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Cerrón-Palomino, López Alvaro. "Simplicidad y claridad estructurales: la producción de cláusulas relativas en castellano". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101801.
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El presente artículo constituye una aproximación psicolingüística al estudio de la ocurrencia de pronombres relativos (PR) en cláusulas relativas (CR) en español, tomando en consideración que este tipo de construcciones corresponden a variedades no estándares de la lengua y suelen ser censuradas en las gramáticas descriptivas. Dado que no existen estudios experimentales sobre el tema en español, este trabajo se basa parcialmente en un estudio llevado a cabo por Ferreira y Swets (2004) sobre un fenómeno similar en el inglés. La investigación tiene como objetivos determinar si los PR de objeto directo y oblicuos son una estrategia de reparación de una oración poco planificada y si los PR de sujeto pueden aparecer en situaciones controladas a partir del contraste de dos posibles antecedentes.This article constitutes a psycholinguistic approach to the study of the occurrence of relative pronouns (RP) in relative clauses (RC) in Spanish, considering that this type of construction is common in nonstandard varieties of the language and are often censored in the descriptive grammars.Since there are no experimental studies on the subject in Spanish, this work is based partly on a study conducted by Ferreira and Swets (2004) on a similar phenomenon in English. The research aims to determine whether direct object and oblique RP are a repair strategy for insufficiently planned sentences and if the subject RP may appear in controlled situations derived from the contrast of two possible antecedents
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Carbone, Márcia Valéria Seródio [UNESP]. "A partícula QUE: funções, usos e equivalências em espanhol e português". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102468.
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carbone_mvs_dr_assis.pdf: 1183459 bytes, checksum: f4bf9b465c82e92b654f7eaaa196a307 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O desejo de estudar as correspondências dos usos da partícula que em espanhol e português foi o ponto de partida desta tese. Dado o fato de ser a referida partícula altamente empregada nas duas línguas, optamos pela pesquisa em um corpus de língua falada, por caracterizar-se esta modalidade como um reflexo mais autêntico do funcionamento da língua e, especificamente, dos usos do que. Dentro dessa modalidade de língua falada, trabalhamos com entrevistas pertencentes ao Projeto de Estudo da Norma Lingüística Culta das cidades de Bogotá (para o espanhol) e de São Paulo (para o português ). Delimitado o corpus de estudo (onze entrevistas completas do NURC colombiano), coletamos os enunciados em espanhol em que a partícula que está inserida, bem como alguns dos seus afins, preservando os contextos necessários para uma análise sintática adequada. Esses contextos sintáticos espanhóis nos quais aparece a partícula que é que nortearam a divisão dos capítulos deste trabalho. Nossa pesquisa consta de cinco capítulos. O primeiro, numa tentativa de retomar às origens para entender os auais empregos do que, trata diacronicamente do tema. O que pronome relativo, os outros pronomes relativos, os advérbios relativos, bem como os seus correspondentes portugueses e a freqüência de uso nas duas línguas é o assunto do segundo capítulo. Partindo do que interrogativo, o terceiro capítulo versa sobre os pronomes interrogativos em geral e suas correspondências em português. No quarto capítulo, abordamos o estudo do que conjuntivo, do porque e das locuções conjuntivas, bem como das equivalências portuguesas. O quinto e último capítulo trata de dois outros contextos sintáticos em que a partícula que aparece em nosso corpus de trabalho tanto em espanhol como em português: as perífrases verbais de obrigação e expletivos.
The starting point of this dissertation was our interest in studying the formal as well as the semantic correspondences between the usages of the particle QUE, both in Spanish and in Portuguese. Due to the high degree of occurrences of this particle in both languages, we chose to center our research in a corpus of spoken language. In fact the oral language reflects with more authenticity the way languages function and, in particular, the uses of THE. Therefore we analyzed samples of speech taken from interviews that were registered and transcribed by researchers belonging to the NURC (Project for the Study of the Cultivated Linguistic Norm) in Bogotá (Colombia), for Spanish language, and in São Paulo (Brazil), for the Portuguese. Once the corpus established, we gathered and classified the utterances of eleven interviews in Colombian Spanish, in which the particle QUE and other related forms appear. Necessary contextual elements were preserved to make possible an accurate syntactic analysis. The syntactic contexts of QUE detected in the Spanish corpus guided the division in five chapters of our work. The first one is a diachronic approach which constitutes an effort to reach the ancient and original usages of QUE in order to a better understanding of its present behavior. The relative pronoun QUE, other relative pronouns, relative adverbs, as well as their Portuguese counterparts and their frequency of use in both languages are the subject of our second chapter. Beginning with the interrogative QUE, the third chapter deals with the Spanish interrogative pronouns in general and their corresponding forms in Portuguese...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
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Haendler, Yair [Verfasser], Flavia [Akademischer Betreuer] Adani e Reinhold [Akademischer Betreuer] Kliegl. "Effects of embedded pronouns on relative clause processing : cross-linguistic evidence from children and adults / Yair Haendler ; Flavia Adani, Reinhold Kliegl". Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1218793244/34.
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Carbone, Márcia Valéria Seródio. "A partícula QUE : funções, usos e equivalências em espanhol e português /". Assis : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102468.
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Orientador: Rafael Eugenio Hoyos-AndradeBanca: Maria de Lourdes Otero Brabo Cruz
Banca: Eliane Roncolatto
Banca: Isabel Gretel Maria Eres Fernández
Banca: John Robert Schmitz
Resumo: O desejo de estudar as correspondências dos usos da partícula que em espanhol e português foi o ponto de partida desta tese. Dado o fato de ser a referida partícula altamente empregada nas duas línguas, optamos pela pesquisa em um corpus de língua falada, por caracterizar-se esta modalidade como um reflexo mais autêntico do funcionamento da língua e, especificamente, dos usos do que. Dentro dessa modalidade de língua falada, trabalhamos com entrevistas pertencentes ao Projeto de Estudo da Norma Lingüística Culta das cidades de Bogotá (para o espanhol) e de São Paulo (para o português ). Delimitado o corpus de estudo (onze entrevistas completas do NURC colombiano), coletamos os enunciados em espanhol em que a partícula que está inserida, bem como alguns dos seus afins, preservando os contextos necessários para uma análise sintática adequada. Esses contextos sintáticos espanhóis nos quais aparece a partícula que é que nortearam a divisão dos capítulos deste trabalho. Nossa pesquisa consta de cinco capítulos. O primeiro, numa tentativa de retomar às origens para entender os auais empregos do que, trata diacronicamente do tema. O que pronome relativo, os outros pronomes relativos, os advérbios relativos, bem como os seus correspondentes portugueses e a freqüência de uso nas duas línguas é o assunto do segundo capítulo. Partindo do que interrogativo, o terceiro capítulo versa sobre os pronomes interrogativos em geral e suas correspondências em português. No quarto capítulo, abordamos o estudo do que conjuntivo, do porque e das locuções conjuntivas, bem como das equivalências portuguesas. O quinto e último capítulo trata de dois outros contextos sintáticos em que a partícula que aparece em nosso corpus de trabalho tanto em espanhol como em português: as perífrases verbais de obrigação e expletivos.
Abstract: The starting point of this dissertation was our interest in studying the formal as well as the semantic correspondences between the usages of the particle QUE, both in Spanish and in Portuguese. Due to the high degree of occurrences of this particle in both languages, we chose to center our research in a corpus of spoken language. In fact the oral language reflects with more authenticity the way languages function and, in particular, the uses of THE. Therefore we analyzed samples of speech taken from interviews that were registered and transcribed by researchers belonging to the NURC (Project for the Study of the Cultivated Linguistic Norm) in Bogotá (Colombia), for Spanish language, and in São Paulo (Brazil), for the Portuguese. Once the corpus established, we gathered and classified the utterances of eleven interviews in Colombian Spanish, in which the particle QUE and other related forms appear. Necessary contextual elements were preserved to make possible an accurate syntactic analysis. The syntactic contexts of QUE detected in the Spanish corpus guided the division in five chapters of our work. The first one is a diachronic approach which constitutes an effort to reach the ancient and original usages of QUE in order to a better understanding of its present behavior. The relative pronoun QUE, other relative pronouns, relative adverbs, as well as their Portuguese counterparts and their frequency of use in both languages are the subject of our second chapter. Beginning with the interrogative QUE, the third chapter deals with the Spanish interrogative pronouns in general and their corresponding forms in Portuguese...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Kindermann, Dirk. "Perspective in context : relative truth, knowledge, and the first person". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3164.
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This dissertation is about the nature of perspectival thoughts and the context-sensitivity of the language used to express them. It focuses on two kinds of perspectival thoughts: ‘subjective' evaluative thoughts about matters of personal taste, such as 'Beetroot is delicious' or 'Skydiving is fun', and first-personal or de se thoughts about oneself, such as 'I am hungry' or 'I have been fooled.' The dissertation defends of a novel form of relativism about truth - the idea that the truth of some (but not all) perspectival thought and talk is relative to the perspective of an evaluating subject or group. In Part I, I argue that the realm of ‘subjective' evaluative thought and talk whose truth is perspective-relative includes attributions of knowledge of the form 'S knows that p.' Following a brief introduction (chapter 1), chapter 2 presents a new, error-theoretic objection against relativism about knowledge attributions. The case for relativism regarding knowledge attributions rests on the claim that relativism is the only view that explains all of the empirical data from speakers' use of the word "know" without recourse to an error theory. In chapter 2, I show that the relativist can only account for sceptical paradoxes and ordinary epistemic closure puzzles if she attributes a problematic form of semantic blindness to speakers. However, in 3 I show that all major competitor theories - forms of invariantism and contextualism - are subject to equally serious error-theoretic objections. This raises the following fundamental question for empirical theorising about the meaning of natural language expressions: If error attributions are ubiquitous, by which criteria do we evaluate and compare the force of error-theoretic objections and the plausibility of error attributions? I provide a number of criteria and argue that they give us reason to think that relativism's error attributions are more plausible than those of its competitors. In Part II, I develop a novel unified account of the content and communication of perspectival thoughts. Many relativists regarding ‘subjective' thoughts and Lewisians about de se thoughts endorse a view of belief as self-location. In chapter 4, I argue that the self-location view of belief is in conflict with the received picture of linguistic communication, which understands communication as the transmission of information from speaker's head to hearer's head. I argue that understanding mental content and speech act content in terms of sequenced worlds allows a reconciliation of these views. On the view I advocate, content is modelled as a set of sequenced worlds - possible worlds ‘centred' on a group of individuals inhabiting the world at some time. Intuitively, a sequenced world is a way a group of people may be. I develop a Stalnakerian model of communication based on sequenced worlds content, and I provide a suitable semantics for personal pronouns and predicates of personal taste. In chapter 5, I show that one of the advantages of this model is its compatibility with both nonindexical contextualism and truth relativism about taste. I argue in chapters 5 and 6 that the empirical data from eavesdropping, retraction, and disagreement cases supports a relativist completion of the model, and I show in detail how to account for these phenomena on the sequenced worlds view.
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Silva, Hosana dos Santos. "Aprendizagem do pronome relativo cujo: reflexões sobre a escrita". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-04102007-140538/.
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Com base nos princípios teóricos da teoria gerativa, este estudo analisa a produção escrita de relativas genitivas convencionais introduzidas pelo pronome relativo cujo. A hipótese central do estudo é a de que essas construções não resultam diretamente da gramática nuclear, construída na infância, no processo natural de aquisição da linguagem, mas resultam da gramática periférica, por meio do processo de escolarização (nos termos discutidos em Kato, 2005, com base na proposta de Chomsky, 1981). Através da experimentação, testou-se a produção de orações por alunos da 5ª série do ensino fundamental ao 3º ano do ensino médio. Visando verificar quais são as condições lingüísticas mais favoráveis ao uso da relativa genitiva convencional, focalizou-se a influência dos traços semânticos [± humano], [±masculino], [± plural] do NP conseqüente, e a função sintática do NP antecedente e do NP que contém o PP relativizado. Os resultados evidenciam a função sintática do nódulo que contém o PP relativizado como um fator intralingüistico relevante para determinar o comportamento dessa variante, bem como confirmam a influência do fator escolaridade na produção de orações relativas genitivas.Inspired by the principles of the Generative Theory, this work aims to analyse the use of a standard construction with the relative pronoun cujo (whose). The hypothesis argued for in this thesis considers that these constructions are not derived from the core grammar, constructed during childhood, in the natural process of language acquisition. Instead, they result from peripheral grammar, through the scholarization process (as discussed by Kato, 2005, based on the studies of Chomsky, 1981). Through experimentation, sentences were tested with students from the fifth grade of primary education till the third grade of high school. In order to verify which are the most propitious linguistic conditions to the use of the standard genitive relative, we examined the influence of semantic traces [± human], [±masculine], [± plural] of the following NP, the syntactic function of the preceding PP, and the NP which holds the relativized PP. The results evidence the syntactic function of the node which holds the relativized PP as a relevant intralinguistic factor to determine the behavior of this variant, as well as they confirm the influence of the schooling factor in the production of genitive relative sentences.
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George, Christina. "Revised syntactic attributes for relative cause simplification and relative pronoun correction". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27245.
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Using previous work for resolving relative clause attachment ambiguities as a starting point, we expanded an existing framework consisting mainly of semantic features to include new syntactic features. We used these new syntactic attributes on their own, as well as with the existing ones in two separate applications. First, we examined sentences containing restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses and classified them according to whether the relative clauses could be removed to simplify the sentences. In the second application, we corrected the selection of relative pronouns in French to English machine translations. To test our revised syntactic attributes, we devised a two-stage system. In the first stage, we used binary classification to perform an initial screening of sentences, followed by a more detailed classification in the second stage. We then evaluated the performance of each stage as well as the system as a whole. In each application, we made specific adjustments and succeeded in demonstrating that the combination of syntactic and semantic attributes was more effective in these classification tasks than relying on one type of attribute exclusively.
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Benshenshin, Marwa. "Le mot quoi et ses équivalents arabes mā et māḏā dans les phrases interrogatives, percontatives, relatives et intégratives : Étude Contrastive". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA077.
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Cette étude comparative porte sur les emplois interrogatif, percontatif, relatif (avec antécédent) et intégratif (sans antécédent) du pronom indéfini quoi en français et de ses équivalents mā et māḏā en langue arabe. Notre corpus est tiré de la littérature du XXe siècle, et plus particulièrement des romans et des pièces de théâtre de Margueritte Duras et de Marcel Pagnol pour le français, et de Naguib Mahfouz pour lʼarabe. Nous étudierons tout dʼabord les emplois de ces trois pronoms régis par leurs caractéristiques et leurs propriétés syntaxiques. Nous analysons le comportement syntaxique de mā et de māḏā dans leurs emplois interrogatifs en comparaison avec leur équivalent français quoi. Nous verrons notamment quʼil existe des points communs et des divergences entre les deux langues, plus particulièrement concernant leur autonomie syntaxique au niveau de leur position dans la phrase. Nous examinons également lʼemploi de quoi et de mā et māḏā dans la subordination, en tant que percontatifs, relatifs et intégratifs. Notre analyse montre que les différentes formes de la percontative sʼexpliquent par les caractéristiques propres aux trois pronoms. Pour les deux autres emplois, il existe des points de divergence entre mā et quoi, surtout au niveau de lʼantécédent utilisé pour le relatif. Quant à lʼemploi intégratif, mā, de par ses propriétés syntaxiques, admet plus de fonctions dans la phrase que son équivalent quoiThis comparative study examines the interrogative, percontative, relative (with antecedent)and integrative (with no antecedent) uses of quoi the indefinite pronoun in French and itsequivalents mā and māḏā in Arabic. Our corpus is taken from twentieth century literature,especially novels and plays of Margueritte Duras and Marcel Pagnol for French, and NaguibMahfouz for Arabic. We first see how the uses of these three pronouns are governed by theircharacteristics and syntactic properties. We analyze the syntactic behavior of mā and māḏā intheir interrogative uses compared with their French equivalent quoi. We will see that there aresimilarities and differences between the two languages, especially regarding their syntacticautonomy in their position in the sentence. We also examine the use of quoi, mā and māḏā insubordination, as percontatifs, relatives and integratives. Our analysis shows that the differentforms of percontative are explained by the characteristics of the three pronouns. For the lasttwo uses, there are many points of divergence between mā and quoi, especially regarding thetype of antecedent being used. In terms of integrative use mā, through its syntactic properties,admits more functions in the sentence than its equivalent quoi
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Xu, Yi Xing. "Pronomes relativos e oracoes relativas na perspectiva do ensino de Portugues a aprendentes Chineses". Thesis, University of Macau, 1999. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636634.
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Vo, Thi Anh Ngoc. "Subordination relative en vietnamien : éléments de comparaison avec le français". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20151.
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Cette thèse propose une description du vietnamien en comparaison avec le français autour du phénomène de la relativisation, dans le cadre de la linguistique typologique et contrastive. Elle s’articule en deux parties. La première traite des questions préliminaires et du cadre typologique. Il s’agit de présenter quelques traits dominants de la langue vietnamienne, langue isolante, par rapport au français, langue flexionnelle, en passant en revue certaines notions de base en linguistique générale telles que sujet/sujet grammatical, thème/rhème, phrase/proposition et subordination/subordonnant. La notion de subordination sera ensuite introduite dans le cadre typologique adopté (Creissels 2006) pour la présentation de la relativisation translinguistique ainsi que pour l’analyse des relatives en français et en vietnamien. La seconde partie est consacrée à l’étude contrastive des relatives en français et en vietnamien, et cela, avec un double objectif. Le premier est de dégager, aux niveaux morphosyntaxique et fonctionnel, les propriétés de la relativisation en examinant la structure syntaxique du nom de domaine, les stratégies de relativisation, la Hiérarchie d’Accessibilité à la relativisation ainsi que les types de relatives. Le second est de mettre en évidence les particularités du fonctionnement du vietnamien par rapport au français, et plus spécifiquement, la relation minimale (Lemaréchal 1997) entre un nom et une relative et la polyfonctionnalité du relativiseur mà. Cette étude, qui se veut contribuer à la typologie de la relativisation, fournit une description systématique de la subordonnée relative dans une perspective typologique, et jamais une telle étude n’a été entreprise, à notre connaissance, en linguistique vietnamienneThis thesis proposes a description of Vietnamese in comparison with French around the phenomenon of relativization in the frame of typological and contrastive linguistics. It is divided into two parts. The first part specifies the preliminary matters and typological framework. It presents some salient features of the Vietnamese language, an isolating language, compared to the French inflected language. It reviews some basic concepts in general linguistics such as subject / grammatical subject, theme / rheme, sentence / clause and subordination / subordinator. The notion of subordination is then introduced into the typological framework adopted (Creissels 2006) for the presentation of crosslinguistic relativization as well as for the analysis of relative clauses in French and in Vietnamese. The second part is devoted to the constrative study of the relative clauses in French and in Vietnamese with two objectives. The first objective is to identify the properties of relativization at the morphosyntactic and functional levels by examining the syntactic structure of the head noun, the strategies of relativization, the Accessibility Hierarchy for relativization and the typology of relative clauses. The second objective is to highlight the peculiarities of the functioning of Vietnamese compared with French, and more specifically, the Minimum relationship (Lemaréchal 1997) between a head noun and a relative clause and the polyfunctionality of the relativiser mà. This study, which aims at contributing to the typology of relativization, provides a systematic description of the relative subordination in a typological perspective, and never such a study has been undertaken, to our knowledge, in Vietnamese linguistics
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Martineau, Maude. "Les pronoms relatifs : variation historique? : usage des pronoms relatifs en français à l'époque de la Nouvelle-France". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26732.
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Ce travail consiste à décrire l’usage des pronoms relatifs dans le français de trois scripteurs de l’époque de la Nouvelle-France afin de vérifier si la variation existante en français moderne y était également présente. Pour ce faire, une description de la norme des pronoms relatifs en français moderne et historique a été élaborée, et une étude de corpus (corpus MCVF annoté syntaxiquement, Martineau et coll., 2005-2010) comprenant des textes de scripteurs français et canadiens (François Gendron, Marie-Andrée Regnard Duplessis et Marie Morin) a été réalisée. L’analyse de 2521 occurrences a révélé que la variation présente en français moderne existait déjà à l’époque et y était même un peu plus importante, que l’usage des scripteurs est conforme aux attestations et descriptions présentes dans les documents historiques et de l’époque, et que les systèmes moderne et historique (XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles) des pronoms relatifs sont similaires.This study aims to describe the usage of French relative pronouns by writers from the New France period in order to verify whether the variation attested in modern French was already present in French from the 17th and 18th centuries. To do so, the norm and usage of the relative pronouns in modern and historic French was thoroughly described. A corpus search was also conducted (MCVF corpus, annotated with syntactic tags, Martineau and colleagues, 2005-2010), which includes texts from three different writers from France and Canada (Marie-Andrée Regnard Duplessis, François Gendron and Marie Morin). The analysis of 2521 occurrences reveals that the usage of the writers is consistent with attested uses and descriptions found in metalinguistic sources on historic usage. We conclude that the relative pronoun systems in modern and historical French are similar. The variation heard in modern French was already present at that time, and was even slightly more significant.
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Banegas, Saorin Mercedes. "Étude de morphosyntaxe historique des pronoms relatifs espagnols /". Nanterre : Centre de recherches ibériques et ibéro-américaines de l'Université Paris X-Nanterre, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb414695739.
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Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Linguistique espagnole--Paris 10, 204. Titre de soutenance : Les pronoms relatifs en espagnol : étude morphosyntaxique, synchronique et diachronique.Bibliogr. p. 149-156.
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Kasmi, Samira. "Les pronoms relatifs en anglais moderne (perspective psychosystématique)". Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040136.
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L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude des pronoms relatifs en anglais dans une perspective psychosystématique. Elle comprend donc une partie sur les études antérieures concernant les relatifs. Puis les fondements de l'analyse adoptés tout long de ce travail. La deuxième partie propose une théorie de représentation des pronoms relatifs en wh, en that et en but. Le dernier chapitre présente leurs comportements en discours, en tenant compte de leur valeur de langueThe aim of this thesis is the study of the relative pronouns system in English. Its first part deals with the relative pronouns, from the point of view of traditional grammar, structural and transformational ones. Then, the basis of the analysis used was exposed in the second chapter. The last part presents the study of the relative pronouns: wh-ever, wh (o) (ich) (at), that and but, at the tongue level, in which one value is found, as well as at the discourse level, in which the surface and various uses of each pronoun are related to its unique value
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DiGioia, Sarah M. "The Examination of Threat and Affiliative Tendencies through Pronoun Usage in Relation to Consumer Evaluations". Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1246473015.
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Brockmann, Saskia Gabriela [Verfasser], e Sigrid [Akademischer Betreuer] Beck. "The Relation between Pronouns and Definites. Evidence from First Language Acquisition / Saskia Gabriela Brockmann ; Betreuer: Sigrid Beck". Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1173700218/34.
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Brockmann, Saskia [Verfasser], e Sigrid [Akademischer Betreuer] Beck. "The Relation between Pronouns and Definites. Evidence from First Language Acquisition / Saskia Gabriela Brockmann ; Betreuer: Sigrid Beck". Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1173700218/34.
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Banegas, Saorin Mercedes. "Les pronoms relatifs en espagnol : étude morphosyntaxique, synchronique et diachronique". Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100185.
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Étude morphosyntaxique des pronoms relatifs en espagnol, du point de vue synchronique et diachronique. Nous y décrivons le phénomène dans lequel s'inscrit le relatif, la subordination et nous le comparons avec les autres mots subordonnants, pour trouver sa place au sein du discours. Nous confrontons relatifs et relatives selon les caté gories de mots auxquelles appartiennent tous les deux (nom, adjectif, adverbe) et selon les fonctions que les pronoms relatifs et les propositions relatives sont aptes à remplir. Utilisation du méchanisme de la translation pour distinguer ces deux entités. Etablissement de classement des relatifs selon plusieurs critères : présence ou absence d'antécédent, selon le type de subordonnée qu'ils produisent : déterminatives, explicatives, appositives, adjectivales, substantives, adverbiales. Notre étude diachronique constitue un complément afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure le paradigme du relatif de l'espagnol contemporain a hérité du manque de fixation que caractérisait le roman castillan. Elle nous permet aussi d'expliquer les transformations de signes tels que "el que". Également cette étude sert à expliquer des énoncés de problèmes actuels pour lesquels il n' y a pas d'explication, mais juste des descriptions de constats assortis de permissivités et restrictions d'usage, tels que les formes chosies pour les compléments prépositionnels.
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Cunha, Viviane Mendes. "Proposta de interven??o pedag?gica para estudo e uso dos pronomes relativos e das senten?as relativas/adjetivas no ensino fundamental". Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1755.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This work aims to present a proposal for a pedagogical intervention for the study and use of relative pronouns and relative sentences - traditionally considered adjective subordinate clauses. This proposal was drafted from a diagnosis made in 2014 in an elementary public school in the municipality of Itagua? / RJ, with three segments: teacher, student and textbook. Compared to the first segment, we relied on responses from a questionnaire applied to the school teachers, to get to know their beliefs and attitudes regarding the use and study of this linguistic phenomenon; with the students, all of them ninth graders, we proceeded to the analysis of essays produced by them in 2014 to verify the actual use made of these pronouns and clauses; regarding the textbook of Portuguese, adopted by the school unit, we examined the methodological basis underlying the didactic proposal offered by this feature with regard to pronouns and mentioned sentences. The results obtained from the diagnosis showed that teachers recognize that among the sentences prescribed by the standard norm, students use frequently in speech and writing, the structures that do not require preposition, such as "The book which I bought is torn" and "I know the guy who appeared in the newspaper," but they do not know, and therefore do not use constructs such as "That's the teacher whom I like best", in whose place they produce sentences like "This is the teacher I like best" and "This is the teacher that I like better him", which diverge from this idealized standard. The essays used for the diagnosis confirm this teachers? intuition, not occurring, in these texts, just the kind of relative of the last example. The analysis of textbooks has shown that this teaching resource hardly explores the actual use of such syntactic structures, focusing on normative precept. As for pedagogical intervention itself, we relied on the model of Bortoni-Ricardo continuous (2004 e 2005), with emphasis on continuous monitoring stylistic, situated in the perspective of the language in use (Mollica and Roncarati, 2014; Oliveira and Coelho, 2003; Melo, Cyranka and Silva, 2010; Martins and Moura, 2014; Bortoni-Ricardo, 2005), and in the didactic proposal for collaborative learning of Moran, Masetto and Behrens (2013).
Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de interven??o pedag?gica para o estudo e uso dos pronomes relativos e das senten?as relativas ? consideradas tradicionalmente ora??es subordinadas adjetivas. Tal proposta foi elaborada a partir de um diagn?stico realizado no ano de 2014, em uma escola p?blica de ensino fundamental do munic?pio de Itagua? / RJ, com tr?s segmentos: professor, aluno e livro did?tico. Em rela??o ao primeiro segmento, baseamo-nos nas respostas de um question?rio, aplicado aos docentes da referida escola, para conhecer as cren?as e atitudes deles quanto ao uso e estudo desse fen?meno lingu?stico; com os discentes, todos do nono ano, procedemos ? an?lise de reda??es produzidas por eles em 2014, para verificar o real uso que fazem desses pronomes e dessas ora??es; no tocante ao livro did?tico de L?ngua Portuguesa, adotado pela unidade escolar, examinamos a fundamenta??o metodol?gica que subjaz ? proposta did?tica oferecida por esse recurso no que se refere aos pronomes e senten?as mencionados. Os resultados obtidos a partir do diagn?stico mostraram que os professores reconhecem que, entre as senten?as prescritas pela norma padr?o, os alunos usam com frequ?ncia, na fala e na escrita, as estruturas que n?o exigem preposi??o, como ?O livro que comprei est? rasgado? e ?Conhe?o o rapaz que apareceu no jornal?, mas n?o conhecem, e, por isso, n?o utilizam constru??es como ?Esse ? o professor de que / do qual mais gosto?, no lugar da qual produzem per?odos do tipo ?Esse ? o professor que mais gosto? e ?Esse ? o professor que mais gosto dele?, que destoam dessa norma idealizada. As reda??es usadas para o diagn?stico confirmam essa intui??o dos professores, n?o ocorrendo, nesses textos, apenas o tipo de relativa do ?ltimo exemplo. A an?lise do livro did?tico mostrou que esse recurso did?tico pouco explora o uso real de tais estruturas sint?ticas, privilegiando a prescri??o normativa. Quanto ? interven??o pedag?gica propriamente dita, apoiamo-nos no modelo dos cont?nuos de Bortoni-Ricardo (2004 e 2005), com ?nfase no cont?nuo de monitora??o estil?stica, situado na perspectiva da linguagem em uso (Mollica e Roncarati, 2014; Oliveira e Coelho, 2003; Melo, Cyranka e Silva, 2010; Martins e Moura, 2014; Bortoni-Ricardo, 2005), e na proposta did?tica de aprendizagem colaborativa de Moran, Masetto e Behrens (2013).
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Eriksson, Erik. "Is it called she or he? : A study of pronoun use in relation to animals". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-49731.
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LINS, DANIELLE COELHO. "PORTUGUESE AS SECOND LANGUAGE FOR THE DEAF (PSLD): THE USE OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN QUE(THAT/WHERE) IN ACADEMIC WRITING". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=20589@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROO presente trabalho aborda o emprego do pronome relativo que por alunos do nível superior do Instituto Nacional de Educação de Surdos (INES). Como objetivo geral, propõe-se a aplicação de uma oficina voltada ao uso do mesmo em textos acadêmicos de alunos surdos e ouvintes do Instituto. Para tal, utiliza-se uma abordagem bilíngue na qual o português escrito desempenha papel de segunda língua e a Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras), o de primeira. Com base em produções de alunos do programa de pós-graduação da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC – Rio), três funções sintáticas deste pronome são selecionadas para análise, a saber, sujeito, objeto direto e adjunto adverbial. Como resultado geral, observa-se um aumento geral na produção do pronome nas três funções sugeridas. No entanto, há redução nas funções de objeto direto e adjunto adverbial no exercício de união de frases e na de adjunto adverbial no exercício com frases a serem completadas. Estes resultados são devidamente justificados, fato que comprova a eficácia da oficina para surdos e ouvintes.
The present research focuses on the use of the relative pronoun que (that/where) in the production of the college students of the Instituto Nacional de Educação de Surdos (INES). Mainly, this paper proposes a workshop based on the referred pronoun in the academic writing of both deaf and listeners, college students of the Institute. In order to do so, the bilingual approach is used and the written Portuguese functions as the second language whereas the Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) functions as the first. Based on the written production of post graduation students of the Pontifícia Universidade Católica from Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), three syntactic functions of the relative pronoun que (that) are selected for analysis, namely, subject, direct object and adjunct. Basically, there is general rise in the production of the pronoun for the three suggested functions. Nonetheless, there is reduction for the direct object and the adjunct in the exercise in which students may put sentences together and for the adjunct in the exercise of completing sentences. The results are properly justified what proves the efficiency of the workshop for both deaf and listeners.
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Golmann, Malcolm. "Relative Clauses in Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies : a quantitative study". Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of English, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7361.
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The aim of this degree project has been to examine, analyze and describe which intra-linguistic factors influence how relative clauses are formed in Old English.
The key to successfully performing the task of identifying which factors influences the relative causes is to examine how these factors are distributed among the relative clauses in the text. The main focus of this investigation thus was to investigate how the grammatical features of the antecedents of the relative clauses in Old English were distributed. By analyzing a text sample of the work of the Old English writer Ælfric, taken from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus at the University of Toronto, also known as the Toronto Corpus, several features of the antecedent will ideally become evident as influencing factors.
The relative clauses that are found to be relevant for this investigation in the Ælfric text sample have been categorized and analyzed in order to identify any grammatical pattern that could indicate which factors influence how relative clauses in Old English are formed. The findings have been analyzed according to quantitative and statistical principles, and the chi-square test has been employed to verify the statistical significance of these findings. By doing this some linguistic factors have been verified as influencing factors.
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Goux, Mathieu. "Le pronom-déterminant "lequel" en français préclassique et classique (1580-1720) : de la langue au discours". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2099.
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Notre thèse étudie les phénomènes de subordination relative au long des 16e et 17e siècles. Il s'agit d'interroger les cadres et les contraintes entourant le pronom lequel au moment où ce dernier subit une diminution fréquentielle marquante de son emploi relatif en discours, après « l'âge d'or » du Moyen français et le raffinement qu'il pouvait représenter. Cette problématique engage la concurrence entre les pronoms relatifs simples (qui, que, quoi, dont et où), et les pronoms relatifs composés (lequel et ses dérivés). Le caractère atypique du pronom-déterminant relatif lequel nous a invité à effectuer une étude sur corpus en interrogeant les paramètres syntaxiques, mais également sémantiques et référentiels, qui favorisent l'emploi en discours du pronom-déterminant lequel pour introduire des subordonnées. Nous cherchons à mettre ces paramètres en relation d'une part avec la morphologie du pronom-déterminant, d'autre part avec les caractéristiques de la subordonnée relative et notamment son statut sémantique.L'analyse du co(n)texte élargi entourant lequel nous a permis d’observer que son rôle au long de la période classique engage également des questions touchant à la perspective fonctionnelle de l'énoncé, soit à l'organisation de l'information. Le pronom-déterminant lequel est interprété comme un marqueur périodique et il permet d'organiser les différents mouvements du texte. Nous avons étudié les occurrences où nous pouvons trouver le pronom lequel aux côtés de différents marqueurs périodiques, et nous avons décrit les effets de sens produits par le pronom-déterminant et les différents types de hiérarchisation du continuum textuel qu'il permet de construire. Cela nous permet de mieux comprendre comment l'énoncé était construit et perçu avant « l'invention de la phrase », d'étudier la répartition de l'information et la construction des chaînes de référence dans une perspective relevant d'une grammaire textuelle diachroniqueWe study the relative subordination in french language along the 16th and 17th centuries. Our thesis explores the frameworks and constraints surrounding the use of the pronoun lequel, which undergoes a marked frequency decrease in its relative use in discourse after the "golden age" of the French Middle Ages and the refinement that it could represent. This problematic entails competition between simple relative pronouns (qui, que, quoi, dont et où) and relative compound pronouns (lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles…). The atypical character of the relative pronoum lequel invited us to carry out a corpus study by interrogating the syntactic, semantic and referential parameters, which favor the use in discourse of the pronoun-determinant lequel to introduce subordinates clauses. We put these parameters in relation with the morphology of the pronoun-determinant and the properties of the relative clause and its semantic status.The analysis of the cotext surrounding lequel allowed us to observe that its role during the classical period also involves problematics related to the informational perspective of the discourse, namely its organization. The pronoun-determinant lequel is interpreted as a periodic marker and it organizes the different movements of the text. We study the occurrences where we can find the pronoun alongside different periodic markers, and we have described the meaning effects produced by the pronoun-determinant and the different types of hierarchization of the textual continuum that it builds. This allows us to better understand how the discourse was constructed and perceived before the "sentence invention", to study the distribution of information and the construction of reference chains from a perspective that can be qualified as a diachronic textual grammar
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Santos, Renata Valente dos. "Representações da fala em diálogos impressos em livro didático de português do Brasil para estrangeiros: inadequações no uso de pronomes pessoais, demonstrativos, possessivos e relativos". Niterói, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/3649.
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Com a expansão, nas duas últimas décadas, das políticas e ações voltadas para a internacionalização da língua portuguesa, cresceu também a produção de materiais didáticos destinados ao ensino de Português do Brasil a estrangeiros (PBE). Contudo, nos textos desses materiais, as amostras da variedade brasileira oferecidas aos aprendizes nem sempre são representativas de nossa fala e escrita. Nesta pesquisa, analisamos - em diálogos impressos em livro didático de PBE contemporâneo e de ampla circulação, que declara enfatizar a comunicação no português como é falado no Brasil - se o uso dos pronomes pessoais, demonstrativos, possessivos e relativos é consistente com essa proposta. Analisamos as ocorrências de pronomes desses tipos nos diálogos da obra selecionada, à luz de descrições presentes em gramáticas e estudos recentes sobre o português brasileiro, que contemplam a fala, e também de descrições contidas em gramáticas com base na tradição escrita. Concluímos que, nos diálogos do livro didático analisado, no que se refere ao uso desses pronomes, sobretudo os pessoais e demonstrativos, ainda são frequentes as representações da fala inadequadas, ou seja, distanciadas das descrições contemporâneas do português do Brasil falado e influenciadas pela descrição com base na tradição gramatical escrita
As a result of an development of politics and activities regarding the internationalization of the Portuguese language, an increase on the production of didactic material has happened with the purpose of teaching foreigners the Portuguese of Brazil (PBE). Nevertheless in the set texts of these materials, the examples that are presented to the learners in order to demonstrate the wide scope of the Brazilian linguistic diversity, not always represent the way we speak and write. In this research we analyse the consistancy of the usage of Personal Pronoun, Demonstrative Pronoun, Possessive Pronoun, and Relative Pronoun according to this proposal by means of examining written dialogues on contemporary book for the Teaching of Brazilian Portuguese For Foreigners (PBE) with broad circulation and that it emphasizes communication in the Portuguese language as people speak it in Brazil. We analysed these pronouns as they appeared in the set texts, bearing in mind up to date grammatical studies on Brazilian Portuguese which deal with the Brazilian Portuguese speach as well as structures and rules on grammars based on written tradition. We come to the conclusion that the dialogues on the analysed book in reference to these pronouns, mainly Demonstrative and Personal Pronoun, are to some extent inadequate concerning the speach, meaning that, they are rather distant from the contemporary structures of the Brazilian Portuguese the way it is spoken and as they are influenced by the description based on the written grammatical tradition
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Bentaifour, Belkacem. "Vers des hypothèses de remédiation en matière d'apprentissage des pronoms relatifs que, dont et où en classe de FLE". Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA1007.
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Ce travail porte sur l'apprentissage des pronoms relatifs que, dont et où en classe de FLE. L'objectif est de comprendre la nature et la cause des erreurs commises par des apprenants de 9ème AF (équivalent de la classe de 3ème des collèges en France) sur l'emploi de ces relatifs pour aider d'une part ces apprenants à mieux les maîtriser et, d'autre part l'enseignant à améliorer ses méthodes d'enseignement. L'analyse d'erreurs a été effectuée à partir de productions écrites d'un groupe de 70 apprenants qui sont à leur sixième année de français, qui appartiennent tous à la même tranche d'âge, qui fréquentent des établissements scolaires d'Alger proches géographiquement. Sur le plan linguistique, nous avons affaire aussi bien à des locuteurs bilingues (arabe-français) qu'à des locuteurs trilingues (arabe-kabyle-français). C'est précisément à ce type de public, plus ou moins hétérogène quant à la pratique linguistique, que l'enseignement doit faire face. . .
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Berggren, Pernilla. "Gudspronomen i relation till individers gudsrepresentation". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-178821.
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This essay contains own collected material wherein seven religious women are interviewed. Theprincipal focus in this work is about god pronoun in relation to a social constructionist analyticalframe circling around androcentric language. In the research overview and in the theory section ofthis work you can find the feminist and social constructionist theories that represents thegroundwork of this essay. "To name god with masculine pronoun influence individuals and theirgodrepresentation" is my main hypothesis of this work. The social constructionist analytical frameof pronoun the interviewed women use proves my feminist point of view that androcentric languagepermeate the interviewing persons speech about god and their god representation.Denna uppsats innehåller eget insamlat intervjumaterial där sju religiösa kvinnor intervjuats.Huvudfokus i arbetet kretsar kring gudspronomen med en socialkonstruktivistisk analys avandrocentriskt språk. Under forskningsöversikten och i teoriavsnittet presenteras mer utförligt defeministiska och socialkonstruktivistiska forskningsunderlag som använts till grund för arbetet. "Attbenämna gud med maskulina pronomen påverkar individer och deras gudsrepresentation" ärhuvudhypotesen till denna uppsats. Den socialkonstruktivistiska analysen av de pronomenintervjupersonerna använder samt hur de talar om gud bevisar min feministiska utgångspunkt attandrocentriskt språk genomsyrar de intervjuades tal om gud och gudsrepresentation.
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Heidenfors, Hanna. "Traduction au cœur des émotions : Pronoms porteurs de valeurs, relation auteur-lecteur et hedging dans un texte sur le développement émotionnel de l’enfant". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89822.
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This paper presents dilemmas that arose in the process of translation to Swedish of parts of a French book on children’s emotional development and parenting. Three specific domains are discussed: 1) The choice of pronoun for child. A new genderneutral personal pronoun that has gained ground in Swedish in recent years presents a practical solution, but implies some editing in order not to be too salient and repetitive. 2) The relationship between author and readers created by an inclusive and personal language. 3) The need in the target text to add « hedges », a form of metadiscourse markers defined by Hyland (1998 :1) as « any linguistics means used to indicate either a) a lack of complete commitment to the truth value of the accompanying proposition, or b) a desire not to express that commitment categorically ». The problems and the choices made have been put into the context of the functionalist approach to translation presented by Ingo (2007). The feelings of the target text readers have been in focus in all three instances of discussion and the need for translators to be aware of metadiscourse and rhetorical conventions have been explored.
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Lee, Sun-Hee. "A lexical analysis of select unbounded dependency constructions in Korean". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5num=osu1086106196.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 193 p. : ill. Advisor: Carl Pollard, Dept. of Linguistics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 186-193).
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Ning, Li Hsin, e 甯俐馨. "The Grammar and Processing of Resumptive Pronouns in Chinese Relative Clauses". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27520478213670176164.
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碩士國立政治大學
語言學研究所
96
This thesis examines resumptive pronouns in Chinese relative clauses from the perspectives of grammar and processing. In the grammar, it is claimed in this research that resumptives in Chinese are base-generated pronouns rather than syntactic variables. Their occurrence can be predicted via derivational economy and grammaticality. Resumptives in Chinese are obligatory only when the gap relatives are ungrammatical. Otherwise, resumptives are optional. As for processing, three grammaticality judgments and two on-line self-paced reading tasks were conducted. The grammaticality judgments and the on-line reading times show that resumptives were dispreferred because they induced a garden-path effect (the main-clause illusion). However, resumptives became preferred when the gap relatives resulted in ungrammaticality or led to a garden path, thus inducing the difficulty of reconstruction. There was no preference for gaps or resumptives when the gap relatives involved complex structures or complicated processing domains (the intricate reconstruction). These results suggest that resumptives in Chinese are related not only to the issue of grammaticality but also to that of the processability (i.e. the garden-path effect).
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Martineau, Maude. "Les pronoms relatifs : variation historique ? : usage des pronoms relatifs en français à l’époque de la Nouvelle-France". Thèse, 2016. http://constellation.uqac.ca/3717/1/Martineau_uqac_0862N_10163.pdf.
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Ce travail consiste à décrire l’usage des pronoms relatifs dans le français de trois scripteurs de l’époque de la Nouvelle-France afin de vérifier si la variation existante en français moderne y était également présente. Pour ce faire, une description de la norme des pronoms relatifs en français moderne et historique a été élaborée, et une étude de corpus (corpus MCVF annoté syntaxiquement, Martineau et coll., 2005-2010) comprenant des textes de scripteurs français et canadiens (François Gendron, Marie-Andrée Regnard Duplessis et Marie Morin) a été réalisée. L’analyse de 2521 occurrences a révélé que la variation présente en français moderne existait déjà à l’époque et y était même un peu plus importante, que l’usage des scripteurs est conforme aux attestations et descriptions présentes dans les documents historiques et de l’époque, et que les systèmes moderne et historique (XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles) des pronoms relatifs sont similaires.
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Kaur, Paramjit. "A study of conditionability for various pronouns in relation to age,sex and personality". Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/4481.
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HOLINKOVÁ, Klára. "Vztažné věty ve španělských neliterárních textech (v porovnání s češtinou)". Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85094.
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This thesis deals with a comparison of relative clauses in Czech and Spain language. The first part is devoted to the theoretical definition of the term "relative clause" in both languages and their comparison. In the second part the author performed a linguistic analysis of the Czech and Spanish comparable text with focuse on identification of the grammatical phenomena described in the theoretical part. This thesis is written in Czech language and includes a summary in Spanish.
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Huang, Yahui 1973. "On the form and meaning of Chinese bare conditionals : not just "whatever"". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-12-2264.
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The syntactic and semantic treatment of Chinese Bare Conditionals is a topic of much debate (Cheng and Huang 1996; Lin 1996; Chierchia 2000). This dissertation investigates the nature of Chinese Bare Conditionals in three aspects: quantification and modal implications as compared to English free relatives with –ever, and pronoun occurrence. With regard to quantification, I propose to treat the anteceding wh-phrase and its anaphoric element (pronoun/wh-word) uniformly as a definite description denoting a maximal plural entity similar to Jacobson (1995). This entity can be an atomic entity resulting in a singular definite reading, or an entity consisting of more than one atom deriving a universal-like reading. Concerning modal implication, I propose to capture the agent’s/speaker’s indifference reading of bare conditionals with von Fintel (2000). Indifference reading in his analysis is interpreted against a counterfactual modal base which predicts a causal link. His analysis is needed for the interpretation of Chinese bare conditionals but may not be applied directly to whatever, given that a causal link is necessarily present in a bare conditional, but not required in an English whatever-sentence. I argue that the use of a pronoun in a bare conditional is not subject to a uniqueness and existence condition as claimed in Lin (1996). Although bare conditionals typically contain two identical wh-words, they may occur naturally with a pronoun that links bare conditionals with other sentences into a piece of coherent discourse.
This account bears an important implication for the study of Chinese wh-phrases and third person pronouns in being able to predict the existence of anaphoric definite wh-phrases and bound-variable pronouns in the language. It also improves on existing accounts of Chinese bare conditionals in being able to capture the details of the form and meaning of this construction. Chinese bare conditionals are structurally related to ruguo ‘if’-conditionals and Hindi left-adjoined correlatives and their meaning is similar to, and yet not quite the same as that of whatever.text
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Jankowski, Bridget Lynn. "A Variationist Approach to Cross-register Language Variation and Change". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/43604.
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The comparative method of variationist sociolinguistics has demonstrated that frequency changes are not reliable determinants of whether grammatical change is taking place. Frequency changes can be the result of extra-linguistic register changes, changes within the underlying grammar, or a combination (Szmrecsanyi, 2011; Tagliamonte, 2002). This work examines two variables known to vary along the written-to-spoken continuum — relative clause pronouns, and the genitive construction — across three registers of English and 100 years, with the goal of furthering our understanding of the relationship between spoken and written language. The s-genitive (i.e. Canada's government vs. the government of Canada) is on the rise in the 20th century (Hinrichs and Szmrecsanyi, 2007; Rosenbach, 2007). Statistical modeling confirms the press register leads this increase — a register change. Examination of internal linguistic constraints over time indicates simultaneous grammatical change, with the s–genitive increasing with certain inanimate subtypes.
The WH-forms (who, which) of the relative pronouns have become increasingly restricted to written registers (e.g. Romaine, 1982; Tottie, 1997), leaving that as the variant used most for subject function in vernacular speech (D'Arcy and Tagliamonte 2010). Although who continues to be used for animates, which is shown to have lost any grammatical conditioning that it once had and to be undergoing lexical replacement by that for non-human subject antecedents. Unlike the genitives, though, examination of internal linguistic factors reveals no evidence of grammatical change. The methodology employed here provides a way to tease apart grammatical change from register change, with register-internal change shown to be a motivating factor in change from above. While the vernacular is ''the most systematic data for our analysis of linguistic structure'' (Labov, 1972a:208), it is not necessarily the most innovative, nor is it always the locus of change. With that in mind, this work provides a model of language change that integrates change across speech and writing.
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Korecká, Zuzana. "Tarahumaraský obraz světa". Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-342320.
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Résumé The dissertation called The Tarahumara Worldview is the attempt to indicate and clear up the relationship between the language and the culture. The work follows from the mytical arrangement of the Tarahumara natural world living in the Northwestern of Mexico from the description and analyses of some language elements and searching for its language features in the culture. The author puts a few questions: what is position of myth in the worldview - in case there is some?; what is the relation of the Tarahumara language and culture?; does exist any possibility to outcome of the relation of two parts of one culture as it is myth system and language system into thing what the anthropology consider as the worldview?, does myths and language could show in any way a setting of Tarahumara native world setting, their way of thinking?; does the myth shows the base for the cultural creation and how?; even if the question is dificult becouse of the European culture influences we are trying to ask for the origin of Tarahumara culture in the myth - what is the role of the myth and what is the role of the language in Tarahumara worldview. Basicaly I ask for the relation between language and myth in culture environment: where is the edge of this relation, is this relaiton important or it has marginal impact and it...