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1

Trombetta, Claudia Maria, Otfried Kistner, Emanuele Montomoli, Simonetta Viviani, and Serena Marchi. "Influenza Viruses and Vaccines: The Role of Vaccine Effectiveness Studies for Evaluation of the Benefits of Influenza Vaccines." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050714.

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Influenza is a vaccine preventable disease and vaccination remains the most effective method of controlling the morbidity and mortality of seasonal influenza, especially with respect to risk groups. To date, three types of influenza vaccines have been licensed: inactivated, live-attenuated, and recombinant haemagglutinin vaccines. Effectiveness studies allow an assessment of the positive effects of influenza vaccines in the field. The effectiveness of current influenza is suboptimal, being estimated as 40% to 60% when the vaccines strains are antigenically well-matched with the circulating vir
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Helena De Oliveira, Lucia, Barbara Jauregui, Ana Flavia Carvalho, and Norberto Giglio. "Impact and effectiveness of meningococcal vaccines: a review." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 41 (December 20, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2017.158.

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Objectives.To summarize and critically evaluate the evidence on the impact and effectiveness of meningococcal vaccination programs around the world in order to inform decisionmaking in Latin America and the Caribbean.Methods.A review of the literature was conducted following several components of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed Central® was searched for papers published in any language from January 1999 – March 2017.Results.In all, 32 studies were included, most of which evaluated the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine. Fourteen studies
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3

Pálinkás, Anita, and János Sándor. "Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination in Preventing All-Cause Mortality among Adults during the Third Wave of the Epidemic in Hungary: Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study." Vaccines 10, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071009.

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Our investigation aimed to describe the all-cause mortality rates by COVID-19 vaccination groups in Hungary for an epidemic period (1 April 2021–20 June 2021) and a nonepidemic period (21 June 2021–15 August 2021), and to determine the vaccines’ effectiveness in preventing all-cause mortality utilizing nonepidemic effectiveness measures to adjust for the healthy vaccinee effect (HVE). Sociodemographic status, comorbidity, primary care structural characteristics, and HVE-adjusted survival difference between fully vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts in the epidemic period had been computed by Co
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Kamolratanakul, Supitcha, and Punnee Pitisuttithum. "Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Efficacy and Effectiveness against Cancer." Vaccines 9, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121413.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection, with 15 HPV types related to cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, penile, vulvar, and vaginal cancers. However, cervical cancer remains one of the most common cancers in women, especially in developing countries. Three HPV vaccines have been licensed: bivalent (Cervarix, GSK, Rixensart, Belgium), quadrivalent (Merck, Sharp & Dome (Merck & Co, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA)), and nonavalent (Merck, Sharp & Dome (Merck & Co, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA)). The current HPV vaccine recommendations apply to 9 years
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5

Izurieta, Hector S., Yoganand Chillarige, Jeffrey Kelman, Yuqin Wei, Yun Lu, Wenjie Xu, Michael Lu, et al. "Relative Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines Among the United States Elderly, 2018–2019." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa080.

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Abstract Background Studies among individuals ages ≥65 years have found a moderately higher relative vaccine effectiveness (RVE) for the high-dose (HD) influenza vaccine compared with standard-dose (SD) products for most seasons. Studies during the A(H3N2)-dominated 2017–2018 season showed slightly higher RVE for the cell-cultured vaccine compared with SD egg-based vaccines. We investigated the RVE of influenza vaccines among Medicare beneficiaries ages ≥65 years during the 2018–2019 season. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study using inverse probability of treatment weighting and Poiss
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Diogo José Horst and Charles Adriano Duvoisin. "The doubtful effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 15, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.15.2.0132.

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A COVID-19 pandemic has erupted around the world. World Health Organization (WHO) and allies are racing to create and deploy safe and effective vaccines as they work together to monitor the pandemic, advise on crucial measures, and distribute essential medical resources to those in need. Vaccines save millions of lives, by training the body's natural defenses, the immune system, to identify and combat the viruses and bacteria they are intended to combat. This review article presents the status of COVID-19 vaccines evaluated by the WHO Emergency Use Listing (EUL) assessment process and those li
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7

Knight-Jones, T. J. D., K. Edmond, S. Gubbins, and D. J. Paton. "Veterinary and human vaccine evaluation methods." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1784 (June 7, 2014): 20132839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2839.

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Despite the universal importance of vaccines, approaches to human and veterinary vaccine evaluation differ markedly. For human vaccines, vaccine efficacy is the proportion of vaccinated individuals protected by the vaccine against a defined outcome under ideal conditions, whereas for veterinary vaccines the term is used for a range of measures of vaccine protection. The evaluation of vaccine effectiveness , vaccine protection assessed under routine programme conditions, is largely limited to human vaccines. Challenge studies under controlled conditions and sero-conversion studies are widely us
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Stöckli, Sabrina, Anna Katharina Spälti, Joseph Phillips, Florian Stoeckel, Matthew Barnfield, Jack Thompson, Benjamin Lyons, Vittorio Mérola, Paula Szewach, and Jason Reifler. "Which vaccine attributes foster vaccine uptake? A cross-country conjoint experiment." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 4, 2022): e0266003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266003.

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Why do people prefer one particular COVID-19 vaccine over another? We conducted a pre-registered conjoint experiment (n = 5,432) in France, Germany, and Sweden in which respondents rated the favorability of and chose between pairs of hypothetical COVID-19 vaccines. Differences in effectiveness and the prevalence of side-effects had the largest effects on vaccine preferences. Factors with smaller effects include country of origin (respondents are less favorable to vaccines of Chinese and Russian origin), and vaccine technology (respondents exhibited a small preference for hypothetical mRNA vacc
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9

Erofeeva, M. K., M. A. Stukova, E. V. Shakhlanskaya, Zh V. Buzitskaya, V. L. Maksakova, T. I. Krainova, M. M. Pisareva, A. B. Popov, M. G. Pozdnjakova, and D. A. Lioznov. "Evaluation of the Preventive Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines in the Epidemic Season 2019–2020 in St. Petersburg." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 20, no. 5 (November 5, 2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-5-52-60-52-60.

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Background. The vaccine is the best available instrument to prevent influenza and reduce the risks of major disease complications and mortality. The vaccine effectiveness during the influenza season depends on a number of factors: (1) a person vaccinated (their age and health status); (2) the vaccine formulation; (3) types and subtypes of the circulating viruses; (4) vaccination timeline, as the immune response fades over time. An influenza vaccine can yield different effectiveness in people who have been infected or vaccinated previously and in those who have not been yet exposed to the circu
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10

Rajaram, Sankarasubramanian, Constantina Boikos, Daniele K. Gelone, and Ashesh Gandhi. "Influenza vaccines: the potential benefits of cell-culture isolation and manufacturing." Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy 8 (January 2020): 251513552090812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515135520908121.

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Influenza continues to cause severe illness in millions and deaths in hundreds of thousands annually. Vaccines are used to prevent influenza outbreaks, however, the influenza virus mutates and annual vaccination is required for optimal protection. Vaccine effectiveness is also affected by other potential factors such as the human immune system, a mismatch with the chosen candidate virus, and egg adaptation associated with egg-based vaccine production. This article reviews the influenza vaccine development process and describes the implications of the changes to the cell-culture process and vac
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11

Nsanzimana, Sabin, Alind Gupta, Jean Paul Uwizihiwe, Jonas Haggstrom, Louis Dron, Paul Arora, and Jay J. H. Park. "The Need for a Practical Approach to Evaluate the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines for Low- and Middle-Income Countries." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 561–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0482.

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ABSTRACT. The global demand for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines currently far outweighs the available global supply and manufacturing capacity. As a result, securing doses of vaccines for low- and middle-income countries has been challenging, particularly for African countries. Clinical trial investigation for COVID-19 vaccines has been rare in Africa, with the only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for COVID-19 vaccines having been conducted in South Africa. In addition to addressing the current inequities in the vaccine roll-out for low- and middle-income countries, there is a n
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12

Amado Xavier de Oliveira, Ana Cecilia, Isabella Fernandes Delgado, and Francisco José Roma Paumgartten. "On the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines, certainties and uncertainties." Vigilância Sanitária em Debate: Sociedade, Ciência & Tecnologia 9, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22239/2317-269x.01881.

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Introduction: The COVID-19 vaccines in use (inactivaded virus, encapsulated m-RNA, non-replicating adenovirus-vectored DNA) were clinically tested in randomized placebocontrolled phase-3 studies. Objective: To address certainties and uncertainties about safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines that were approved for use in various countries. Method: The evidence provided by clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines was critically appraised. Results: COVID-19 vaccines proved to be efficacious and safe in clinical trials. Adverse events were mostly those of minor seve
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13

Varghese, Tintu, Gagandeep Kang, and Andrew Duncan Steele. "Understanding Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy and Effectiveness in Countries with High Child Mortality." Vaccines 10, no. 3 (February 23, 2022): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030346.

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Rotavirus claims thousands of lives of children globally every year with a disproportionately high burden in low- and lower-middle income countries where access to health care is limited. Oral, live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines have been evaluated in multiple settings in both low- and high-income populations and have been shown to be safe and efficacious. However, the vaccine efficacy observed in low-income settings with high rotavirus and diarrheal mortality was significantly lower than that seen in high-income populations where rotavirus mortality is less common. Rotavirus vaccines have bee
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14

Liu, Chuyao, Aiyun Lu, and Xiaoyu Wu. "COVID-19 Vaccine Comparison: How to Choose the Best Suiting Vaccine for Different Needs." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 03080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129203080.

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Varied measurements have been developed to solve the COVID-19 pandemic, and one of the best ways is vaccines. This paper aims to compare different kinds of vaccines and help people or countries to choose the best suitable vaccine needs based on their different needs. It provides a broader and more detailed analysis of variant vaccines on different levels. In the sequence of technology maturity, inactivated vaccines including CoronaVac, BBIBP-CorV vaccine, and WIBP-CorV vaccine, viral-based vector vaccines including AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine and Johnson & Johnson’s COVID-19 vaccine, and
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15

Folorunso, Olufemi Samuel, and Olihile M. Sebolai. "Overview of the Development, Impacts, and Challenges of Live-Attenuated Oral Rotavirus Vaccines." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (June 27, 2020): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030341.

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Safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness are paramount to vaccine development. Following the isolation of rotavirus particles in 1969 and its evidence as an aetiology of severe dehydrating diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide, the quest to find not only an acceptable and reliable but cost-effective vaccine has continued until now. Four live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines (LAORoVs) (Rotarix®, RotaTeq®, Rotavac®, and RotaSIIL®) have been developed and licensed to be used against all forms of rotavirus-associated infection. The efficacy of these vaccines is more obvious in the hi
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16

Khandker, Shahad Saif, Brian Godman, Md Irfan Jawad, Bushra Ayat Meghla, Taslima Akter Tisha, Mohib Ullah Khondoker, Md Ahsanul Haq, et al. "A Systematic Review on COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies, Their Effectiveness, and Issues." Vaccines 9, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121387.

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COVID-19 vaccines are indispensable, with the number of cases and mortality still rising, and currently no medicines are routinely available for reducing morbidity and mortality, apart from dexamethasone, although others are being trialed and launched. To date, only a limited number of vaccines have been given emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. There is a need to systematically review the existing vaccine candidates and investigate their safety, efficacy, immunogenicity, unwanted events, and limitations. The review was undertak
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Sabin, A. "Effectiveness of AIDS vaccines." Science 251, no. 4998 (March 8, 1991): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2015033.

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Naranbhai, Vivek, Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran, Christina C. Chang, Cristhian Berrios Mairena, Julia C. Thierauf, Grace Kirkpatrick, Maristela L. Onozato, et al. "Comparative Immunogenicity and Effectiveness of mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 Vaccines." Journal of Infectious Diseases 225, no. 7 (December 9, 2021): 1141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab593.

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Abstract Background Understanding immunogenicity and effectiveness of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is critical to guide rational use. Methods We compared the immunogenicity of mRNA-1273, BNT-162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S in healthy ambulatory adults. We performed an inverse-variance meta-analysis of population-level effectiveness from public health reports in > 40 million individuals. Results A single dose of either mRNA vaccine yielded comparable antibody and neutralization titers to convalescent individuals. Ad26.COV2.S yielded lower antibody concentr
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19

Christensen, Hannah, Hareth Al-Janabi, Pierre Levy, Maarten J. Postma, David E. Bloom, Paolo Landa, Oliver Damm, et al. "Economic evaluation of meningococcal vaccines: considerations for the future." European Journal of Health Economics 21, no. 2 (November 21, 2019): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-019-01129-z.

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AbstractIn 2018, a panel of health economics and meningococcal disease experts convened to review methodologies, frameworks, and decision-making processes for economic evaluations of vaccines, with a focus on evaluation of vaccines targeting invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). The panel discussed vaccine evaluation methods across countries; IMD prevention benefits that are well quantified using current methods, not well quantified, or missing in current cost-effectiveness methodologies; and development of recommendations for future evaluation methods. Consensus was reached on a number of poi
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20

Vijayalakshmi, S., K. Manivannane, and N. Malarvizhi. "Efficacy of Vaccine and Administration of Vaccine for all the Individuals against SARS-CoV-19 and the Variants." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 9, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v9i2.4384.

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The efficacy of different designed drug for SARS-CoV-2 has been much of debate from the approval and till date after roll out. The data released from WHO, CDC, PHE and ICMR is used to analysis and compare the effectiveness of the UK and Indian made vaccine. The mentioned vaccine differs in raw material and fall under different category in preparation. The immune response of various vaccines over the mutant strains was assessed from the data of public domain. Attempt was made to correlate the effectiveness, mechanism of triggering antibodies and age factor for vaccination based on the vaccine t
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Cho, Hyun-Il, Young-Ran Lee та Esteban Celis. "Interferon γ limits the effectiveness of melanoma peptide vaccines". Blood 117, № 1 (6 січня 2011): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-08-298117.

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Abstract The development of effective therapeutic vaccines to generate tumor-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) continues to be a top research priority. However, in spite of some promising results, there are no clear examples of vaccines that eradicate established tumors. Most vaccines are ineffective because they generate low numbers of CTLs and because numerous immunosuppressive factors abound in tumor-bearing hosts. We designed a peptide vaccine that produces large numbers of tumor-reactive CTLs in a mouse model of melanoma. Surprisingly, CTL tumor recognition and antitumor effects dec
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Thiele, Sonja, Aljona Borschewski, Judit Küchler, Marc Bieberbach, Sebastian Voigt, and Bernhard Ehlers. "Molecular Analysis of Varicella Vaccines and Varicella-Zoster Virus from Vaccine-Related Skin Lesions." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 7 (May 11, 2011): 1058–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05021-11.

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ABSTRACTTo prevent complications that might follow an infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the live attenuated Oka strain (V-Oka) is administered to children in many developed countries. Three vaccine brands (Varivax from Sanofi Pasteur MSD; Varilrix and Priorix-Tetra, both from Glaxo-Smith-Kline) are licensed in Germany and have been associated with both different degrees of vaccine effectiveness and adverse effects. To identify genetic variants in the vaccines that might contribute to rash-associated syndromes, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles of variants from the three
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23

Vaezi, Atefeh, and Alipasha Meysamie. "COVID-19 Vaccines Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: A Scenario for Iran." Vaccines 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010037.

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COVID-19 vaccines are supposed to be critical measure for ending the pandemic. Governments had to decide on the type of vaccine to provide for their population. In this decision-making process, cost-effectiveness analysis is considered a helpful tool. This study is a cost-effectiveness analysis utilized to calculate the incremental cost per averted disability-adjusted life year (DALY) by vaccination compared to no vaccination for different COVID-19 vaccines. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for a vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines was estimated at 6.2 to 121.2 USD to avert one D
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24

Gao, Hao, Qingting Zhao, Chuanlin Ning, Difan Guo, Jing Wu, and Lina Li. "Does the COVID-19 Vaccine Still Work That “Most of the Confirmed Cases Had Been Vaccinated”? A Content Analysis of Vaccine Effectiveness Discussion on Sina Weibo during the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Nanjing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 26, 2021): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010241.

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In July 2021, breakthrough cases were reported in the outbreak of COVID-19 in Nanjing, sparking concern and discussion about the vaccine’s effectiveness and becoming a trending topic on Sina Weibo. In order to explore public attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine and their emotional orientations, we collected 1542 posts under the trending topic through data mining. We set up four categories of attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines, and used a big data analysis tool to code and manually checked the coding results to complete the content analysis. The results showed that 45.14% of the Weibo posts
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Tomaszewski, Tre, Alex Morales, Ismini Lourentzou, Rachel Caskey, Bing Liu, Alan Schwartz, and Jessie Chin. "Identifying False Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Information and Corresponding Risk Perceptions From Twitter: Advanced Predictive Models." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): e30451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/30451.

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Background The vaccination uptake rates of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine remain low despite the fact that the effectiveness of HPV vaccines has been established for more than a decade. Vaccine hesitancy is in part due to false information about HPV vaccines on social media. Combating false HPV vaccine information is a reasonable step to addressing vaccine hesitancy. Objective Given the substantial harm of false HPV vaccine information, there is an urgent need to identify false social media messages before it goes viral. The goal of the study is to develop a systematic and generalizabl
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Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Mohammad Afshar Ali, Satyajit Kundu, Md Ashfikur Rahman, Joseph Kihika Kamara, and Andre M. N. Renzaho. "Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines against Delta Variant (B.1.617.2): A Meta-Analysis." Vaccines 10, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020277.

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Objectives: The highly transmissible COVID-19 Delta variant (DV) has contributed to a surge in cases and exacerbated the worldwide public health crisis. Several COVID-19 vaccines play a significant role in a high degree of protection against the DV. The primary purpose of this meta-analysis is to estimate the pooled effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines against the DV in terms of risk ratio (RR) among fully vaccinated, compared to unvaccinated populations. Methods: We carried out a systematic review, with meta-analysis of original studies focused on COVID-19 vaccines effectiveness against a D
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Fanelli, Angela, Luca Mantegazza, Saskia Hendrickx, and Ilaria Capua. "Thermostable Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine: State of the Art and Opportunities to Be Seized." Vaccines 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020245.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the weakness of the vaccine supply chain, and the lack of thermostable formulations is one of its major limitations. This study presents evidence from peer-reviewed literature on the development of thermostable vaccines for veterinary use. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate the immunogenicity and/or the efficacy/effectiveness of thermostable vaccines against infectious diseases. The selected studies (n = 78) assessed the vaccine’s heat stability under different temperature conditions and over different periods. Only one study
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Rizzo, Caterina, Francesco Gesualdo, Daniela Loconsole, Elisabetta Pandolfi, Antonino Bella, Andrea Orsi, Giulia Guarona, et al. "Moderate Vaccine Effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Caused by A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Virus and No Effectiveness against A(H3N2) Influenza Virus in the 2018/2019 Season in Italy." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (July 30, 2020): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030427.

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Every season, circulating influenza viruses change; therefore, vaccines must be reformulated each year. We aimed to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe influenza infection for the 2018/19 season in Italy. We conducted a test-negative design case-control study at five Italian hospitals. We estimated influenza VE against severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) requiring hospitalisation overall, and by virus subtype, vaccine brand, and age. The 2018/19 season was characterised by A(H1N1)pmd09 and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. Vaccine coverage among <18 years recruited SARI cases
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Baum, Ulrike, Sangita Kulathinal, Kari Auranen, and Hanna Nohynek. "Effectiveness of 2 Influenza Vaccines in Nationwide Cohorts of Finnish 2-Year-Old Children in the Seasons 2015–2016 Through 2017–2018." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 8 (January 19, 2020): e255-e261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa050.

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Abstract Background From 2015–2016 through 2017–2018, injectable, trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV3) and a nasal spray, tetravalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) were used in parallel in Finland. To understand how well vaccination with each vaccine type protected children against influenza under real-life conditions, vaccine effectiveness in 2-year-olds was estimated for all 3 seasons. Methods Each season, a nationwide register-based cohort study was conducted. The study population comprised 60 088, 60 860, and 60 345 children in 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018, re
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Lau, Chin Shern, and Tar Choon Aw. "Considerations in Understanding Vaccine Effectiveness." Vaccines 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010020.

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Although vaccine effectiveness reports are essential to assessing policies on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, several factors can affect our interpretation of the results. These include the waning of antibodies, the prevailing viral variants at the time of the study, and COVID-19 disease prevalence in the population. Disease prevalence significantly impacts absolute risk reduction and could skew expected efficacy when increased disease prevalence inflates the absolute risk reduction in the face of a constant relative risk reduction. These factors must be considered in the interpretation of vaccine eff
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Marra, Yasmin, and Fawziah Lalji. "Prevention of Herpes Zoster: A Focus on the Effectiveness and Safety of Herpes Zoster Vaccines." Viruses 14, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 2667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14122667.

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Infection with varicella zoster virus typically occurs in children and it can cause primary varicella infection or “chickenpox”, or it can reactivate later in life and cause herpes zoster or “shingles”. Herpes zoster mainly occurs in older adults, causing a reduction in activities of daily living, impacting quality of life, and may lead to serious complications, including chronic pain. Two vaccines are marketed to prevent herpes zoster: the live zoster vaccine and the non-live, recombinant zoster vaccine. The pre-licensure clinical trials show the efficacy of the live zoster vaccine to be betw
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Lu, Jia, Xiaosa Wen, Qi Guo, Mengdi Ji, Felicia Zhang, Abram L. Wagner, and Yihan Lu. "Sensitivity to COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and Safety in Shanghai, China." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050472.

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Several COVID-19 vaccines have been on the market since early 2021 and may vary in their effectiveness and safety. This study characterizes hesitancy about accepting COVID-19 vaccines among parents in Shanghai, China, and identifies how sensitive they are to changes in vaccine safety and effectiveness profiles. Schools in each township of Minhang District, Shanghai, were sampled, and parents in the WeChat group of each school were asked to participate in this cross-sectional Internet-based survey. Parents responded to questions about hesitancy and were given information about five different CO
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van den Berg, Jesse M., Sharon Remmelzwaal, Marieke T. Blom, Beryl A. C. E. van Hoek, Karin M. A. Swart, Jetty A. Overbeek, George L. Burchell, Ron M. C. Herings, and Petra J. M. Elders. "Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review." Vaccines 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010024.

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Persons with diabetes mellitus may have an increased risk of severe illness or death from COVID-19 compared to persons without diabetes. Prior studies indicate that immune response and thus vaccine effectiveness might be lower in persons with diabetes. We aimed to systematically review the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in adults with diabetes. Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched for studies that evaluated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in adults with diabetes, published before 4 March 2022. Risk of bias in the included studies was evaluated using the
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Ndawula, Charles. "From Bench to Field: A Guide to Formulating and Evaluating Anti-Tick Vaccines Delving beyond Efficacy to Effectiveness." Vaccines 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101185.

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Ticks are ubiquitous blood-sucking ectoparasites capable of transmitting a wide range of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi to animals and humans. Although the use of chemicals (acaricides) is the predominant method of tick-control, there are increasing incidents of acaricide tick resistance. Furthermore, there are concerns over accumulation of acaricide residues in meat, milk and in the environment. Therefore, alternative methods of tick-control have been proposed, of which anti-tick cattle vaccination is regarded as sustainable and user-friendly. Over the years, tremend
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George, Gavin, Michael Strauss, Emma Lansdell, Nisha Nadesan-Reddy, Nomfundo Moroe, Tarylee Reddy, Ingrid Eshun-Wilsonova, and Mosa Moshabela. "South African University Staff and Students’ Perspectives, Preferences, and Drivers of Hesitancy Regarding COVID-19 Vaccines: A Multi-Methods Study." Vaccines 10, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): 1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081250.

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COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy poses a threat to the success of vaccination programmes currently being implemented. Concerns regarding vaccine effectiveness and vaccine-related adverse events are potential barriers to vaccination; however, it remains unclear whether tailored messaging and vaccination programmes can influence uptake. Understanding the preferences of key groups, including students, could guide the implementation of youth-targeted COVID-19 vaccination programmes, ensuring optimal uptake. This study examined university staff and students’ perspectives, preferences, and drivers of hesi
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Rockman, Steven, Karen Laurie, Chi Ong, Sankarasubramanian Rajaram, Ian McGovern, Vy Tran, and John Youhanna. "Cell-Based Manufacturing Technology Increases Antigenic Match of Influenza Vaccine and Results in Improved Effectiveness." Vaccines 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010052.

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To ensure that vaccination offers the best protection against an infectious disease, sequence identity between the vaccine and the circulating strain is paramount. During replication of nucleic acid, random mutations occur due to the level of polymerase fidelity. In traditional influenza vaccine manufacture, vaccine viruses are propagated in fertilized chicken eggs, which can result in egg-adaptive mutations in the antigen-encoding genes. Whilst this improves infection and replication in eggs, mutations may reduce the effectiveness of egg-based influenza vaccines against circulating human viru
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Nugroho, Setiyo Adi, and Indra Nur Hidayat. "Efektivitas Dan Keamanan Vaksin Covid-19 : Studi Refrensi." Jurnal Keperawatan Profesional 9, no. 2 (August 18, 2021): 61–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33650/jkp.v9i2.2767.

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Various strategies and development of the Covid-19 vaccine have been carried out for the control of the Covid-19 pandemic. Various vaccines have undergone clinical trials with promising results in various countries. The effectiveness and safety and short- and long-term side effects of vaccines are a major concern in clinical trials in these strategies and developments. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out the effectiveness and safety of the Covid-19 vaccine so that it can inform and increase public confidence in the Covid-19 vaccine through a reference study approach. Method: The
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Markelova, E. V., S. V. Knysh, and M. P. Kostinov. "Vaccination against COVID-19 Patients with Allergic Diseases. The Position of the Allergologist-Immunologist. Literature review." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 21, no. 2 (May 11, 2022): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2022-21-2-91-97.

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Relevance. Currently, the development of vaccines against COVID-19, their clinical trials are actively continuing, and the effectiveness of the vaccines used is being analyzed. A very important issue will be how and when to vaccinate patients with various chronic diseases, what are the relative and absolute contraindications for vaccination, how various diseases can affect the effectiveness of vaccination.Aims. To present an overview of the most significant published materials on the issue of vaccination against COVID19 patients with allergic diseases, as well as the likelihood of developing a
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Pizza, Mariagrazia, Rafik Bekkat-Berkani, and Rino Rappuoli. "Vaccines against Meningococcal Diseases." Microorganisms 8, no. 10 (October 3, 2020): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101521.

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Neisseria meningitidis is the main cause of meningitis and sepsis, potentially life-threatening conditions. Thanks to advancements in vaccine development, vaccines are now available for five out of six meningococcal disease-causing serogroups (A, B, C, W, and Y). Vaccination programs with monovalent meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) conjugate vaccines in Europe have successfully decreased MenC disease and carriage. The use of a monovalent MenA conjugate vaccine in the African meningitis belt has led to a near elimination of MenA disease. Due to the emergence of non-vaccine serogroups, recommend
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Alamer, Edrous, Faisal Hakami, Sulaiman Hamdi, Afnan Alamer, Mohammed Awaf, Hussam Darraj, Yumna Abutalib, et al. "Knowledge, Attitudes and Perception toward COVID-19 Vaccines among Adults in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia." Vaccines 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111259.

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Background: Saudi Arabia is one of the countries that initiated early vaccination programs despite the global challenges concerning the availability of COVID-19 vaccines. Massive vaccination campaigns have been undertaken in the country; however, negative perception and hesitancy toward vaccines may exist which could reduce public response to vaccination. Further, studies evaluating the current perception and attitude toward COVID-19 vaccines are scarce. Thus, this study aims to assess the community attitudes and perceptions toward COVID-19 vaccines in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A
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Mentzer, Alexander J., Daniel O'Connor, Andrew J. Pollard, and Adrian V. S. Hill. "Searching for the human genetic factors standing in the way of universally effective vaccines." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1671 (June 19, 2015): 20140341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0341.

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Vaccines have revolutionized modern public health. The effectiveness of some vaccines is limited by the variation in response observed between individuals and across populations. There is compelling evidence that a significant proportion of this variability can be attributed to human genetic variation, especially for those vaccines administered in early life. Identifying and understanding the determinants of this variation could have a far-reaching influence upon future methods of vaccine design and deployment. In this review, we summarize the genetic studies that have been undertaken attempti
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Costantino, Claudio, Alessandra Casuccio, and Vincenzo Restivo. "Vaccination and Vaccine Effectiveness: A Commentary of Special Issue Editors." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030545.

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The Special Issue “Vaccination and Vaccine Effectiveness”, published in the journal Vaccines, has the main aim to increase international literature data on vaccine effectiveness and safety and on vaccination strategies in order to reduce vaccine hesitancy and improve vaccination coverage rates. The main topics included in the call for papers were vaccines administered to infants, adolescents, adults, elderly people, at-risk populations (due to comorbidities and personal risk factors) and healthcare workers and strategies adopted to promote vaccination adherence among these categories. This Spe
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&NA;. "Pneumococcal vaccines: effectiveness in adults." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1297 (July 2001): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200112970-00008.

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Walker, Damian, and Richard Rheingans. "Cost–effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines." Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 5, no. 5 (October 2005): 593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737167.5.5.593.

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Kaur, Upinder, Sapna Bala, Aditi Joshi, Noti Taruni Srija Reddy, Chetan Japur, Mayank Chauhan, Nikitha Pedapanga, et al. "Persistent Health Issues, Adverse Events, and Effectiveness of Vaccines during the Second Wave of COVID-19: A Cohort Study from a Tertiary Hospital in North India." Vaccines 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071153.

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Background There is paucity of real-world data on COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness from cohort designs. Variable vaccine performance has been observed in test-negative case-control designs. There is also scarce real-world data of health issues in individuals receiving vaccines after prior COVID-19, and of adverse events of significant concern (AESCs) in the vaccinated. Methods: A cohort study was conducted from July 2021 to December 2021 in a tertiary hospital of North India. The primary outcome was vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 during the second wave in India. Secondary outcomes were A
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Drácz, Bálint, Veronika Müller, István Takács, Krisztina Hagymási, Elek Dinya, Pál Miheller, Attila Szijártó, and Klára Werling. "Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination with mRNA Vaccines for Patients with Cirrhosis in Hungary: Multicentre Matched Cohort Study." Vaccines 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010050.

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Patients with cirrhosis are vulnerable to hepatic decompensation events and death following COVID-19 infection. Therefore, primary vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines is fundamental to reducing the risk of COVID-19 related deaths in patients with cirrhosis. However, limited data are available about the effectiveness of mRNA vaccines compared to other vaccines. The aim of our study was to investigate the efficacy of mRNA vaccines versus other vaccines in cirrhosis. In this retrospective study, we compared clinical characteristics and vaccine effectiveness of 399 COVID-19 patients without cirrhos
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Lisitskaya, L. A., A. V. Kolesnikov, A. V. Kozyr, I. G. Shemyakin, A. K. Ryabko, O. N. Krasavtseva, and LA Dyatlov. "PROTEINS AND OTHER CARRIERS FOR CREATION OF CONJUGATED VACCINES: PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology, no. 4 (August 28, 2016): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2016-4-115-124.

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Vaccination is a key element in prophylaxis of infectious diseases. Effective vaccines based on polysaccharide capsules were developed for a number of microorganisms. Effectiveness of polysaccharides as antigens, however, is low in the main risk groups - infants and patients with immunedeficiency conditions. Use of polysaccharide antigens conjugated with protein carriers as vaccines became a principal step forward. Though use of carriers became a breakthrough for vaccine effectiveness increase, mechanisms of interaction of proteins and carbohydrate components of the vaccines in T-cell immune r
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Wen, Frank, Sidney Bell, Trevor Bedford, and Sarah Cobey. "Estimating Vaccine-Driven Selection in Seasonal Influenza." Viruses 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10090509.

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Vaccination could be an evolutionary pressure on seasonal influenza if vaccines reduce the transmission rates of some (“targeted”) strains more than others. In theory, more vaccinated populations should have a lower prevalence of targeted strains compared to less vaccinated populations. We tested for vaccine-induced selection in influenza by comparing strain frequencies between more and less vaccinated human populations. We defined strains in three ways: first as influenza types and subtypes, next as lineages of type B, and finally as clades of influenza A/H3N2. We detected spatial differences
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Greener, Mark. "Influenza vaccines: an introduction." Practice Nursing 34, Sup1 (January 2, 2023): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2023.34.sup1.s10.

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Seasonal influenza is a leading cause of severe respiratory infections and deaths. During an influenza infection, the immune system produces inflammatory mediators, which are largely responsible for the systemic symptoms and complications. Vaccines remain the most effective way to prevent influenza-related respiratory disease and non-respiratory complications despite antivirals. Numerous studies support the benefits of influenza vaccination, especially in high-risk groups. However, the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine varies markedly depending on the match between the circulating strains
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Ma, Yirui, Jie Deng, Qiao Liu, Min Du, Min Liu, and Jue Liu. "Effectiveness and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccine among Pregnant Women in Real-World Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Vaccines 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2022): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020246.

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We aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines for pregnant women in real-world studies. We searched for observational studies about the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines among vaccinated pregnant women from inception to 6 November 2021. A total of 6 studies were included. We found that vaccination prevented pregnant women from SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR = 0.50, 95% CI, 0.35–0.79) and COVID-19-related hospitalization (OR = 0.50, 95% CI, 0.31–0.82). Messenger-RNA vaccines could reduce the risk of infection in pregnant women (OR = 0.13,
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