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Phillips, Pamela L. "Beyond Subjective Well-Being." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1131386877.
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Ul, Haq Zia. "Adiposity and subjective well-being." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5519/.
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Since 1980, the global prevalence of obesity has more than doubled. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) more than one in ten of the world’s adult population are now obese. The prevalence of obesity is high both in the developed and developing countries, leading to suggestions of an “obesity pandemic” or “globesity”. In Scotland alone, 28% of adults are now obese, and a further 36% are overweight. Historically, the main focus of healthcare has been the avoidance of preventable mortality. As life-expectancy has increased, attention has focused on the need to improve health, as well as longevity. The WHO definition of health encompasses mental and social, as well as physical, well-being. It is widely accepted that obesity causes, or aggravates, a number of medical conditions, and is also associated with reduced life-expectancy. However, the research on adiposity and subjective well-being is still in its infancy and previous studies suggest that the relationship is complex. This thesis starts by demonstrating the importance of subjective well-being in terms of its association with adverse outcomes: all-cause death, coronary heart disease (CHD), cancer incidence, and psychiatric hospitalisations. This is followed by six complementary studies that explore the relationship between adiposity and subjective well-being. Subjective well-being is explored using various approaches including self-reported health (SRH), health-related quality of life (overall, physical and mental/psychosocial), mental health and mood disorder, and adiposity is assessed using four measures: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body fat percentage (BF%) across the whole range of adiposity (from underweight to class III obese).
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Bourne, K. "Subjective well-being in fibromyalgia." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2007802/.
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This chapter aims to provide an overview of the dissertation presented here as a whole. It outlines the purpose, content and organisation of the following literature review (chapter 2) and empirical paper (chapter 3). This chapter also intends to show how the two main chapters fit together, and how they represent important research within the wider literature. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome characterised by pain in the soft tissues of the body, general fatigue and sleep disturbance (Wolfe et al., 1990). Many individuals face a long and difficult journey to receive a diagnosis of FM. A recent survey reported that on average, respondents waited 2.3 years and saw 3.7 physicians before receiving a diagnosis of FM (Choy et al., 2010). Furthermore, individuals with FM have also reported that there is a considerable stigma associated with having the condition. In one qualitative study, women with FM reported feeling that others, including their physicians, questioned their credibility when reporting symptoms and their work ethic; and also implied that their illness was entirely psychological. As a result, the women reported that they coped with these difficulties either by withdrawing from social activity to avoid such experiences, or by putting on a façade that masked the true extent of their suffering (Asbring & Narvanen, 2002). Current medical and psychological treatments for FM are limited in success with regards to providing consistent benefits to the FM population as a whole (Abeles, Solitar, Pillinger & Abeles, 2008; Vlaeyen & Morley, 2005). Traditionally the dominant approach to intervention within both the medical and psychological fields is to focus on the reduction of negative symptoms. In contrast, the growing field of positive psychology continues to demonstrate the utility of exploring the processes and conditions that are conducive to optimal human functioning (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000) as an alternative or complimentary approach to conventional methods of healthcare. Subjective well-being (SWB) can be defined as “a person’s cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life” (Diener, Lucas & Oishi, 2002, p.63). A large body of evidence suggests that individuals who have higher SWB enjoy a range of positive outcomes, including health-related benefits (e.g. Deiner & Chan, 2011). The application of a positive psychology approach may be particularly relevant to FM, where there is growing evidence of a specific deficit in positive affect (PA), a major component of SWB. Chapter 2 of this thesis is a systematic review of the literature regarding PA in individuals with FM. It focuses on the quantitative literature and specifically aims to answer the question: is there a deficit in PA in individuals with Fibromyalgia relative to other pain conditions, general health conditions, and also the general population? The literature review begins by giving a rationale as to why exploring the evidence for a deficit in PA specific to the FM population is important. It also summarises the background literature regarding the structure of affect, as well as theories relating to the potential function, and proposed mechanism of action, of PA. Next, the method section outlines the systematic methods that were used to identify the relevant studies that are included in the review. This is followed by the results section, which succinctly presents a synthesis of the characteristics of the included studies, along with the key findings regarding PA. The discussion section considers how the findings answer the question of whether there is a specific deficit in PA within the FM population. It also considers the clinical implications of the findings. This is followed by an in-depth discussion of the potential limitations of the review, in terms of both the quality of the studies included and also the methodological considerations of the review process itself. Finally, recommendations for future research are made. It has been hypothesised that hope is a major contributor to well-being (Snyder, 2002). In non-clinical samples, the association between hope, particularly goal-focused hope, and SWB has been well documented (e.g. Snyder, 2002). More recently, mindfulness has also been identified as promoting increased SWB (e.g. Brown & Ryan, 2003). Chapter three of this thesis is an empirical paper that aims to add to the current literature by exploring the specific impact SWB has on improving FM-related symptoms and difficulties. It also builds on the existing literature in non-clinical samples by investigating if goal-focused hope and mindfulness significantly contribute to the promotion of SWB within the FM population. To achieve these aims, the research utilises structural equation modelling (SEM) techniques to simultaneously explore the relationships amongst the key study variables. This was done by pre-specifying a hypothesised model of how hope and mindfulness may lead to increased SWB in FM, based on past research. The extent to which this model fit the actual data collected was then examined. The empirical paper starts by considering the importance of SWB with regards to physical health outcomes. It also introduces the concepts of goal-focused hope and mindfulness, and begins to consider the theory behind how they may lead to higher SWB within the FM population. The method section then gives details of the study’s participants, measures and procedures. It also reports how the data was analysed, with a particular focus on a description of SEM. Next, the results section begins with details of how the data was prepared and includes findings from the preliminary analysis. The main focus of this section involves testing the hypothesised SEM model against the study data. Finally, the discussion section reflects on the study’s findings within the context of existing research and theory. Potential limitations of the study are considered, as well as the implications for future research and clinical practice. This section is concluded with a succinct summary of the study’s key contributions to the literature and how this should inform future work.
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Zeydanli, Tugba. "Essays on subjective Well-Being." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010030.
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Pas de résumé disponible<br>This dissertation consists of three essays on subjective well-being.The first essay examines whether aggregate job satisfaction in a certain labormarket environment can have an impact on individual-level job satisfaction.We seek an answer to this question using two different datasets from the UnitedKingdom characterizing two different labor market environments: WorkplaceEmployment Relations Survey (WERS) at the workplace level (i.e., narrowlydefined worker groups) and British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) at thelocal labor market level (i.e., larger worker groups defined in industry × regioncells). Implementing an original empirical strategy to identify spillover effects,we find that one standard deviation increase in aggregate job satisfaction leadsto a 0.42 standard deviation increase in individual-level job satisfaction at theworkplace level and 0.15 standard deviation increase in individual-level jobsatisfaction at the local labor market level. These social interactions effectsiiiare sizable and should not be ignored in assessing the effectiveness of thepolicies designed to improve job satisfaction.Individuals tend to self-report higher subjective well-being levels on certaindays of the weeks than they do on the remaining days, controlling for observedvariation. The second essay tests whether this empirical observation suffersfrom selection bias by using the 2008 release of the British Household PanelSurvey. In other words, we examine if subjective well-being is correlated withunobserved characteristics that lead the individuals to take the interview onspecific days of the week. We focus on two distinct well-being measures: jobsatisfaction and happiness. We provide convincing evidence for both of thesemeasures that the interviews are not randomly distributed across the days ofthe week. In other words, individuals with certain unobserved characteristicstend to take the interviews selectively. We conclude that a considerable partof the day-of-the-week patterns can be explained by a standard “non-randomsorting on unobservables” argument rather than “mood fluctuations”. Thismeans that the day-of-the-week estimates reported in the literature are likelyto be biased and should be treated cautiously.In Sub-Saharan Africa, some scholars identify ethnicity as a cause of instability and poor economic growth, which is due to worse public policies. Eifert,Miguel, and Posner (2010) show that ethnic identification is more prominentduring competitive election periods in comparison to other identifying categories such as gender, religion, and class/occupation. The third essay utilizesdata from 12 Sub-Saharan African countries and over 40,000 respondents takenivfrom the Afrobarometer. It asks if individual subjective well-being changes inthe run up to competitive elections. We find strong evidence that individualsubjective well-being does change. It is positively related to the proximity toan election and this proximity effect depends on the competitiveness of theelection. We further investigate the background mechanisms behind this positive relationship i.e.: to what extent does well-being of the individual change ifthe party that the individual supports wins the election, and is there a changein well-being of the individual before and after the election? In addition, wedocument that ethnic identification also has a positive impact on individualwell-being after controlling for electoral cycle variables. Policy makers shouldinternalize these positive externalities driven from politically-induced ethnicidentification
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Mustapha, Mazni. "Subjective well-being among Malaysian students." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/5279.
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The aim of the study was to examine the determinants of well-being in Malaysian students at home and overseas. Prior to the main study, interviews were conducted with seven PhD students of Malaysia studying in Plymouth, to explore their needs and values, and their adaptation experiences in terms of missing and enjoyment experiences abroad. Based on the interview findings and literature reviews, a questionnaire was developed and named as the Adaptation to Life Index, which consisted of two scales - ‘missing experience’ and ‘enjoyment experience’. A longitudinal survey was carried out using Malaysian students in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, the US, Ireland, and Canada as well as students who remained in Malaysia. At Time 1, data were collected from 1118 students who were enrolling at various overseas preparatory studying programmes and 972 first year students in one of the public university in Malaysia who were continuing their education in Malaysia. Measurements used were the Big Five Personality Inventory (John, Donahue, & Kentle, 1991), Schwartz’s Short Value Scale (SSVS) (Lindeman & Verkasalo, 2005; Schwartz, 1992), Positive and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS) (Watson, et al, 1988), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, et al., 1985), perceived stress scale (based on the results of Malaysian Certificate of Education and perceived English language fluency), and a section on socio-demographic background. At time 2, 30 % of the participants (N= 628) were retained. Life satisfaction for home students remained constant over time. However, life satisfaction for overseas students started much lower at Time 1 but increased at Time 2. Results showed that life satisfaction at time 1 strongly predicted life satisfaction at Time 2, but neither personality nor values were predicted life satisfaction at Time 2. Personality and values at Time 1 predicted ‘missing experience at Time 2 and in the overseas students, being fluent in English predicted less ‘missing experience’. There were few predictors of Time 1 for ‘enjoyment’ at Time 2, but fluency with English predicted better enjoyment.
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Daukantaitė, Daiva. "Subjective Well-Being in Swedish Women." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1278.
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<p>The present thesis concerns middle-aged women’s subjective well-being (SWB). The interest is focused on the importance of childhood factors, social circumstances, and personality for middle-aged women’s general SWB. Data were taken from the longitudinal research program Individual Development and Adaptation (IDA, Magnusson & Bergman, 2000) and concerned a sample of about 300 women. The main analyses were made on data collected at age 43, but data collected at age 13 and age 49 were also used to elucidate the purposes of this thesis. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) In a Swedish sample of middle-aged women, social circumstances had only a moderate effect on general SWB variables. The strongest relationship was found between marital status and global life satisfaction. When personality factors were controlled for, they wiped out nearly all relationships between the social circumstances variables and SWB, except for those between global life satisfaction and marital status or unemployment; 2) The level of general SWB was found to be considerably higher for Swedish employed women as compared to their counterparts in Lithuania and different socio-demographic variables predicted SWB in those two countries. For the Swedish sample, family-oriented variables were the strongest predictors of SWB, while for the Lithuanian sample income and educational level were more important; 3) Results from applying longitudinal structural equation modeling suggested that optimism in adolescence influenced optimism in middle age, which in its turn had both a direct influence on global life satisfaction and an indirect influence via the negative affect dimension. In relation to a number of different adjustment factors measured in adolescence it was found that optimism was the only factor that was constantly related to SWB 30 years later; 4) Typical patterns of general SWB were identified. Cluster analyses at age 43 and age 49 separately resulted in similar well-functioning six cluster solutions at both ages, indicating structural stability across six years. In addition to the typical high/low/average SWB clusters that could be to some degree expected from variable-oriented results, a cluster with intense affect and one with very low GLS emerged. All clusters except the latter one showed individual stability across six years.</p>
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Daukantaitė, Daiva. "Subjective well-being in Swedish women /." Stockholm : Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1278.
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Backmark, Goodwill Helena Anna. "Subjective well-being in older adults." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/555/.
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The current paper reviews measures of subjective psychological well-being in older adults and draws conclusions about how the concept of well-being is defined and measured. A systematic search of four databases identified eight measures developed to capture the notion of psychological well-being; the Positive And Negative Affect Schedule, the Life Satisfaction Index, the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Perceived Well-Being Scale, the Scales of Psychological Well-Being, the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, and the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness. An evaluation of these measures revealed a range in dimensionality and composition, with measures defining well-being as primarily hedonic, eudaimonic, or a combination of the two. The validity of the measures was investigated by considering the extent to which measures capture facets of well-being identified by older people as important for successful aging. It was concluded that whilst all measures consider several important aspects of well-being, no measure captured the entire range of factors highlighted by older people as paramount to well-being.
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Blair, Marilou C. Legazpi. "Subjective well-being among the elderly." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45774.
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The main objective of this study is to explain and predict subjective well-being among the elderly as a function of their social location in society and the nature of their social networks. More specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions: First, how do the elderly perceive their well-being? Second, does social location in society, as defined by income and education, produce different perceptions of well-being? Third, how would interaction and receipt of goods and services in the social support network modify the impact of social location on subjective well-being?
Using the data of the National Survey on the Aged, 1975, conducted by Ethel Shanas, the study utilized a social structure and personality framework. as an approach to the problem. Through multiple regression analyses, the study found that the impact of social locational factors on subjective well-being among the elderly is not mediated by the pattern of social interaction in the social support network. Education was found
to be an important correlate of subjective well-being among the elderly.<br>Master of Science
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Ngamaba, Kayonda. "The correlates of subjective well-being." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-correlates-of-subjective-wellbeing(7374410b-78f1-4c7e-993b-1a8092ef07f9).html.
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The motivation for subjective well-being research rather than Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is becoming important to the roles of many governments across the globe and so identifying the strongest correlates of subjective well-being is vital as a starting point to informing policies that support subjective well-being. This thesis investigated the correlates of subjective well-being. Chapter 1 introduced the topic and has been divided into two parts: section 1 explores the motivation for subjective well-being research and section 2 presents the conceptual model of subjective well-being. Chapter 2 gave the rationale for the methodological approaches taken to investigate factors that are associated with subjective well-being. Also, the methods chapter presented limitations of the data used. Chapter 3 explored the determinants of subjective well-being in representative samples of nations; and the results obtained in chapter 3 led to three systematic reviews and meta-analyses (Chapter 4, 5 and 6). Chapter 4 conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between income inequality and subjective well-being to test the general assumption that people's subjective well-being can be increased by tackling income inequality and investigated inconsistencies of previous studies reporting a negative, positive or no association between income inequality and subjective well-being. Chapter 5 carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between health status and subjective well-being because the results of the empirical study conducted in chapter 3 suggest that health status is positively associated with subjective well-being. Chapter 6 conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between financial satisfaction and subjective well-being as the results of the empirical study conducted in chapter 3 suggest that financial satisfaction is positively associated with subjective well-being. Chapter 7 discussed the results, highlighted the need for further studies and policy directions and concluded. Taken altogether these studies suggest that: (1) subjective well-being is important to informing policies that support subjective well-being, (2) they might be circumstances where income inequality may not be associated with people's subjective well-being, (3) health status and financial satisfaction are positively associated with subjective well-being and the magnitude of the association is affected by key operational and methodological factors, (4) life satisfaction might be preferred to happiness as a measure of subjective well-being because it may better captures the influence of health status and financial satisfaction, (5) government policies that support subjective well-being measures should consider using self-reported health status and financial satisfaction amongst factors that are correlated with people's subjective well-being, (6) the association between health status and subjective well-being and the link between financial satisfaction and subjective well-being are medium and further research is required to identify other strongest correlates of subjective well-being.
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Lu-Lerner, Lily X. "How Well Can We Measure Well-Being?" Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1589813816828266.
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Miranda, Alvaro. "Agency, human dignity and subjective well-being." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/134489.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Análisis Económico<br>Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento<br>Over the last two decades there has been an important shift in the way economists understand
welfare and development. The discipline has gone from assessing wellbeing in terms of an
unideminsional measure like income, to multidimensional measures that take into account
non-economic variables such as what individuals do and can do, how they feel, and the
natural environment they live in (Alkire, 2002; Stiglitz et al., 2009; Alkire and Foster, 2011;
Alkire and Santos, 2014).
In the vein of Amartya Sen's in
uential work, development is seen as the process of
expanding freedoms that people value and have reason to value (Sen, 1999). Two important
aspects of this freedom linked to the basis of social rights are agency and human dignity
(Gauri, 2004). Agency freedom refers to what the person is free to do and achieve in pursuit
of whatever goals or values he or she regards as important (Sen, 1985). On the other hand,
dignity is related with social inclusion, taking part in the life of the community (Sen, 1999).1
This paper explores the importance of agency, and dignity in explaining subjective well-
being. We are speci cally interested in measures of life satisfaction and job satisfaction.
Our work uses a unique dataset of Chilean households, the \Other Dimensions of Household
Quality of Life" survey, especially designed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development
Initiative (OPHI) to gather internationally comparable indicators on employment quality,
empowerment, physical safety, human dignity and psychological and subjective wellbeing,
sometimes referred as the missing dimensions of poverty (Alkire, 2007).
Our hypothesis is that agency is positively correlated with individual's subjective wellbe-
ing, because it re
ects the capacity the individual has to do what he values. The measure
we use for agency is related with the individual's perception of freedom to decide for himself
how to lead his life. A natural interpretation of the hypothesis is thus that the more freedom
an individual has to decide how to lead her life, more wellbeing she experiences.
On the other hand, our hypothesis is that individuals less likely to regularly experience
shame in public are associated with higher subjective wellbeing. In particular, we focus on
two aspects of dignity: shame proneness and discrimination. Therefore, individuals that
experience more shame or feel discriminated should experience less wellbeing.
Our rst set of results provides correlational evidence on the importance of agency, shame
and discrimination in life satisfaction. The results suggest that agency, shame and discrimi-
nation are correlated with life satisfaction. Next, we explore if agency and discrimination at
work are correlated with job satisfaction. The results show that both agency and discrimi-
nation at work explain job satisfaction.
An important potencial source of bias in our estimates is the absence of personality traits.
It has been shown that genetics factor are strongly correlated with happiness (Lykken and
Tellegen, 1996; Inglehart and Klingemann, 2000). Moreover, personality traits as repressive-
defensiveness, trust, emotional stability, locus of control-chance, desire for control, hardiness,
positive a ectivity, private collective self-esteem, and tension have been linked to subjective
wellbeing (DeNeve and Cooper, 1998; Diener et al., 2003).
In order to attenuate the potencial bias for omitting personality traits, we follow Van Praag
and Ferrer-i Carbonell (2008) and we construct a measure of personality traits that we in-
clude in our regressions.The results show an important positive bias in the estimates of the
relationship between subjective wellbeing, agency, shame and discrimination. In particular,
after controlling by personality traits the OLS parameters associated with agency and shame
decrease their magnitude in nearly 50% in the life satisfaction estimates. Also, the parameter
associated with discrimination decreases in magnitude and becomes statistically insigni cant.
On the other hand, the bias is less important in the estimates of job satisfaction, agency and
discrimination.
Overall, our results show that the di erence in life satisfaction between individuals who
feel they have freedom to decide for themselves how to lead their life in comparison with the
individuals that don't, has the same magnitude as the di erence in life satisfaction between
people from the rst and fth quintile of income. Also, being in the fth quintile of the shame
proneness index in comparison with the rst quintile has the same e ect on life satisfaction
as the di erence in life satisfaction between the people from the second and fth quintile of
income. Finally, perceived discrimination is not associated with life satisfaction.
On the other hand, individuals with more agency at work are more satis ed with their
job. In particular, individuals that do their job only because they need the money are less
satis ed with their job in comparison with the individuals that do their job because they find
almost twice the e ect related with working part-time.
This study contributes to the recent but vast literature on subjective wellbeing and the
literature on multidimensional wellbeing in development, more speci cally to recent studies
emphasizing the importance of measuring dimensions of wellbeing that seem central to human
development traditionally ignored in empirical work. Our results related with the relationship
between agency and subjective wellbeing are consistent with international evidence (Veen-
hoven, 2000; Welzel et al., 2003; Inglehart et al., 2008; Verme, 2009; Welzel and Inglehart,
2010; Fischer and Boer, 2011; Victor et al., 2013). The same can be said with respect to the
results related with the relationship between perceived discrimination and subjective well-
being (Werkuyten and Nekuee, 1999; Pascoe and Smart Richman, 2009). To our knowledge
the association between subjective wellbeing and shame proneness has not been explored
before. More closely related to our paper, Inglehart et al. (2008) and Welzel and Inglehart
(2010) provide cross country evidence of the link between subjective wellbeing and freedom.
In particular, Welzel and Inglehart (2010) presents a human development model that links
agency to subjective wellbeing. Using data form the World Values Survey, they show that
people that have more opportunities in life put more emphasis on emancipative values, and,
in turn, their gains in agency have a greater impact in their subjective wellbeing.
On the other hand, Verme (2009) tries to address the role of personality traits in the
relationship of agency and subjective wellbeing. He argue that the locus of control plays an
important role in how humans value freedom of choice. Using a combination of all rounds of
the World and European Value Surveys, he nds that the variables that measures freedom of
choice and the locus of control predicts life satisfaction better than any other factors included
in the study. In particular, people who believe that the outcome of their actions depends
on internal factors appreciate more having freedom than people who believe that the results
of their actions are determined by external factors. This work, highlights the importance of
taking into account personality traits when analyzing the relationship between agency and
subjective wellbeing.
Our paper contributes to the literature mainly in three ways. First, alongside with Verme
(2009) we make a special e ort in order to control by personality traits which allow us avoid
bias in the estimates of the relationship between subjective wellbeing, agency, shame and
discrimination. Second, we explore the relationship between subjective wellbeing and shame.
Third, we analyze the relationship between job satisfaction, agency and discrimination.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the data and introduces
our measures of agency and dignity. Section 3 presents the empirical strategy. Section 4
presents the estimation results. Section 5 concludes.
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Noble, O. "Subjective well-being : a Ukrainian case study." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/16133/.
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In this thesis we revisit the recent and ongoing debates regarding dimensions of well-being, with particular emphasis on the complex relationship between aspects of the Capability Approach (CA) and measures emerging from the growing band of happiness studies. In doing so, we draw on literature from psychology, happiness studies, development studies, economics and sociology. We develop a conceptual model predicated on the argument that happiness is not synonymous with well-being, but is instead one important aspect of it. We develop a methodology suitable for exploring this model and test it empirically through a small-scale survey conducted in Kyiv, Ukraine. Our empirical investigation is based upon a necessary mix of quantitative and qualitative approaches, reflecting fully the interdisciplinary nature of the enquiry and subtle enough to capture the regional specificities which we argue are instrumental in determining well-being. Kyiv is an important case study, since it lies at the heart of one of the major post-communist transition economies, while as yet remaining outside of the European Union. The literature suggests that such countries are particularly ‘unhappy’, and our approach sheds light on this stylised empirical observation. Our survey provides data on wide-ranging aspects of well-being, including relationships, health, income, control, environment and trust. A carefully selected cohort of the original respondents was subsequently interviewed in-depth to explore the narratives around their own understanding of well-being in the context of our conceptual framework. We find that using a mixed methodology highlights the potential pitfalls of using surveys alone to try and capture concepts as complex as well-being, as well as suggesting that such investigations should take into account the specific context in which they are taking place. Our empirical approach also helps us to shed some light on why it is that Ukraine has tended to fare poorly in previous happiness studies.
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Mikalsen, Gro Nicoline. "Subjective Well-Being in a Norwegian Setting." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for sosialt arbeid og helsevitenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-17012.
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Abstract artikkel 1 Subjective well-being (SWB) is an upcoming concept that has caught the attention of the scientific community and society in general. Although much has been learned about the nature of “happiness” both the definition and measurements are still a work in progress. The current paper aimed to examine how global subjective well-being best can be measured based in the current theoretical understanding of the definition and assessment methods. SWB is by Diener (2009) considered to have three main components: positive affect, negative affect and life satisfaction. The concept is complex with many interconnecting dimensions and correlates. The choice of SWB measurement method or instrument should be based on an understanding of the nature of SWB in addition to the study’s design and purpose. Self-report measures are the most utilized and generally shows good psychometric properties. This paper primarily recommends using the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin 1985) combined with Scale of Positive And Negative Experience (SPANE; Diener et al. 2009) to measure SWB. Abstract artikkel 2 The interest and knowledge of subjective well-being (SWB) and its applicability has the latest decades grown both socially and scientifically. Assessment instruments validated for different languages and cultures can assist in the further development of the SWB concept as well as provide a base for monitoring communities’ fluctuations in SWB levels and operate as a social indicator index. Objective: The following study aimed at translating and validating four acknowledged SWB instruments on a Norwegian sample. Participants: Self-completion questionnaires were administered to convenience samples of senior citizens and university students in Trondheim, Norway. n = 254, 154 females, age 19-96. Design: Psychometric properties such as internal consistency, normative data, factorial structure and convergence validity were examined using independent sample t-tests and principal component factor analyses. Results and conclusions: The findings were overall consistent with previous findings. Overall no major divergences from the scales established psychometric standards were found which suggests that the questionnaires are fit for use on Norwegian samples. Furthermore, the study supports the scales as having good psychometric properties.
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PASSARETTI, ALESSANDRA. "Does cultural participation improve subjective well-being?" Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/382048.
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Questa tesi esamina l’impatto della partecipazione ad attività culturali e creative sul benessere psicologico (SWB). Dal punto di vista teorico, abbiamo trovato corrispondenza per il DRAMMA, framework proposto da Newman e colleghi (2014). Per poter testare questa proposta teorica, abbiamo condotto un'ampia review della letteratura, che supporta fortemente la correlazione tra questi bisogni ed il SWB. Da questa review è emerso che le evidenze empiriche in letteratura non supportano ancora una relazione causale tra benessere soggettivo e fruizione culturale. Per questa ragione, abbiamo deciso di effettuare un’ampia revisione della letteratura e una doppia analisi su dati longitudinali, dello Swiss Household Panel (SHP) e del German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Abbiamo impiegato diverse strategie analitiche per fornire una possibile stima dell’impatto della fruizione culturale sul benessere soggettivo (SWB), con particolare attenzione alle interazioni tra pattern di accesso culturale e altri fattori che sappiamo influenzano il benessere soggettivo. Secondo le nostre analisi, praticare sport, cantare, suonare uno strumento e andare al teatro e/o concerti, hanno un impatto positivo sul benessere soggettivo nel SHP, e andare a teatro/opera/concerti di musica classica e cinema/discoteche/e concerti pop hanno un impatto positivo sul benessere soggettivo nel SOEP.<br>This study attempts to examine the impact of engagement in leisure activities on subjective well-being (SWB). From the theoretical point of view, we found support for the DRAMMA framework proposed by Newman and colleagues (2014). To test their framework, we conducted an extensive review of the literature, finding a strong correlation between those needs and SWB. Our findings, though, showed that evidence regarding the causal impact of frequency of engagement in leisure activities on SWB is still lacking. For this reason, we decided to conduct two longitudinal analyses on the data coming from the Swiss Household Panel (SHP) and the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). We applied different analytical strategies to provide a possible estimation of the impact of leisure engagement on subjective well-being (SWB), with special attention to the interaction between patterns of cultural access and other factors known to affect psychological well-being. Doing sport/physical activity, singing/playing an instrument, and going to the theater and concerts, were found to be positively correlated to SWB in the SHP, and attend opera/theater/classical concerts and cinema/disco/pop concert were found to be positively correlated to SWB in the SOEP.
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Sanchez, Indira. "Culture and Subjective Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Evaluation of Methods." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1731.
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The study of subjective well-being an interdisciplinary field that borrows from and contributes to disciplines such as psychology, economics, philosophy, and related fields due to the positive effects correlated with high subjective well-being. Cross cultural examinations of well-being help expand the knowledge base of subjective well-being, however, if current measures fail to take into account cultural variances in subjective well-being it undermines the validity of subjective well-being as a construct because western understandings of well-being are not as generalizable to other cultures as seems to be assumed by some measures. This essay provides an examination of popular measurements of subjective well-being and an analysis of the way they could interact with cultural differences in constructs related to subjective well-being.
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Naeger, Mary. "Temporal, Perspectives, Dispositional Styles, and Subjective Well-Being." TopSCHOLAR®, 2001. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/690.
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This study investigated the relationship between time perspective (TP) and the personality dispositions of optimism, pessimism, and realism with regard to their proposed influence on three measures that collectively assessed subjective well-being (SWB). The Depression-Happiness Scale (McGreal & Joseph, 1993) assessed happiness or the presence of positive affect and the absence of negative affect, the cognitiveaffective components of SWB. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) provided the measurement of subjective life satisfaction, the essential final cognitive-judgmental component of SWB. The Life Orientation Scale-Revised (LOT-R) (Scheier, Carver, and Bridges, 1994) and a Reality Scale, composed by the author, assessed the dispositional styles. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZPTI) (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) assessed TP. Five temporal perspectives were found. Results indicated that the TPs emerged as strong and unique predictors of SWB in regression analysis. An optimal temporal profile was found that consisted of a combination of Present-Hedonistic, Future, and Past-Positive TP characteristics.
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Goldsmith, Glenn Fraser. "Essays in the economics of subjective well-being." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0106206d-80b7-45f9-9850-cd8e7d5c0e97.
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This thesis explores three major issues in the burgeoning empirical literature on the determinants of subjective well-being (SWB). While economic theory assumes that it is current consumption that matters to SWB, empirical work has focused almost exclusively on the effect of income. In Part 1, we use household panel data from Russia and Britain to show that neither the standard theoretical account, nor the standard empirical practice may be adequate. Consumption, income, and wealth each contribute separately to SWB, in particular via perceptions of status and anticipation of the future; and omitting consumption from SWB equations significantly understates the importance of money to SWB. Distinguishing between consumption and income is also important to identifying reference effects. In Part 2, we confirm earlier findings that others' income has a positive (informational) effect on SWB in Russia, but show that others' consumption has an offsetting negative (comparison) effect. The net effect depends on how we define individuals' reference groups. We develop a novel econometric model that lets us estimate these reference groups from the data. Contrary to previous results, we conclude that comparison dominates information. Most SWB analyses focus on the average effects of money, relationships, and other outcomes across a given population; yet there may be significant differences in what is important to different people. In Part 3, we employ parametric and semi-parametric random coefficient models to show that there are large differences in the determinants of individual SWB in Britain, and (in contrast to previous work) that such differences cannot simply be attributed to differences in individuals' reporting functions. While individual differences correlate with (some) observable demographic variables, they do not generally correlate with individuals' perceptions about what is important to them. The results of SWB research may therefore be a useful source of information.
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Danzer, Natalie. "Essays on subjective well-being and human capital." Thesis, University of London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542427.
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Jankovic, Judita. "Value conflict, materialistic values and subjective well-being." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421724.
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Kelly, Grace. "Subjective well-being and the measurement of poverty." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675662.
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Within the United Kingdom, assessments of societal progress have traditionally been made according to objective measures such as Gross Domestic Product. However, measures of subjective human conditions, such as 'quality of life', 'happiness' or 'well-being' are now being used more widely. This is reflective of a concern about the limitations of economic measures and the growing desire for complementary subjective measures to inform policy making. This thesis is concerned with the level of enthusiasm and speed at which these alternative subjective measures have being embraced and the consequences this poses for objective measures of poverty based on low income and material deprivation. This is because reflective measures like life satisfaction and overall well -being have been shown to be vulnerable to the phenomenon of adaptation and social comparisons, where people rate their situation with that of similar others and relative to what they have come to expect. This study uses a mixed methods approach to investigate how poverty indicators are affected by such processes. It does so through the lens of Walter G. Runciman's (1966) concept of relative deprivation. Results reveal that people often make comparisons with similar others, either in a lateral or downward manner. As a result, expectations are lowered with aspirations and preferences being adapted to people's material and financial constraints. The study concludes that the 'enforced lack' (Mack and Lansley, 1985) measure is the most effective in identifying individuals at risk of material deprivation. Meanwhile, levels of overall life satisfaction are argued to be particularly vulnerable to adaptation processes. This is because people rate their satisfaction relative to the quality of their personal relationships, rather than using a more reflective view of life overall.
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Catibusic, Sanda-Wictoria. "Subjective Well-Being and Biomarkers of Health : The Relationship between Subjective Well-Being, The immune system and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Activation." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-144135.
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An association between inflammation and mood deterioration has been proposed as a potential explanatory mechanism underlying many pathologies. Previous research attributes this consistently reoccurring connection between inflammation and psychopathology that is often reported within the literature, to a relationship between the HPA axis, the body’s stress response system and the immune system. There is evidence of a bidirectional feedback loop between end-products of the immune system and the HPA-axis such as cytokines and cortisol. This is supported by research reporting that components of subjective well-being such as positive affect, optimism and life satisfaction can produce beneficial health outcomes by potentially targeting this feedback loop. The present longitudinal study tested if higher positive affect independently corresponds to lower levels of inflammatory markers Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) and HPA axis marker cortisol. The study further tested if higher subjective well-being decreases levels of IL-6 and CRP as well as cortisol. The study employed a subsample of participants from the Midlife in Japan (MIDJA) Biomarker project (n=174) that underwent testing at two separate time points across a period of 4 years. The data included subjective well-being, positive affect, IL-6, CRP, cortisol, perceived stress, neuroticism and demographic variables. Positive affect was not associated with any inflammatory marker or cortisol. Subjective well-being had no effect on CRP but reduced IL-6 and cortisol even when controlling for all control and demographic variables. It is concluded that subjective well-being may be linked to lower inflammation and HPA axis activity.<br>Ett samband mellan inflammation och sjukdomsbeteende har föreslagits som en förklaringsmekanism bakom förekomsten av många patologier. Den konsekventa anknytningen mellan inflammation och psykopatologi som många tidigare studier demonstrerat innebär ett samband mellan immunsystemet och HPA-axeln som är den struktur som utgör kroppens svar på stressorer. Det finns tecken på en återkopplingsslinga mellan slutprodukter av det immunologiska systemet och HPA-axeln såsom cytokiner och kortisol. Detta har stöd i tidigare forskning som rapporterat att komponenter av subjektivt välbefinnande så som positiv affekt, optimism och livstillfredställelse kan medföra positiva hälsoutfall genom att potentiellt influera denna återkopplingsslinga. Förevarande longitudinella studie testar om högre positiv affekt leder till lägre nivåer av de inflammatoriska markörerna interleukin-6 (IL-6) och C-reaktivt protein (CRP) samt HPA-axel markören kortisol. Studien testar vidare även om högre subjektivt välbefinnande leder till lägre nivåer av IL-6, CRP och kortisol. Deltagarna är ett subsampel från Biomarkerprojektet (n = 174) inom Midlife in Japan (MIDJA) som genomgick testning vid två separata tidpunkter över en period av 4 år. Data består av subjektivt välbefinnande, positiv affekt, IL-6, CRP, kortisol, upplevd stress, neuroticism samt demografiska variabler. Positiv affekt hade ingen signifikant effekt på någon av de inflammatoriska markörerna eller kortisol. Subjektivt välbefinnande hade inte någon signifikant effekt på CRP men reducerade signifikant IL-6 och kortisol och dessa effekter förblev signifikanta efter kontroll för samtliga kontroll och demografiska variabler. Följaktligen dras slutsatsen att subjektivt välbefinnande kan leda till lägre inflammation och HPA-axel aktivitet.
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Boshe, Judith. "Subjective wellbeing in a sample of South African, Xhosa people with schizophrenia." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31467.
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Subjective well-being when on neuroleptic treatment (SWBN), has been established as a good predictor of adherence, early response and prognosis in patients with schizophrenia(1, 2). The 20-item subjective well-being under neuroleptic treatment scale (SWN-K 20) is a self-rating scale that has been validated to measure SWBN(3). However, the SWN-K20 has not been previously used in a Low- and Middle-income country (LMIC). Aims and Objectives: This study explored the psychometric properties of SWN-K20 in a sample of Xhosa speaking African patients with schizophrenia, and investigated factors associated with SWBN in this population. Methods: As a part of a large genetic study, 244 study participants with a confirmed diagnosis of schizophrenia completed the translated SWN-K 20 scale. Internal consistency analysis was performed, and convergent analysis and exploratory analysis were conducted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA).Varimax rotation method was selected as we did not assume any correlation of the factors(4). Linear regression methods were used to determine predictors of SWBN in the sample population. Results: The PCA extracted 4 components which cumulatively explained 52.21% of the total variance. The internal consistency of the SWN-K 20 was 0.86 and those of the sub-scales ranged between 0.47 and 0.59. The total scores of the SWN-K 20 demonstrated moderate correlation r= 0.44 with GAF scores. The sub-scale scores had lower correlations ranging between r=.41 and r=.30 with the GAF scores. The total scores on SWN-K20 scale were used to explore factors influencing SWBN. There was a significant correlation between overall subjective well-being score with higher education level, increased illness severity and GAF scores. Discussion and Conclusion: The isiXhosa version of the SWN-20 scale can be used for clinical and research purposes in LMICs but predictors of SWBN in this population differed from those previously established in (high income countries) HICs. The individual sub-scales of the SWN-K20 were less reliable when translated into isiXhosa and hence the subs-scales were not a meaningful measure of specific domains of wellbeing . These findings merit evaluation to determine whether cultural and linguistic specific sub-cales might provide further insight and recommendations for use in South African context. Predictors of SWBN in this LMICs population were not comparable to those in HICs setting(5, 6). Older patients with lower baseline level of education, poor global functioning and less severe symptoms were noted to have lower SWBN and hence at risk of poor compliance. This information could provide guidance for clinicians, researchers and interventions that aim at improving compliance and the treatment experiences of this patient group.
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Kim, Byunggook. "A conceptual framework for leisure and Subjective Well-Being." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3378361.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 2009.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 7, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-10, Section: A, page: 4047. Adviser: Bryan McCormick.
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Henry, Jaci Lee. "The subjective well-being of divorced single custodial parents." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/368.
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As the divorce rate consistently rises, the occurrence of single parent families are becoming increasingly prevalent. Despite the marked increase in single custodial parents, research on this population (and more importantly, into the positive aspects such as their subjective well-being) has been neglected. Over the past three decades, psychologists have shifted the emphasis of their research from examining demographic and pathogenic factors to a positive psychology framework focusing on personality and resilience. The general aim of this study was to explore and describe the subjective wellbeing, including satisfaction with life and general happiness, of divorced, single custodial parents. In addition, this study aimed to identify potential patterns among the aspects of subjective well-being investigated and aimed to explore the relationships between these patterns. Thirty-five participants were included for participation in this study by means of non-probability, purposive sampling. The research measures included a biographical questionnaire, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Affectometer-2 Scale (AFM-2). The data were analysed by the researcher and an independent statistician in terms of descriptive statistics and cluster analysis, or according to content analysis. This reflects a triangulation data collection and analysis method. Key findings included the following: The results of the SWLS indicated that the majority of participants reported being slightly dissatisfied with their lives. The results of the AFM-2 indicated that the participants generally had high levels of positive affect, and low levels of negative affect. However, the participants’ overall levels of happiness were still relatively low. A four cluster solution was obtained, with the clusters being significantly different from each other on all input variables. The first cluster experienced high levels of positive affect, low levels of negative affect, and high levels of overall happiness. The second cluster experienced predominantly slight dissatisfaction with their lives, high levels of positive affect, low levels of negative affect, and slightly low levels of overall happiness. The third cluster reported mostly dissatisfaction with their lives, low levels of positive affect, high levels of negative affect, and very low levels of overall happiness. The fourth cluster experienced predominantly slight satisfaction with xi life, slightly high levels of positive affect, neutral levels of negative affect, and low levels of overall happiness. It appeared that clusters containing participants who were satisfied with their jobs, were involved in a personal relationship and who participated in leisure activities, all experienced higher levels of subjective well-being. Overall, this study emphasises the value of and the need for South African research on the subjective wellbeing of divorced, single custodial parents.
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Greenspoon, Peter Jay. "Toward an integration of subjective well-being and psychopathology." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0009/NQ32785.pdf.
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Wint, Shirlette. "Race and the subjective well-being of black Canadians." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31040.
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This thesis explores the notion of whether or not race is a determining factor in how African-Canadians perceive their subjective well-being. To this end, this study seeks to understand Blacks perception of what constitutes their identity and how they resist against minority consciousness. Also examined are their integration aspirations and the set of strategies they use to claim mobility status in mainstream North American society. The areas explored reflect interviewees' perceptions of the social factors that determine how they view their well-being. The data for this inquiry is gathered from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Data from focus groups, are discussions that I facilitated while working on the Montreal Black Communities Demographic Project. Empirical research is used to support the data at specific points.<br>Analysis of the data does not support the view that Blacks perceive their well-being as dependent on their status as racialized subjects. Research findings do however show that the social determinant of race has an impact on the strategies Blacks choose to obtain socio-economic status.
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Boyce, Christopher J. "Subjective well-being : an intersection between economics and psychology." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3121/.
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This thesis uses subjective well-being data to understand the impact that an individual’s economic circumstances have on their well-being. Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5 look specifically at the role of income on well-being; whilst Chapters 6 and 7 focus on the effect of employment status. This thesis draws heavily on psychological concepts and ideas; highlighting that an interdisciplinary approach to subjective well-being data can have substantial benefits to the study of well-being. Chapter 2 seeks to understand how people compare their incomes with one another. Relative judgment models from psychology are explored and the evidence suggests that individuals may be concerned with their rank position rather than their absolute position or how they compare relative to a mean level. Applying this idea to relative income studies it is shown that an individual’s rank income provides a better explanation of life satisfaction than either absolute income or their income relative to the mean income of those around them. Chapter 3 highlights that although more money may reduce psychological distress it is a relatively inefficient way to do so. This chapter provides medical evidence to suggest that psychological therapy is a more efficient way to reduce psychological distress. Income growth does not appear to increase national well-being in developed countries so this chapter suggests that increasing access to mental health care could be a better way to raise national well-being. Personality, although appropriately controlled for, is mostly ignored by economists researching subjective well-being data. Chapters 4, 5 and 6 therefore explore the use of personality measures in economic subjective well-being research. Chapter 4 proposes a new methodological technique that incorporates personality measures. Chapters 5 and 6 then show that personality interacts with important economic variables. These chapters show that personality is an important aspect to be understood by economists. Chapter 7 demonstrates the importance of using longitudinal data to understand causal effects on well-being. Improvements to occupational status have been argued to lead directly to improvements to health. This argument has been based solely on the cross-sectional association that individuals with high occupational status tend to have better health. Chapter 7 shows that improvements to occupational status actually tend to increase mental strain. Taken altogether these studies suggest that subjective well-being data provides a useful arena in which interdisciplinary research can be conducted.
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Ratcliffe, Anita. "House prices and consumption, subjective well-being and retirement." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.544333.
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Abdullah, Junaida Lee Binti. "A study on leisure travel and subjective well-being." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2002. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/761/.
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Nell, Hermann Werner. "Hope, religiosity and subjective well-being / Hermann Werner Nell." Thesis, North West University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/13175.
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This study explored the relationship between religiosity, hope, and subjective well-being among a group of 430 participants (28.8% male, 88.4% black, 8.4% white) residing in the Gauteng Province South Africa. The sample consisted of students (n = 210) as well as family members of these students (n = 220). A cross-sectional quantitative survey design was used. Data was gathered using the Adult Trait-hope Scale, a three item measure of religiosity, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Descriptive statistics were computed in SPSS 22. Following this, correlations between all latent variables were calculated in Mplus Version 7.11, where after latent variable modelling was performed. During this process, an initial measurement model was specified, which was examined for goodness of fit, and compared against two competing measurement models. The best fitting model was then subjected to a process of model development, and subsequently re-specified as a structural model. The fit of this model was again assessed and compared to two competing structural models. Finally, indirect effects between religiosity, hope, and subjective well-being (comprised of positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction) were investigated. The results revealed that religiosity was a significant predictor of both agency and pathway hope, and that the strength of this relationship was moderate in the case of agency hope, and weak in the case of pathway hope. In turn, agency hope predicted higher levels of life satisfaction and positive affect, and lowered levels of negative affect. However, with the exception of positive affect (with which it was positively associated), pathway hope was not related to any of the subjective well-being variables, suggesting that it is less significantly associated with subjective well-being than agency hope. The results of the mediation analysis revealed that agency hope acted as a significant mediator of the relationship between religiosity and life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. Pathway hope mediated the relationship between religiosity and positive affect. These results suggest that the elevated levels of subjective well-being often found in relation to religiosity can at least in part be attributed to the fact that religion is associated with elevated levels of hope. The mini-dissertation is concluded with a chapter that outlines the conclusions and limitations related to the study, and on this basis, several recommendations were proposed for future research and practical application of the findings.<br>MA (Positive Psychology), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014
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Yang, Lin. "Subjective and preference-sensitive multidimensional well-being and inequality." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3493/.
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This thesis proposes a comprehensive framework that allows analysis of preference-sensitive well-being and inequality. It draws together complementary aspects of attempts to operationalise a more inclusive and multidimensional definition of well-being, through subjective well-being measurement, social welfare theory, and multidimensional indices of well-being and inequality. Theoretical proposals and empirical strategies are put forward, with illustrations using data from the British Household Panel Survey. Chapter 1 examines the underlying structure of subjective well-being, and the relationship between these subjective components of well-being and commonly targeted objective well-being indicators. A key finding is that subjective well-being follows a time-consistent dual structure of underlying ‘life satisfaction’ and ‘emotional well-being’ components. Additionally, the ‘life satisfaction’ component appears more strongly associated than the ‘emotional well-being’ component to changes in objective indicators of well-being. The ‘preference index approach’, the central proposal of the thesis, is introduced in Chapter 2. Preference comparisons are inspected at the individual and subgroup level, and a preference-sensitive index of multidimensional well-being is proposed. The chapter then uses the results of Chapter 1 to support the use of longitudinal life satisfaction regression to estimate the heterogeneous preferences between objective dimensions of life. Chapter 3 illustrates the properties of the preference index approach in terms of multidimensional inequality analysis. The main contribution is the incorporation of preference inequality as well as distributional inequality, and the ability to quantify their interdependent contributions to overall inequality in multidimensional well-being.
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Filozof, Eileen Emery. "Effect of Gratitude on Subjective Well-Being among Children." Marietta College / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marietta1242657947.
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Geng, Jing. "Gender and the Subjective Well-being of Widowed Elders." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101093.
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Many studies suggest that aging women have unique experiences in widowhood, which are different from those of aging men because of gender inequality. This study explored the 2014 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to discover whether gender influences the factors that affect subjective well-being of elderly widows and widowers (aged 65 and over). To look at subjective well-being, I used a feminist gerontological approach to explore possible gender differences and examined life satisfaction, a life satisfaction scale, and happiness, their corresponding predictive factors, and their importance for each of the measures of subjective well-being. This study found that there were gender differences in total household income and social support from friends. Although gender did not affect subjective well-being directly, there were gender differences in the ways that education, total household income, total wealth, and social support from children and friends affected the subjective well-being of widows and widowers.<br>Master of Science
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Jalilzadehazhari, Elaheh. "Windows and blinds selection for enhancing subjective well-being." Licentiate thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65211.
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Earlier studies in the context of windows and blinds selection have mostly tried to increase the awareness regarding various effects of windows and blinds selection on subjective well-being, including their effect on visual comfort, thermal comfort, energy consumption and life cycle cost. However, the main problem is the potential conflicts between visual comfort, thermal comfort, energy consumption and life cycle cost. Increased awareness about the contradictory effect of windows and blinds selection on subjective well-being on one hand and lack of a feasible method in managing the conflicts on the other hand may bind individuals, as decision-makers, in a situation where they follow the immediate economic benefits rather than the long-term visual and thermal benefits. To solve the mentioned problem, this study analysed first the degree of the conflicts between average daylight illuminance and total energy consumption in Sweden. This decision was made due to large variation in solar elevation angle and solar intensity between summer and winter in Sweden, which has significant effects on daylight illuminance and total energy consumption. Analysing the conflicts was accomplished by developing two multivariate linear regression models for calculating average daylight illuminance and total energy consumption. Comparison and analysis of the multivariate linear regression models showed the existence of a high degree of conflicts, which makes window and blind selection a rather complex multidimensional problem. Specifying the degree of the conflicts formed a hypothesis as: “A multi criteria decision-making method increases the controllability and manages the conflicts in selecting windows and blinds”. The developed hypothesis was later tested by employing analytical hierarchy process, as widely used multi criteria decisionmaking method. The analytical hierarchy process prioritizes decision-maker’ preferences and introduces a desired trade-off solution. The results of employing analytical hierarchy process showed the capability of it in managing the conflicts among visual comfort, thermal comfort, energy consumption and life cycle cost. Finally, the application of the analytical hierarchy process was expanded by integrating it with nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II, as an optimization algorithm. Through this integration, optimization algorithm combines windows’ and blinds’ design variables and analyses a large number of solutions, while analytical hierarchy process ranks the solutions based on decision-makers’ preferences and introduces a desired trade-off solution. The integration between analytical hierarchy process and the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II was presented later as a conceptual framework. The developed conceptual framework can be used for selecting windows and blinds II in both residential and commercial buildings. In selecting windows and blinds, the conceptual framework is a novel solution to the lack of a feasible method for increasing the controllability for decision-makers and obtaining a desired trade-off solution.<br>Tidigare studier avseende val av fönster och solskydd har främst försökt fastställa olika effekter som valet av fönster och solskydd har på det subjektiva välbefinnandet. Detta inkluderar dessa föremåls effekt på den visuella komforten, den termiska komforten, energiförbrukningen och livscykelkostnaderna. Det huvudsakliga problemet är dock de potentiella konflikterna mellan visuell komfort, termisk komfort, energiförbrukning och livscykelkostnader. Avsaknaden av en metod för att hantera denna konflikt leder till att beslutfattaren fastnar i en situation där de snarare gör sitt val utifrån omedelbara ekonomiska fördelar än de långsiktiga visuella och termiska fördelarna. För att lösa ovan nämnda problem analyserades konflikterna mellan det genomsnittliga dagsljusinsläppet och den totala energiförbrukningen i Sverige. En av huvudanledningarna till konflikterna är att solens infallsvinkel och intensitet varierar kraftigt mellan sommar och vinter i Sverige. Detta har betydande effekter på dagsljusinfallet och den totala energiförbrukningen. Konflikterna analyserades genom att utveckla två multivariata linjära regressionsmodeller för att beräkna det genomsnittliga dagsljusinfallet och den totala energiförbrukningen. En jämförelse och analys av de multivariata linjära regressionsmodellerna påvisade en hög grad av konflikter, vilket gör valet av fönster och solskydd till ett komplext och flerdimensionellt problem. Bestämningen av graden av konflikt formade följande hypotes: ” En multikriterieanalysbaserat beslutsstöd ökar kontrollerbarheten och hanterar konflikter vid valet av fönster och solskydd”. Den utvecklade hypotesen testades senare med hjälp av Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), en ofta använd multikriterieanalys metod för beslutsfattande. Metoden tar fram lösningar genom att göra prioriteringar enligt beslutsfattarens preferenser. Resultaten av att tillämpa metoden visade metodens förmåga att lösa konflikterna kring visuell komfort, termisk komfort, energiförbrukning och livscykelkostnad. Slutligen utökades metoden genom att integrera AHP med optimeringsalgoritmen Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II. Genom denna integrering kombinerar optimeringsalgoritmen fönstrens och solskyddens design variabler till ett stort antal lösningsförslag. Dessa lösningsförslag analyseras och till sist rangordnas lösningsförslagen med hjälp av AHP baserat på beslutsfattarnas preferenser. Integreringen av AHP och optimeringsalgoritmen presenterades som ett konceptuellt ramverk. I valet av fönster och solskydd är det konceptuella ramverket en ny lösning för att öka den upplevda kontrollen och därmed förstärka det subjektiva välbefinnandet.<br>ProWood
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Dirksen, Shannon Elaine Ruff. "Subjective well-being in patients diagnosed with malignant melanoma." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184289.
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The purpose of this study was to test a theoretical model which predicted subjective well-being in patients who had been diagnosed with malignant melanoma. The theoretical model was developed from empirical findings based on a review of the literature in which health locus of control, social support and self-esteem were identified as significant predictors of well-being. The specific aim of this study was to examine the strength of the predicted relationships between selected psychosocial variables and subjective well-being. The study utilized a nonexperimental correlational design with a causal modeling approach. The convenience sample was composed of 75 individuals (x age = 52.5) who had been diagnosed with malignant melanoma. Subjects completed four instruments which measured the theoretical concepts under study. Two additional instruments were administered which indexed the variables of search for meaning and concern of recurrence. Descriptive statistics were used in examining the demographic and situational characteristics of the sample. Multiple regression techniques were utilized to empirically test the predicted theoretical relationships and to estimate predictive validity for the theoretical concepts. Graphic residual analysis was performed to assess for violations in the statistical and causal model assumptions. Study findings revealed that social support had a direct positive impact on self-esteem (B =.27, R² =.06) and that self-esteem had a direct positive impact on well-being (B =.49, R² =.37). The two demographic variables of employment and income were found to have a direct positive impact on well-being (B =.22 and B =.26, respectively), and resulted in a 10% increase in the total explained variance in well-being. The theoretical model, which was generated to predict subjective well-being in malignant melanoma patients, explained 47% of the total variance in well-being. Research into the variables which influence patient well-being during the cancer experience is vital if nursing is to implement therapeutic interventions which will promote an improved life quality. By intervening with nursing actions that focus on a positive self-esteem, a greater sense of well-being could be attained by individuals diagnosed with cancer.
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Ivens, John. "Assessing schoolchildren's subjective well-being and how it is affected by being bullied." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248399.
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Andersson, Pontus. "Does subjective (un)happiness predict religious extremism?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184892.
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With religious extremism being a destructive force in many parts of the world, the mission to understand and mitigate it is always actual. The current thesis tries to contribute to the knowledge of this phenomenon by investigating it through a very particular lens – its relation to subjective happiness. This is done through finding the answer to the research question “Does subjective (un)happiness predict religious extremism?”, using various quantitative gamma and chi-squared tests of association, as well as data from the World Values Survey, wave 7. Although it is hypothesised, based on previous research, that subjective happiness should have either a positive or negative relation with holding religiously extreme views, none of this is proven correct. Instead, a conclusion entirely new to the field of psycho-emotional well-being and political views emerges, namely that religious extremists tend to evaluate their happiness and sense of well-being just as extremely as they do societal and religious matters. This not only disproves the conclusions drawn by certain previous studies, it also provides a whole new perspective as to how to understand the inner worlds of individuals drawn to the ideas of religious extremism, something crucial for successful mitigation of this harmful phenomenon.
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Shaffer-Hudkins, Emily J. "Health-Promoting Behaviors and Subjective Well-Being among Early Adolescents." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3341.
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This study investigated the specific health-promoting behaviors employed by early adolescents (n = 246) and their subjective well-being (SWB) to provide an understanding of how mental and physical wellness relate in teens. Participants self-reported on their dietary habits, physical activity, sleep hygiene, safety habits, and attitudes toward substance use. A comprehensive assessment of SWB was also gathered (i.e., global life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect). The researcher hypothesized that each of the five health-promoting behaviors assessed in the current study would have significant, positive correlations with the SWB of early adolescents, in that youth who reported higher levels of engagement in these healthy behaviors also would report higher levels of happiness. Furthermore, demographic characteristics of gender, race, and socioeconomic status were hypothesized to play a moderating role in the relationship between health promotion and happiness. Findings demonstrated that two health-promoting behaviors were significantly correlated with SWB in the current study. Increased amount of sleep per night was linked to higher SWB, while attitudes toward substance use were negatively correlated with youth's SWB. A significant percentage of the variance in SWB (15%) was accounted for by the linear combination of health-promoting behaviors, although only one of the five health promoting behaviors (i.e., attitudes toward substance use) was a unique predictor of SWB. In addition, none of the interaction terms of gender, race, and SES with health-promoting behaviors were significant predictors of SWB, indicating that moderating effects were not found for this sample. Implications for further investigation of these findings include the use of other methods for reporting health-promoting behaviors in early adolescents as well as replication of moderating effects with a more ethnically diverse sample of youth. Findings call for integration of health promotion programming into school psychology practice from a prevention to targeted level of service delivery with youth.
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Lucia, Danielle. "Yoga and psychological wellness, physical wellness, and subjective well-being." Thesis, Pacifica Graduate Institute, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3615864.
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<p> This survey-based observational study was designed to study an individual's Yoga experience as it relates to psychological wellness, physical wellness, and subjective well-being. Men and women ages 18–85 were recruited though Yoga studio participation and through word of mouth. They answered demographic question as well as items from four differential scales. Dependent variables included physical wellness, life satisfaction, mindfulness, and subjective vitality. </p><p> Data was analyzed using SPSS software. Results indicated that Yoga participants perceive higher levels of mental wellness, physical wellness, and subjective well-being. Additionally, Yoga participants, as compared to non-Yoga participants, were more likely to perceive higher levels of perceived wellness, in almost all domains tested, than exercisers versus nonexercisers. </p><p> The results of this study bring merit to Yoga participants' perception of wellness. Further studies could investigate a variety of topics. Understanding how long it takes a Yoga participant to feel higher levels of perceived wellness may be useful in designing intervention studies. Additionally, looking at different styles of Yoga, specifically āsana, meditation, and pranayama techniques, and implementation (home versus studio) would be useful in the design of future research studies. </p><p> Anecdotally, most Yoga participants would agree that practicing Yoga benefits their overall wellness. This study offers empirical evidence that Yoga participants experience higher levels of perceived wellness than non-Yoga participants. This research is significant as it validates the role Yoga plays in the health and well-being of participants. </p><p> Keywords: Yoga, Wellness, Well-Being, Quantitative, Observational, Life Satisfaction, Mindfulness, Survey.</p>
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Berglund, Victor. "Entrepreneurs subjective well-being and job satisfaction: does personality matter?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96232.
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Previous research has suggested that there is a strong and positive relationship between being an entrepreneur and possessing a high degree of subjective well-being as well as job satisfaction. The big five personality traits have also been argued to be significantly related to both subjective well-being and job satisfaction. Little is however known if personality affects entrepreneurs and regular employees differently. In this paper the impact of personality traits on the cognitive part of subjective well-being as well as job satisfaction are investigated separately among entrepreneurs and regular employees. This is done through OLS-regressions using a Swedish nationally representative survey Employment, Material Resources, and Political Preferences (EMRAPP), where entrepreneurs were oversampled in order to be able to compare entrepreneurs (N = 2483) and regular employees (N = 2642). The findings suggest that there is no substantial difference between entrepreneurs and regular employees when looking at the relationship between personality traits and subjective well-being. Findings on job satisfaction on the other hand showed that the personality trait openness to experience had no impact on job satisfaction, and that the personality trait emotional stability (neuroticism reversed) was equally beneficial for both entrepreneurs and regular employees. Extraversion had a positive relationship with job satisfaction among both entrepreneurs and regular employees, although the relationship was twice as strong among entrepreneurs. The personality traits agreeableness and conscientiousness on the other hand were only related to job satisfaction among entrepreneurs. Personality traits are thus much more important for job satisfaction among entrepreneurs.
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Copelton, J. A. "Subjective well-being and self-determining behaviour in older people." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419504.
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Tungthongchai, Ouaypon. "Subjective well-Being and sport participation among Thai university students." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/56308.
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Rees, Gwyther. "Understanding variations in children's subjective well-being : a longitudinal analysis." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/111878/.
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There is a growing research and policy interest in the topic of subjective well-being (SWB), including in relation to children. Quite a lot is now known, from cross-sectional analysis, about factors associated with variations in the SWB of children in the UK. However there is a lack of longitudinal analysis which can help to clarify the mechanisms involved. This is an important gap if research on children’s SWB is to generate findings which can be practically useful. In addition the issues of the conceptualisation and measurement of children’s SWB have not been fully explored in UK research. This dissertation sets out to address these evidence gaps. The analysis uses data from three panel and cohort studies – the British Household Panel Survey, the Understanding Society survey and the Millennium Cohort Study – all of which include large, and broadly representative, samples of children in the UK and ask children some questions about their SWB The dissertation begins by addressing conceptual and measurement issues. It explores the extent to which the data support the most common conceptual framework of SWB – the tripartite model – and identifies the most appropriate measures of SWB to use for the analysis. It then aims to answer two broad substantive research questions. First, to what extent are early childhood factors associated with later subjective well-being (at 11 years old)? Second, how does subjective well-being vary between the ages of 11 and 15 and what factors are associated with this variation? The analysis draws on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model of child development to theorise the ways in which current and historical factors may affect children’s SWB. It considers a range of both contextual (e.g. family socio-economic status) and process (e.g. parent-child relationships) variables. The analytical methods used for this purpose are logistic regression; linear regression, including fixed effects and random effects models for panel data; and latent growth curve modelling. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis is utilised to test measures of SWB. The key findings are as follows. First, in terms of conceptual and measurement issues, the data provide support for the tripartite model of SWB commonly used in the literature on adults’ SWB. The psychometric analysis also provides new insights into the way in which variables in the data sets might best be used to represent SWB. Second, children’s life satisfaction, happiness and sadness at the age of 11 are not strongly predicted by their family and socio-economic circumstances at nine months old, nor by the quality of their relationship with their main parent at three years old. Third, there is a much stronger relationship between contemporaneous factors such as family relationships and bullying and trajectories of children’s SWB between the ages of 11 and 15, with some evidence that these factors predict future as well as current SWB. These conclusions hold even when making use of the longitudinal nature of the data to control for unobserved fixed explanatory variables. Overall, the analysis presented suggests that how children feel about their lives can best be understood in terms of recent rather than historical factors and provides further evidence of the much stronger associations between children’s SWB and quality of family and peer relationships, rather than socio-economic factors. It also suggests that the etiology of SWB is different from that of other childhood well-being measures, and it is argued that this is a strength that can help to stimulate new directions for social research on children and childhood. The analysis, and the conclusions that can be drawn from it, are limited by the quality of SWB measures available and the timing of data collection for the studies. It will be valuable for future research specifically on children’s SWB, and new longitudinal and panel studies in the UK, to use better SWB measures. There is also a need for longitudinal research over shorter time periods to explore further the directions of association between SWB and other factors.
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Brown, Valerie Slaughter. "The effects of poverty environments on elderly subjective well-being." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1060280839.
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Berlin, Martin. "Essays on the Determinants and Measurement of Subjective Well-Being." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-142560.
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This thesis consists of four self-contained essays in economics, all concerned with different aspects of subjective well-being. The abstracts of the four studies are as follows. Beyond Income: The Importance for Life Satisfaction of Having Access to a Cash Margin. We study how life satisfaction among adult Swedes is influenced by having access to a cash margin, i.e. a moderate amount of money that could be acquired on short notice either through own savings, by loan from family or friends, or by other means. We find that cash margin is a strong and robust predictor of life satisfaction, also when controlling for individual fixed effects and socio-economic conditions, including income. Decomposing Variation in Daily Feelings: The Role of Time Use and Individual Characteristics. I explore the potential of using time-use data for understanding variation in affective well-being. Using the Princeton Affect and Time Survey, I decompose variation in daily affect into explained and unexplained within- and between person variation. Time use is found to mostly account for within-variation. Hence, its explanatory power is largely additive to that of individual characteristics. The explanatory power of time use is small, however. Activities only account for 1–7% of the total variation and this is not increased much by adding contextual variables. The Association Between Life Satisfaction and Affective Well-Being. We estimate the correlation between life satisfaction and affect — two conceptually distinct dimensions of subjective well-being. We propose a simple model that distinguishes between a stable and a transitory component of affect, and which also accounts for measurement error in self-reports of both variables, including current-mood bias effects on life satisfaction judgments. The model is estimated using momentarily measured well-being data, from an experience sampling survey that we conducted on a population sample of Swedes aged 18–50 (n=252). Our main estimates of the correlation between life satisfaction and long-run affective well-being range between 0.78 and 0.91, indicating a stronger convergence between these variables than many previous studies that do not account for measurement issues. Do OLS and Ordinal Happiness Regressions Yield Different Results? A Quantitative Assessment. Self-reported subjective well-being scores are often viewed as ordinal variables, but the conventional wisdom has it that OLS and ordered regression models (e.g. ordered probit) produce similar results when applied to such data. This claim has rarely been assessed formally, however, in particular with respect to quantifying the differences. I shed light on this issue by comparing the results from OLS and different ordered regression models, in terms of both statistical and economic significance, and across data sets with different response scales for measuring life satisfaction. The results are mixed. The differences between OLS, probit and logit estimates are typically small when the response scale has few categories, but larger, though not huge, when an 11-point scale is used. Moreover, when the error term is assumed to follow a skewed distribution, larger discrepancies are found throughout. I find a similar pattern in simulations, in which I assess how different methods perform with respect to the true parameters of interest, rather than to each other.
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Xun, Zhou. "Econometric analysis of subjective well-being, preference, perception and dynamics." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM2026/document.
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Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'analyse des variables d'opinion. Les opinions couvertes concernent spécifiquement des questions économiques comme le niveau de bien-être, la situation financière, le niveau minimum de revenu nécessaire pour vivre dignement, la préférence pour la redistribution. Le traitement de ces variables d'opinion et leur mise en relation avec les grandeurs économiques traditionnelles comme le niveau de revenu ou sa dynamique nécessitent des techniques micro-économétriques spécifiques. Dans cette thèse, les modèles dynamiques de panel sont utilisés pour étudier la mobilité des revenus et la mobilité des statuts d'emploi. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous discutons également le modèle Tobit dynamique et l'importance des conditions initiales. Dans les modèles de panel, se pose la question du choix entre effet fixe et effet aléatoire. Parce que les variables subjectives sont ordinales et discrètes, les effets fixes sont difficilement identifiables. L'identification des effets aléatoires est moins problématique, mais l'estimation devient pourtant difficile quand la dimension d'intégration augmente. Pour résoudre cela, je l'utilise intensivement les techniques de simulation, soit pour le modèle dynamique multinomial logit, soit pour le modèle dynamique Tobit. La technique de simulation est également appliqué au modèle trivarié probit pour mesurer les corrélations conditionnelles entre trois (ou même plus) variables ordinales<br>This dissertation studies option variables. These opinions cover specially economic questions such as the level of wellbeing, financial situations, the minimum income question and the preference for redistribution. The treatment of these opinion variables and their relation to conventional economic questions such as income level or dynamics requires the use of special micro-econometric models. In this dissertation, the dynamics panel models are used to study the job status and income mobility. In the 6 chapter, we discuss the dynamic Tobit model with an emphasis on initial conditions. The choice between fixed or random effect is another question. Because subjective variables are ordinal and discrete, the identification of fixed effects is problematic. Random effects are better identified while the estimation difficulty increases with the integration dimension. To solve that, I use intensively simulation method in the study of dynamic multinomial logit model or dynamic tobit model. It is also been applied in the trivariate probit model to measure the conditional correlations among more than 2 ordinal variables
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Adams, Sabirah. "Nature as children's space : considerations for children's subjective well-being." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5226.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>The emerging interest in 'spaces of childhood' over the past two decades can be identified in a number of disciplines. A substantial body of research has indicated that children's active engagement within the natural environment as a space has been associated with a range of cognitive, physical, affective, and moral developmental benefits. Given the exponential growth in research on children and nature interactions, it was imperative to explore how children make sense of nature and the influence this has on children's subjective well-being (SWB) to address the current dearth in the literature; both internationally and in South Africa.
The aim of the study was to explore children's engagement with natural spaces. Within this process the study aimed to explore the extent to which children's engagement with natural spaces influences their SWB. The specific objectives of the study were: 1) To systematically review and synthesise the findings regarding children's understandings and engagement with nature as a space (Chapter Four- Article 1 using a systematic review methodology); 2) To explore the relationship between children's environmental perceptions and their subjective well-being (Chapter Five- Article 2 using Structural Equation Modeling); 3) To explore how
children discursively construct natural spaces and the influence on their subjective wellbeing, using specific discursive resources and repertoires to construct and assign meaning to their engagement with natural space, and how their constructions and assignations are manifested in their discourses (Chapter Six- Article 3 using discourse analysis); and 4) To explore children's representations and perceptions of natural spaces using photovoice and community mapping (Chapter Seven- Article 4 using thematic analysis). The study employed
a mixed methods approach to gain an inclusive understanding of children's daily lives. In advancing the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), the study included children as key agents and valid constructors of knowledge, with crucial contributions to make about their well-being. The study comprised three phases; Phase One encompassed a systematic review which aims to explore how children make sense of, assign meaning to, and perceive natural spaces (addressing objective 1). Phase Two and Three constituted the mixed methods study: Phase Two included the quantitative phase (addressing objective 2) and Phase Three included the qualitative phase (addressing objective 3 and 4) with children between 12-14 years of age. Phase Two encompassed a cross-sectional survey design with children aged 12 years in the Western Cape province of South Africa, and included a final sample of 1004 children. Phase Three employed a qualitative methodological design utilising focus group interviews, photovoice, and community mapping across three diverse communities in both urban and rural geographical locations. While Phase Two showed no significant relationship between children's engagement in natural spaces (using Structural Equation Modeling) and their subjective well-being, the findings from the qualitative phase, utilising participatory methods, showed that socio-economic status (SES) was a key defining factor influencing how children made sense of their lives. The narratives
of children from the low SES communities indicated that safety was a pervasive concern for children, with many having experienced first-hand negative experiences in their neighbourhoods. Many of these experiences have occurred in nature, which resulted in nature being constructed as synonymous with danger, while children from the middle SES community did not perceive safety as a concern in their community. Thus evincing the nuances which exist in children's understandings. Although children's environments are inherently unsafe, an important finding was that nature positively influenced children's subjective well-being. Given the significant role that nature plays in influencing children's
subjective well-being, we advance children's environmental subjective well-being (ESWB) which merges the fields of environmental psychology and positive psychology which essentially have a shared goal of enhancing people's quality of life. 'Good places' for children should therefore give preference to children's safety in their neighbourhoods, as well as affording children opportunities for engagement in natural spaces which enhances their subjective well-being and life satisfaction. The study points to the need for environmental education in the formal and informal spaces which children inhabit, to foster an intrinsic care for nature.<br>National Research Foundation
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Sechel, Cristina. "Essays on the measurement of Subjective Well-Being across countries." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12505/.
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The use of Subjective Well-Being (SWB) data in Economics is growing rapidly. Although traditionally marginalized due to their subjective nature, several studies provide convincing evidence that SWB data are reliable and valid sources of well-being information, and can provide supplementary information to that obtained from standard objective indicators of well-being. The overarching aims of this thesis are to gain a deeper understanding of how SWB data can best be used to measure national SWB, and to explore the properties of life satisfaction data. This thesis proposes a new measure of national SWB, designed for use with high-resolution SWB scales. The proposed measure is defined as the ‘share of satisfied individuals’ and is constructed using reported life satisfaction data from the World Values Survey and the European Values Survey. It is argued that this headcount measure is better suited for use with SWB data, which are bounded, ordinal, and arbitrary. ‘Satisfied’ individuals are identified using a data-driven approach based on an observed data-cliff in reported life satisfaction, and motivated by cognitive dissonance theory. The proposed theory suggests that the observed data-cliff indicates individuals’ reluctance to report below satisfaction level 5 (on a scale of 1-10). Regression analysis is used to explore the relationship between national life satisfaction and objective indicators of development. An important result is that the proportion of satisfied individuals is found to be strongly associated with social indicators of well-being (i.e. life expectancy and education measures) but not significantly associated with per capita Gross National Income. This thesis also attempts to identify the driving factors behind the observed data-cliff. Individual-level multivariate analysis reveals that individuals are reluctant to report below satisfaction level 5 in response to a reduction in income, dropping trust levels, and failing health; but changes in employment and marital status tend to overcome this reluctance.
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Sihver, William, and Aso Qader. "Economic Development and Subjective Well-Being : Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228745.
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This thesis within Industrial Economics and Applied Mathematics investigates the relationship between economic development and subjective well-being. The Easterlin Paradox, originally stated by Richard Easterlin in 1974, is reassessed by utilizing cross-sectional and time series data. A simple regression model is applied, using average happiness within a country as dependent variable, and gross national product per capita as regressor. In addition, an extensive study of previous research is conducted, focusing on reliability of data and earlier methodologies. The Easterlin Paradox is confirmed to still be valid when analyzing the United States over the time period 1972{2016, and 140 of the countries across the world 2012.<br>Det här kandidatexamensarbetet inom Industriell Ekonomi och Tillämpad Matematik undersöker relationen mellan ekonomisk utveckling och subjektivt välmående. Easterlinparadoxen, ursprungligen fastställd av Richard Easterlin 1974, omprövas med hjälp av tvärsnitts- och tidsseriedata. En enkel linjär regressionsmodell appliceras med genomsnittlig lycka i ett land som beroende variabel och bruttonationalprodukt per capita som oberoende variabel. Dessutom utförs en omfattande studie av tidigare forskning med fokus på tillförlitlighet av data samt tidigare metodologier. Easterlinparadoxen bekräftas fortfarande gälla vid analys av USA over tidsperioden 1972-2016, och 140 av världens länder år 2012.