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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Speech simplification"
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Engstrand, Olle, and Diana Krull. "Simplification of phonotactic structures in unscripted Swedish." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31, no. 1 (2001): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100301001049.
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Informal listening suggests that unscripted Swedish shows a tendency to produce alternating contoid and vocoid articulations which relate to more complex consonant and vowel structures at the phonological level. To test this hypothesis, two unscripted monologues and, for comparison, a careful text reading were analyzed. The speech material was segmented using criteria based on the so-called sonority hierarchy. The results largely corroborated the hypothesis in showing that contoid-vocoid units appeared considerably more frequently in unscripted speech than suggested by conventional phonotactic analysis, and that some reduction effects appeared more frequently in the unscripted than in the read speech. The possibility that this reflects an underlying articulatory organization of spontaneous speech in terms of typologically basic CV units is discussed.
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Nishimura, Takeshi, Isao T. Tokuda, Shigehiro Miyachi, et al. "Evolutionary loss of complexity in human vocal anatomy as an adaptation for speech." Science 377, no. 6607 (2022): 760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm1574.
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Human speech production obeys the same acoustic principles as vocal production in other animals but has distinctive features: A stable vocal source is filtered by rapidly changing formant frequencies. To understand speech evolution, we examined a wide range of primates, combining observations of phonation with mathematical modeling. We found that source stability relies upon simplifications in laryngeal anatomy, specifically the loss of air sacs and vocal membranes. We conclude that the evolutionary loss of vocal membranes allows human speech to mostly avoid the spontaneous nonlinear phenomena and acoustic chaos common in other primate vocalizations. This loss allows our larynx to produce stable, harmonic-rich phonation, ideally highlighting formant changes that convey most phonetic information. Paradoxically, the increased complexity of human spoken language thus followed simplification of our laryngeal anatomy.
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Arakelyan, Ruzanna. "On Foreigner Talk." Armenian Folia Anglistika 8, no. 1-2 (10) (2012): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2012.8.1-2.109.
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The article sums up the main functions and characteristics of the use of a foreign language. The importance of certain changes that contribute to the perception of a foreign language has been addressed. These include slowing speech tempo, the number of pauses, clearer pronunciation, the simplification of the vocabulary, the use of the basic syntactic structures, repetition, etc. The investigation of a foreign speech is directly linked with simplification of the foreign language. Three main functions related to foreign speech are distinguished. It assists the communication process, the learning of the foreign language subconsciously and points out the attitude of the speaker towards the learners.
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Liu, Xiaobei, and Soo Ngee Koh. "Simplification of soft-bit speech decoding and application to MELP encoded speech." Electronics Letters 39, no. 3 (2003): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20030188.
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Zena Matty Khidhir and Umayya Idris Younis. "Adults’ Simplification Strategies in Mosuli Arabic." مجلة آداب الفراهيدي 15, no. 52 (2023): 500–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.51990/jaa.15.52.2.27.
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The present study deals with the different means of simplification that Mosuli adult speakers use in order to facilitate their speech. It aims at studying the pronunciation of native speakers of Mosuli Arabic in different quarters of Mosul such as Al-Mahmodeen, Bab-Jadeed, Al-Mansour, Al-Hadbaa', Al-Masarif and Al-Muhandiseen, and to see whether pronunciation is different according to the variable of age and gender. So, 85 subjects (males and females) were needed for this study. They were divided into two groups: the first group contained 45 persons which was devoted to study pronunciation according to the variable of age, the second group; on the other hand, contained 40 persons which was devoted to study pronunciation according to the variable of gender. Their speech has been recorded and analyzed. It is found that pronunciation is different in Mosul from one region to another and it is also different according to the variable of age and gender. So, within Mosuli dialect, there exist many different accents. Moreover, it is found that old-aged followed by middle-aged people used more simplification strategies such as lisping inclination, substitution, etc., than young people. Also, females used more simplification strategies than males.
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GENOVESE, Giuliana, Maria SPINELLI, Leonor J. ROMERO LAURO, Tiziana AURELI, Giulia CASTELLETTI, and Mirco FASOLO. "Infant-directed speech as a simplified but not simple register: a longitudinal study of lexical and syntactic features." Journal of Child Language 47, no. 1 (2019): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000643.
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AbstractInfant-directed speech (IDS) is a specific register that adults use to address infants, and it is characterised by prosodic exaggeration and lexical and syntactic simplification. Several authors have underlined that this simplified speech becomes more complex according to the infant's age. However, there is a lack of studies on lexical and syntactic modifications in Italian IDS during the first year of an infant's life. In the present study, 80 mother–infant dyads were longitudinally observed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months during free-play interactions. Maternal vocal productions were subsequently coded. The results show an overall low lexical variability and syntactic complexity that identify speech to infants as a simplified register; however, the high occurrence of complex items and well-structured utterances suggests that IDS is not simple speech. Moreover, maternal IDS becomes more complex over time, but not linearly, with a maximum simplification in the second half of the first year.
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Klein, Harriet B., and May Liu-Shea. "Between-Word Simplification Patterns in the Continuous Speech of Children With Speech Sound Disorders." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 40, no. 1 (2009): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2008/08-0008).
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Putri, Evi Jovita, and Zakia Rachmah. "SIMPLIFICATION IN PHONOLOGICAL ACQUISITION (A CASE STUDY OF ATALA)." Pujangga 7, no. 1 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/pujangga.v7i1.1108.
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<p>This study aims to determine a child’s language acquisition at the phonological level and to describe its simplification of sounds. This research is a case study applying a qualitative descriptive approach. The subject observed is Atala, a boy aged 28 months. The data are obtained by recording and direct observation approximately one month. The data are transcribed and then identified by comparing the child's pronunciation with adult mode in order to see the simplification of the sounds in the child's speech. Based on the Ingram’s theory, 34 data presented shows the simplifications of sounds occur in the form of substitution consisting of stopping (6), fronting (9), and gliding (5); assimilation containing consonant harmony (3) and vowel harmony (2); while syllable structure consisting of last consonant reduction (2) and initial onset reduction (7). It is found that the simplifications of sounds commonly happen on the substitution covering fronting and stopping then syllable structure covering initial onset reduction. It is due to an indication that the child is imperfect to actively move the articulators in appropriate place or manner of articulation especially in producing some fairly complex sounds. There are some sounds cannot be produced in this case, such as sounds [r], [s], and [g], the subject obviously simplifies these sounds when he has to pronounce them in any positions of a word. Meanwhile he has been able to produce singly vowels and consonant [a], [i], [u], [e], [o], [p], [b], [t], [d], [m], [n], [ɲ], [ŋ], [w], [y], [j], [c], [l], [h], [?], but sometimes simplifies them in certain position of the word.</p>
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Lenne, Lucas, Alkahf Aboutiman, Jan Selzer, Florian Schelle, Patrick Chevret, and Etienne Parizet. "Simplified expressions of uncertainty for single number quantities in ISO 3382-3 (2022)." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 5 (2024): 2909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0025762.
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The ISO 3382-3 (2022) standard defines single number quantities (SNQs) characterizing the spatial decay of speech (D2S, LpAS4m, rC) and of its intelligibility (rD). The standard assesses the accuracy of the measurement using a unique uncertainty value for each SNQ, relying on a round-robin test performed in a single office. To make this assessment more accurate, analytical expressions have been established by applying the law of propagation of uncertainty. These expressions, although precise, are too complex to be included in the standard. This work consists of their simplification, relying on 95 measurements conducted in 36 companies in France and Germany. First, the terms associated with distance measurement uncertainties were found to be negligible. Second, the estimation of the uncertainties of A-weighted speech levels and Speech Transmission Index, based on the measurements made at the workstations constituting the 95 paths, enabled further simplifications. Finally, simplified expressions turn out to be as accurate as the original expressions, and the estimated uncertainties are comparable to those reported by Yadav et al. (2019). If a unique value of uncertainty is to be retained for each SNQ, this study suggests 0.6 dB for D2S and LpAS4m, 7% for rC, and 10% for rD.
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Bohaček, Ana-Marija, and Maja Cepanec. "“It's not just what we say or do, but how we say and do it”." Hrvatska revija za rehabilitacijska istraživanja 59, no. 2 (2023): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/hrri.59.2.5.
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Infant-directed speech (IDS) and infant-directed actions (IDA) represent specific behavioural modifications of adults when they communicate with infants and young children. Infant-directed modifications (IDMs) have specific behavioural representations marked by high positive affection, greater expressiveness, simplification, and increased repetition. Both IDS and IDA appear as part of the same larger behavioural system of IDMs. However, so far, studies have analysed the features and functions of these behaviours separately. Compared to adult-directed speech, IDS is characterised by longer pauses, a slower tempo, more prosodic repetition, higher fundamental frequency, longer vowels, repetitive intonation structures, and greater melodiousness. In IDA, compared to adult-directed actions, the amplitude of movements, simplification, and number of repetitions tend to increase as the distance between communication partners decrease. In this review, we draw a parallel between IDS and IDA to show that adults change both their speech and actions in similar ways and that both actions and speech change depending on the infant’s age and/or developmental stage. We discuss possible (biological) mechanisms that elicit the use of IDS and IDA and argue that this specific type of adult behaviour has a unique impact on how infants perceive and process information. Insights on biological, behavioural, and functional aspects of IDMs could provide a new perspective on the importance of early interactions and knowledge acquisition in both typically developing children and those with developmental disorders.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Speech simplification"
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Buet, François. "Modèles neuronaux pour la simplification de parole, application au sous-titrage." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03920729.
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Dans le contexte linguistique, la simplification est généralement définie comme le processus consistant à réduire la complexité d'un texte (ou de paroles), tout en préservant au mieux son sens. Son application principale est de rendre plus aisée la compréhension et la lecture pour un utilisateur. Elle est entre autres une solution envisagée pour renforcer la lisibilité des textes auprès des sourds et malentendants (la surdité étant souvent à l'origine d'un retard dans l'apprentissage de la lecture), en particulier dans le cas du sous-titrage. Alors que les sous-titres interlinguistiques servent à diffuser les films et programmes dans d'autres langues, les sous-titres intralinguistiques sont le seul moyen, avec l'interprétation en langue des signes, par lequel sourds et malentendants peuvent accéder aux contenus audio-visuels. Or la vidéo a pris une place importante dans la société, que ce soit dans le contexte professionnel, récréatif, ou de l'éducation. Afin de garantir l'égalité des individus dans la participation à la vie publique et sociale, un certain nombre de pays dans le monde (dont la France) ont mis en oeuvre des obligations légales concernant le sous-titrage des émissions télévisées. ROSETTA (RObot de Sous-titrage Et Toute Traduction Adaptés) est un projet de recherche collaboratif privé-public, qui se propose de développer des solutions technologiques d'accessibilité pour les contenus audiovisuels en français. La présente thèse, réalisée dans le cadre de ce projet, vise à étudier la simplification automatique de la parole par des modèles neuronaux, et à l'adapter au contexte du sous-titrage intralinguistique d'émissions télévisées en français. Nos travaux portent principalement sur l'analyse de méthodes de contrôle de longueur, l'adaptation de modèles de sous-titrage aux genres télévisuels, et l'évaluation de la segmentation des sous-titres. Nous présentons notamment un nouveau corpus pour le sous-titrage créé à partir de données recueillies au cours du projet ROSETTA, ainsi qu'une nouvelle métrique pour l'évaluation des sous-titres, Sigma<br>In the context of linguistics, simplification is generally defined as the process consisting in reducing the complexity of a text (or speech), while preserving its meaning as much as possible. Its primary application is to make understanding and reading easier for a user. It is regarded, inter alia, as a way to enhance the legibility of texts toward deaf and hard-of-hearing people (deafness often causes a delay in reading development), in particular in the case of subtitling. While interlingual subtitles are used to disseminate movies and programs in other languages, intralingual subtitles (or captions) are the only means, with sign language interpretation, by which the deaf and hard-of-hearing can access audio-visual contents. Yet videos have taken a prominent place in society, wether for work, recreation, or education. In order to ensure the equality of people through participation in public and social life, many countries in the world (including France) have implemented legal obligations concerning television programs subtitling. ROSETTA (Subtitling RObot and Adapted Translation) is a public-private collaborative research program, seeking to develop technological accessibility solutions for audio-visual content in French. This thesis, conducted within the ROSETTA project, aims to study automatic speech simplification with neural models, and to apply it into the context of intralinguistic subtitling for French television programs. Our work mainly focuses on analysing length control methods, adapting subtitling models to television genres, and evaluating subtitles segmentation. We notably present a new subtitling corpus created from data collected as part of project ROSETTA, as well as a new metric for subtitles evaluation, Sigma
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Henter, Gustav Eje. "Probabilistic Sequence Models with Speech and Language Applications." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kommunikationsteori, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-134693.
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Series data, sequences of measured values, are ubiquitous. Whenever observations are made along a path in space or time, a data sequence results. To comprehend nature and shape it to our will, or to make informed decisions based on what we know, we need methods to make sense of such data. Of particular interest are probabilistic descriptions, which enable us to represent uncertainty and random variation inherent to the world around us. This thesis presents and expands upon some tools for creating probabilistic models of sequences, with an eye towards applications involving speech and language. Modelling speech and language is not only of use for creating listening, reading, talking, and writing machines---for instance allowing human-friendly interfaces to future computational intelligences and smart devices of today---but probabilistic models may also ultimately tell us something about ourselves and the world we occupy. The central theme of the thesis is the creation of new or improved models more appropriate for our intended applications, by weakening limiting and questionable assumptions made by standard modelling techniques. One contribution of this thesis examines causal-state splitting reconstruction (CSSR), an algorithm for learning discrete-valued sequence models whose states are minimal sufficient statistics for prediction. Unlike many traditional techniques, CSSR does not require the number of process states to be specified a priori, but builds a pattern vocabulary from data alone, making it applicable for language acquisition and the identification of stochastic grammars. A paper in the thesis shows that CSSR handles noise and errors expected in natural data poorly, but that the learner can be extended in a simple manner to yield more robust and stable results also in the presence of corruptions. Even when the complexities of language are put aside, challenges remain. The seemingly simple task of accurately describing human speech signals, so that natural synthetic speech can be generated, has proved difficult, as humans are highly attuned to what speech should sound like. Two papers in the thesis therefore study nonparametric techniques suitable for improved acoustic modelling of speech for synthesis applications. Each of the two papers targets a known-incorrect assumption of established methods, based on the hypothesis that nonparametric techniques can better represent and recreate essential characteristics of natural speech. In the first paper of the pair, Gaussian process dynamical models (GPDMs), nonlinear, continuous state-space dynamical models based on Gaussian processes, are shown to better replicate voiced speech, without traditional dynamical features or assumptions that cepstral parameters follow linear autoregressive processes. Additional dimensions of the state-space are able to represent other salient signal aspects such as prosodic variation. The second paper, meanwhile, introduces KDE-HMMs, asymptotically-consistent Markov models for continuous-valued data based on kernel density estimation, that additionally have been extended with a fixed-cardinality discrete hidden state. This construction is shown to provide improved probabilistic descriptions of nonlinear time series, compared to reference models from different paradigms. The hidden state can be used to control process output, making KDE-HMMs compelling as a probabilistic alternative to hybrid speech-synthesis approaches. A final paper of the thesis discusses how models can be improved even when one is restricted to a fundamentally imperfect model class. Minimum entropy rate simplification (MERS), an information-theoretic scheme for postprocessing models for generative applications involving both speech and text, is introduced. MERS reduces the entropy rate of a model while remaining as close as possible to the starting model. This is shown to produce simplified models that concentrate on the most common and characteristic behaviours, and provides a continuum of simplifications between the original model and zero-entropy, completely predictable output. As the tails of fitted distributions may be inflated by noise or empirical variability that a model has failed to capture, MERS's ability to concentrate on high-probability output is also demonstrated to be useful for denoising models trained on disturbed data.<br><p>QC 20131128</p><br>ACORNS: Acquisition of Communication and Recognition Skills<br>LISTA – The Listening Talker
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Eloundou, Eloundou Venant. "Étude des pratiques linguistiques en camfranglais dans les centres urbains camerounais : le cas de Yaoundé." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10121.
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Mettant à contribution les principes de la linguistique distributionnelle (alimentés par les acquis de la sémantaxe) et l’approche de la linguistique de corpus, cette étude porte sur le fonctionnement linguistique du camfranglais. L’analyse consacrée aux procédés identifiés aux niveaux lexical, morphologique, sémantique et syntaxique permet de constater que les camfranglophones réactualisent le matériau linguistique que leur offrent les composantes linguistiques. Ainsi, émergent ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler des règles d’usage ou d’expression. Cette réactualisation met en œuvre deux processus, notamment la simplification et la complexification linguistique. Les locuteurs, d’une part simplifient les conventions liées aux langues en présence, et d’autre part, ils les complexifient. On peut donc faire valoir la thèse d’une auto-régulation du système. À cet effet, le CFA est un parler mixte qui présente une autonomie linguistique partielle. L’étude montre que cette autonomie s’observe au niveau de son fonctionnement intra-systémique. Par ailleurs, ce parler est traversé par deux tendances linguistiques majeures : la pidginisation et l’acclimatement / acclimatation du français<br>Putting forth the contribution of the principles of distributional linguistic (fuelled by the precepts of semantax) and the approach of corpus linguistics, this study focuses on the linguistic functioning. The analysis consecrated to the identified processes to the lexical, morphological, semantic levels enabled us to observe that the Camfranglophones update the linguistic elements that furnish the composing linguistical betting to Camfranglais. As such, what obtains can be considered as rules of usage. This update process highlights two processes namely: simplification and complexification of linguistic. The speakers, on the one hand, simplify the convention linked to the language in situ, and on the other hand, they do render them complex. We can postulate a thesis of some auto-regulation of the system. To this effect, Camfranglais is a mixed speech which presents some partial linguistic autonomy. The study shows that this autonomy can be observed at the level of its intra-systematic functioning. All the same, it comes across two main linguistical tendencies: pidginization and acclimatisation of French language
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Douros, Ioannis. "Towards a 3 dimensional dynamic generic speaker model to study geometry simplifications of the vocal tract using magnetic resonance imaging data." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0115.
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Dans cette thèse, nous avons utilisé les données de l’IRM du conduit vocal pour étudier la production de la parole. La première partie consiste en l’étude de l’impact que le vélum, l’épiglotte et la position de la tête a sur la phonation de cinq voyelles françaises. Des simulations acoustiques ont été utilisées pour comparer les formants des cas étudiés avec la référence afin de mesurer leur impact. Pour cette partie du travail, nous avons utilisé des IRM statiques en 3D. Comme la parole est généralement une phénomène dynamique une question s’est posée, à savoir s’il serait possible de traiter les données 3D afin d’incorporer des informations temporelles de la parole continue. Par conséquent, la deuxième partie présente quelques algorithmes que l’on peut utiliser pour améliorer les données de production de la parole. Plusieurs transformations d’images ont été combinées afin de générer des estimations des formes du conduit vocal qui sont plus informatives que les originales. À ce stade, nous avons envisagé, outre l’amélioration des données de production de la parole, de créer un modèle de référence générique qui pourrait fournir des informations améliorées non pas pour un sujet spécifique, mais globalement pour la parole. C’est pourquoi nous avons consacré la troisième partie l’étude d’un algorithme permettant de créer un atlas spatio-temporel de l’appareil vocal qui peut être utilisé comme référence ou standard pour l’étude de la parole car il est indépendant du locuteur. Enfin, la dernière partie de la thèse, fait référence à une sélection de questions ouvertes du domaine qui restent encore sans réponse, quelques pistes intéressantes que l’on peut développer à partir de cette thèse et quelques approches potentielles qui pourraient être envisager afin de répondre à ces questions<br>In this thesis we used MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) data of the vocal tract to study speech production. The first part consist of the study of the impact that the velum, the epiglottis and the head position has on the phonation of five french vowels. Acoustic simulations were used to compare the formants of the studied cases with the reference in order to measure their impact. For this part of the work, we used 3D static MR (Magnetic Resonance) images. As speech is usually a dynamic phenomenon, a question arose, whether it would be possible to process the 3D data in order to incorporate dynamic information of continuous speech. Therefore the second part presents some algorithms that one can use in order to enhance speech production data. Several image transformations were combined in order to generate estimations of vocal tract shapes which are more informative than the original ones. At this point, we envisaged apart from enhancing speech production data, to create a generic speaker model that could provide enhanced information not for a specific subject, but globally for speech. As a result, we devoted the third part in the investigation of an algorithm that one can use to create a spatiotemporal atlas of the vocal tract which can be used as a reference or standard speaker for speech studies as it is speaker independent. Finally, the last part of the thesis, refers to a selection of open questions of the field that are still left unanswered, some interesting directions that one can expand this thesis and some potential approaches that could help someone move forward towards these directions
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GROSSI, NICCOLO'. "Modeling and simplification methods for machine tool dynamics prediction in high speed milling." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1005746.
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Unstable vibration phenomenon known as chatter is the most limiting factor to the performances of modern milling machine. Stability Lobe Diagram (SLD) is the main tool adopted to avoid chatter, and improve machine tool productivity, since it allows selecting optimal cutting parameters (spindle speed and engagement condition) to ensure a stable operation at the highest material removal rate. This chart can be obtained with simulation, thanks to predictive approaches, or directly by means of experimental tests.
The aim of this thesis was to increase the reliability of Stability Lobe Diagram, and to propose and develop new identification techniques in order to support its industrial applications. Different methods have been analyzed both for chatter prediction, and experimental detection.
In particular for prediction, research has been principally focused on the main inputs required: tool-tip Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) and cutting force coefficients. Machine tool dynamics has been investigated with the aim at developing methods to quickly and accurately identify tool-tip FRFs, key factor for a reliable chatter prediction. Both full Finite Element models of machine tool, and hybrid experimental-numerical methods have been analyzed and implemented, studying their application limits. On the other hand cutting speed dependence of cutting force coefficients has been investigated in order to improve their reliability in High Speed Milling (HSM).
Moreover this work presents an experimental detection technique called Spindle Speed Ramp-up test. Thanks to this technique with few cutting tests Stability Lobe Diagram can be accurately identified without any approximation introduced by predictive approaches. All the proposed methods have been validated and critically discussed.
The main goal of this Ph.D. thesis is to improve industrial application of vibrations prediction and detection approaches in milling, proposing simplified methods and easy-to- use systems. In order to do so an extensive critical analysis on advantages and drawbacks of different techniques is here presented.
Livros sobre o assunto "Speech simplification"
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Krivoyekov, Syergyey, and Roman Ayzman. Psychophysiology. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10884.
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Psychophysiology — the science studying interrelation of mentality of the person and physiological processes. Fundamental knowledge of work of a brain, first of all, of nervous regulation of functions of an organism, the general and specific features of the highest falls within the scope of its interests
 nervous activity, the defining character and behavior of the person,
 psychophysiological mechanisms of regulation of functional states.
 In the book neurophysiological bases of coding and information processing in nervous system, neural mechanisms of feelings, perceptions, memories, training, motivations and emotions, thinking and the speech, attention, consciousness, behavior, mental activity are stated. Separate
 the section is devoted to physiological bases of mental changes at various functional, extreme and pathophysiological states (a stress, post-stressful frustration, addiktivny states, depressions, etc.) and to ways of their correction. Authors tried to pay special attention to disclosure of specifics of psychophysiology of the person,
 to difference of physiological mechanisms of regulation of mental functions of the person in comparison with model researches on animals.
 For simplification of work on discipline and the best digestion of material
 the textbook is supplied with the glossary.
 For students, undergraduates, graduate students and teachers of psychological and medical faculties of higher education institutions.
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Mauranen, Anna. Second-Order Language Contact. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.010.
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This chapter discusses the nature of English as a lingua franca (ELF) as uniquely complex ‘second order language contact’, which arises from contact between ‘similects’ of speakers from given first language backgrounds. The data is drawn from speech in academic communities. ELF is best understood as operating on three levels: the macro-social, the micro-social, and the cognitive. English as a lingua franca is largely similar to English as a native language in comparable social circumstances, but it also manifests lexico-grammatical features that are clearly different: nonstandard grammatical and lexical forms are relatively common, together with lexical simplification in a statistical sense. As speakers make competent use of discourse phenomena for communicative success, it seems that lexico-grammatical accuracy may be less crucial to communication. The findings lend support to modelling language processes as discourse-driven, fuzzy and approximate, with a high level of tolerance for variability in form.
Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Speech simplification"
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Saggion, Horacio, Stefan Bott, and Luz Rello. "Comparing Resources for Spanish Lexical Simplification." In Statistical Language and Speech Processing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39593-2_21.
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Bulín, Martin, Luboš Šmídl, and Jan Švec. "Towards Network Simplification for Low-Cost Devices by Removing Synapses." In Speech and Computer. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99579-3_7.
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Evans, Richard, and Constantin Orăsan. "Annotating Signs of Syntactic Complexity to Support Sentence Simplification." In Text, Speech, and Dialogue. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40585-3_13.
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Håkansson, Gisela. "Chapter 9. Speech modifications and the Processability Theory hierarchy." In Language Acquisition and Language Disorders. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lald.69.09hak.
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This study explores to what extent there is a difference in input in L1 and L2 Swedish regarding word order. Swedish is a V2 language with only one constituent preceding the tensed verb. This phenomenon is acquired in different ways by L1 and L2 learners. L1 learners produce V2 without errors around the age of two years whereas L2 learners experience long-lasting problems with the postverbal placement of the subject. The reason for this difference is not fully understood. This study set out to investigate the characteristics of the ambient language in the two acquisition conditions. The results reveal a lot of variation but also differences in the input which suggest that ‘input simplification’ is not always helpful.
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Pires, Mat. "Representations of linguistic simplicity in prehistoric fiction." In Simplicité et complexité des langues dans l’histoire des théories linguistiques. Société d’histoire et d’épistémologie des sciences du langage, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4000/132m5.
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This chapter investigates the issue of linguistic simplicity as it appears in prehistoric fiction, and specifically the direct speech incorporated into such fiction. It first discusses the different approaches to foreign-language dialogue in the novel, contrasting transfer and translation. In most cases of prehistoric fiction, translation from the imaginary source language is adopted. The features of this “translated” speech are analyzed with regard to their complexity or simplicity compared to standard idiom. The following such simplifications are presented and assessed: avoidance of personal deixis; use of reconstructed descriptive lexical items characterized by transparent meaning; morphology of transferred names of people; avoidance of politeness features, in the form of sentence-words and deontic modalization. Some verbal features are compared with similar features observed by Daniel Everett (2009) in the Pirahã language.
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Mahadev, Gopal, Ameena Syed, Pablo Souto, and Savalan Ghanoun. "Simplification and automation of design process for HS2 viaducts drainage elements." In High Speed Two (HS2): Infrastructure Design and Construction (Volume 3). ICE Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/hs2.66892.215.
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Choi, Hosik, and Juhui Gim. "Observer Design for Estimating Road Elevations at All Tire Contact Patches Using Only an Inertial Sensor." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70392-8_93.
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AbstractThis paper designs an observer for estimating road elevations at all tire contact patches using only an inertial sensor with high accuracy, comparable to that of laser scanning. The observer is constructed within the framework of the unknown input Kalman filter to estimate road elevations, which act as disturbances to vehicle dynamics. The model for the observer is based on vertical-pitch-roll dynamics, encompassing road elevations at all tire contact patches. The introduction of virtual measurements for all tires ensures the observability of the model in the inertial sensor-based observer without requiring both additional sensors and model simplification. Additionally, a bias model is added to compensate for sensor installation errors for practical realization. Experimental validation demonstrates that the proposed observer can estimate road elevation with high accuracy, regardless of vehicle speed and dynamics, even when utilizing only an inertial sensor, making it suitable for rapid and robust road maintenance.
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Ponce-de-León, Hernán, Thomas Haas, and Roland Meyer. "Dartagnan: Leveraging Compiler Optimizations and the Price of Precision (Competition Contribution)." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_26.
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AbstractWe describe the new features of the bounded model checkerDartagnanforSV-COMP’21. We participate, for the first time, in theReachSafetycategory on the verification of sequential programs. In some of these verification tasks, bugs only show up after many loop iterations, which is a challenge for bounded model checking. We address the challenge by simplifying the structure of the input program while preserving its semantics. For simplification, we leverage common compiler optimizations, which we get for free by using LLVM. Yet, there is a price to pay. Compiler optimizations may introduce bitwise operations, which require bit-precise reasoning. We evaluated an SMT encoding based on the theory of integers + bit conversions against one based on the theory of bit-vectors and found that the latter yields better performance. Compared to the unoptimized version ofDartagnan, the combination of compiler optimizations and bit-vectors yields a speed-up of an order of magnitude on average.
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Mougeon, Raymond, and Édouard Beniak. "Simplification." In Linguistic Consequences of Language Contact and Restriction. Oxford University PressOxford, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198248279.003.0005.
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Abstract In this chapter we shall examine a case of simplification relating to subject verb number concord in the third person plural. Subject-verb agreement in the third person plural has been the focus of several recent quantitative studies in sociolinguistics, most prominent among these being that of Naro (1981). Naro has shown that in Brazilian Portuguese there is a rather marked tendency for the 3pl. forms of verbs to be replaced by their 3sg. counterparts in the speech of the lower uneducated classes (e.g. eles dão ‘they give’ &gt; eles dá ‘they gives’). In other words, the rule of subject-verb agreement is undergoing a process of elimination from the grammar of popular Brazilian Portuguese. Naro’s study is important because it proposes a model of syntactic change based on the notion of ‘saliency’. According to this model, a syntactic change starts at a point in the grammar where it produces the least noticeable result.
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"Infant-directed speech and evolution of language." In Language Origins, edited by BART DE BOER. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199279036.003.0006.
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Abstract Language is an extremely complex phenomenon and evolutionary accounts of it are therefore often considered problematic. Previous work by the author has been concerned with finding mechanisms that could suggest a simplification of the way in which language has evolved. One such factor is self-organization in a population, as explored in de Boer (2000, 2001a). However, in this chapter another mechanism is explored, one that is based on bootstrapping. I investigate whether speech might be more learnable if infants are first confronted with an easier-to-learn version, called infant-directed speech. For work on self-organization, readers are referred to Oudeyer’s work (Chapter 4) in this volume.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Speech simplification"
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Weiss, Felix. "Prediction of Structural Rotor Loads: When to Consider Drivetrain Dynamics?" In Vertical Flight Society 80th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0080-2024-1209.
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The constant, undisturbed rotor hub rotational speed is a commonly applied boundary condition and simplification in computational analyses of helicopter rotors. Revoking this simplification and considering rotor-drivetrain interactions in the hub's rotational degree of freedom can - but doesn't necessarily - improve the predictions of structural blade loads, especially in the lead-lag direction. To estimate the drivetrain's potential to influence the lead-lag loads, this paper proposes the systematic evaluation of the modified collective lead-lag modes. These eigenmodes, as well as the resulting modification of lead-lag loads in the aeromechanic simulation, are presented and compared for the rotordrivetrain configurations of the Eurocopter Bo105 and the Sikorsky UH-60A. The study focuses on understanding the drivetrain's influence rather than on making high fidelity predictions. In the Bo105 case, the drivetrain impact on the lead-lag moments is significantly more pronounced than for the UH-60A. The discussion of this difference includes the assessment of the blade passage frequency magnitudes (4/rev for a number of nb = 4 rotor blades) and their sensitivity to the modified collective second lead-lag eigenfrequency, which in turn is changed by a varying drivetrain stiffness. While a very stiff drivetrain causes an eigenfrequency of 4/rev with high-magnitude resonance for the Bo105, the UH-60A configuration maintains an eigenfrequency above 4/rev for the whole range of applied stiffness values. For rotor-drivetrain systems, especially near resonance, the nb/rev magnitudes of the lead-lag loads are very sensitive to changes in the drivetrain properties as well as changes in the nb/rev excitations. The accurate modeling of these nb/rev excitations, e. g. by airloads, is essential to capture changes in the nb/rev dynamic response that are caused by the drivetrain. Therefore, including the drivetrain in the structural model may only be useful if the fidelity of other models is increased simultaneously.
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Buckhurst, Miles. "Time, Money and Tank Linings." In SSPC 2015 Greencoat. SSPC, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2015-00008.
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Abstract What is the cost of Tank Linings? Are we able to answer this properly, do we take into account all the factors and do we see the main cost driver? It is a well known fact that time is money, and if we take into account the cost of being out of service or a delay in beginning operations then the cost of time is far greater than individual costs of producing equipment and coating them. This paper looks into the possibility to save time during the coating operation of tanks, but not at the cost of the performance of the coating. How to realistically apply the coatings in such a way that the reliability is increased during operational time and yet, allowing the application process to be speedy and bringing the tanks back into service quickly. Success of this operation is using coatings that are capable of being used in this way and understanding what makes the operation a success and what will eventual create a failure, so this can be avoided. Ease of application and simplification allow the applicator to be flexible during the process increasing the chance of a successful job and control the end result. All of this will result in a longer lifetime of the coating and even more time saved. Resulting in improved profitability of the operation.
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Uehara, Daiju, Marc Eitner, and Jayant Sirohi. "Automated Operational Modal Identification of a Rotor Blade." In Vertical Flight Society 74th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0074-2018-12757.
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This study describes the deformation measurement and automated operational modal analysis (OMA) of a rotor blade in hover. Blade deformation of a 0.4 m-diameter two-bladed rotor was measured at two different root pitch angles and four rotational speeds up to 1500 RPM by a time-resolved digital image correlation technique (DIC). The DIC technique successfully measured the time history of 3D displacements over the entire rotor blade at approximately 900 measurement locations for the flap, lead-lag, and torsional degrees of freedom. The measured blade deformation data were then processed with the Complexity Pursuit (CP) algorithm, which is one of several Blind Source Separation (BSS) techniques, to determine the dynamic characteristics of the rotor blade without input excitation information. The modal identification process was able to reduce the number of manual steps that would have to be performed by an analyst in a conventional operational modal analysis. The identified modal parameters were compared with that obtained by another OMA technique called NExT/ERA as well as a numerical model. These results agreed quite well for modal frequency identifications within the range of 5% difference. The mode shape estimated by the CP algorithm were almost similar to the numerical results for identified modes, however, there was non-negligible discrepancy between the results of the CP and NExT/ERA approach. Modal damping was also extracted by the CP algorithm although the resultant values were less than 3% for all test cases, which is quite low under the influence of aerodynamic damping. Overall, the automated OMA with the CP algorithm was favorable to the conventional OMA approach in terms of accuracy of modal parameter identification as well as process simplification.
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McIntyre, Sean, and Robert Kunz. "Advances and Applications in Comprehensive Gearbox Aero-Thermodynamics and Tribology Simulation." In Vertical Flight Society 73rd Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0073-2017-12225.
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The current status of an ongoing effort to develop a comprehensive gearbox aero-thermodynamics and tribology simulation tool, named PSULOL, applicable to both well-lubricated and loss-of-lubrication operation is presented. PSULOL employs a multi-scale approach, wherein various physical effects including: meshing tribology, convection heat transfer within the system and to the environment, high-frequency thermodynamic effects induced by the gear meshing frequency, and the long-time response of the overall gearbox temperature to a net imbalance of heat generation and transfer to the environment are simulated separately and coupled with one another iteratively through appropriate boundary and initial conditions. As established in 2014, the first-generation version of PSULOL was the first computational fluid dynamics-based (CFD-based) tool coupled with an all-lubrication regime tribology model capable of simulating transient loss-of-lubrication failure of high-speed gearboxes. This first version was built on an in-house research CFD code, NPHASE-PSU, and relied on a number of physical simplifications, particularly with regard to the geometric configuration of the housing, and to the effects of the coupling between multiphase flow within the system (retained lubricant dynamics) and meshing tribology. Here, present efforts underway to increase the physical fidelity and ease-of-use of PSULOL are outlined, and progress toward simulating physically-realistic gearbox configurations is shown. This includes modeling the disperse multiphase flow of lubricant droplets and film within the system, and transitioning from NPHASE-PSU, an in-house research CFD code, to StarCCM+, a commercial code that is more user-friendly and features additional geometry-handling capabilities.
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Medero, Julie, and Mari Ostendorf. "Identifying targets for syntactic simplification." In Speech and Language Technology in Education (SLaTE 2011). ISCA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/slate.2011-22.
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Bar-Yosef, Yossi, and Yuval Bistritz. "Discriminative simplification of mixture models." In ICASSP 2011 - 2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2011.5946927.
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Petersen, Sarah E., and Mari Ostendorf. "Text simplification for language learners: a corpus analysis." In Speech and Language Technology in Education (SLaTE 2007). ISCA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/slate.2007-20.
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Keller, Eric. "Simplification of TTS architecture vs. operational quality." In 5th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1997). ISCA, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1997-215.
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Tur, Gokhan, Dilek Hakkani-Tur, Larry Heck, and S. Parthasarathy. "Sentence simplification for spoken language understanding." In ICASSP 2011 - 2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2011.5947636.
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Gooding, Sian. "On the Ethical Considerations of Text Simplification." In Ninth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies (SLPAT-2022). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.slpat-1.7.
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