Artigos de revistas: "Valence"

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Bosi, Ferdinando. "Bond valence at mixed occupancy sites. I. Regular polyhedra". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 70, n.º 5 (1 de outubro de 2014): 864–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520614017855.

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Bond valence sum calculations at mixed occupancy sites show the occurrence of systematic errors leading to apparent violations of the Valence Sum Rule (bond valence theory) in regular and unstrained bonding environments. The systematic deviation of the bond valence from the expected value is observed in the long-range structure, and is discussed from geometric and algebraic viewpoints. In the valence–length diagram, such a deviation arises from discrepancies between the intersection points of the long-range bond valences and the theoretical bond valences with the valence–length curves of involved cations. Three factors cause systematic errors in the bond valences: difference in atomic valences, bond valence parametersRi(the length of a bond of unit valence) and bond valence parametersbi(the bond softness) between the involved cations over the same crystallographic site. One important consequence strictly related to the systematic errors is that they lead to erroneous bond strain values for mixed occupancy sites indicating underbonding or overbonding that actually does not exist.

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Худайбердиевна Мухамедова, Саодат, e Солихова Озода Сойибжоновна. "On medium valence in the uzbek language". SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, n.º 05 (20 de maio de 2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/9-13.

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This work examines the types of valence in the Uzbek language. The verb - predicate, on the basis of its valence, at the request of communication, accepts its actants, realizing the semes that make up its semantics. An actant of a certain valency is considered a specific member of the sentence. Thus, valency is the intersection of grammar and vocabulary, syntax and semantics. It is for this reason that it is considered from two points of view, studied by dividing it into two types: semantic valence and syntactic valence. But in the Uzbek language there are other types of valence, for the Uzbek language, being an agglutinative language, like other Turkic languages, has a peculiar structure and semantics. Key words: valency, semantics, compatibility, actant, predicate, sentence model, semantic valency, syntactic valency, valency of the grammatical form of a word, mediated valence

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Fauzi, Mohd, Hermansyah Hermansyah, Juswandi Juswandi e T. M. Sum. "VALENSI VERBA BAHASA MELAYU DIALEK PULAU PADANG KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN MERANTI". Jurnal Ilmu Budaya 19, n.º 1 (5 de agosto de 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jib.v19i1.10870.

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This study aimed to explain the valence of Malay verbs in the Akit dialect of Padang island, Regency of Kepulauan Meranti. The method used was qualitative descriptive. The data was collected using the equivalent method and the observation method. The data used were oral and collected using interviews, observation, and intuition methods. The data analysis was used to split, deletion, substitution, and expansion techniques. The results of the data analysis were explained using the informal method. The results showed that Malay people on this island used the Malay language daily. Accordingly, the valence of the verbs found in the conversations of the Malay people on the island of Padang was one valence of verbs, two valences of verbs, and three valences of verbs. Through the passivation process, the three kinds of valence of the verbs could be derived from two valences of verbs became one and from three valences of verbs became two. One-valence verbs were bound by only one argument. Verbs with two valences were bound by two arguments at once, while verbs with three valences were bound by three arguments, while the process of decreasing valence could be done by passivation.

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Brown, I. David. "On the valences of bonds in the oxycomplexes of Sn2+". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 65, n.º 6 (27 de outubro de 2009): 684–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768109034417.

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The differences between Wang and Liebau's [Wang & Liebau (2007). Acta Cryst. B63, 216–228] stoichiometric valence (atomic valence) and structural valence (bond-valence sum) observed in Sn2+ and other lone-pair cation oxycomplexes arises from their use of the Brese & O'Keeffe bond-valence parameters which are based on the assumption that the bond-valence parameter b = 0.37 Å applies to all bond types. According to the theory of the bond-valence model, the bond-valence sum is necessarily equal to the ionic charge, implying that in the Wang and Liebau model the ionic charges are equal to the structural valence. If charges are chosen equal to the stoichiometric valence, the bond-valence parameters for Sn2+—O bonds are R 0 = 1.859 Å, b = 0.55 Å. While both models are theoretically valid, only the standard model relates bond valences to the concept of atomic valence. Wang and Liebau's suggestion that cation–lone-pair bonds make a significant contribution to the valence sums is confirmed, but such bonds cannot account for the full difference between the stoichiometric and structural valences because they are present in only a few compounds.

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Febrer Romaguera, Manuel Vicent. "Las servidumbres prediales en el Derecho foral valenciano medieval". Anuario de Estudios Medievales 25, n.º 1 (2 de abril de 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/aem.1995.v25.i1.923.

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Les Furs Valence furent le droit en vigueur à l'ancien règne de Valencie pendant l’époque apcellée “foral” (1238-1707). De toute cette legislation apellée “foral”, nous étudions ici dans nôtre article les servitudes agricoles comme une institution du droit agrarien qui réglait les relations entre fonds limitrophea à fin d'aider la protection del 'agriculture. La méthodologie employée dans nôtre étude consiste en l'analyse de la législation des Fun de Valence sur la matière des servitudes agricoles, tout completant cettes informations légals avec la documentation des archives, et la doctrine "classique" des commentateurs du droit romain (Baldo, Bartola ... ) et commentateurs des Furs de Valencia (Alabanya, Guillem Jáffer, Rabaces, Johan, Mascó, Bonifaci Ferrer, Belluga... ).

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Trzesowska, Agata, Rafal Kruszynski e Tadeusz J. Bartczak. "New lanthanide–nitrogen bond-valence parameters". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 61, n.º 4 (19 de julho de 2005): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768105016083.

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The bond-valence parameters (R ij ), which connect bond valences and bond lengths, have been computed for lanthanide–nitrogen bonds. It has been found that values of bond-valence parameters decrease with increasing lanthanide atomic number in coordination compounds, and that they are smaller than the R ij parameters of inorganic compounds. As expected, the lanthanide–nitrogen bond-valence parameters are larger than lanthanide–oxygen bond-valence parameters. There are no obvious dependencies between the number of N atoms in the coordination sphere and the bond-valence parameter value.

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Ristić, Irena, e Miloš Milošević. "POVEZANOST KREATIVNE PRODUKCIJE I EMOCIONALNOG DOŽIVLJAJA: POSTAJEMO LI KREATIVNIJI POSMATRAJUĆI NOVE NEPRIJATNE SLIKE?" Primenjena psihologija 10, n.º 3 (18 de setembro de 2017): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/pp.2017.3.335-353.

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U istraživanju se ispituje stepen i vrsta povezanosti između kreativnosti odgovora, različitih dimenzija emocionalnog doživljaja (valence i pobuđenosti), bliskosti sadržaja i vremena reakcije. Eksperiment je izveden uz učešće 38 studenata Fakulteta dramskih umetnosti iz Beograda, a za vizuelnu stimulaciju korišćena je IAPS baza (International Affective Picture System) iz koje je izabrano deset fotografija tako da je vrednost valence i pobuđenosti sistematski varirana. Ispitanicima su najpre izlagane izabrane fotografije i od njih je traženo da ocene koliko im je blizak njihov sadržaj. Nakon toga je preklapanjem deset izabranih fotografija napravljeno 25 superponiranih vizuelnih stimulusa koji su izlagani u drugoj sesiji kada je od ispitanika traženo da smisle najbolji naslov za svaki od njih, uz merenje vremena reakcije. Mera kreativnosti odgovora dobijena je izračunavanjem koeficijenta kreativnosti koji je namenski konstruisan za potrebe istraživanja. Rezultati regresione analize su pokazali da su valenca i vreme reakcije statistički značajni i vrlo dobri prediktori kreativnosti odgovora. Veza valence i kreativnosti je negativna, a vremena i kreativnosti je pozitivna. Analizom glavnih komponenti koja je uključivala pet varijabli (valencu, pobuđenost, bliskost sadržaja, kreativnost odgovora i vreme reakcije) dobijena su tri faktora, koji objašnjavaju ukupno 94.51% varijanse, od toga je dva visoko zasićena kreativnošću. Rezultati proširuju uvide o odnosu emocionalnog doživljaja i kreativne produkcije sugerišuću da se varijablama valence i vremena može objasniti njihova povezanost kao i da one leže u osnovi dva procesa koji čine kreativno mišljenje.

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Levy, Rachel S., e Spencer D. Kelly. "Emotion matters". Gesture 19, n.º 1 (31 de dezembro de 2020): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.19029.lev.

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Abstract Recent theories and neural models of co-speech gesture have extensively considered its cognitive role in language comprehension but have ignored the emotional function. We investigated the integration of speech and co-speech gestures in memory for verbal information with different emotional connotations (either positive, negative, or neutral). In a surprise cued-recall task, gesture boosted memory for speech with all three emotional valences. Interestingly, gesture was more likely to become integrated into memory of neutrally and positively valenced speech than negatively valenced speech. The results suggest that gesture-speech integration is modulated by emotional valence of speech, which has implications for the emotional function of gesture in language comprehension.

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Young, Kymberly D., Kristine Erickson e Wayne C. Drevets. "Match between Cue and Memory Valence during Autobiographical Memory Recall in Depression". Psychological Reports 111, n.º 1 (agosto de 2012): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/09.02.15.pr0.111.4.129-148.

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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with deficits in recalling specific autobiographical memories. The current study goal was to assess whether emotionally valenced cue words led to memories of similar emotional valence and whether this pattern differed between 12 unmedicated MDD and 14 healthy control participants. Both groups recalled autobiographical memories in response to positive, negative, and neutral cue words. Positive and neutral cues prompted recall of positive memories less often in the MDD group than in the controls. MDD participants recalled fewer specific and more categorical memories than controls; however, the proportion of specific memories didn't differ across memory valences. The MDD group had fewer specific memories in response to positive and neutral cues than the controls. These results suggest that the MDD participants may process positive stimuli differently than healthy controls and that their recall of specific autobiographical memories is impaired, regardless of the affective valence of those memories.

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Syrjänen, Elmeri, Håkan Fischer, Marco Tullio Liuzza, Torun Lindholm e Jonas K. Olofsson. "A Review of the Effects of Valenced Odors on Face Perception and Evaluation". i-Perception 12, n.º 2 (março de 2021): 204166952110095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211009552.

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How do valenced odors affect the perception and evaluation of facial expressions? We reviewed 25 studies published from 1989 to 2020 on cross-modal behavioral effects of odors on the perception of faces. The results indicate that odors may influence facial evaluations and classifications in several ways. Faces are rated as more arousing during simultaneous odor exposure, and the rated valence of faces is affected in the direction of the odor valence. For facial classification tasks, in general, valenced odors, whether pleasant or unpleasant, decrease facial emotion classification speed. The evidence for valence congruency effects was inconsistent. Some studies found that exposure to a valenced odor facilitates the processing of a similarly valenced facial expression. The results for facial evaluation were mirrored in classical conditioning studies, as faces conditioned with valenced odors were rated in the direction of the odor valence. However, the evidence of odor effects was inconsistent when the task was to classify faces. Furthermore, using a z-curve analysis, we found clear evidence for publication bias. Our recommendations for future research include greater consideration of individual differences in sensation and cognition, individual differences (e.g., differences in odor sensitivity related to age, gender, or culture), establishing standardized experimental assessments and stimuli, larger study samples, and embracing open research practices.

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Sleight, Arthur W. "Valency, valence degeneracy, ferroelectricity, and superconductivity". Progress in Solid State Chemistry 37, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2009): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2010.08.001.

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Larsson, Sven. "Mixed valence and superconductivity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, n.º 1862 (7 de setembro de 2007): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2138.

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Mixed-valence (MV) systems are referred to here as MV-2 and MV-3 depending on whether two or three consecutive valence states are involved. MV-3 systems range from systems with Hubbard U ≫0, corresponding to a single stable, intermediate valence state, and U ≪0, corresponding to stable alternating valences differing by two units. Experiments using inelastic neutron scattering or inelastic X-ray scattering show softening of breathing phonon modes in MV systems compared with related systems with a single valence. It is hypothesized that softening is due to coupling between potential energy surfaces, corresponding to differing localizations of the electron. As predicted, softening is larger in the delocalized case. A mechanism for superconductivity is suggested.

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Nalewajski, Roman F., Janusz Mrozek e Grzegorz Mazur. "Quantum chemical valence indices from the one-determinantal difference approach". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 74, n.º 6 (1 de junho de 1996): 1121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v96-126.

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The recently introduced quadratic (two-electron) valence indices, ionic and covalent, derived from the Hartree–Fock finite-difference approach, are applied to selected organic and inorganic molecules to demonstrate their utility in monitoring chemical bonding patterns in molecular systems. The indices are defined in terms of differerences between simultaneous probabilities of finding two electrons on specified atoms, calculated from the molecular and separated-atom-limit (SAL) wave functions, respectively, in the UHF approximation. The total quadratic valence number represents the overall number of chemical bonds in the system under consideration; it is interpreted as the molecular expectation value of the difference operator of the molecular and SAL density operators. This interpretation leads to a new set of ionic atomic and diatomic valence components; these modified valence numbers are discussed using the two-orbital model in the UHF scheme. A new procedure is proposed for dividing the one-center contributions to the bond valences; it generates effective bond orders in qood agreement with chemical expectations. The new valence quantities are tested on selected typical molecules and prototype hydrogen-bonded dimers. A more extensive study has been carried out on small-ring propellanes, to examine changes in bond valences between bridgehead atoms in selected systems. Key words: chemical valence: UHF difference approach; chemical bond: two-electron model; bond multiplicities; ionic/covalent bond components; propellanes: valence study.

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Rao, G. H., e I. D. Brown. "Determination of the Bonding and Valence Distribution in Inorganic Solids by the Maximum Entropy Method". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 54, n.º 3 (1 de junho de 1998): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768197013426.

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The distribution of valence among the bonds in the bond graph of an inorganic compound is used to calculate an `entropy'. We show that the distribution of valence that maximizes this entropy (ME) is similar, but not identical, to that obtained using the equal-valence rule (EVR) proposed by Brown [Acta Cryst. (1977), B33, 1305–1310]. Since the ME solutions are maximally non-committal with regard to missing information, they give better predictions of the observed valence distributions than the EVR solutions when lattice constraints or electronic anisotropies are present, but worse predictions when these effects are absent. Since valences calculated using ME are necessarily positive, they give significantly better predictions in cases where EVR predicts a negative bond valence. In the absence of electronic distortions the observed bond graph is either the graph with the highest maximum entropy or it has an entropy within 1% of this value. Since the entropy depends on the oxidation states of the atoms, compounds with the same stoichiometry and cation coordination numbers but different atomic valences may adopt different bond graphs and hence different structures.

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Trzesowska, Agata, Rafal Kruszynski e Tadeusz J. Bartczak. "New bond-valence parameters for lanthanides". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 60, n.º 2 (18 de março de 2004): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768104002678.

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The bond-valence method, especially the valence-sum rule, is very useful for checking if the structures formed by trivalent lanthanides are correct. In this work bond-valence parameters (R ij ), which connect bond valences and bond lengths, have been computed for a large number of bonds taken from the Cambridge Structural Database, Version 5.24 (2002) [Allen (2002). Acta Cryst. B58, 380–388]. The calculated values of bond-valence parameters for metal-organic compounds decrease with an increase in lanthanide atomic number; the R ij values are also smaller than bond-valence parameters calculated for inorganic compounds. A summary of bond-valence sums calculated for R ij given in this work and reported in the literature, and a functional correlation between lanthanide–oxygen distances and coordination number are presented.

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Gentsch, Kornelia, Ursula Beermann, Lingdan Wu, Stéphanie Trznadel e Klaus R. Scherer. "Temporal Unfolding of Micro-valences in Facial Expression Evoked by Visual, Auditory, and Olfactory Stimuli". Affective Science 1, n.º 4 (13 de novembro de 2020): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42761-020-00020-y.

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AbstractAppraisal theories suggest that valence appraisal should be differentiated into micro-valences, such as intrinsic pleasantness and goal-/need-related appraisals. In contrast to a macro-valence approach, this dissociation explains, among other things, the emergence of mixed or blended emotions. Here, we extend earlier research that showed that these valence types can be empirically dissociated. We examine the timing and the response patterns of these two micro-valences via measuring facial muscle activity changes (electromyography, EMG) over the brow and the cheek regions. In addition, we explore the effects of the sensory stimulus modality (vision, audition, and olfaction) on these patterns. The two micro-valences were manipulated in a social judgment task: first, intrinsic un/pleasantness (IP) was manipulated by exposing participants to appropriate stimuli presented in different sensory domains followed by a goal conduciveness/obstruction (GC) manipulation consisting of feedback on participants’ judgments that were congruent or incongruent with their task-related goal. The results show significantly different EMG responses and timing patterns for both types of micro-valence, confirming the prediction that they are independent, consecutive parts of the appraisal process. Moreover, the lack of interaction effects with the sensory stimulus modality suggests high generalizability of the underlying appraisal mechanisms across different perception channels.

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Brown, I. D. "VALENCE: a program for calculating bond valences". Journal of Applied Crystallography 29, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1996): 479–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188989600163x.

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Kleinsorge, Thomas. "Anticipation Selectively Enhances Interference Exerted by Pictures of Negative Valence". Experimental Psychology 56, n.º 4 (janeiro de 2009): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.228.

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Recent evidence suggests that anticipation of negatively valenced pictures strongly increases interference exerted by the actual presentation of these pictures, while anticipation of positively valenced pictures leaves the impact of the actual presentation of positive pictures unaffected. However, there is some ambiguity as to whether anticipation of negative valence generally increases the impact of all emotional stimuli, or whether the effect of anticipation is specific for stimuli of negative valence. In the present experiments, different anticipation conditions were contrasted that differed with respect to the specificity of the information on which anticipations could be based. The data show that all anticipation conditions that entailed the possibility of the presentation of unpleasant stimuli selectively enhanced the impact of negatively valenced stimuli without affecting the impact of positively valenced stimuli.

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Mauerer, Ingrid. "The Neglected Role and Variability of Party Intercepts in the Spatial Valence Approach". Political Analysis 28, n.º 3 (7 de janeiro de 2020): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2019.41.

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Empirical applications of the spatial theory of elections typically rely on the discrete choice framework to arrive at probabilistic voting models. Whereas in the classic model voter choice is solely a function of spatial proximity, neo-Downsian models also incorporate voter-specific nonpolicy attributes, which are represented by sociodemographic characteristics. One prominent line of such probabilistic models, Schofield’s Valence Model, additionally includes party valences into voter utility functions. The model rests on the estimated party intercepts to measure the valence advantages empirically. The party intercepts are ordered based on their values, and then this valence ranking is used further to predict equilibrium locations. The paper demonstrates that this measurement strategy does not provide unique results in fully specified models due to central properties of discrete choice models and the specific nature of party intercepts in these models. Drawing on a simple example based on mass election surveys from Germany, it is shown that the valence ranking, the crucial factor to investigate how valence differences affect the nature of spatial competition, is highly sensitive to arbitrary coding decisions. As a consequence, it is impossible to represent valence with the constants and to infer something substantial from the resulting valence ranking.

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Bandadi, Lahcen, Nadia Chamkal e Ahmed O. T. Ahami. "RATING OF THE VALENCE OF TWENTY NEGATIVES IMAGES FROM IAPS BY A SAMPLE OF MOROCCAN NURSE STUDENTS". Acta Neuropsychologica 18, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 2020): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4156.

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This study aims to rate twenty negative images from IAPS among a sample nurse students. We compare the mean valences between males and females and between participants from the final semester and participants from the first semester. The comparison of the mean valences values between the current study and the norm mean valence values from IAPS was established. null We tested 100 students from Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Technics of Health, Rabat, Morocco, were recruited. The panel valence from SAM was cued to evaluate the perceived pleasure and unpleased degree after exposing the different images from IAPS to the participants. The displeasure degree among nurse students from final semester is lower than that of the first semester with a significant difference in sixteen images. Regarding the difference between males and females, the significant difference was observed only in five images. The all images evaluated by participant were perceived as negative (valence <4). Regarding the comparison of the mean valences values between a the current study and the norm mean valence values from IAPS significant differences were observed. Nurse students from the final semester, compared to the first semester students, perceived the negative images assessed as less unpleasant. However, we noted that the all images have kept the negative aspect. These results show that these images can be used as a negative emotional stimulus among this population.

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Lee, Jeongeun, e Nicholas Cone. "Caregiving Appraisals and Emotional Valence: Buffering Effect of Activity Participation". Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1 de dezembro de 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.203.

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Abstract Caregiving activities often lead to positive and negative appraisal for caregivers. Caregivers may limit social participation due to caregiving activities. Changes in level of activity participation could have profound consequences for caregiver’s valence. However, little is known about how activity participation could moderate the association between these caregiving appraisals and emotional valence. Data came from the National Study of Caregiving (Round 1 and 2), a nationally representative study of caregivers. Referencing Lawton’s two-factor model (1990), we examined both the level and changes in activity restriction interacting with positive and negative caregiving appraisals to predict both valence across two waves. Consistent with two factor models, findings revealed level and changes in activity restriction moderated the relationship between caregiving appraisal and outcomes for both valences. These findings highlight the role of activity restriction as a target to reduce negative valence and improve positive valence for caregivers.

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Park, Heung Soo, Ki Hyun Yoon e Eung Soo Kim. "Effect of bond valence on microwave dielectric properties of (Pb1−xCax)(Mg0.33Ta0.67)O3 ceramics". Journal of Materials Research 16, n.º 3 (março de 2001): 817–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0091.

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The relationship between the dielectric properties of the complex perovskite (Pb1−xCax)(Mg0.33Ta0.67)O3 ceramics, where 0.45 ≤ × ≤ 0.60, and the dielectric polarizability, related to bond valences of A-site ions, was investigated at microwave frequencies. As the Ca content (x) increased, the deviation of the observed dielectric polarizabilities, calculated by the Clausius–Mosotti equation from the theoretical values calculated by the additivity rule of dielectric polarizability, decreased from −3% to −0.69%. It was found that this deviation was related to the bond valence of the A-site. Smaller negative deviation corresponded to the cations with lower bond valence, and larger negative deviation corresponded to the cations with higher bond valence. Also, the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (TCF) was affected by the bond valence of the A-site, and then TCF decreased with decreasing bond valence of the A-site in ABO3 perovskite compounds.

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Harcourt, Richard D. "Increased-Valence or Electronic Hypervalence for a Diatomic One-Electron Bond". Australian Journal of Chemistry 58, n.º 10 (2005): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch05180.

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With a and b as overlapping atomic orbitals to form the A–B bonding molecular orbital ψab = a + kb, it is deduced that for k ≠ 0, 1, or ∞, either the A atom or the B atom in the one-electron bond valence bond structure (A · B) exhibits increased-valence or electronic hypervalence, namely its valence exceeds unity. The result is illustrated using the results of STO-6G valence bond calculations for the one-electron bond of LiH+ and an excited state for H2CN. Valencies for the ground-states of H2+, H2, and H2− are also considered.

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Traniello, Ian M., Zhenqing Chen, Vikram A. Bagchi e Gene E. Robinson. "Valence of social information is encoded in different subpopulations of mushroom body Kenyon cells in the honeybee brain". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, n.º 1910 (11 de setembro de 2019): 20190901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0901.

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Over 600 Myr of evolutionary divergence between vertebrates and invertebrates is associated with considerable neuroanatomical variation both across and within these lineages. By contrast, valence encoding is an important behavioural trait that is evolutionarily conserved across vertebrates and invertebrates, and enables individuals to distinguish between positive (potentially beneficial) and negative (potentially harmful) situations. We tested the hypothesis that social interactions of positive and negative valence are modularly encoded in the honeybee brain (i.e. encoded in different cellular subpopulations) as in vertebrate brains. In vertebrates, neural activation patterns are distributed across distinct parts of the brain, suggesting that discrete circuits encode positive or negative stimuli. Evidence for this hypothesis would suggest a deep homology of neural organization between insects and vertebrates for valence encoding, despite vastly different brain sizes. Alternatively, overlapping localization of valenced social information in the brain would imply a ‘re-use' of circuitry in response to positive and negative social contexts, potentially to overcome the energetic constraints of a tiny brain. We used immediate early gene expression to map positively and negatively valenced social interactions in the brain of the western honeybee Apis mellifera . We found that the valence of a social signal is represented by distinct anatomical subregions of the mushroom bodies, an invertebrate sensory neuropil associated with social behaviour, multimodal sensory integration, learning and memory. Our results suggest that the modularization of valenced social information in the brain is a fundamental property of neuroanatomical organization.

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CLARK-FOOS, ARLO, GENE A. BREWER, RICHARD L. MARSH, J. THADEUS MEEKS e GABRIEL I. COOK. "The valence of event-based prospective memory cues or the context in which they occur affects their detection". American Journal of Psychology 122, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2009): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27784377.

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Abstract Event-based prospective memory tasks entail detecting cues or reminders in our environment related to previously established intentions. If they are detected at an opportune time, then the intention can be fulfilled. In Experiments 1a–1c, we gave people 3 different nonfocal intentions (e.g., respond to words denoting animals) and discovered that negatively valenced cues delivered the intention to mind less frequently than positively valenced cues. In Experiment 2, this effect was extended to valenced and neutral sentential contexts with convergent results that cues embedded in negatively valenced sentences evoked remembering the intention less often than in positive contexts. In addition, both classes of valence caused the intention to be forgotten more often than a more neutral context. We propose that valence has the ability to usurp attentional resources that otherwise would have supported successful prospective memory performance.

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Stevenson, Natasha, e Kun Guo. "Image Valence Modulates the Processing of Low-Resolution Affective Natural Scenes". Perception 49, n.º 10 (13 de setembro de 2020): 1057–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006620957213.

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In natural vision, noisy and distorted visual inputs often change our perceptual strategy in scene perception. However, it is unclear the extent to which the affective meaning embedded in the degraded natural scenes modulates our scene understanding and associated eye movements. In this eye-tracking experiment by presenting natural scene images with different categories and levels of emotional valence (high-positive, medium-positive, neutral/low-positive, medium-negative, and high-negative), we systematically investigated human participants’ perceptual sensitivity (image valence categorization and arousal rating) and image-viewing gaze behaviour to the changes of image resolution. Our analysis revealed that reducing image resolution led to decreased valence recognition and arousal rating, decreased number of fixations in image-viewing but increased individual fixation duration, and stronger central fixation bias. Furthermore, these distortion effects were modulated by the scene valence with less deterioration impact on the valence categorization of negatively valenced scenes and on the gaze behaviour in viewing of high emotionally charged (high-positive and high-negative) scenes. It seems that our visual system shows a valence-modulated susceptibility to the image distortions in scene perception.

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Guńka, Piotr A., e Janusz Zachara. "Towards a quantitative bond valence description of coordination spheres – the concepts of valence entropy and valence diversity coordination numbers". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 75, n.º 1 (24 de janeiro de 2019): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520618017833.

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Two novel definitions of chemical coordination numbers – valence entropy coordination number n VECN and valence diversity coordination number n VDCN – are proposed. Their originality stems from the fact that they are the first definitions based solely on bond valences. The expressions for them are derived from their definitions and their properties are studied. The unexpected close relationship of n VECN to Shannon entropy and n VDCN to diversity are revealed and the names of the new coordination numbers are taken therefrom. Finally, as an example, a study of arsenic(III) lone electron pair stereoactivity with respect to AsIII coordination number is carried out to demonstrate the usefulness and advantages of the new definitions as well as to compare them with the existing ones.

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Adams, Stefan. "Relationship between bond valence and bond softness of alkali halides and chalcogenides". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 57, n.º 3 (25 de maio de 2001): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768101003068.

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Established bond-valence parameter tables rely on the assumption that the bond-valence sum of a central atom is fully determined by interactions to atoms in its first coordination shell. In this work the influence of higher coordination shells is tested in detail for bonds between lithium and oxygen. It is demonstrated that the sum of the weak interactions with atoms of the second coordination shells significantly contributes to the valence sum and should therefore not be neglected. Since the independent refinement of the two parameters R 0 and b is hardly possible from the limited range of bond lengths occurring in the first coordination shell, the restriction of bond-valence sums to contributions from nearest neighbours implicated another far-reaching simplification: the postulation of a universally fixed value of the bond-valence parameter b which characterizes the shape of the bond-valence pseudopotential for the respective atom pair. However, recent more sophisticated applications of the bond-valence concept, e.g. to model ion-transport pathways in solid electrolytes, demand sensible estimates of the bond-valence sums for mobile ions not only at their equilibrium sites but also at interstitial sites and bottle-necks of transport pathways. Calculations of bond valences at these non-equilibrium sites require the knowledge of the actual shape of the bond-valence pseudopotential. A systematic route to a more realistic estimate of b for alkali halides and chalcogenides is developed in this work from an empirical correlation between b and the absolute softnesses of the interacting particles.

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Hudson, A. N., P. Whitney, J. M. Hinson, D. A. Hansen, H. Van Dongen e K. A. Honn. "0121 Effect of Total Sleep Deprivation on Word Recognition of Previously Studied Words with Different Emotional Valence". Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (abril de 2020): A48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.119.

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Abstract Introduction Stimuli with an emotional valence tend to produce better recognition from memory than neutral stimuli. Sleep loss is believed to increase reactivity to negative stimuli, as compared to positive stimuli, which may comparatively enhance subsequent recognition from memory for negative stimuli. We investigated the impact of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on recognition accuracy for words with different emotional valence using the Affective Item Source Memory Task (AISM). Methods N=14 adults (ages 21–39; 7 females) completed a 4-day in-laboratory study with 9h baseline sleep (22:00-07:00), 39h acute TSD, and 9h recovery sleep. The AISM was administered at 16:30 during baseline and after 34h TSD. During a 5min study phase, participants heard a list, twice, of 20 positive, 20 negative, and 20 neutral words spoken with a male or female voice. During an immediately subsequent 8min recognition phase, participants heard 120 words (50% new) and judged whether each word had been presented in the study list (item memory). For words judged to have been presented previously, participants indicated whether those were presented by a female or male speaker (source memory). Results Mixed-effects ANOVA showed effects of session (p<0.001) and valence (p<0.001) on item memory. At baseline, accuracy was greatest for neutral and positive words compared to negative words. During TSD, accuracy declined for all three valences, and no interaction of session by valence was detected. No effects of TSD or valence on source memory were observed. Conclusion Sleep deprivation reduced item memory for words of all valence types. However, there was no comparatively greater impact on item or source memory for negative words nor any differential effect of TSD for different valences. Whether our results would hold with longer time intervals between task phases or an intervening sleep period remains to be determined. Support Jazz Pharmaceuticals

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Wall, Edmund. "The Real Direction of Dancy’s Moral Particularism". Journal of Moral Philosophy 8, n.º 4 (2011): 587–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174552411x601076.

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Jonathan Dancy, who defends a version of moral particularism, is committed to the view that any feature or reason for action might, in logical terms, have a positive moral valence in one context, a negative moral valence in a different context, and no moral valence at all in yet another context. In my paper, I attempt to demonstrate that, despite the denial by Dancy that proposed grounding properties with invariant moral valences may play a foundational role in morality, his own approach toward moral reasoning unknowingly assumes such foundational grounding properties. I argue that Dancy’s moral particularism is unknowingly directed toward moral absolutism, and, in making that argument, uncover reasons, admittedly inconclusive, to favor an absolutist ethic.

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Sindhu, Raghubir Singh. "Teachers’ misconception concerning valence and valency in chemistry". Science Education International 32, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2021): 308–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33828/sei.v32.i4.5.

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A study on the misconceptions developed or held by teachers related to the two terms valence and valency was undertaken. A total of 48 teachers (26 males and 22 females) teaching the chemistry component of science subject to 14- to 16-year-old students, in 48 schools affiliated to one district, were randomly selected for the study by taking one teacher from each school. One session was devoted for administering the questionnaire among the teachers and second session (with a gap of one day) was for addressing the teacher’s misconceptions. From the analysis of the responses, it was found that the two terms although they have the same meaning were misconceived as having different meanings. Due to this a misleading relationship between the two terms was discovered. Even the highest numerical value of valence was misconceived. The possible reasons for these misconceptions were identified. A simple, brief, and precise description of the concepts was presented to remove the misconceptions of the teachers.

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Oudet, Xavier. "Crystal structures bonds and reliance in MX (M = La, Ce...Yb and Sc, Ti...Zn; X = S, Se, Te)". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 54, n.º 3 (1989): 551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19890551.

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Large variations of the molecular volume of the monochalcogenides of rare earths are attributed to cation-cation bond which involves one deep valence electron. Similar results are found with monochalgenides of 3d metals. The phase transformation Ceγ ⇄ Ceα is interpreted in a similar way bearing in mind the existence of compounds such as XeF4. This work introduces the notion of reliance which enlightens the notion of valence and is closely related, to the notion of intermediate and fluctuating valences.

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Orlic, Ana, Ivan Grahek e Tara Radovic. "The influence of valence and arousal on reasoning: Affective priming in the semantic verification task". Psihologija 47, n.º 2 (2014): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1402201o.

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The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of affective valence and arousal on the reasoning process. Reasoning was measured using a semantic verification task and the influence of valence and arousal was tracked using the affective priming paradigm. Primes were photographs varied on two dimensions - emotional valence (positive, neutral, negative) and arousal (high, low). Forty-nine psychology students participated in the experiment. Results showed that reaction time needed for semantic verification was significantly faster for positive-high arousing in comparison to positive-low arousing condition and for neutral high arousing in comparison to neutral-low arousing condition, but there were no significant differences in negative low and high arousing conditions. Also, significant differences were found among all three valences in high arousing conditions and there were no such differences in low arousing conditions. These results reveal the importance of both arousal and valence in the research on the influence of emotions on the reasoning process.

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Wang, Z. L., J. Bentle e N. D. Evans. "Mapping The Valence States of Transition Metals Across Interfaces By Energy-Filtered Tem". Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (agosto de 1999): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013830.

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Some properties of transition metal oxides are related to the presence of elements with mixed valences. In electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), the L or M ionization edges of transition-metal, rare-earth and actinide elements usually display sharp threshold peaks known as white-lines. EELS experiments have shown that a change in cation valence state introduces a significant change in the White-line intensity ratio [1]. With the use of valence state information provided by the white lines, an experimental approach is demonstrated here to map the valence state distributions of Mn and Co using an energy-filtered transmission electron microscope (TEM). A spatial resolution of ˜ 2 nm has been achieved. This technique should be particularly useful in studying valence states of cations in magnetic oxides.To map the distribution of ionization states, an energy window of ˜ 10 eV in width is required to isolate the L3 from L2 white lines (Figure 1).

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Nyhuis, Dominic, e Carolina Plescia. "The nonideological component of coalition preferences". Party Politics 24, n.º 6 (17 de fevereiro de 2017): 686–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068817690933.

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Recent research on political attitudes has emphasized that coalition preferences determine electoral choices, prompting scholars to investigate the sources of coalition preferences. While it is not surprising that coalition preferences are strongly informed by spatial considerations, several studies have drawn attention to additional nonideological factors. Relying on this insight, the present study aims to systematically investigate the nonideological or valence component of coalition preferences. In order to decompose attitudes into their principal ideological and nonideological components, we apply a Bayesian unfolding model to coalition sympathy ratings. We find that coalitions differ strongly with regard to their valence component. This surplus cannot be reconstructed as a linear combination of the coalitions’ constituent party valences and is predominantly structured by campaign valence.

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De la Croix, David, e Alice Fabre. "Scholars and Literati at the University of Valence (1452–1793)". Repertorium eruditorum totius Europae 2 (11 de janeiro de 2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/rete.v2i0/valence.

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This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the University of Valence (France) from its inception in 1452 to its abolishment during the French evolution in 1793.

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De la Croix, David, e Alice Fabre. "Scholars and Literati at the University of Valence (1452–1793)". Repertorium eruditorum totius Europae 2 (11 de janeiro de 2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/rete.v2i0/valence.

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This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the University of Valence (France) from its inception in 1452 to its abolishment during the French evolution in 1793.

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Trömel, Martin, Sven Hübner e Karlheinz Taxer. "Atomvolumen, Packungsdichte und chemische Bindung in festem Iod unter Druck / Atomic Volume, Packing Density and Chemical Bonding in Solid Iodine under Pressure". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 59, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2004): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2004-0107.

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Abstract The volume changes of solid iodine under pressure are discussed with respect to the packing density of the atoms and to valence. The packing density of solid iodine which is 0.805 under ambient pressure increases to 0.976 in monoatomic iodine-II, 0.993 in iodine-III, and 1 in fcc iodine-IV. Simultaneously, the valence increases from 1 in the free molecule to 1.78 in the crystal structure under ambient pressure, 2.72 - 2.81 in iodine-II, 2.86 - 2.96 in iodine-III, and 3 in fcc iodine-IV. The valence then remains constant up to about 180 GPa and rises moderately to 3.15 at the highest investigated pressure of 276 GPa. Parameters for calculating bond numbers, valences and atomic volumes of densely packed halogens, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are given.

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Hawthorne, Susan. "Valence". WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly 39, n.º 3-4 (2011): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wsq.2011.0065.

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March, David S., Michael A. Olson e Lowell Gaertner. "Lions, and Tigers, and Implicit Measures, Oh My! Implicit Assessment and the Valence vs. Threat Distinction". Social Cognition 38, Supplement (novembro de 2020): s154—s164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s154.

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Physically threatening objects are negative, but negative objects are not necessarily threatening. Moreover, responses elicited by threats to physical harm are distinct from those elicited by other negatively (and positively) valenced stimuli. We discuss the importance of the threat versus valence distinction for implicit measurement both in terms of the activated evaluation and the design of the measure employed to assess that evaluation. We suggest that accounting for the distinct evaluations of threat and valence better enables implicit measures to provide understanding and prediction of subsequent judgment, emotion, and behavior.

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Kurella, Anna-Sophie, Thomas Bräuninger e Franz Urban Pappi. "Centripetal and centrifugal incentives in mixed-member proportional systems". Journal of Theoretical Politics 30, n.º 3 (27 de maio de 2018): 306–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629818774855.

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How does competition for first (candidate) and second ballot (party-list) votes affect the strategic positioning of parties in mixed-member proportional systems? We study this question in a simulation study of multiparty competition in the two tiers. In the first step, we use data from elections for the German Bundestag to estimate individual vote function for each tier based on ideology, policy, and valence incentives. We then use these parameter estimates to calibrate a model in which parties compete for either first- or second-tier votes. Results suggest that parties may face a dilemma when adopting a positional strategy. When national parties and their candidates hold significantly different valences, large valence advantages generate centripetal incentives whereas smaller valences exert a centrifugal pull. Overall, centrifugal incentives dominate the German mixed-member system.

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Yuan, Chang, Wan-Ting Jin e Zhao-Hui Zhou. "Statistical analysis of P^N clusters in Mo/VFe protein crystals using a bond valence method toward their electronic structures". RSC Advances 12, n.º 9 (2022): 5214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra08507g.

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Iron valences of 129 P-clusters from FeMo/V proteins were analyzed using a bond valence method, supposing the existence of Fe3+ in a generally considered all-ferrous PN cluster in solution with excess reducing agent.

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Calliari, L., G. Speranza e A. Santoni. "The graphite Valence Band electronic structure: a combined Core–Valence–Valence Auger and Valence Band photoemission study". Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 127, n.º 1-2 (novembro de 2002): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0368-2048(02)00181-0.

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Chavez, Robert S., e Todd F. Heatherton. "Representational Similarity of Social and Valence Information in the Medial pFC". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2015): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00697.

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The human brain is remarkably adept at integrating complex information to form unified psychological representations of agents, objects, and events in the environment. Two domains in which this ability is particularly salient are the processing of social and valence information and are supported by common cortical areas in the medial pFC (MPFC). Because social information is often embedded within valenced emotional contexts, it is possible that activation patterns within the MPFC may represent both of these types of cognitive processes when presented simultaneously. The current study tested this possibility by employing a large-scale automated meta-analysis tool, together with multivoxel pattern analysis to investigate the representational similarity of social and valence information in the MPFC during fMRI. Using a representational similarity analysis, we found a high degree of representational similarity both within social dimensions and within valence dimensions, but not across them (e.g., positive social information was highly dissimilar to negative nonsocial information), in a ventral portion of the MPFC. These results were significantly correlated with a behaviorally measured similarity structure of the same stimuli, suggesting that a psychologically meaningful representation of social and valence information is reflected by multivoxel activation patterns in the ventral MPFC.

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Brown, I. D., A. Dabkowski e A. McCleary. "Thermal Expansion of Chemical Bonds". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 53, n.º 5 (1 de outubro de 1997): 750–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768197005909.

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Using the bond-valence model, a relationship is developed between the thermal expansion of a chemical bond, its amplitude of thermal vibration and its force constant. An empirical expression found between bond valence and the force constants derived from vibrational spectroscopy allows all of these quantities to be predicted from either the expected or the observed bond valence. The thermal expansion predicted by these relations is in excellent agreement with the average expansion observed around cations in inorganic solids, but individual bonds are found to expand more or less than this depending on strains and constraints within the structure. Comparison between the theoretical and observed amplitudes of thermal vibration gives a quantitative measure of correlation between the thermal motions of atoms that form the bond. The theory also shows how the parameters used in calculating bond valences from bond lengths should be corrected for temperature.

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González-Platas, Javier, Cristina González-Silgo e Catalina Ruiz-Pérez. "VALMAP2.0: contour maps using the bond-valence-sum method". Journal of Applied Crystallography 32, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1999): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889898010279.

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VALMAP2.0 is a Microsoft-Windows-based program designed to assist material scientists in accurate structural investigations. The aim ofVALMAPis to calculate the sum of bond valences that a particular atom would have if it were placed at any arbitrary point in the crystal. By movement of this atom through all possible points, its valence-sum contour map can be displayed. Parameters of the bond-valence model are available and may be modified. The program was tested in a number of cases and two examples of applications are reported: (i) finding probable atom sites in crystal structures; (ii) displacive and order–disorder phase transition mechanisms, analysing steric effects.

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Malegat, L., e M. Le Dourneuf. "Valence bases for valence-only scattering calculations". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 23, n.º 11 (14 de junho de 1990): L219—L225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/23/11/006.

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Calliari, L., G. Speranza, J. C. Lascovich e A. Santoni. "The graphite core–valence–valence Auger spectrum". Surface Science 501, n.º 3 (abril de 2002): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6028(02)01066-x.

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Prassides, Kosmas, Yasuhiro Takabayashi e Takeshi Nakagawa. "Mixed valency in rare-earth fullerides". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, n.º 1862 (7 de setembro de 2007): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2147.

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Mixed-valence phenomena associated with the highly correlated narrow-band behaviour of the 4f electrons in rare earths are well documented for a variety of rare-earth chalcogenides, borides and intermetallics (Kondo insulators and heavy fermions). The family of rare-earth fullerides with stoichiometry RE 2.75 C 60 (RE=Sm, Yb, Eu) also displays an analogous phenomenology and a remarkable sensitivity of the rare-earth valency to external stimuli (temperature and pressure) making them the first known molecular-based members of this fascinating class of materials. Using powerful crystallographic and spectroscopic techniques which provide direct indications of what is happening in these materials at the microscopic level, we find a rich variety of temperature- and pressure-driven abrupt or continuous valence transitions—the electronically active fulleride sublattice acts as an electron reservoir that can accept electrons from or donate electrons to the rare-earth 4f/5d bands, thereby sensitively modulating the valence of the rare-earth sublattice.

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Shakarbek Qizi, Shuxratova Yulduzxon. "Syntactic Valence, Syntactic Relation". American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 03, n.º 04 (30 de abril de 2021): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume03issue04-21.

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Syntax (ancient Greek σύν-ταξις “composition”, “coordination”, “order”) is a section of linguistics in which nominative and communicative linguistic units are studied: a sentence and a phrase. Literally translated syntax means not only composing, but also ordering, coordinating, combining words into a coherent text. The following article looks into the syntactic relations and valence in the English language.

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