency, entitlement, and expectation. These distinctions are illustrated with examples. Forms of person reference such as names and pronouns also play a role in the formulation of commands, particularly in so far as they relate to a cultural system in which social hierarchy is strongly valued. Various other linguistic issues related to commands are examined, including negative imperatives, complementation, indirect strategies for expressing commands, and serial verb constructions.

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41

Crossland, Rachel. ‘Orlando the Man and Orlando the Woman’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815976.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 looks at Woolf’s writings from 1926 onwards in relation to both Louis de Broglie’s work on the wave-particle duality of radiation and matter and, more significantly, Niels Bohr’s development of the principle of complementarity in 1927. The chapter argues for Woolf’s increasing interest in, attempts at, and ease in writing complementary models, linking this to contemporary scientific developments, but also exploring a broader early twentieth-century interest in complementary approaches, including in psychology. It distinguishes between duality and complementarity, arguing that Woolf can usefully be understood as a complementary writer. Woolf’s conjunctions and pronouns are explored in detail, as are her ideas on androgyny and her writing of light, and the form of her writings is also considered, in particular her inclusion of what she herself called ‘facts’ and ‘vision’ in the same works. Among other texts, this chapter focuses on Orlando, The Waves, and The Years.

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42

Rosenkvist, Henrik. Null subjects and Distinct Agreement in Modern Germanic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0012.

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A number of modern Germanic vernaculars (non-standard languages and dialects) allow first and second person null subjects (NSs), but not third person. In this chapter, the person asymmetry, and the relation between these NSs and agreement on finite verbs (and subordinators) are discussed. It is argued that it is not necessary to assume a specific Speech Act-feature in order to explain why third person NSs are disallowed. The crucial factor is instead assumed to be Distinct Agreement, i.e. the agreeing element must (uniquely) express the same φ‎-features and values for these features as the corresponding overt pronoun in order to allow an NS, including not only number and person, but also—crucially—gender.

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43

Schalkwyk, David. The Conceptual Investigations of Shakespeare’s Sonnets. Editado por Jonathan Post. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607747.013.0033.

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This chapter begins with the question ‘Who is speaking in Shakespeare’s Sonnets’ in order to trace the ways in which the poems map the relationship between love and desire. It examines the use of personal pronouns to negotiate positions that lie between the historical situation of the sonnets’ composition and dissemination and the reader who appropriates their voice. ‘Love’ is the outcome of engagements among the voices that speak through the poems, to which they respond, that are embedded within them, and which they make available to the reader. The sonnets offer a conceptual account of love and its relation to desire through the specificities of their address, in which three defining characteristics stand out: love’s projective capacity (‘love sees not with the eyes but with the mind’); its essential debt to time as a constitutive medium (‘To giue full growth to that which still doth grow’); and its concern with the singularity or uniqueness of its object, which is itself a product of its projective imagination (‘you alone are you’).

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44

de Ponte, María, e Kepa Korta, eds. Reference and Representation in Thought and Language. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714217.001.0001.

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The chapters in this volume deal with our devices for singular reference and singular representation, taking them in different ways. The precise relation between using a linguistic expression to refer to an object and our mental representation of it has always been, and still is, one of the key topics of debate in philosophy of language, linguistics, and the cognitive sciences. Most essays focus specifically on singular terms, that is, linguistic expressions that, at least prima facie, are used to refer to particular objects, persons, places, and so on. They include proper names (“Mary,” “John”), indexicals (“I,” “tomorrow”), demonstrative pronouns (“this,” “that”) and perhaps (some uses of) definite and indefinite descriptions (“the queen of England,” “a medical doctor”), as well as complex demonstratives (“that woman”). Some of the essays do not directly deal with reference but with representation: the ways we represent objects in thought, especially the first-person perspective and a particular object of representation—the self. And there is also an essay that explores a notion common to reference and representation: salience. Salience is a pervasive notion in language and thought, and it is approached here from an intercultural perspective. The volume includes the latest views on these complex topics, expounded by some of the most prominent authors in linguistics and philosophy of language.

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