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Bibliografias temáticas / Scavenging

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Scavenging"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 9 de junho de 2025

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Scavenging"

1

Franzen, Jonathan. "Scavenging." Antioch Review 54, no. 3 (1996): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4613336.

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Jonathan Franzen. "Scavenging." Antioch Review 74-75, no. 4-1 (2017): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.7723/antiochreview.74-75.4-1.0939.

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GRAY, W. M. "SCAVENGING EQUIPMENT." British Journal of Anaesthesia 57, no. 7 (July 1985): 685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/57.7.685.

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Gray, J. S., and G. A. Evans. "Scavenging malfunction." Anaesthesia 58, no. 11 (October 20, 2003): 1144–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03517.x.

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5

Jane Hewerdine, Lisa, Maria Rumyantseva, and Catherine Welch. "Resource scavenging." International Marketing Review 31, no. 3 (May 6, 2014): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-11-2012-0194.

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Purpose – There has been growing interest in studying the internationalisation of small and medium-sized high-technology firms. This literature tends to equate “internationalisation” with the “internationalisation of sales”. Yet sales are not the only international activity of high-tech firms. High-tech firms need resources and not just markets. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to an understanding of this resource dimension of the international behaviour of high-tech firms. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical basis for the study lies in a multiple case study of six high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The authors selected two firms from each of three high-tech industries: biotechnology (specifically drug development), renewable energy and ICT. The key decision makers in each firms were then interviewed in depth. Findings – The authors show that for the case firms in the study, internationalisation can take the form of searching, prospecting or “scavenging” for resources. “Resource-seeking” behaviour occurs because the SMEs do not own, control or have access to sufficient resources to bring their technology to market on their own. The pattern of internationalisation that results from resource scavenging is different to that of traditional “market-seeking” internationalisation. Originality/value – This paper provides evidence of how the resource-acquisition behaviour of high-tech SMEs can be an important element of their internationalisation. Yet existing literature has focused almost exclusively on the market-seeking internationalisation of these firms.

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Renehan, Elizabeth M., Kayser F. Enneking, Manoj Varshney, Richard Partch, Donn M. Dennis, and Timothy E. Morey. "Scavenging Nanoparticles." Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 30, no. 4 (July 2005): 380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00115550-200507000-00010.

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Monnier, Stefan, Bratin Saha, and Zhong Shao. "Principled scavenging." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 36, no. 5 (May 2001): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/381694.378817.

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Zhou, Hong-li, Bing Li, Mei-fu Wu, and Ye Liu. "Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of polysaccharide in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) during overwintering." E3S Web of Conferences 78 (2019): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197802008.

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To determine the effect of different harvesting time on antioxidant capacity in Jerusalem artichoke polysaccharides (inulin), the Jerusalem artichoke before and after overwintering were collected from the same region, and then evaluate their antioxidant capacity in vitro by reducing power assay, DPPH radical-scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assay. Ascorbic acid at similar mass concentration was served as positive control. The results showed no significant difference were observed in reducing power when the absorbance values were about 0.3. When the mass concentrations before and after overwintering were 0.9 mg/mL and 1.7 mg/mL, the DPPH radical-scavenging rate both reached at 50%. And when the mass concentrations were both 10 mg/mL, the hydroxyl radical-scavengings were 35.8% and 27.9%, respectively. Thus, it could be concluded that the antioxidant capacity in Jerusalem artichoke polysaccharides before overwintering was higher than that after overwintering, and showed a good dose-dependent manner with its mass concentration.

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Yukizaki, Chizuko. "Radical scavenging capacity." Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 56, no. 10 (2009): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.56.549.

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Rachleff, Melissa. "Scavenging the Landscape." Afterimage 23, no. 4 (January 1996): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.1996.23.4.7.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Scavenging"

1

Lees, Inez Nancy Lloyd. "Nucleophilic polymers for scavenging." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613095.

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Karapanayiotis, Thanasis. "Synthesis of moisture scavenging polymer films." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612878.

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Fust, Christopher. "Scavenging Ecology in the Australian Alps." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29193.

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Scavenging is the consumption of carrion by living organisms. Often overlooked, it is common in all ecosystems. The assemblage of scavengers that act on carrion are important in maintaining this ecosystem service and are part of the necrobiome. Scavengers can be classified into distinct guilds comprised of vertebrates, invertebrates, and microorganisms whose collaborative roles operate efficiently when their community structure is diverse and intact. The goal of this thesis is to quantify how scavenger guilds can influence decay rates and how insect scavengers respond to the absence of competition from vertebrate scavengers. Individually, the functional roles vertebrate and insect scavengers are known, but there is limited understanding about how their interactions influence decay rates. Changes in the composition of vertebrate and insect scavenger communities around carrion may prolong carcass persistence possibly altering the localised effects of nutrient flow and increase the chance of carcass borne disease spread. This is important in Kosciuszko National Park where land managers cull both large herbivores and facultative vertebrate scavengers possibly creating and influx of carrion and altering the functionality of the vertebrate scavenger guild. Using exclusion cages, this study was able to limit access from vertebrate and insect scavengers to compare decay rates of carrion in the presence and absence of each guild. In contrast to similar systems, utilisation of carcasses by vertebrates did little to influence decay rates. This was pronounced in autumn and winter when carcasses persisted the longest despite elevated vertebrate activity and reduced competition from insects and microbes. This shifts the function of carrion removal towards insects as vertebrates contribute little to decomposition leading to a reduction of resiliency of this process. How each guild interacted and operated in the other’s absence had profound effects on carcass persistence.

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Tritschler, Simon J. "High-Power Energy Scavenging for Portable Devices." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1278695219.

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Ivanova, Daria. "Silica-scavenging effects in ceria-based electrolytes." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2295.

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Mestrado em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais<br>Gadolinium-doped ceria based powders were co-fired with additions of silica, and silica and lanthanum oxide, to test the silicascavenging role of lanthanum. The formation of one ionic conducting secondary phase, instead of an insulating phase, was attempted. The structural, microstructural and electrical characterization of these samples confirmed the formation of one apatite-type lanthanum silicate-based phase and a significant enhancement of the grain boundary conductivity of these materials. ABSTRACT: Pós de céria dopada com gadolínio foram sinterizados com adições de sílica, e de sílica e óxido de lantânio, para testar o efeito de remoção de sílica do óxido de lantânio. Com esta abordagem explorou-se a formação de uma fase secundária condutora iónica em vez de uma fase isoladora. A caracterização estrutural, microestrutural e eléctrica das amostras confirmou a formação de uma fase tipo apatite derivada do silicato de lantânio e uma melhoria significativa da condutividade da fronteira de grão destes materiais.

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DI, MATTEO Lorenza. "Study of aerosol scavenging processes in atmosphere." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389378.

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The aerosol removal has a fundamental role because aerosol has impact on human health, on visibility and act as a condensation center for cloud droplets and ice crystals, changing cloud properties (indirect e�ects on cli- mate). In this work, di�erent removal processes of aerosol have been studies experimentally (thermophoresis, ice nuclei, cloud condensation nuclei and below-cloud scavenging), with the aim to obtain a global study of these processes. Concerning the study of thermophoresis, experiments were per- formed in microgravity conditions, in order to minimize the impact of grav- ity. Particle trajectories and consequently particle velocities were recon- structed by analyzing the sequence of particle positions. Studies on forma- tion of IN and CCN, realized through two experimental campaigns, permit- ted to improve knowledge about these phenomena. Measurements related to CCN reveal diurnal trend with lower values at about midday and higher ones during the night. Measurements of IN reveal a positive correlation between higher supersaturation with respect to ice and water values and ice nuclei number concentration. Finally, indoor and outdoor measurements of aerosol concentrations were carried out; it was found that the aerosol removal is in uenced by rainfall duration.

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Khalifa, Aiysha. "Study of CMOS Rectifers for Wireless Energy Scavenging." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Elektroniska komponenter, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-69683.

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In recent years, there has been recent increase in the deployment of wireless sensor networks. These sensors are typically powered by a battery which has limited life span. This problem can be overcomed by using energy scavenging or power harvesting which is the process of converting ambient energy from the environment into usable electrical energy. It can be used in applications such as remote patient monitoring, implantable sensors, machinery/equipment monitoring and so on. The thesis presents the RF scavenging system and mainly focuses on the study of the rectifier architectures which is one of the key components in the RF scavenging system. The thesis also provides the design challenges while implementing the different rectifier structures, which are PMOS bridge rectifier, CMOS differential rectifier and charge pump. The functionality of the rectifier structures are studied by simulation using RF signal of 900 MHz and implemented in 0.35μm and 65 nm technologies to compare the results. The simulation results shows that there is a tradeoff between high output DC voltage and high power efficiency. Maximum DC output voltage of 1 V is obtained from input amplitude level of 0.16 V using 7-stage charge pump rectifier. In the other hand maximum power efficiency of 23 % is obtained using CMOS differential rectifier.

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Nudo, Vince. "Scavenging iron ore tailings with the Reichert cone." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66257.

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Keithahn, Christian [Verfasser]. "Radical scavenging behavior of biogenic amines / Christian Keithahn." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1034892398/34.

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Korsvik, Cassandra. "Free Radical Scavenging Properties of Cerium Oxice Nanoparticles." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1178.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.<br>Bachelors<br>Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences<br>Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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Mais fontes

Livros sobre o assunto "Scavenging"

1

Roundy, Shad, Paul Kenneth Wright, and Jan M. Rabaey. Energy Scavenging for Wireless Sensor Networks. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0485-6.

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Sulabh International Social Service Organisation (New Delhi, India), ed. People's Commission on Abolition of Scavenging. [New Delhi: Sulabh International Social Service Organisation, 1998.

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3

E, Schwartz S., Slinn, W. George N., 1938-, United States. Dept. of Energy., United States. Environmental Protection Agency., Electric Power Research Institute, and International Conference on Precipitation Scavenging and Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Processes (5th : 1991 : Richland, Wash.), eds. Precipitation scavenging and atmosphere-surface exchange. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1992.

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4

G, Scandalios John, ed. Molecular biology of free radical scavenging systems. Plainview, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1992.

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5

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ed. STS propellant scavenging systems study.: Final report. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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6

Schroder, L. J. Preparation of polyethylene sacks for collection of precipitation samples for chemical analysis. Lakewood, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.

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7

Schroder, L. J. Preparation of polyethylene sacks for collection of precipitation samples for chemical analysis. Lakewood, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.

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8

Schroder, L. J. Preparation of polyethylene sacks for collection of precipitation samples for chemical analysis. Lakewood, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.

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9

Pathak, Bindeshwar. Environmental sanitation and eradication of scavenging in India. New Delhi: Sulabh International Social Service Organisation, 2010.

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10

Schneider, Steven J. Weight savings in aerospace vehicles through propellant scavenging. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Scavenging"

1

Pampillón Arce, María Ángela. "Interface Scavenging." In Growth of High Permittivity Dielectrics by High Pressure Sputtering from Metallic Targets, 125–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66607-5_7.

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2

Grandell, Jan. "Precipitation Scavenging." In Stochastic Models of Air Pollutant Concentration, 42–54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1094-8_7.

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3

Mégarbané, Sabine. "Urban scavenging." In Rewilding Food and the Self, 129–37. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003243496-16.

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Hess, John L. "Free radical scavenging." In Plant Responses to the Gaseous Environment, 99–120. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1294-9_6.

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Anderson, Gail S., Philip S. Barton, Melanie Archer, and John R. Wallace. "Invertebrate Scavenging Communities." In Wildlife Research Monographs, 45–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16501-7_3.

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Selva, Nuria, Marcos Moleón, Esther Sebastián-González, Travis L. DeVault, Maria Martina Quaggiotto, David M. Bailey, Sergio A. Lambertucci, and Antoni Margalida. "Vertebrate Scavenging Communities." In Wildlife Research Monographs, 71–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16501-7_4.

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Gol’danskii, V. I., L. I. Trakhtenberg, and V. N. Fleurov. "Tunneling Electron Scavenging." In Tunneling Phenomena in Chemical Physics, 284–316. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203734957-9.

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Wijayasiri, Lara, Kate McCombe, and Paul Hatton. "Pollution and scavenging." In The Primary FRCA Structured Oral Examination Study Guide 1, 200–202. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003276463-68.

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Murphy, Jason P., and Catherine A. Lugg. "Scavenging as Queer Methodology." In Critical Concepts in Queer Studies and Education, 369–79. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55425-3_36.

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Roundy, Shad, Paul Kenneth Wright, and Jan M. Rabaey. "Introduction." In Energy Scavenging for Wireless Sensor Networks, 1–26. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0485-6_1.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Scavenging"

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Dunlop, A. K. "Catalysis and Inhibition in Oxygen Scavenging." In CORROSION 1986, 1–11. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86176.

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Abstract The catalysis of oxygen scavenging reactions can be placed in two categories, 1) those depending on a free radical chain mechanism and 2) those in which a catalytic intermediate redox cycle is involved. Sulfite scavenging exemplifies the first category as the free radical chain mechanism is the only one effective in this system. This mechanism makes the sulfite system susceptible to a great variety of inhibiting effects. However, mechanistic understanding is available to solve such problems. Hydrazine can provide examples in each category. Catalysis via the hydroquinone/quinone cycle exemplifies the intermediate redox approach and, at high temperature, hydrazine appears to cleave rapidly enough to provide its own free radical chain initiation.

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DePass, Robert. "Oxygen Scavenging from a Utility Perspective." In CORROSION 1987, 1–6. NACE International, 1987. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1987-87436.

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Abstract The chemical removal of dissolved oxygen from feedwater entering into utility boilers is essential in reducing preboiler corrosion, boiler scale deposit and the transport of impurities in the steam cycles. Maintaining oxygen removal equipment such as condensers and deaerators, coupled with a proper chemical treatment program through the use of oxygen scavengers, will help preserve the internals of the entire circuit. In addition, utility operators must also be aware of off-line system protection. It is the intent of this paper to address a major utility's strategy for minimizing oxygen corrosion and thereby increasing unit reliability and availability.

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Janak, Kevin E. "Beyond Triazines: Development of a Novel Chemistry for Hydrogen Sulfide Scavenging." In CORROSION 2012, 1–17. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01520.

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Abstract The presence of hydrogen sulfide is an ever-present problem within the oilfield industry, resulting in significant additional operating costs, particularly with respect to increased corrosion, higher pipeline failure rates, and souring of produced oil. In order to mitigate the effects of hydrogen sulfide, chemical scavengers are often applied. However, application of the appropriate chemistry requires knowledge of the impact of system parameters, such as temperature and pH, on the performance of the scavenging chemical. In this regard, a novel product has been developed that exhibits good hydrogen sulfide scavenging performance in aqueous conditions over a wide temperature and pH range. The kinetics and mechanism of H2S scavenging are discussed and compared with current technologies employed for hydrogen sulfide scavenging, such as triazines.

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4

Langford, John, Alexander Strehl, and Jennifer Wortman. "Exploration scavenging." In the 25th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1390156.1390223.

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Monnier, Stefan, Bratin Saha, and Zhong Shao. "Principled scavenging." In the ACM SIGPLAN 2001 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/378795.378817.

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Fiorini, P., I. Doms, C. Van Hoof, and R. Vullers. "Micropower energy scavenging." In ESSCIRC 2008 - 34th European Solid-State Circuits Conference. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esscirc.2008.4681783.

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Fiorini, P., I. Doms, C. Van Hoof, and R. Vullers. "Micropower energy scavenging." In ESSDERC 2008 - 38th European Solid-State Device Research Conference. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2008.4681689.

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DRECQ, D., P. E. BENTEYN, A. du GARDIN, and C. BILLMANN. "74 ENGINE SCAVENGING OPTIMIZATION." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-32-1843.

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<div class="htmlview paragraph">Automotive pollutant emissions have been drastically restricted during the last ten years. These emission standards are now concerning small two-stroke engine. In order to reach future emission standard, it is essential to improve the scavenging flow, and especially the trapping efficiency of the engines. It is also interesting to have a tool for predicting the scavenging performances of an engine before the firing engine situation, which takes place late in the time scale of a development. A special test bench has been developed by D2T Group to visualize and quantify the scavenging process. It was also modelled with CFD tools, and a good correlation was observed between calculations and experimentations. This shows a good potential to reduce time and money spent in an engine development.</div>

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Sturm, Stefan, Michael Lang, and Stephan Schmidt. "Simulation Analysis of the Scavenging Process of a Uniflow and Loop Scavenging Concept." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-32-0549.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The two-stroke engine, as a today unconventional concept in automotive applications, has a great potential for a relaunch in the fast-growing market of Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) or Range Extender Electric Vehicle (REX) [<span class="xref">2</span>, <span class="xref">3</span>, <span class="xref">4</span>, <span class="xref">8</span>, <span class="xref">9</span>]. An efficient scavenging to remove the in-cylinder burnt gases and to fill the cylinder with fresh charge, performed at the same time is one of the major challenges, as losses of fresh air and fuel towards the exhaust line should be avoided when operating a lambda = 1 concept necessary for a 3-way catalyst aftertreatment system.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">A prior study [<span class="xref">1</span>] of different gas exchange designs for two-stroke engines concludes that two possible concepts cover this purpose. In this paper, 3D-CFD simulation is used to compare these two different scavenging concepts, a uniflow and a loop scavenging type with control elements for the gas exchange process. As boundary conditions, it is assumed that both concept types have nearly the same displacement, are used with an external scavenging blower and have a lubrication system like a conventional oil sump similar to a four-stroke engine. Additionally, a high-pressure direct injection fuel system is applied to guarantee oil- and fuel-free air for the scavenging process.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">To compare these different two-stroke scavenging concepts, this study focuses on the scavenging and compression phase using 3D-CFD simulation in order to evaluate the scavenging characteristics and the in-cylinder charge motion. The goal of this study is to prepare a basis for discussion of the best configuration, which will be designed, built and tested on the engine test-bench.</div></div>

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Ferreira, Denzil, Christian Schuss, Chu Luo, Jorge Goncalves, Vassilis Kostakos, and Timo Rahkonen. "Indoor light scavenging on smartphones." In MUM '16: 15th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3012709.3017603.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Scavenging"

1

Monnier, Stefan, Bratin Saha, and Zhong Shao. Principled Scavenging. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada436497.

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2

Louie, B., N. J. Kemp, and D. E. Daney. Cryogenic propellant scavenging :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3023.

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3

Kovel, Steven M. Scavenging Models for Smokes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada392497.

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4

Galchev, Tzeno, Christopher Alan Apblett, and Khalil Najafi. Energy scavenging from environmental vibration. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1001023.

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5

Bajwa, Abdullah, and Timothy Jacobs. PR-457-17201-R03 Residual Gas Fraction Estimation Based on Measured In-Cylinder Pressure - Phase III. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011996.

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Resumo:

An experimental study was carried out to characterize the scavenging behavior of a cross-scavenged, piston-aspirated, two-stroke, natural gas engine to aid in the development of computationally inexpensive simple scavenging models for onboard engine control by (1) studying the effects of changing operational parameters on the engine's scavenging performance, and (2) identifying the underlying phenomena driving the observed effects. Tracer based methods were used to quantify the scavenging and trapping performance of the engine - CO2 was used as a tracer for combustion products and pre-mixed fuel was used as a fresh charge tracer. CO2 concentration was measured on a crank angle resolved basis both in the engine cylinder and exhaust using portable NDIR sensors, while unburned fuel concentration was measured in the exhaust using the FID module of a standard five gas analyzer. It was found that scavenging took place in three stages, an initial perfect displacement type stage, followed by a short-circuiting, and a perfect mixing type stage. Engine speed and load changes were found to have the strongest effects on the trapping and scavenging performance of the engine; spark timing effects were less significant. Changes in measured scavenging and trapping efficiencies at different operating points resulted from a combination of influences, namely (1) reduced time for gas exchange at high speeds, (2) higher expansion and scavenging pressures at high loads and retarded spark timings, and (3) phasing of the reflected 'scavenging' and 'plugging' pulses in the exhaust pipe relative to BDC and EPC, respectively. Increasing engine load made the engine scavenge significantly better and increasing engine speed resulted in a larger fraction of the delivered air being trapped. The combined effect of these scavenging changes and changes in the engine's fuel conversion efficiency resulted in the engine running leaner at high speeds (more air delivered and higher trapping efficiency) and at low loads (higher trapped residuals). The results were then used to gauge the performance of the simple scavenging model (the hybrid model) developed in phase II of the project. While encouraging results were obtained at high speed, the trapped air mass was overestimated at medium speed; suggesting the need for adding a low scavenging efficiency sub-model. Recommendations have been made about adding a short-circuiting zone to address this limitation of the model.

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6

Andrews, E. Vapor scavenging by atmospheric aerosol particles. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/527479.

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Bajwa, Abdullah, Tim Kroeger, and Timothy Jacobs. PR-457-17201-R04 Residual Gas Fraction Estimation Based on Measured Engine Parameters - Phase IV. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012176.

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Based on experimental characterization of the scavenging behavior of a cross-scavenged, piston-aspirated, two-stroke, natural gas engine in phase III of the current project, a computationally inexpensive simple scavenging model was improved in this phase. Experimental results using fast nondispersive infrared (NDIR) CO2 measurements from the cylinder and the exhaust, as well as experiments using unburned fuel pre-mixed in the scavenging chamber as a tracer for short-circuiting during scavenging, were used in this phase to validate the improved model. The model represents the fundamental phenomenological characteristics revealed by those experiments. The experiments and literature show that scavenging takes place by the following phenomena: blowdown, displacement of residuals by incoming air, mixing of residuals and air, and short-circuiting of fresh air. To reflect this, the improved hybrid model features the following: isentropic blowdown, non-isothermal perfect displacement, non-isothermal perfect mixing, and a concurrent direct short-circuiting of air (unmixed with residuals). The validated improved hybrid model rectified the primary shortcoming of the phase III model. By adding the discrete short-circuiting zone, trapped mass could be modeled at both medium and high crankshaft speeds, whereas the phase III model could not capture the full scope of scavenging inefficiencies at medium speed using its perfect mixing stage alone. Furthermore, using the hybrid model to predict NOx using an exponential NO and shy;x-TER curve fit revealed that the improved phase IV hybrid model predicts NOx approximately as well as the experimentally-calculated TER from the phase III experiments. Additionally, GT-Power, a 1D fluid dynamics and engine simulation software, was used to identify whether hybrid model tuning could be aided by relatively inexpensive 1D simulation rather than CFD or fast NDIR experiments. Using three-pressure analysis (with in-cylinder, exhaust, and scavenging chamber pressures as boundary conditions) and scavenging profiles derived from the hybrid model itself, GT-Power was shown to be a plausible tool for scavenging model tuning.

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8

Young, Sandra K., Peter L. Vajda, Eugene Napadensky, Dawn M. Crawford, and James M. Sloan. Structure-Scavenging Abilities of Cyclodextrin-Based Polyurethanes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406085.

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9

Williams, A. L. Study of atmospheric pollution scavenging. [Annotated bibligraphy]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5706944.

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Edwards, L. Condensation growth and nucleation scavenging over large fires. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5053684.

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