Teses / dissertações: "Rwandans"

1

Van, Hoyweghen Saskia Vera Armand. "Migration and the nation-state : the case of displaced Rwandans in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406892.

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Kimonyo, Jean-Paul. "Rwanda, un génocide populaire /." Paris : Karthala, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41248111n.

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Genna, Giselle Daiana <1988&gt. "“Rwanda of the Women” An overview on the situation of Rwandan women nowadays." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/6387.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the situation of Rwandan women nowadays. Rwandan women have been strongly affected by the genocide of 20 years ago. The genocide of 1994 was the result of an idea rooted by the colonial legacy that recognized a group of the population as superior than the other. As a result of years of resentment, in the weeks after 6th April 1994, around 800,000 Rwandan men, women, and children perished in one of the most terrible genocide. Firstly, this thesis illustrates the history of the country passing first through the colonisation, secondly facing the civil war and finally considering the genocide and all its mechanisms. In this last stage, a particular attention is given to the violence that women have suffered during the genocide, illustrated by some testimonies. In the second part, the situation of Rwandan women nowadays is presented. In a detailed analysis, are highlighted women’s achievements with an overview about the gender indicators in the occupational Rwandan sectors, the health situation, the education reality, the impact of the law N°22/99 of 12/11/1999 about property and finally the gender based violence indicators nowadays. In the third and final part, the thesis supports the data about Rwandan women through 20 interviews with women, carried out in Rwanda in summer 2014, which are part of a documentary project. Furthermore, the thesis is enriched with a final report about the two-months internship performed at “Réseau des femmes Oeuvrant pour le développement rural” a Rwandan NGO, still in summer 2014. This thesis essentially aims at giving a deep insight into such important gender issue, giving not only relevance to the historic events but also to the objective scenario of what Rwandan women represent in the society, particularly to all the result they have achieved today.

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De, Becker Laura. "Remembering Rwanda : the commemoration of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda's national museums and memorials." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.554241.

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This thesis examines the commemoration of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, through its narration and visual representation in national museums and memorials. It is concerned with the ways in which this conflict is remembered and the current impact these modes of commemoration have on contemporary Rwandan society. By focusing on the national lieux de memoire, this work discusses their functions within Rwanda's memoryscape, as well as the contemporary artworks that are displayed therein and the commemoration ceremonies that are held around them. These visual modes of commemoration are important in contemporary Rwanda because of their role in the creation of a postmemory of the genocide. The children of genocide survivors, witnesses, perpetrators and returnees do not have direct experience of the genocidal events and they learn about them through representation, projection and creation. Therefore, the ways in which these events are portrayed in national museums and memorials is crucial because of the role these representations may play in policies of unification and reconciliation within the country. In particular, questions concerning ethnicity - one of the main 'causes' of the genocide but abolished after 1994 by the current Government - need to be addressed sensitively in the genocide memorials and museums. When dealt with satisfactory, museological displays can contribute to a better understanding between the two main ethnic groups of Rwanda. However, the exclusion of certain groups from mourning rituals and historical narratives may exacerbate tensions. An analysis of these commemorative practices is thus crucial for Rwanda's post-conflict recovery.

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Straus, Scott. "The order of genocide : race, power, and war in Rwanda /." Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb411342467.

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ALVES, ANA CRISTINA ARAUJO. "TALES ABOUT RWANDA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NARRATIVES ABOUT THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE OF 1994." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7152@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO A partir de uma abordagem pós-moderna/pós-estruturalista em Relações Internacionais, esta dissertação apresenta uma análise crítica de algumas narrativas sobre o genocídio ruandês de 1994. Nosso objetivo é desvelar as suposições de verdade implícitas nesses discursos; mostrar como essas suposições contradizem e questionam o caráter político/histórico declarado dessas narrativas; e discutir as implicações dessas suposições para a prática, no que diz respeito às políticas de pacificação e de resolução de conflitos. Apesar de considerarem o genocídio como um evento político e afirmarem o caráter cambiante dos termos Tutsi e Hutu na história, as principais narrativas correntes sobre o genocídio ruandês são despolizantes, essencialistas e a-históricas. Isso se deve à sua concepção moderna de história, à metafísica da subjetividade moderna que lhes subjaze e à sua noção de política em termos de poder e Estado. Por sua vez, esses traços se refletem na prática por meio de um tratamento aético, apolítico e irresponsável em relação à alteridade. Além disso, a intervenção humanitária baseada no princípio do Estado-territorial-soberano tem seu leque de opções políticas restrito pela compartimentalização dicursivo/territorial expressa nas dicotomias soberania/intervenção, guerra civil/genocídio, doméstico/externo. Nossa conclusão é de que essas conseqüências devem ser resistidas em termos, por um lado, da rearticulação radical entre subjetividade, responsabilidade e ética proposta por Emmanuel Levinas e, por outro lado, da formulação de uma nova relação entre os conceitos de fronteira, responsabilidade e intervenção humanitária, como esboçada por Michel Foucault. Drawing on a post-modern/post-structuralist approach on International Relations, this dissertation presents a critical analysis of some of the narratives about the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Our objective is to reveal the truth assumptions implicit in these discourses; to show how these assumptions contradict and challenge the political/historical character declared in these narratives; and to discuss the implication of these assumptions for practice, in what regards politics of pacification and conflict resolution. Although the narratives under analysis consider the genocide as a political event and affirm the changing character of the terms Tutsi and Hutu in history, they are depoliticizing, essentialist, and ahistorical. This is due to their modern conception of history, to the modern metaphysic of subjectivity that underlies them, and to their notion of politics in terms of power and state. This is reflected in practice through the a-ethical, apolitical and irresponsible treatment towards alterity. Besides, the humanitarian intervention based on the principle of sovereignterritorial- state has its range of political options restricted by the discursive/territorial compartmentalization expressed in the dichotomies sovereignty/intervention, civil war/genocide, domestic/external. Our conclusion is that these consequences must be resisted in terms of, on the one hand, the radical rearticulation of subjectivity, responsibility and ethics proposed by Emmanuel Levinas and, on the other hand, a rearticulation of the concepts of boundary, responsibility and humanitarian intervention, as sketched by Michel Foucault.

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Jolobe, Zwelethu. "The social-revolutionary process as a cause of genocide in Rwanda : a critical interpretation on the causes of Rwanda's 1994 genocide." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3785.

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Tsuruta, Aya. "'It is difficult to understand Rwandan history' : contested history of ethnicity and dynamics of conflicts in Rwanda during Revolution and Independence." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/18019.

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This thesis explores the question of what factors shaped Rwandan ethnicity in the late 1950s and early 1960s; in particular, how and why was ethnicity transformed into ‘political tribalism’ in decolonising Rwanda? The Rwandan genocide in 1994 and the subsequent post-genocide peace-building have drawn our attention to the problems of ethnicity and nationalism. While ethnicity and nationalism in Africa have been a matter of debate amongst the primordialist, instrumentalist and constructivist schools, it has become more or less accepted knowledge that ethnicity in Africa was constructed by dynamic interactions between Europeans and Africans in particular colonial contexts. This constructivist approach may have advanced our understanding of ethnicity in pre-colonial and colonial Rwanda, but our perception of Rwandan ethnicity in the 1950s and 1960s has not benefited from this academic trend. Instead, the literature on this issue, most of which was written several decades ago, tends to take a primordialist approach towards the Rwandan Revolution and the ethnic conflict that emerged at the end of colonial period. By theoretically adhering to a constructivist approach, and relying on John Lonsdale’s ‘political tribalism’ model in particular, the thesis argues that to take a nuanced hybrid-constructivist approach is essential, because primordial ethnic conflict was not the cause of the Revolution and other historical events, but the other way round. Ethnicity in Rwanda was not simply invented by the Europeans during the colonial period, nor was it so primordial that the conflict between the Tutsi and the Hutu was inevitable; in fact, several conflicts (and not always along ethnic boundaries) existed, and even some alternatives were suggested for ethnic cooperation. Ethnicity went through a dynamic transformation into ‘political tribalism’ through interactions between Rwandans and non-Rwandans, as well as through relationships amongst different groups of Rwandans. Various domestic factors – including intra-Tutsi leadership rivalry, the alliance among the political parties and the inter-ethnic power struggle – affected the process of the Revolution, and politicised ethnicity. External factors, such as factions within the Belgian administrations as well as the heated debates in the Cold War-era United Nations, also provided opportunities for Rwandan ethnicity to become politicised. Contingency, the mass movement of people, violence and the processes of revolution and decolonisation had a synergistic impact on the spread of ‘political tribalism’ over Rwanda. Primordial perceptions on ethnicity, as well as interpretations of the past, and visions for the future held by each actor, were factors that shaped ethnicity and forced the ethnic split into the foreground. In this sense, Rwandan ethnicity cannot simply be understood through the dichotomised debate of primordialists and constructivists. Rather, it was a more dynamic process of ethnic transformation with unaccomplished alternatives and inter/intra-group relationships, strongly bound by the historical and political contexts of the time. ‘Political tribalism’ and interpretations of the past have influenced and, even today, continue to influence post-colonial Rwandan politics.

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Dusabe, Francis. "Rwanda’s responses to money laundering." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4404.

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Magister Legum - LLM In 20 the years after the genocide that afflicted Rwanda, the country has made considerable progress towards developing human resources in the public sector. It has kick-started its economy and improved sectors such as public health and education. There is still a need to attract direct foreign investment to boost the economy even further. However, Rwanda needs to take precautionary measures to ensure that it does not fall prey to economic criminality which will impede its economic progress. The fact of the matter is that young transitional democracies are prone to attract economic delinquents who take advantage of loopholes in the law to advance their criminal goals. This is particularly so in a country such as Rwanda, where the government has to prioritise other pressing needs that must be addressed. This paper assesses the extent to which Rwanda is prepared to deal with the menace of money laundering, a threat that may well stunt its ambitions to build a strong economy.

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Baguma, Abdallah. "Women parliamentarians in Rwanda : women representatives or representing women? : a study of the Chamber of Deputies, the Lower House of the Rwandan Parliament." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=192280.

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Wibabara, Charity [Verfasser]. "Gacaca Courts versus the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and National Courts : Lessons to Learn from the Rwandan Justice Approaches to Genocide / Charity Wibabara." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1107610745/34.

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12

Ingabire, Mackline. "An analysis of the legal regime governing transfer of cases from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) to the Rwandan domestic justice system." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4444.

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The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), established by the United Nations Security Council was originally set to wind up its affairs in 2010. However, by Resolution 1901 of the Security Council, ICTR's mandate has been extended to 2012.This will necessitate the transfer of residual cases to national courts for trial after it has closed. Rwanda considers itself a suitable candidate for referral, and hence has supported the ICTR Prosecutor's requests (five requests) for referral to its national courts.

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Kjellström, Sara. "Har Rwandas valprocess blivit mer auktoritär de senaste 25 åren? : En studie av Rwandas valprocess." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-338801.

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The aim of this essay is to study the electoral process of Rwanda, and whether or not an authoritarian development can be found within the electoral process. This will be achieved through a case study of Rwanda, categorising the changes made in its electoral process since 1991 as either semi - authoritarian or authoritarian. Furthermore, the electoral process is divided into three phases: the pre - existing conditions, the procedure, and final ly the outcome. The theoretical framework consists of theories regarding both semi - authoritarianism and authoritarianism. The study finds that the pre - existing conditions and the outcome have transitioned from being defined as semi - authoritarian to be defi ned as authoritarian, while the procedure remains semi - authoritarian. This illustrates the discrepancy between the different phases of the electoral process, as opposed to them being synchronised. The final analysis concludes that Rwanda’s electoral proces s has become more authoritarian since 1991.

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Parrish, Skip-Thomas. "Too Few Voices, Too Many Distractions, Too Little Concern, Too Little Understanding: the American Media during the Rwandan Genocide of 1994." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6000.

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Upwards of one million people died during the Genocide, Civil War, and Refugee Crisis in Rwanda and surrounding nations, during one of the fastest Genocides to occur in modern history. Even though the United Nations and its member states had a legal mandate to intervene in cases of Genocide due to the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide, the world chose not to. While there were a myriad of reasons for this the media played a part in this situation. Using the coverage of US print magazine articles, this thesis argues that the media missed the point and the signs of what was happening on the ground due to a fundamental lack of understanding of Rwanda, the African Great Lakes region, and Africa itself. Borrowing concepts of the creation of the “other,” lack of understanding of Africa, imperial language, and first world views of the third world from Edward Said and Curtis A. Keim this master's thesis shows that there were intellectual disconnects happening within the American press that made intervention nearly impossible. Once the Genocide was nearly complete and a more prosaic refugee crisis started America jumped at the chance to aid the refugees, a large number of them perpetrators of the Genocide, and the media showed reinvigorated interest in Rwanda. What misconceptions about Rwanda caused the media to miss the point? Did the print media help perpetuate those misconceptions, knowingly or unknowingly? With a death toll from the Genocide alone of roughly 8,000 people per day and the vast majority of them dying within the first several weeks of the Genocide, many lives may have been saved if Rwanda was made a priority by the media. Instead, while the media reported stories about chthonic hatred, the world was more concerned about a much slower Genocide in Eastern Europe. While attention was focused on other global and national stories, a racist regime intent on exterminating the Tutsi was allowed to stay in power in Rwanda. M.A. Masters History Arts and Humanities History

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Nkaka, Raphaël. "L'emprise d'une logique raciale sur la société Rwandaise, 1894-1994." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010548.

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La désignation des identités Muhutu, Mututsi ou Mutwa au Rwanda selon une terminologie raciale a débouché sur des interprétations raciales de la société rwandaise depuis la fin du 19 siècle. Ces dernières ont inspiré une option politique et socio-économique de la société rwandaise. En vue de la conservation du pouvoir d'Etat, une propagande raciste postcoloniale déboucha sur le génocide perpétré contre les Batutsi en 1994 The identification of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa of Rwanda as races had conducted to racial interpretations of those identities, since the end of 19th century. A racist propaganda during the postcolonial period conducted to genocide against Tutsi in 1994

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Rudacogora, Augustin. "Fictions, témoignages et autres genres littéraires du génocide dans le champ littéraire rwandais après 1994." Paris 13, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA131026.

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Fictions, témoignages et autres genres littéraires du génocide dans le champ littéraire rwandais après 1994 » est une étude diachronique du champ littéraire rwandais sur un période de 10 ans (1994-2004). Elle se penche essentiellement sur les ouvrages littéraires de fiction et les témoignages traitant du génocide perpétré d’avril à juillet 1994 contre les Tutsi du Rwanda. Elle se subdivise en trois parties. La première partie est une description du champ littéraire et une approche anthologique de la période cible. La seconde est une analyse du rapport entre la fiction et le génocide du point de vue thématique et sociocritique. La dernière partie étudie les témoignages, les poèmes de commémoration et les sites mémoriels du point de vue scriptural et de l’analyse du discours social Fictions, testimonies and the other literary genres of the genocide in the Rwandan literary field after 1994 " is a diachronic study of the Rwandan literary field on a period of 10 years (1994-2004). It aims essentially over the literary works of fiction and the testimonies related to the genocide committed from April to July 1994 against the Tutsi of Rwanda. The first part is a description of the literary field and an approach anthology of the targeted period. The second is an analysis of the links between the fiction and the genocide from thematic and sociocriticism points of view. The last part studies the testimonies, the poems of remembrance and memorial sites scriptural end social speech aspects

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Bart, Jean-François. "La Paysannerie rwandaise." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376116114.

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Jeremy, Edward. "'Mastering the genocide narrative' : an analysis of the Rwandan Patriotic Front's official narrative of the Rwandan genocide." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22080.

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How should the relevant facts about the Rwandan Government's construction of their narrative ofthe Rwandan genocide be established? A frequent point of emphasis by scholars is that an official narrative usually is put forward by the dominant or ruling group to serve their interests: the contents and features oftheir narrative are capable of legitimating their claims to dominance. Different groups within that society might espouse alternative narratives of events. Neither the narratives of the dominant or ruling group, nor the challenging narratives are necessarily the most widely believed or influential account of a particular set of events. The most widely believed and influential narrative is usually referred to as a "master narrative". But official and challenging narratives compete to be the "master narrative". The 'Shoah' [the Hebrew term for "catastrophe"] as the narrative of the genocide of the ]ews of Europe is widely considered to represent the definitive master narrative of genocide and perhaps the twentieth century [LaCapra 1994 and 1998, Lipstadt 1986 and Maier 2000]. The discussion contained herein requires identification of a framework of issues relevant to official narratives: the construction of such a framework will be based on an analysis of [a] narratives of genocide and [b] three of the more prominent cases of official genocide- narratives. The chosen narratives are the Holocaust or Shoah, the Armenian Genocide and the Herero Genocide. Once constructed, this framework of analysis will then be applied to the official narrative of the RPF. The research design is thus a theoretical case study of sorts, with the theory distilled from scholarly literature on [a] and [b]. The case studies have been chosen because they represent the spectrum of narratives employed in the context of genocide: the Shoah as the master narrative of genocide; the Armenian genocide as a contested genocide narrative; and the Herero genocide as a 'silenced' genocide narrative.

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Kapalata, Kwibe Bruno Wakana. "Pratiques évaluatives des enseignants rwandais du secondaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30536/30536.pdf.

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Les recherches réalisées sur les pratiques évaluatives soulèvent de nombreuses questions. Ce constat s’applique aussi au Rwanda. Au cours de ces dernières années, de nombreux pays ont procédé à des changements pour améliorer leur système éducatif. Le Gouvernement de l’Unité Nationale du Rwanda (GUN) a demandé en 2003 au MINEDUC d’intégrer dans les politiques éducative et évaluative, l’approche par compétences. Le GUN souhaite ainsi rehausser la qualité de l’enseignement. Parmi les normes formulées par le MINEDUC (2009), une grande importance est consacrée aux pratiques évaluatives. L’objectif de la présente recherche consiste à recenser les pratiques évaluatives des enseignants Rwandais du secondaire à partir de quatre thématiques : (1) politiques éducative et évaluative (2) fonctions et interprétations de l’évaluation, (3) instruments de mesure et d’évaluation, (4) contexte lié à l’évaluation (niveaux de compétence et attribution de la note). Les questionnaires Enseignants (n=106), Élèves (n= 325) ainsi que le canevas d’entrevue pour les Enseignants (n=10) ont été élaborés à la lumière de ces quatre thématiques. Cette recherche est de type exploratoire et descriptif. Les résultats indiquent que les enseignants connaissent pour la plupart les politiques éducative et évaluative du Rwanda. Cependant, peu d’entre eux affirment connaître l’existence des politiques éducative et évaluative à leur école. Les enseignants rwandais évaluent à partir de la fonction sommative visant surtout la sélection à partir d’une interprétation normative. Les instruments de mesure les plus utilisés en évaluation sommative sont : examens écrits, interrogations générales écrites et interrogations partielles écrites. L’évaluation formative est peu présente, voir absente. Quant au niveau de compétence, les enseignants rwandais évaluent surtout les connaissances pour vérifier le contenu du curriculum ainsi que les habiletés. En ce qui concerne l’attribution de la note, les enseignants mentionnent obtenir des points pour le bulletin. Il ressort des discussions que les enseignants ont des difficultés à intégrer la politique évaluative prônée par le MINEDUC. Les résultats de cette recherche pourront permettre de contribuer à l’amélioration des pratiques évaluatives au Rwanda.

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Ta, Thanh. "Recreating the Rwandan state and Citizen : an analysis of diaspora politics and its role in transforming Rwandan identities." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20609.

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This dissertation utilizes a descriptive case study method to provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of identity politics in Rwanda. More specifically, this thesis situates identity politics in nation building in post-genocide Rwanda. In order to do so, this study examines diaspora engagement politics. The central question in this thesis is: In what ways, and to what extent, have identity politics affected the nation building project in post-genocide Rwanda, in relation to its diaspora? Rwanda's turbulent history raises many issues regarding the political and social construction of Rwandan identity, but scholarship has not thoroughly examined the diaspora and state engagement with the diaspora. This thesis sought to examine these dynamics. It will do so by examining: (1) the ways in which the Rwandan Patriotic Front reconfigured identities inside Rwanda by perpetuating the narrative of unity; (2) the collective identities ascribed to groups of citizens inside and outside Rwanda, based on this government narrative; (3) how the RPF governed perceptions abroad; and finally (4) the education programs to shape the ideal Rwandan citizen. This thesis concludes that the Rwandan government, while trying to rebuild the nation, has failed to transcend divisive identities that have pervaded in Rwanda. Instead, it has created a tightly controlled political space in which a restrictive single identity and narrative existed; furthermore, identity politics have been increasingly manipulated and controlled by the state apparatus. The state's engagement with its diaspora illustrates this.

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Begley, Larissa R. "'Resolved to fight the ideology of genocide and all of its manifestations' : the Rwandan Patriotic Front, violence and ethnic marginalisation in post-genocide Rwanda and Eastern Congo." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7431/.

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Using ethnographic data and James Scott's (1990) concepts of public and hidden transcripts, this thesis examines fow the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) government's public transcript has been institutionalised through the use of 'genocide ideology' laws. It is concerned with understanding how the RPF's use of ‘genocide ideology' is a mechanism to facilitate a continuum of violence, which I argue has led to ‘ethnic' marginalisation. ‘Genocide ideology' is a legally abstract term that refers to discourses that contest – consciously or unconsciously - the government narrative regarding the 1994 genocide. As focusing strictly om the public transcript does not tell the whole storry about power relations between the RPF government and Hutu, it also explores hidden transcript. This is necessary as the Rwandan government employs the category of ‘genocide ideology' to silence dissent and to justify arbitrary arrest. For example, since taking power, the RPF government has strived to eliminate the Hutu/Tutsi identities, replacing the divisive identities with ‘Rwandan.' Those who use Hutu/Tutsi identities outside the context of the genocide are considered génocidaire sympathisers and legally guilty of ‘genocide ideology'. I argue that within the public RPF transcript on the genocide, the victim/perpetrator dichotomy has become intertwined with Tutsi/Hutu identities, creating a hierarchy of victimhood. I concluded by arguing that the violence, fear and marginalisation experienced by participants through the government's use of the public transcript in conjunction with ‘genocide ideology' laws is causing resentment, which could lead to further conflict.

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Mekonnen, Biniam. "Reproducing ICT4D Tanzania to a Rwandan District." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-108216.

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ICT based health care policies in developing countries must be targeted at the poorest most rural member of the population where there is demand but little or no supply of health care. This is achieved through ICT4RD program which mainly focus on provisioning of ICT access to rural areas. In this regard, ICT4RD Tanzania built a local broadband which pass through fifteen villages around Serengeti district to benefit health, government and education sectors. There have been a number of discussions between countries located alongside the African great lakes to build a sustainable rural community networks providing basic public services as a research infrastructure network. The main motivation is to facilitate first mile initiatives to explore and demonstrate methods and solutions that could eventually be used to commercial actors to build production networks in areas where there is demand but little or no supply. The discussion has passed all the way and become a project called AGLARBRI(African Great Lakes Broadband Research Infrastructure). At this critical time, it is of technical interests to see if rural regions around the African great lakes could benefit from previous similar projects like Tanzanian ICT4RD project. This thesis addresses the aforementioned basic interest and uses a comparative case study tool to formulate and analyze the reproducibility of technical solutions produced by ICT4RD Tanzania program to a selected district in Rwanda. Intensive study on ICT4RD Tanzania technical solutions, on-site survey and radio mobile simulation analysis has been performed. Interview with health center employees, IT support personnel’s, and stakeholders, online questionnaires, direct observation while performing site survey and online official resources are used as primary and secondary source of data. The outcome of the thesis reveals that infrastructure design proposed by ICT4RD Tanzania program using fiber-wireless technology can also be used for a rural district in Rwanda in a similar fashion after considering local telecommunication regulations. It also proves that a great care needs to be taken while reproducing services between regions. Service reproducibility has also shown a failure to some extent. This is revealed by the use of Drug Management Application (DMA) and webmail applications. DMA application couldn’t be reproduced because the two rural areas used for comparison have different work flow for drug management. Reproducibility of webmail application has also shown a filer due to the fact that webmail system is not current interest for Kirehe district healthcare system. The outcome of the thesis also proves that ICT4RD Tanzania proposed infrastructure design solutions can be scaled and extended for similar rural areas along the AGLARBRI ring. Furthermore, service demand and work flow analysis is crucial to reproduce services along the area. ICT-baserad hälso-och sjukvård politiken i utvecklingsländerna måste riktas mot de fattigaste mest lantliga medlem av befolkningen där det finns efterfrågan, men liten eller ingen utbudet av hälso-och sjukvården. Detta arkiveras genom ICT4RD program som främst inriktas på tillhandahållande av ICT tillgång till landsbygden. I detta avseende byggde ICT4RD Tanzania en lokal bredband som passerar genom femton byar i närheten av Serengeti distriktet till att förbättra hälsan, myndigheter och utbildningssektorerna. Det har förekommit ett antal diskussioner mellan länder som ligger vid sidan av de afrikanska stora sjöarna att skapa en hållbar landsbygd med nätverk som ger viktigaste offentliga tjänster som en forskningsinfrastruktur nätverk. De viktigaste motiven är för att underlätta första milen initiativ att undersöka och demonstrera metoder och lösningar som kan så småningom skulle användas för att kommersiella aktörerna bygga upp produktions nätverket i områden där det finns efterfrågan, men liten eller någon leverans. Diskussionen har gått hela vägen och bli ett projekt som kallas AGLARBRI. På hans kritiska tiden är det av tekniska intresse att se om landsbygden runt de afrikanska stora sjöarna kan dra nytta av tidigare liknande projekt som Tanzanias ICT4RD projekt. Denna avhandling behandlar tidigare nämnda grundläggande intresse och använder en jämförande fallstudie verktyg för att formulera och analysera reproducerbarhet av tekniska lösningar som produceras av ICT4RD Tanzania för en vald distrikt i Rwanda. Intensiva studier på ICT4RD Tanzania tekniska lösningar, plats undersökning och radio mobil simulering analys har utförts. Intervju med hälso center, IT-stöd Personalens och intressenter, online frågeformulär, direkt observation under utföra platsundersökning och online officiella resurser används som primär och sekundär datakälla. Resultatet av thesis visar att konstruktionen av infrastruktur som föreslagits av ICT4RD Tanzania programmet med fiber-trådlös teknik kan också användas för en kommun i Rwanda på ett liknande sätt. Den visar också att en stor försiktighet måste tas samtidigt reproducerar tjänster mellan regionerna. Tjänsten reproducerbarhet har också visat ett misslyckande till viss del. Det visar med hjälp av DMA och webb post tillämpnngar . DMA tillämpning kunde inte reproduceras eftersom de två landsbygden används för Jämförelsen har olika arbetsflöde för läkemedel förvaltningen. Reproducerbarhet av webb post tillämpningar har också visat ett Filer på grund av att webbmail systemet inte är ett intresse för Kirehe distriktet hälso-och sjukvården. Avhandlingen visar också att ICT4RD Tanzania föreslagna infrastrukturen utformning lösningar kan skalas och förlängas liknande landsbygden längs AGLARBRI ringen. Dessutom är efterfrågan på tjänster och arbete flödesanalys är avgörande för att reproducera tjänster längs området.

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Sharrad, Katherine Louise. "The Rwandan genocide : a post-colonial paradox /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ars5327.pdf.

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Aamaas, Åsmund. "Mass murder and motivation : the Rwandan genocide." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3564.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-134). This project is about mass murderers and the motivation for becoming perpetrators of mass murder. The Rwandan genocide is chosen as a case study. The project strives to explain what seems inexplicable; why tens of thousands of Rwandan men and women turned into killers during the hundred days of genocide in 1994, most of them with no history of murderous behaviour. This project is a testimony to the human capacity for evil. The motivations behind the Rwandan perpetrators were probably not umque. Similar motivations were important to different mass murders. Other mass murders, most importantly the Holocaust, serve as a theoretical and empirical backdrop throughout this thesis. This adds a comparative dimension to the study. This thesis is divided into six chapters with the main focus upon three motivational factors behind the perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide: history, ideology and ordinary human traits. The first chapter introduces us to the topic of mass murder and discusses methodological issues in connection with the thesis. A qualitative analysis will be dominant in investigating the data; the data was gathered through interviews undertaken in Rwanda, South Africa and Norway, reports, documentaries, court verdicts and other secondary sources. In the second chapter, perpetrators behind one massacre, the killing of several thousand Tutsis at the Catholic Church in Nyarubuye, speak about their motivations for becoming perpetrators. The third chapter gives an introduction to the history of Rwanda and shows how distinction between Hutus and Tutsis became an ever more important part of Rwandan society from pre colonial times until the 1994 genocide. The fourth chapter builds an understanding of the importance of ideology for the perpetrators involved in the mass murder. The fifth chapter shows that general psychological traits were important for turning tens of thousands of Hutus into mass murderers. As we shall see in the conclusion, a history of distinction, Hutu Power ideology and ordinary psychological traits were all factors motivating the perpetrators of the 1994 Rwandan genocide.

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Togun, Kehinde. "Impact of internet access in Rwandan schools." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6991.

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Thun, Linn Silje Opdahl. "Being Rwandan in Quebec : The Influence of Rwandan Politics on Identity Formation, Social Relations and Organisation in the Diaspora." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Sosialantropologisk institutt, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25168.

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This thesis concerns Rwandese emigrants living in Quebec, Quebec, Canada, and the relations between them. It is based on 7,5 months ethnographic research in Quebec. The Rwandan diaspora in Quebec is constituted of individuals who arrived at different moments from the 1980’s onwards, for different reasons, and these factors are part of what influences their relations today. Both media and academia have shown a great interest in Rwanda and the Rwandese, especially since the genocide in 1994. However, the biggest focus has been on finding the reason for the genocide and the ethnic division that was at its root. Little attention has been given to the diaspora. The aim of this thesis is to draw a nuanced picture of the Rwandan diaspora, by linking the identity negotiations within the diaspora to individuals’ understanding of the history and politics of Rwanda; showing how attitudes towards the contested spaces of history and politics in Rwanda, affect the social relations of Rwandese living in Quebec. The fundamentally different ways of interpreting the past in Rwanda, is creating a schism in the population, both in Rwanda and abroad, and the Rwandan government’s policies aimed at the diaspora makes it an agent in shaping the diasporic reality. This is manifested in the two Rwandese organisations in Quebec, CRQ (Communauté des Rwandais de Québec) and AMIRWAQ (Amicale des Rwandais à Québec), whose goals and activities are similar. Whereas CRQ is cooperating with the Rwandan High Commissioner in Canada, AMIRWAQ does not want to affiliate with the Rwandan state. This is the space that needs to be navigated by the Rwandese in Quebec, and how this is done differs based on their own political and historical understanding, which is affected by their own experience of this history. The pain connected to the genocide brings survivors and others are able to share these feelings, together. Those who feel unable to share this pain, loses an opportunity to be part of a very strong community of Rwandese. Drawing on perspectives in anthropology on classification, social and collective identity, diaspora, collective memory and ritual, this thesis tries to give an integrative picture of the social sphere of Rwandese in Quebec. Through life stories and interpretation of the rituals of commemoration of the genocide, and wedding celebrations, what it means to be Rwandan in Quebec is explored.

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Ajroud, Boutheina. "Les enfants dans les conflits yougoslaves et rwandais." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA111015.

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Mbala, John Francis. "Un "Nazisme tropical" : le génocide des Rwandais tutsi." Amiens, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AMIE0056.

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« Plus jamais ça » ! Ce slogan qui émerge au lendemain de la Seconde guerre mondiale suite à la Shoah fait-il encore sens eu égard à l'incapacité de la communauté internationale à prévenir une série de drame dont un génocide à la fin du xxème siècle. En effet, en dépit de la Convention du 9 décembre 1948 sur la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide entré le 6 avril et juin 1994 plus de 800 000 Tutsi furent atrocement massacrés du fait d'être né Tutsi lors d'une guerre civile. Cet aspect parmi tant d'autres ouvre une brèche à l'approche comparative dès lors que les Juifs furent victimes du nazisme, Hitler leur reprochant d'être né Juif. Or, peut-on comparer les génocides? Mais déjà qu'est-ce qu'un génocide ? Quelle différence entre crime contre l'humanité et génocide ? En tentant de répondre à la question, dans quel cadre théorique insérer le génocide des Rwandais tutsi par rapport aux précédents génocides les recherches vont au-delà d'un certain « dogme de l'unicité de la Shoah ». Durant plus d'une décennie un déséquilibre régional dans l'Afrique des Grands lacs du fait du génocide au Rwanda participe à une redistribution des cartes sur le plan géopolitique et ce au prix de graves violation de droits de l'homme telle qu'en République démocratique du Congo "Never again!" Does this slogan that emerged in the aftermath of the Second World War following the Holocaust still hold true with regard to the inability of the international community to prevent a drama, including a genocide, at the end of the 20th century? Indeed, despite the Convention of December 9, 1948 on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide between April 6 and June 1994, more than 800,000 Tutsi were horribly massacred for the simple fact of being born Tutsis during a civil war. This aspect, among others, opens a conversation on the comparative approach during which the Jews were victims of Nazism, Hitler having reproached them for being born Jewish. However, can we compare genocides? What exactly is genocide? What is the difference between a crime against humanity and genocide? Trying to respond to the question, into which theoretical framework the Rwandan Tutsi genocide fits, in regards to preceeding genocides and beyond the certain "dogma of the Holocaust's uniqueness. " Because of the Rwandan genocide, for more than a decade the African Great Lakes' régional disequilibrium contributes to a redistribution of the cards on the geopolitical map at the price of grave violations of human rights in countries such as the Democratie Republic of the Congo

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Tuvuzimpundu, Joséphine. "Dans la tourmente rwandaise : étude lexico-sémantique du discours de la radiotélévision libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), [octobre 1193-juillet 1994]." Bordeaux 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR30041.

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Ce travail s’inscrit dans la perspective d’une analyse sociolinguistique du discours de la RTLM entre octobre 1993 et Juillet 1994. Dans la perspective de la méthode lexicologique et lexico-sémantique, il met en relation des comportements diversifiés repérés au niveau des mots dans leur rapport à l’extra-linguistique, c’est-à-dire au hors-texte social et historico-linguistique. S’appuyant aussi sur la théorie de l’énonciation, il montre la manière dont les journalistes s’impliquent dans le discours. La première tâche a été d’esquisser la configuration sociohistorique pour essayer de dessiner le cadre sociopolitique et socioculturel qui peut avoir été propice à la production du discours de la RTLM que nous nous sommes proposé d’analyser. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons montré que dans l’usage qu’elle fait des pronoms personnels, la RTLM considère que son message ne concerne qu’elle et les sympathisants de la cause qu’elle défend. Cette logique aboutit à une bipolarisation permanente, où l’on distingue le mauvais FPR face au bon MRND, ce qui débouche sur la diabolisation du FPR, donc des Tutsi qui se trouvent exclus de la communauté rwandaise. Ceci est d’autant vrai que, comme nous l’avons montré dans la troisième et dernière partie, les mots comme pouvoir, démocratie, gouverner, etc. Ne s’inscrivent nullement dans le même champ sémantique que le mot tutsi ou le sigle F. P. R. Auquel il est associé. Identifié comme « ennemi », le Tutsi ne peut s’attendre qu’à être sanctionné. Le discours inocule les germes de la négation de l’autre, lui refusant ainsi toute humanité. La RTLM recourt alors à une image, portée par le verbe travailler, gukora qui, employé dans son sens figuré, porte en lui l’exhortation à tuer les « inyenzi ». Peut-être est-ce là l’objectif essentiel du message de la RTLM This study is sustained by the perspective of a discourse sociolinguistic analysis carried out by RTLM between October 1993 and July 1994. In the context of the lexicological and lexico-semantic method, it brings together diversified behaviour patterns associated with words in the relationship with extra linguistic elements, i. E. With the historical linguistic and social outside –text. It also uses the enunciation theory to find out the journalists’ imprint in the speech. The first task consisted in outlining the sociohistorical configuration in order to try to design both the socio-political and sociocultural framework likely to be conductive to the production of the RTLM discourse that we set out to analyse. Secondly we have shown that in the use to which it puts personal pronouns, RTLM takes it for granted that its message is only meant for itself and people who are sensitive to the cause that it is defending. This logic results in a permanent bipolarisation whereby one distinguishes the bad RPF facing the good MRND, which leads to the demonization of RPF, in other words of the Tutsi who are excluded from the Rwandan community. This is all the truer since, as we have demonstrated in the third and last part, words such as power, democracy, governance, etc. Are not part of the same semantic field as the word Tutsi or the acronym FPR to which it is associated. Identified as the ‘‘enemy’’, the Tutsi person can only expect to be sanctioned. The discourse inoculates the germs of the negation of the other by denying him all humanity. RTLM therefore uses an image sustained by the verb work (gukora) which, when used figuratively, carries within it the urge to kill the ‘‘inyenzi’’. Maybe that is the essential objective of the RTLM message

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Ratcliffe, Joel. "The (Post)Development of Rwandan Rice-Growers' Cooperatives." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31022.

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The Rwandan countryside is currently undergoing a process of rapid reform under ambitious government programs to modernize agriculture for participation in national and international markets. While the government asserts that it is pursuing pro-poor growth, many critics present significant evidence to the contrary. This thesis examines the use of farmers cooperatives within the ongoing government campaign of agricultural modernization, and it asks whether the co-ops themselves are sources of personal empowerment and material gain for the small producers. Adopting the “sceptical” post-development position advanced by Aram Ziai, the present research attempts to take a pragmatic look at the ways in which the co-ops meet or fail to meet the material and non-material needs of their members while appreciating that cultural preferences are heterogeneous and dynamic. While the use of farmers cooperatives appears appropriate for the Rwandan marshland, the co-ops examined very much fall short of the post-development social movement model.

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Gihozo, Diane. "Adoption of e-procurement in Rwandan Public institutions." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98992.

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In the modern competitive business environment, government institutions need to embrace information communications technology to remain competitive. Procurement has been recognized as a priority government agenda by many public sector agencies worldwide. In the same line the Government of Rwanda has taken several initiatives to streamline its public procurement system to bring it into line with the fundamental principles of transparency, competition, economy, efficiency, fairness, and accountability. Seminega the director of Rwanda public procurement authority stated that e-procurement can help the Government of Rwanda to reach to the above-mentioned principles .E-procurement can be described as an electronic way of procuring goods and services as well as other procurement process activities with the help of internet and other information and communication technologies systems. Before the adoption of e-procurement in some institutions in Rwanda, all the procurement activities were done traditionally in their institutions and this procurement method has been criticized for having many deficits, that contributed to huge losses in public funds and lacks transparency, accountability, and fair competition. In this regard, the government of Rwanda decided to adopt an e-procurement system in its public institutions. the e-procurement system was launched in August 2016. The pilot stage started with eight public institutions, ministry of finance and economic planning is one of them and it is a case study used in this thesis research. it has been selected by the researcher because it is a cross-cutting ministry in the procurement process. Different forms of e-procurement have been discussed as well as benefits and challenges associated with the adoption of e-procurement. the purpose of this research study is to examine how the e-procurement system is used and explore the benefits and challenges associated with its adoption in Rwanda’s public institution. Qualitative research was chosen, and a case study was conducted in the ministry of finance and Economic planning. The source of data for the empirical is from personal interviews and second data. The findings of the present study demonstrate that the adoption of the e-procurement system brought several benefits to MINECOFIN but also it presents challenges associated with the adoption of e-procurement

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Artbauer, Michael L. "Rwanda reconsidered." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA393663.

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Niyodusenga, Jean-Marie V. "Education, intégration des enfants rwandais traumatisés par la guerre." Toulouse 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU20037.

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Dans la société rwandaise, l'enfant est un trésor qu'il faut protéger. Cependant, ceux qui ont survécu au génocide et massacres de 1994 présentent un trouble post-traumatique qui les empêche de suivre une éducation scolaire normale. La situation actuelle au Rwanda renvoie aux névroses de guerre que Louis Crocp appelle troubles post-traumatiques. Le DSM-III décrit le post-traumatique par : la reviviscence de l'événement traumatique, la réduction du contact avec le monde extérieur et des symptômes neurovégétatifs, dysphoriques ou cognitifs variés. L'enquête auprès des parents, des " éducateurs " et des enfants confirme que le post-traumatique est en rapport étroit avec la guerre de 1994, et a montré l'ampleur des dégâts psychiques surtout chez les enfants et les jeunes de 8-20 ans. Dans cette situation, l'éducation est une stratégie principale, pour intégrer les victimes de ces drames. Cette éducation a pour objectif de donner aux enfants des moyens de réorganiser leurs défenses, de réhabiliter leur narcissisme pour dépasser le traumatisme et construire leur identité meurtrie par le génocide. Pour cette éducation, face à la souffrance psychologique des enfants, nous avons fait appel au conte comme médiateur thérapeutique et éducatif. Le conte a eu des effets positifs sur les enfants qui sont dans les CENA à Kigali. Ces effets se sont traduits par l'envie des enfants de raconter leur vécu à partir des contes traditionnels rwandais et des histoires qu'ils inventaient, début d'un travail de deuil pour certains et moyen de résilience pour d'autres. Ils ont pu faire un pas vers une intégration psychosociale. La conclusion sur la discussion et l'analyse des résultats de la grille de probation sur l'estime de soi, montre que l'effet du conte a été probant pour sortir l'enfant de la souffrance, en faisant évoluer son estime de soi. Il est donc utile d'amener les enfants à poursuivre un travail avec le conte pour pouvoir se distancier du génocide, se projeter dans l'avenir In Rwandan society, the child is a treasure to be protected. But those who survived the genocide and massacres of 1994 present post traumatic troubles which are stopping them from following a normal school education. The current situation in Ruanda brings to mind the neuroses occasioned by war, which Louis Crocp calls post traumatic stress syndrome. The DSM-III defines post traumatic stress syndrome as the reliving of the traumatic event, reduction of contact with the exterior world, and a variety of neurovegetative, dysphoric and cognitive symptoms. The survey carried out amongst the parents, the “teachers” and children confirms that the post traumatic stress syndrome is closely linked to the war in 1994, and shows the degree of psychological damage caused by the war especially in the children and the young people of 8-20 years. In this situation, education is one of the principal tools for reintegrating the victims of these dramas. The aim of education is to help children to reorganise their defences, and to rebuild their self esteem in order to get over the traumatism and reconstruct an identity bruised by the genocide. Faced with the psychological suffering of the children, we turned to the use of storytelling as the educational and therapeutic medium. Storytelling has had positive effects on the children who are in the CENA in Kigali. The effects have shown themselves by the willingness of the children to recount their past through traditional Rwandan stories and stories which they made up ; for some this is the beginning of mourning and for others a way of increasing their resilience. It has enabled them to make a step towards psychosocial integration. Analysis of the grid for self esteem show convincingly that story telling has helped to reduce the children's suffering by increasing their self esteem ; so it is worthwhile getting children to work at storytelling so that they can distance themselves from the genocide and project themselves into the future

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Ošlejšková, Eva. "Les représentations de la transmission intergénérationnelle chez les parents ayant vécu le génocide au Rwanda." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31906.

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L'histoire récente de l'humanité est marquée par des violences organisées sur le territoire du Rwanda, allant jusqu'au génocide en 1994, qui ont laissé des inscriptions profondes dans les trajectoires individuelles, familiales et sociales. Afin de rendre compte de l'expérience de violence et de ses conséquences, la psychologie clinique a souvent recours au concept de traumatisme. De nombreuses recherches abordent sa transmission et ses effets chez les descendants. Cette étude qualitative a pour objectif d'explorer la perspective des parents. Menée auprès de participants d'origine rwandaise habitant la région de Québec, nous explorons leur représentation de leur vécu du génocide et de la transmission intergénérationnelle de celui-ci. Nous avons réalisé 15 entretiens semidirectifs et des analyses thématiques des verbatims. L'articulation entre histoire individuelle et histoire collective apparaît comme centrale dans l'expression du vécu affectif et relationnel. Les événements du génocide sont associés à une souffrance, mais aussi à une source de savoir. Les participants évoquent un changement de la représentation de « l'autre », comme une figure désormais capable de violence extrême et d'indifférence. Associés à un sentiment d'étrangeté, le génocide et ses effets sont et relèvent de l'indicible. Pour tenter de les nommer, les participants se tournent vers la langue du kinyarwanda. L'acte de transmission, et de la « non-transmission », détiennent une importance particulière pour les « parents-rescapés », liée à la nécessité de retisser trois types de continuités (narcissique, de filiation et d'affiliation) menacées par le génocide. Les mécanismes de transmission intergénérationnelle respectent les règles culturelles et sont guidés par la position du parenttémoin et sa capacité de mentalisation. Le silence contribue à la reconstruction et à la transmission des codes de conduite et des interdits. Les objets de la transmission se réfèrent à l'imaginaire culturel, notamment à la place de l'ancêtre, aux rituels de mort et au code de vengeance et d'honneur. The recent history of humanity is marked by organized violence in the territory of Rwanda which has reached the extent of genocide in 1994. These events have left deep impacts in the trajectories of individuals, families and society as a whole. In order to approach the experience of violence and its consequences, the concept of trauma is often used in clinical psychology. Several research studies show its intergenerational effects and transmission based on data collected from offspring’s perspective. This qualitative study aims to explore the parental perspective. We explore the representation of genocide experiences and intergenerational transmission in Rwandan parents living in the region of Quebec. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 parents and the verbatim reports were analyzed. The link between individual history and collective history is central to the expression of emotional and relational experiences. The events of the genocide are represented as a source of suffering but also as a source of knowledge. There is a major change in the representation of the "other" that has become a figure capable of extreme violence and indifference. The genocide and its effects are referred to as unspeakable and associated with a feeling of strangeness. Kinyarwanda language is used by the participants in an attempt to name the genocide and its effects. The act of transmission, as well as the act of "non-transmission", are particularly important for "parents-survivors" who search to maintain continuity on three levels (narcissistic, filiation and affiliation) that have been threatened by the genocide. Intergenerational transmission mechanisms are guided by cultural rules, the parent-witness' position and their capacity of mentalization. Silence helps to restore and transmit codes of conduct and prohibition. The objects of transmission are linked to the cultural imaginary, especially through the position of the ancestor, rituals of death and the code of revenge and honor.

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Stone, Lacey Chanel. "Rwandan genocide economic decline and increased willingness to murder /." Click here for download, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1428857231&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Collins, Barrie Munro. "The Rwandan war 1990-94 : interrogating the dominant narrative." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556458.

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This thesis interrogates a well-established consensus that the mass killings that erupted in Rwanda in 1994 upon the aerial assassination of President Habyarimana were the result of a planned and controlled genocide of Tutsis by Hutu extremists. It concludes that this dominant narrative is flawed and argues instead that the killings had a ‘bottomup’ character, were neither planned nor controlled, and were conducted in anarchic conditions. An historical background addresses the question of how ethnic identity formation relates to the 1990-1994 war. The war is reconstructed by means of a logical chronological narrative. Interviews of key individuals involved, checks of court records, and a critical survey of English and French literature has yielded, it is hoped, a more rigorous, reflective and nuanced approach toward the dynamics of the war. Claims for genocide planning and implementation are shown to be problematic. In place of a conspiracy of Hutu extremists, the thesis emphasises linkages between RPF strategy and conduct with various forms of Western intervention as salient forces generating conditions conducive to civilian slaughter. The material and ideological links between the protagonists of the Rwandan war and regional and international actors are situated within the context of the immediate post-Cold War period. A comparative study of genocide concludes that the number of genocides in the twentieth century should be restricted to three: the Nazi holocaust, the genocide of the Armenians, and the genocide of the Herero and Nama peoples in German South-West Africa.

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Munyandamutsa, Jean Baptiste. "Study of the Rwandan learners' intelligibility in spoken English." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55571/.

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The present study investigates the phonological productive and perceptual competence of a group of Rwandan learners of English and the effect that phonological deviations have on their intelligibility and comprehension in spoken English. In order to discover the hierarchy and degree of difficulty these subjects have in the segmental and suprasegmental features of English, productive and perceptual tests of words and sentences were designed and administered to a group of 60 subjects. The study also attempts to explain the effect of various interlanguage phenomena which occur in the production and perception of the pronunciation of English by Rwandan speakers. The results of this study support many of the claims of CA, EA and phonological interlanguage. Chapter One gives background sociolinguistic information on the roles of Kinyarwanda, French, Kiswahili and English in Rwanda. Chapter Two discusses a number of theoretical key issues involved in language learning and acquisition. Chapter Three defines the topic of the study, i.e. intelligibility and comprehension, to gain insight into the study and to provide a framework for the research design and methodology. Chapter Four is a description of the Kinyarwanda and English phonological systems, which is the basis of the predictions of the difficulties and the design of data for Chapters Five and Six. Chapter Five analyses, categorizes and explains the source of deviations in the data gathered from subjects' pronunciation of words and sentences as interpreted by native English speakers. Chapter Six analyzes the effect of phonological deviations on the subjects' comprehension of spoken English. Chapter Seven concludes the whole study with a discussion of the major findings, and suggests some useful steps towards more effective teaching of the pronunciation for better intelligibility and comprehension in English.

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Samuel, Karin. "Bearing witness to trauma : representations of the Rwandan genocide." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4274.

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Thesis (MA (English))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis will examine representations of the Rwandan genocide and its aftermath in selected literary and filmic narratives. It aims in particular to explore the different ways in which narrative devices are used to convey trauma to the reader or viewer, thus enabling them to bear witness to it. These include language, discourse, image, structure and perspectives, on the one hand, and the framing of the genocide on screen, on the other hand. The thesis argues that these narrative devices are used to provide partial insight into the trauma of the genocide and/or to produce empathy or distance between readers and viewers and the victims, perpetrators and survivors of the genocide. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which the selected novels and films advance the human dimension of the genocide. This will shift both victims and perpetrators out of the domain of statistics and evoke emotional engagement from readers and viewers. The thesis argues for the importance of narrative in bearing witness to trauma, particularly due to its unique ability to forge an emotional connection between reader or viewer and character. The primary texts analysed in the thesis are the novels Inyenzi: A Story of Love and Genocide by South African author Andrew Brown and Murambi, The Book of Bones by Senegalese author Boubacar Boris Diop, along with the films Shooting Dogs, directed by British Michael Caton- Jones, and Hotel Rwanda, directed by American Terry George. In addition to considering the use of narrative devices to produce empathy and engagement among readers and viewers, the thesis explores also the implications of the various outsider perspectives of the writers and film-makers, and the effect that this has on their narratives, not least given the role played by the world community in failing to avert the genocide . AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die voorstellings van Rwanda volksmoorde en die nagevolge in geselekteerde narratiewe tekste en rolprente. Die tesis poog om op verskillende maniere ondersoek in stel na die narratiewe middels om die trauma oor te dra na die leser en kyker. Dit sluit taal, diskoers, beelde, struktuur en perspektiewe aan die eenkant, en verfilming op die skerm aan die anderkant. Die tesis argumenteer dat narratiewe middels verskaf gedeeltelike insig van die trauma van die volksmoorde en/of genereer empatie of afstand tussen leser en kyker en die slagoffers, skuldiges en die oorlewendes van die volksmoorde. Aandag sal veral gegee word op welke wyse die geselekteerde romans en rolprente die menslike dimensie van volksmoord bevorder. Beide die slagoffers en skuldiges word uit die ondersoekterrein van statistieke geskuif en daar gaan gefokus word op die uitlok van emosionele betokkendheid van lesers en kykers. Die tesis argumenteer vir die belangrikheid van die narratief om as getuienis op te tree van trauma – veral as gevolg die unieke vermoë om tussen die leser of die kyker en die karakter emosionele bande te smee. Die primêre tekste wat in hierdie tesis geanaliseer word, is die romans, Inyenzi: A Story of Love and Genocide deur Suid-Afrikaner Andrew Brown, Murambi, The Book of Bones deur Senegalese skrywer Boubacar Boris Diop, en die rolprente Shooting Dogs, onder leiding van die Brit, Michael Caton-Jones en Hotel Rwanda, onder leiding van die Ierse, Terry George. Afgesien van die gebruik van narratiewe middels om empatie en betrokkenheid van lesers en kykers te genereer, ondersoek die tesis ook die implikasies van die onderskeie buitestaander perspektiewe van die skrywers en rolprentmakers en die effek op hulle narratiewe – veral die rol wat hulle speel in die wêreldgemeenskap om volksmoorde te voorkom.

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White, Dean. "The UK's response to the Rwandan genocide of 1994." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2012. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/10122/.

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Former Prime Minister Tony Blair described the UK’s response to the Rwandan genocide as “We knew. We failed to act. We were responsible”; this thesis sets out to explore these three claims. The thesis, which draws on newspaper archives, oral history interviews and government documents obtained by the author under the Freedom of Information Act, as well as British and US official documents already made public, begins by exploring Britain’s knowledge and understanding of events in Rwanda in the build-up to, and during the first few weeks of, the genocide. It then moves on to review how the government responded and, by drawing on various theories of bystander intervention, to build up a multi-factor assessment of what influenced that response. The thesis finishes by addressing the question whether the British government, or indeed any other British foreign policy actor, bears responsibility for the crisis. It therefore looks at the Rwandan crisis from the perspective of various influences on foreign policy: the media, public opinion, Parliament and NGOs, as well as exploring the response of John Major’s government. The thesis concludes that media coverage of the genocide led to a significant misunderstanding of the crisis; this misunderstanding influenced the public response and shaped discussion within Parliament and government. In terms of official response, whilst it has to be acknowledged that the government initially failed to correctly identify the events in Rwanda as genocide and consequently delayed their response until the majority of killings had ended, the thesis shows that rather than failing to act the British government was in fact a leading aid donor to Rwanda and a leading provider of troops to the UN peacekeeping mission serving in Rwanda. This aid did come too late to prevent or halt the genocide, but did save many thousands of lives in the immediate aftermath.

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Nkurunziza, Benjamin. "Determining Rwanda's comparative advantage in rice : Eastern Province case study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98136.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As agriculture remains the economic engine of rural Africa, reducing poverty in Africa will depend largely on stimulating agricultural growth. To realize this growth, the efficient allocation of a country’s scarce natural resources becomes a prerequisite. Rwanda is endowed with extensive wetlands with a high potential for rice production due to its hilly topography, abundant rainfall, and warm temperatures. However, many of these wetlands remain uncultivated despite the prevailing rice deficit in the domestic and regional markets. Over the past decade, Rwanda has increasingly become dependent on regional and global markets for rice, as domestic supply is unable to keep pace with the growing domestic demand. This production deficit has limited the potential gains that farmers and the nation could realize in the form of income and foreign exchange earnings. The main objective of this study is to determine Rwanda’s comparative advantage in rice and to identify constraints limiting efficiency. To achieve this objective, this study utilizes the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) to measure the comparative advantage in rice production and the level of inefficiencies within the rice subsector in the Eastern Province of Rwanda. The key findings of the analysis demonstrate that this province has a comparative advantage in rice. However, within the sample, 68 % of rice farmers’ cooperatives, cultivating rice on 25% of the total area under study, have no comparative advantage. In terms of net welfare gains, due to market distortions, domestic rice prices are artificially high, which creates a deadweight loss in the rice market. In particular, the protectionist policies (i.e. rice import tariffs and farm inputs subsidization) induce the private farm profit to outweigh the social farm profit. This abnormal profit allows rice production to become financially profitable even where there is a comparative disadvantage. On the demand side, although the domestic price of imported rice in Rwanda is slightly higher than the local rice price, the majority of consumers prefer imported rice to local rice, due to its long grain shape, aroma, and good quality. The low domestic demand for bold and short grain rice, which is cultivated by 70 % of Rwandan rice farmers, limits domestic rice producers’ market share. Given the study’s findings, the policy recommendations are threefold. The first involves technology dissemination and adoption. In order to improve the domestic rice production capacity and competitiveness, without compromising efficiency, it is imperative for rice farmers to adopt labour saving technologies. This technology adoption would allow for an increase in the area on which rice can be grown efficiently, due to a reduced social production cost. The second recommendation is that government should encourage research on the identification of aromatic and long grain rice varieties that can adapt to Rwanda’s agroecology, thereby meeting consumers’ demand preferences. Finally, though rice import tariffs protect domestic farmers against foreign competition, these policies decrease consumers’ welfare due to a reduction in the range of rice consumed in the domestic market. This study recommends the government to facilitate exportation of local rice in regional markets, and reduce rice import barriers. This intervention would benefit both farmers and consumers, while stabilizing the trade balance. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Aangesien landbou steeds die ekonomiese enjin van landelik Afrika is, sal die vermindering van armoede grootliks afhang van die stimulering van groei binne landbou. Die doeltreffende toedeling van ‘n land se skaars hulpbronne is ‘n voorvereiste om hierdie groei te verwesenlik. Rwanda het ekstensiewe vleilande met ‘n hoë potensiaal vir rysproduksie as gevolg van die heuwelagtige topografie, oorvloedige reënval en warm temperature. Baie van die grond is egter steeds onbewerk desnieteenstaande die heersende rystekort in die plaaslike en streeksmarkte. Oor die afgelope dekade het Rwanda toemend afhanklik geraak van streeks- en globale markte vir rys aangesien plaaslike aanbod nie kan byhou met die toemane in plaaslike vraag nie. Die produksietekort het die potensiële voordele wat boere en die volk kan realiseer in die vorm van inkomste en buitelandse valuta, beperk. Die hoofdoelwit van die studie is om Rwanda se vergelykende voordeel in rys te bepaal en om die beperkings ten opsigte van doeltreffendheid te identifiseer. Om hierdie doelwit te bereik, het die studie die Beleidsanalise Matriks gebruik om die vergelykende voordeel in rysproduksie en die vlak van ondoeltreffendheid in die ryssubsektor van die Oostelike Provinsie van Rwanda, te meet. Die kern bevindinge van die analise dui daarop dat die Oostelike Provinsie van Rwanda ‘n mededingende voordeel in rys het. In die steekproef is daar egter 68% van die rysprodusente koöperasies wat geen mededingende voordeel het nie. In terme van netto welvaartsvoordele, as gevolg van verwringing in die mark, is die plaaslike prys van rys onnatuurlik hoog, wat ‘n dooieverlies skep in die rysmark. Spesifiek, die beskermende beleide (d.i. rys invoertariewe en plaas insetsubsidies) het tot gevolg dat private boerdery wins groter gewig dra as die sosiale boerdery wins. Die abnormale wins laat toe dat rysproduksie finansiëel winsgewend word selfs al is daar ‘n vergelykende nadeel. Aan die vraagkant, al is die plaaslike prys van ingevoerde rys in Rwanda ‘n klein bietjie hoër as die plaaslike rysprys, verkies die meeste verbruikers die ingevoerde rys eerder as die plaaslike rys, as gevolg van die lang korrel vorm, aroma en goeie kwaliteit. Die lae plaaslike verbruik vir vet kort korrel rys, wat verbou word deur 70% van die Rwandese rysboere, beperk die plaaslike rys produsente se markaandeel. Gegewe die studie se bevindings, is die beleidsaanbevelings drieledig. Die eerste behels tegnologie oordrag en aanvaarding. Om plaaslike rysproduksie kapasiteit en mededingendheid te verbeter sonder om doeltreffendheid af te skeep, is dit noodsaaklik vir rysboere om arbeidsbesparende tegnologie te aanvaar. Die tegnologie aanvaarding sal die area wat doeltreffend onder rys verbou word, vergroot as gevolg van verminderde sosiale produksiekoste. Die tweede aanbeveling is dat regering navorsing oor die identifisering van aromaties en lang korrel rys varieteite moet aanmoedig om aan te pas by Rwanda se agro-ekologie; om sodoende verbruikers tegemoet te kom met hulle vraagvoorkeure. Laastens, al beskerm invoertariewe van rys die plaaslike boere teen internasionale mededinging, verlaag hierdie beleide die verbruikerswelvaart as gevolg van ‘n verlaging in die verskeidenheid rys wat in die plaaslike mark verbruik word. Die studie beveel aan dat die regering die uitvoer van plaaslike rys in streeksmarkte fasiliteer en die invoerbeperkings op rys verminder. Die ingryping sal beide boere en verbruikers bevoordeel, terwyl die handelsbalans gestabiliseer word.

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Amelot, Xavier. "La dynamique des systèmes ruraux rwandais : approche cartographique d'une crise." Bordeaux 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR30003.

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A partir du milieu des annees 1980, le rwanda, jusqu'alors presente comme un "modele de developpement" a ete confronte a une crise generalisee. La multiplicite des symptomes indiquent que cette crise est une crise multiforme qui concerne un pays avant tout rural. Elle traduit un desequilibre entre les composantes sociales, politiques, economiques et environnementales d'un systeme d'interactions complexes : le systeme rural. Certes, le remarquable essor demographique qu'a connu le rwanda depuis un demi siecle constitue bien le principal ressort de l'evolution de ce systeme, mais il ne saurait tout expliquer. L'approche regionale montre que ce ne sont pas les zones les plus densement peuplees qui connaissent necessairement la situation la plus critique. Ces disparites regionales tiennent en partie aux inegales potentialites des milieux, mais elles sont surtout le resultat de strategies differenciees inscrites dans un contexte social, economique et politique diversement apprehende par les groupes sociaux en fonction de leur propre heritage historique. Le recours a l'histoire nous a permis de montrer que les systemes ruraux rwandais etaient le produit d'une construction permanente, faite d'une succession de progres et de blocages, repondant a l'evolution dans l'espace et dans le temps des contraintes et des besoins changeants des groupes dominants. En definitive, les strategies paysannes fondees sur la dispersion des risques et sur une logique de complementarite des productions privilegiant d'abord l'autoconsommation vivriere et les relations sociales apparaissent, dans un contexte de crise, les mieux a meme d'assurer la survie des menages. Il s'agit cependant de strategies a cours terme, dont l'avenir est, dans un contexte de forte croissance demographique, des plus incertains Starting from the middle of the 1980's rwanda, considered until then as a "model of development", was faced with a generalised crisis. This was a complex crisis, implicating a rural country, that was revealed by a multiplicity of symptoms. This crisis was the expression of a profund dysfunction of a complex interaction system made of social, political, economical an environmental factors, namely the rural system. The remarkable demographic growth, that has taken place in rwanda since 50 years, constitutes, indeed, the principal motive of evolution of the system, but does not explain everithing the regional approach shows that the most critical situations are not necessarily found in the most densely populated areas. These local disparities are in part due to the inequality of environmental ressources. But they are mainly the resultant of differenciated strategies adopted to face the historical evolution of the social, economical and political context. We have shown by an historical approach that the rwandan rural systems were the product of a continuing process made of a succession of phases of progression and hindrance. Rural household strategies, based on a complementary and diversified production system, appear to be the most efficient in ensuring their survival in a situation of crisis. But these nutritional selfsufficiency and social relationship strategies are shortterm strategies whose future is incertain in a context of strong demographic expansion

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Powell, Stephen. "Positive Autonomy as a Mechanism in Rwanda’s Post-Genocide Development." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1592.

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Rwanda is a small resource poor country in East Africa that has experienced almost two decades’ worth of significant growth following a genocide that claimed almost 10% of the country’s population. This paper explores the role of positive autonomy in the countries path to development hoping to demonstrate that countries that are ready to pursue independent policy initiatives ought to be encouraged to do so by their international partners. Positive autonomy has three defining characteristics; the ability of a country to pursue its own internally driven policy choices, especially in the face of external opposition but not necessarily in the face of opposition, “ownership” of a community over policy developments that affect them, i.e. their involvement in the administration of policy, and lastly, the ability of a country to reject policy propositions from the outside. Negative autonomy would be a lack of two or more of those conditions. Using this model, I seek to show that these three characteristics have been pursued by Rwanda as a result of its pre-genocide history. I also seek to show that these three characteristics have played a vital role in the development of Rwanda by allowing the government to pursue innovative strategies outside of international norms. To demonstrate this conclusion, I first look to the pre and post-colonial histories of Rwanda in order to examine the role of negative autonomy, seeking to build a case that demonstrates its lasting impact in Rwanda’s political character. I then examine an extreme case of negative autonomy in the case of the CFA monetary union followed by an extended examination of a clear case of positive autonomy in Rwanda and the benefits and failures it has produced. I then briefly examine the relationship between development aid and influence also demonstrating that Rwanda’s position on development aid mirrors its position on positive autonomy in general. Finally, I briefly examine three different examples of positive autonomy in Rwanda as a supplement to the extended example to demonstrate that some of the biggest policy initiatives undertaken by the Rwandan government are either the result of positive autonomy, are successful because of positive autonomy or can be drastically improved by a better implementation of positive autonomy. I hope that this research can be seen as a fresh lens for examining the relationship between weak and powerful states to validate the position that more autonomy for weaker states in their decision-making processes can produce much more successful results in their development drives.

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Daniels, Dustin R. "The economic and social justice impacts of Rwandan education policy." Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2010. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/2181926.

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Ngirabakunzi, Ndimurugero. "Kinyarwaanda sexuality taboo words and their significance in Rwandan culture." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This study investigates Kinyarwaanda sexuality taboo words and their meaning in Rwandan culture to enable the youth to improve their communication and the values of Rwandan culture. It explores whether the use of Kinyarwaanda sexuality taboo words is a good way to communicate with one another or is a transgression of Rwandan culture. Its intent is to see the value that Rwandans assign to verbal taboos, particularly sexuality taboo words, to see how these taboos regulate Rwandans lives, to see the attitudes Rwandans hold towards them, and to find out the link there might be between sexuality taboo words, the information dissemination on HIV/AIDS and the spread of AIDS.

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Stonehouse, Jeff. "Concentrate to annihilate : a strategic analysis of the Rwandan genocide." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/56412.

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This thesis has two goals. First, drawing upon centuries of strategic theory, I develop an analytical framework called the 'strategy hierarchy'. This heuristic device simplifies the diffuse field of strategic theory by focusing analysis on three interconnected themes: policy, grand strategy and military strategy. I argue that by using this framework it is possible to transfer the contributions of conventional strategic theory to episodes of genocidal violence. Second, I use the 'strategy hierarchy' as a lens through which to base an analysis of the Rwandan genocide of 1994. The 'policy' that preceded the genocide was developed by an entrenched political, economic and social elite called the akazu. In the late 1980s, this group of elites encountered three threats to their continued dominance: calls for multipartyism, an economic downtown and an invasion by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). The diverse methods of meeting this threat were the domain of 'grand strategy'. Prior to the outbreak of mass violence, the akazu and their network of supporters tackled these challenges politically, economically, socially, culturally and diplomatically. One of the key processes paralleling this multifaceted assault was the development of a genocidal ideology. According to this belief system, non-violent threats from the political opposition and from the Tutsi ethnicity were conflated with the armed and aggressive RPF. On 6 April 1994, President Habyarimana was assassinated. This 'strategic shock' resulted in a dramatic shift in grand strategic priorities. Pursuing elite policy, 'military strategy' took precedence over non-martial means. Two types of military strategy emerged. The primary strategy targeted Hutu politicians and rival elites. This strategy was largely successful within the first week of the genocide. Then, a new strategy emerged. The organizers of the genocide took advantage of and encouraged the traditional Tutsi practice of converging upon the churches for sanctuary during times of political upheaval. With thousands gathered at public locations, the perpetrators commissioned a series of extensive and high fatality massacres. Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan) Graduate

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Heming, Alexa. "Fighting their way home : the militarization of the Rwandan '59ers." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3777.

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Gatwa, Tharcisse. "Churches and ethnic ideology in the Rwandan crises (1900-1994)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19779.

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It has been assumed that the 1994 Rwandan genocide and massacres during which more than a million of human beings were killed resulted from the "Hutu Power" ideology of the Habyarimana regime (1973-1994). The perspective of this thesis rests on new lines of reasoning looking at the root causes of that ideology from two angles. Firstly, from 1880's Rwanda was subjected to external influences which constructed a meta-narrative founded on the Hamite myth defending the "Batutsi supremacy". Secondly, the local elite, comprising the traditional Batutsi nobility, then the educated and the post-independence Bahutu ethno-politicians assimilated these constructs. In fact, the group of people, the Banyarwanda, which the explorers, then the missionaries encountered, were distributed in three social categories: the Bahutu, Batutsi and Batwa. These people had been living relatively peacefully together sharing many common factors including: cultural unity, language, religion, major social organisations like the clan and family habits such as intermarriages. Some lineages were, however, attempting to create their own identity. Out of that encounter between the West and Rwandan society, the image of Rwanda which was constantly projected was of a land dominated by a "race" of "Hamites of Caucasian origin who arrive in Rwanda from Ethiopia or Egypt". The 'Batutsi' were chosen by the new rulers, colonialists and the missionaries to promote "a Civilisation founded on Christianity". The other groups, the Bahutu and Batwa constituted the mass of "roturiers" relegated to a status of a second category citizens. Discriminatory policies were set up in cultural and political practices to reinforce the so-called differences in schools, evangelism and public sphere. An ethnic ideology, this thesis argues, emerged out of that meta-narrative.

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Wicks, Laura H. "Rwanda's Miracle: From Genocide and Poverty to Peace and Economic Prosperity." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1526.

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The purpose of this thesis was to examine how liberalization and the introduction of pro-poor policies can be successful in post-conflict countries using the Rwanda coffee market as a case study. My research supports the notion that economic development, political stability and peace can be a result of liberalization when policies that are pro-poor and focus on the largest sector of the population are created. The study examines why and how Rwanda chose to liberalize their economy in the way they did by focusing on the intentions of the actors and the effects their actions have had on the coffee market and country as a whole. The findings suggest that Rwanda’s coffee market liberalization has been successful and has contributed to stability and economic development in Rwanda. The conclusion indicates that pro-poor liberalization policies with the assistance from a variety of actors and institutions can lead developing countries on the path to development in ways the international community has not seen before.

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Gasengayire, Monique. "Analyse du discours médiatique et le genocide Rwandais, Kangura et RTLM." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2002. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ65621.pdf.

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Du, Toit Stephanus Francois. "Reconciliation through justice? : a critical analysis of Rwanda's transitional justice programmes." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11864.

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Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-114). Rwanda is seeking to address genocide and it consequences through one of the most comprehensive, and arguably innovative, set of transitional justice measures yet developed. This study provides a critical analysis of this 'Rwandan approach' to transitional justice with a focus on the key claim by Rwandan authorities, but often made in other contexts too, that transitional justice furthers postconflict reconciliation. The central objective is to analyse critically the implications and consequences of the Rwandan transitional justice programmes for reconciliation in a post-genocide society.

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