Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Vellus hair"

A 32-year-old male patient presented for 8 months an asymptomatic therapy-resistant acneiform eruption on his back and buttocks. Skin examination showed several inflammatory papules, which evolved to hyperpigmentation. At the same distribution non inflammatory papules, which resembled rice grains, were also observed. Light microscopy showed small keratin-filled cysts, with an epithelial multilayered wall, without granular layer. Keratin and some vellus hairs were identified inside the cyst, confirming the diagnosis of vellus hair cysts. Diagnosis of vellus hair cysts should be suspected in cases of multiple papules or therapy-resistant cases of acneiform eruptions

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Pattern Hair Loss (PHL) is a chronic regressive condition of the scalp, where follicular miniaturisation and decreased scalp hair coverage occurs in affected areas. In all PHL cases there is a measurable progressive shortening of the terminal hair growth duration, along with reduced linear growth rates. In both genders, PHL initially shows an increase in short telogen hairs ≤30mm in length, reflecting a cycle completion of under six months in affected terminal hair follicles. To understand the miniaturisation process, we re-examine the dynamics of miniaturisation and ask the question, 'why do miniaturised hair follicles resist treatment?' In the light of recent developments in relation to hair regeneration, we looked back in the older literature for helpful clues 'lost to time' and reprise a 1978 Hermann Pinkus observation of an array of elastin deposits beneath the dermal papilla following subsequent anagen/telogen transitions in male balding, originally described by Arao and Perkins who concluded that these changes provide a "morphologic marker of the entire biologic process in the balding scalp". Thus, we have reviewed the role of the elastin-like bodies in hair pathology and we propose that alterations in elastin architecture may contribute to the failure of vellus-like hair reverting back to their terminal status and may indicate a new area for therapeutic intervention.

Wounds heal better in skin with terminal hair follicles (large and pigmented) as opposed to those with vellus hair follicles (small and unpigmented), while dermal fibroblasts from different anatomical regions also exhibit phenotypical differences. Tissue repair requires a tight control of cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis, and recent studies have shown the importance of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), which are proteins that prevent the process of apoptosis via their interaction with caspase molecules in wound healing. Oestrogens improve the rate and quality of wound healing, but their relationship with IAPs in human skin has not been studied. Therefore, terminal (scalp) and vellus (facial) hair bearing skin from the same donor was compared in situ and matching primary cultures of dermal fibroblasts were established from terminal (DF(T)) and vellus (DF(V)) hair bearing skin. Using immunofluorescent staining, the expression of IAPs and their antagonists was compared at different stages of the hair cycle following depilation using a murine model and then in terminal and vellus hair bearing human skin. The size and granularity of matching DF(T) and DF(V) cultures was compared by FACS analysis and mRNA and protein expression of Apollon, cIAP2, NAIP and XIAP and their antagonists DIABLO and Xaf1 analysed by qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry in unwounded and mechanically wounded fibroblast cultures. Differences in proliferation, migration, viability and caspase 3 activity in the presence of 17β-oestradiol and changes in mRNA expression of the oestrogen receptors (GPR30, ERα and ERβ) were compared between the two cell types. IAP protein expression was generally found higher during mid anagen of the hair cycle in murine skin and hair follicles. Overall, expression was slightly higher in human terminal hair bearing skin compared to corresponding vellus hair bearing skin. IAP protein expression was similar in unwounded DF(T) and DF(V) cells with the exception of Apollon which was higher in DF(V) cells. With the exception of XIAP and its direct antagonist Xaf1, mRNA expression was higher in DF(V) cells compared to corresponding DF(T) cells. FACS analysis demonstrated that DF(V) cells were more granular than matching DF(T) cells and proliferated faster. 17β-oestradiol accelerated migration of DF(T) cells only. Mechanical wounding decreased XIAP mRNA in DF(T) and increased it in DF(V) cells, while simultaneously decreasing Xaf1 expression. In unwounded cells, 17β-oestradiol stimulated the expression of XIAP mRNA in both DF(T) and DF(V) cells, but in scratched monolayers, while it also increased expression in DF(T) cells it decreased it in DF(V) cells. A XIAP inhibitor reduced cell viability in both DF(T) and DF(V) cells, which was rescued by 17β-oestradiol in unwounded and mechanically wounded DF(T) cells, but only in unwounded DF(V) cells. 17β-oestradiol decreased caspase 3 activity in the presence of a XIAP inhibitor only in DF(T) cells. These results demonstrate significant differences between dermal fibroblasts cultured from terminal and vellus hair bearing skin of the same individual. The correlation between an increase in XIAP in response to 17β-oestradiol and a higher number of viable cells, along with a reduction in caspase 3 activity suggests that the protective effect of 17β-oestradiol may be modulated via the regulation of XIAP. Further elucidation of these different signalling pathways in dermal fibroblasts from hair bearing skin may lead to improved therapies for chronic non-healing wounds, particularly in postmenopausal females.

INTRODUÇÃO: A alopecia frontal fibrosante (AFF) é uma alopecia cicatricial primária linfocítica descrita em 1994, cuja prevalência vem aumentando rapidamente em todo mundo. A participação de um fator desencadeante ambiental na patogênese da doença é aventada e uma pesquisa recente encontrou uma associação da doença com o uso de cosméticos faciais. Alterações da pele e dos pelos da face e do corpo têm sido descritas em pacientes com AFF nos últimos anos e alguns estudos sugerem que essas alterações possam preceder a perda dos cabelos, indicando o início da doença fora do couro cabeludo. OBJETIVO: Estudar o acometimento da pele e dos pelos na face, pescoço e região anterossuperior do tórax em uma série de pacientes com AFF. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: A pesquisa constou de três partes. Na primeira parte foram investigadas evidências clínicas e dermatoscópicas do acometimento da pele e dos pelos fora do couro cabeludo em 37 pacientes. A segunda parte do estudo constou da avaliação da espessura epidérmica em biópsias realizadas na face, pescoço e região anterossuperior do tórax de 20 pacientes com AFF e 20 controles. Na terceira parte do estudo foi utilizada microscopia confocal de reflectância a laser \"in vivo\" para comparar a espessura epidérmica e a densidade folicular da pele da linha de implantação frontal de 21 pacientes a de 21 controles. RESULTADOS: O acometimento dos pelos velos da face não se restringiu a linha de implantação fronto-temporal e variou de 30 a 97% dependendo da região estudada, sendo mais frequente quanto mais próximo da linha de implantação frontal do couro cabeludo. Pápulas da face foram encontradas em 60% dos pacientes estudados, localizadas principalmente na região temporal (11/37 casos), seguida pela região malar (10/37 casos) e mento (6/37 casos). Metade dos pacientes (51%) apresentaram lesões hipercrômicas compatíveis com o diagnóstico de líquen plano pigmentoso associado a AFF, acometendo face (18/19 casos), pescoço (7/19 casos) e região anterossuperior do tórax (4/19 casos). As lesões hipercrômicas mostraram-se mais raras em pacientes com fototipo baixo (p=0,022). A espessura da epiderme dos pacientes de AFF não apresentou diferença quando comparada com a dos controles independente da metodologia utilizada. Densidade folicular menor que 3,56 folículos/mm2 na linha de implantação frontal ao exame de microscopia confocal apresentou 90,5% de sensibilidade e 90,5% de especificidade para o diagnóstico de AFF e implicou num risco 90,24 (IC95% 9,5-1132; p < 0,001) vezes maior de ter a doença. CONCLUSÕES: O acometimento dos pelos velos da face é frequente e pode ser detectado de forma rápida e não invasiva pela dermatoscopia. As pápulas da face estão presentes em 60% dos pacientes. As lesões de liquen plano pigmentoso são menos frequentes em pacientes com fototipos baixos. A epiderme dos pacientes de AFF não apresenta uma menor espessura quando comparada com controles pareados por gênero, idade, fototipo e local examinado. A densidade folicular da linha de implantação frontal \"in vivo\" medida através do exame de MCRL apresenta ótima acurácia para o diagnóstico de AFF
INTRODUCTION: Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a lymphocytic primary cicatricial alopecia first described in 1994. Its incidence has been rapidly rising worldwide, possibly related to an environmental trigger. The use of facial leave-on creams has been associated with the disease in a recent publication. Vellus follicles involvement and epidermal changes outside the scalp region have been described in FFA patients in the past few years and seem to be an early event in the disease course. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate vellus follicle and epidermal involvement over the facial, neck and upper chest skin in a series of FFA patients. METHODS: This study consisted of three parts. In the first part, prevalence of clinical and dermoscopic findings related to vellus follicle and epidermal involvement in 37 FFA patients was investigated. In part two, epidermal thickness in skin biopsies from 20 FFA patients was compared with 20 control biopsies from the same body site. In the last part, epidermal thickness and follicular density over the frontal hairline were investigated in a group of 21 FFA patients and 21 gender, age and phototype matched controls through \"in vivo\" reflectance confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Vellus follicle involvement in FFA is not restricted to frontal hairline and varies from 30 to 97% according to facial region, with greater frequencies observed on the upper face region. Facial papules were detected in 60% of our patients, most frequently over the temples (11/37 patients), malar (10/37 patients) or chin (6/37 patients) area. Half of our patients (51%) presented hyperchromic lesions compatible with FFA associated lichen planus pigmentosus. Hyperchromic lesions were observed over the face (18/19 patients), but also over the neck (7/19 patients) and upper chest (4/19 patients) skin. Hyperchromic lesions were less frequent in patients with lighter phototypes (p=0.022). Epidermal thickness of FFA patients did not differ from controls both in histology and \"in vivo\" evaluation. Frontal hairline follicular density lower than 3.56 follicles/mm2 on confocal microscopy examination presented 90.5% sensitivity, 90.5% specificity and OR = 90.24 (CI95% 9.5-1132; p < 0.001) for FFA diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Facial vellus follicle involvement is frequent and can be easily detected through dermoscopy in most patients. Facial papules are observed in 60% of our patients. Lichen planus pigmentosus lesions are less frequently observed in fair skin patients. Epidermal thinning is not observed in FFA patients when adequate control group is included. Frontal hairline follicular density measured by confocal microscopy has high accuracy for FFA diagnosis

El desenvolupament de personatges digitals semblants a les persones és una tasca difícil, ja que els humans estem acostumats a reconèixer-nos entre nosaltres i trobar els CGI poc humanitzats. Per complir els estàndards de les produccions de videojocs i pel·lícules digitals és necessari modelar i animar aquests personatges el més proper als éssers humans. Tanmateix, és una tasca difícil i cara, ja que requereix molts artistes i especialistes treballant en un sol personatge. Per tant, per complir aquests requisits, trobem la creació automàtica de cares detallades mitjançant setups de baix cost una opció interessant per estudiar. En aquest treball, desenvolupem tècniques noves per aconseguir cares detallades combinant diferents aspectes que destaquen a l’hora de desenvolupar personatges realistes, detalls de la pell, pèls i expressions facials i microexpressions. Examinem cadascuna de les àrees esmentades amb l’objectiu de recuperar-les automàticament sense interacció de l’usuari ni dades de aprenentatge. Estudiem els problemes buscant la seva robustesa, però també la simplicitat de la configuració, preferint solucions basades en una sola imatge amb il·luminació incontrolada i mètodes que es poden calcular fàcilment amb un ordinador portàtil estàndard. Una cara detallada amb arrugues i detalls de la pell és vital per desenvolupar un personatge realista. En aquest treball, introduïm el nostre mètode per descriure automàticament les arrugues facials de la imatge i transferir-les a la cara base recuperada. A continuació, avancem a la recuperació del cabell facial mitjançant la resolució d’un problema de parametrització amb un nou model de cabell facial. Per últim, desenvolupem una funció de mapatge que permet transferir expressions i microexpressions entre diferents malles facials, que proporciona animacions realistes a la nostra cara detallada. Cobrim tots els punts esmentats parant atenció als aspectes clau com (i) com descriure les arrugues facials d’una manera senzilla, (ii) com recuperar 3D a partir de deteccions 2D, (iii) com recuperar i modelar el cabell facial a partir de 2D a 3D, (iv) com transferir expressions entre models amb detalls de la pell i cabells facials, (v) com realitzar totes les accions descrites sense dades d’aprenentatge ni interacció de l’usuari. En aquest treball, presentem les nostres propostes per resoldre aquests aspectes amb una configuració eficient i senzilla. Validem el nostre treball amb diversos conjunts de dades tant sintètiques com reals, obtenint resultats remarcables fins i tot en casos tan difícils com oclusions per ulleres, barbes denses, inclús treballant amb diferents topologies facials com ciclops d’un sol ull.
Desarrollar personajes digitales similares a los humanos es un reto, ya que los humanos estamos acostumbrados a reconocernos entre nosotros y a encontrar a los CGI poco humanos. Para cumplir con los estándares de las producciones de videojuegos y películas digitales, es necesario modelar y animar a estos personajes de la manera más parecida posible a los humanos. Sin embargo, es una tarea ardua y costosa, ya que se requiere a muchos artistas y especialistas trabajando en un solo personaje. Por lo tanto, para cumplir con estos requisitos, encontramos la creación automática de CGIs detallados a través de setups económicos una opción interesante para estudiar. En este trabajo, desarrollamos técnicas novedosas para conseguir personajes detallados combinando diferentes aspectos que se destacan al desarrollar el realismo como detalles de la piel, pelos faciales, expresiones y microexpresiones. Examinamos cada una de las áreas mencionadas con el objetivo de recuperar cada una de las partes automáticamente sin interacción del usuario ni datos para el aprendizaje. Estudiamos los problemas buscando su robustez, pero también la simplicidad de la configuración, prefiriendo soluciones que requieren una sola imagen con iluminación no controlada y cálculos que pueden obtenerse con la comodidad de un ordenador portátil estándar. Una cara detallada con arrugas y detalles de la piel es vital para desarrollar un personaje realista. En este trabajo, presentamos nuestro método para describir automáticamente las arrugas faciales en la imagen y transferirlas a la cara base recuperada. Luego proponemos la recuperación del vello facial resolviendo un problema de ajuste de parámetros con un nuevo modelo de vello facial parametrizable. Por último, introducimos una función de mapeo que permite transferir expresiones y microexpresiones entre diferentes mallas, lo que proporciona animaciones realistas a nuestra cara detallada. Cubrimos todos los puntos mencionados con el enfoque puesto en aspectos clave como (i) cómo describir las arrugas faciales de una manera simple y directa, (ii) cómo recuperar 3D a partir de las detecciones 2D, (iii) cómo recuperar y modelar el vello facial de 2D a 3D, (iv) cómo transferir expresiones entre modelos que contienen tanto el detalle de la piel como el vello facial, (v) cómo realizar todas las acciones descritas sin datos de entrenamiento ni interacción del usuario. En este trabajo, presentamos nuestras propuestas para resolver estos aspectos con una configuración eficiente y simple. Validamos nuestro trabajo con varios conjuntos de datos, tanto sintéticos como reales, demostrando resultados notables incluso en casos desafiantes como oclusiones por gafas, barbas densas y, incluso, trabajando con diferentes topologías faciales como cíclopes de un solo ojo.
Developing human-like digital characters is a challenging task since humans are used to recognizing our fellows, and find the computed generated characters inadequately humanized. To fulfill the standards of the videogame and digital film productions it is necessary to model and animate these characters the most closely to human beings. However, it is an arduous and expensive task, since many artists and specialists are required to work in a single character. Therefore, to fulfill these requirements we found an interesting option to study the automatic creation of detailed characters through inexpensive setups. In this work, we develop novel techniques to bring detailed characters by combining different aspects that stand out when developing realistic characters, skin detail, facial hairs, expressions, and microexpressions. We examine each of the mentioned areas with the aim of automatically recover each of the parts without user interaction nor training data. We study the problems for their robustness but also for the simplicity of the setup, preferring single-image with uncontrolled illumination and methods that can be easily computed with the commodity of a standard laptop. A detailed face with wrinkles and skin details is vital to develop a realistic character. In this work, we introduce our method to automatically describe facial wrinkles on the image and transfer to the recovered base face. Then we advance to the facial hair recovery by resolving a fitting problem with a novel parametrization model. As of last, we develop a mapping function that allows transfer expressions and microexpressions between different meshes, which provides realistic animations to our detailed mesh. We cover all the mentioned points with the focus on key aspects as (i) how to describe skin wrinkles in a simple and straightforward manner, (ii) how to recover 3D from 2D detections, (iii) how to recover and model facial hair from 2D to 3D, (iv) how to transfer expressions between models holding both skin detail and facial hair, (v) how to perform all the described actions without training data nor user interaction. In this work, we present our proposals to solve these aspects with an efficient and simple setup. We validate our work with several datasets both synthetic and real data, prooving remarkable results even in challenging cases as occlusions as glasses, thick beards, and indeed working with different face topologies like single-eyed cyclops.

Grâce à la présence et à l'instrumentalisation de la Mare de Déu, l'abbaye et le massif de Montserrat sont devenus, au fil des siècles, un symbole religieux et un bastion du christianisme, puis les gardiens des traditions, de la culture et de l'identité catalanes. Le mythe fondateur religieux, lié à la Vierge de Montserrat, est associé au mythe fondateur de la Catalogne, lié au comte de Barcelone Guifré le Velu, de sorte que religion et identité nationale sont étroitement imbriquées dès la fin du Moyen Âge. Beaucoup d'autres légendes sont élaborées à cette époque, mais la relation entre les Catalans et la Mare de Déu de Montserrat prend une orientation particulière et s'exerce dans un cadre à part.L'universalité de la pensée mythique permet une instrumentalisation politico-religieuse de l'image mariale tout au long de l'histoire de la Catalogne, jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Le XIXe siècle marque une étape majeure dans l'instrumentalisation de la Moreneta et sa liaison avec le sentiment identitaire. Le massif de Montserrat devient le symbole de la patrie catalane et la Vierge de Montserrat se transforme en Vierge de la Patrie. Le régime franquiste signifie une rupture profonde. La Moreneta, dans un premier temps, protège l'action de suppléance intellectuelle et culturelle accomplie par les Bénédictins de Montserrat, puis l'engagement politique devient total. Avec l'arrivée de la démocratie, la Catalogne se réapproprie son passé, et un nouveau rôle se dessine pour la Mare de Déu de Montserrat.

Hair – Alopecias – Loose Anagen Hair – Male Pattern Baldness – Marie Unna Syndrome – Hirsutism – Gingival Fibromatosis and Hypertrichosis – Hypertrichosis Lanuginosa Congenita – Leprechaunism – Localized Hypertrichosis – Polycystic Ovarian Disease – Hair Shaft Abnormalities, Isolated – Monilethrix – Pili Annulati – Pili Torti – Pili Trianguli Et Canaliculi – Trichorrhexis Invaginata – Trichorrhexis Nodosa – Woolly Hair – Hair Shaft Abnormalities, Syndromic – Menkes Disease – Trichodentoosseous Syndrome – Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome – Trichothiodystrophy – Nails – Nail Disorders, Isolated – Congenital Malalignment of the Great Toenails – Familial Dystrophic Shedding of the Nails – Leukonychia – Twenty-Nail Dystrophy – Nail Disorders, Syndromic – Nail-Patella Syndrome – Onychotrichodysplasia and Neutropenia – Pachyonychia Congenita – Sweat Glands – Hidradenitis Suppurativa – Hyperhidrosis – Multiple Syringomas – Sebaceous Glands – Eruptive Vellus Hair Cysts – Familial Dyskeratotic Comedones – Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome Type I – Steatocystoma Multiplex – Ectodermal Dysplasia Syndromes – AEC Syndrome – Clouston Syndrome – EEC Syndrome – Focal Facial Ectodermal Dysplasia – GAPO Syndrome – Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia – Tooth and Nail Syndrome

Chapter 3 starts by covering conditions of the hair, including Alopecias (Loose Anagen Hair, Male Pattern Baldness, and Marie Unna Syndrome), Hirsutism (Gingival Fibromatosis and Hypertrichosis, Hypertrichosis Lanuginosa Congenita, Leprechaunism, and Localized Hypertrichosis), and Hair Shaft Abnormalities (including Monilethrix, Pili Annulati, Pili Torti, Pili Trianguli Et Canaliculi, Trichorrhexis Invaginata, Trichorrhexis Nodosa, Woolly Hair, Menkes Disease, Trichodentoosseous Syndrome, Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome, and Trichothiodystrophy). It then covers conditions of the nails, including Congenital Malalignment of the Great Toenails, Familial Dystrophic Shedding of the Nails, Leukonychia, Twenty-Nail Dystrophy, Nail-Patella Syndrome, Onychotrichodysplasia and Neutropenia, and Pachyonychia Congenita). Conditions of the Sweat Glands (Hidradenitis Suppurativa, Hyperhidrosis, and Multiple Syringomas), Sebaceous Glands (Eruptive Vellus Hair Cysts, Familial Dyskeratotic Comedones, Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome Type I, and Steatocystoma Multiplex), and Ectodermal Dysplasia Syndromes (AEC Syndrome, Clouston Syndrome, EEC Syndrome, Focal Facial Ectodermal Dysplasia, GAPO Syndrome, Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia, and Tooth and Nail Syndrome) are also covered. Each condition is discussed in detail, including dermatologic features, associated anomalies, histopathology, basic defect, treatment, mode of inheritance, prenatal diagnosis, and differential diagnosis.

Ulike regler for finansregnskap og skatteregnskap medfører betydelige administrative byrder for små foretak. Slike byrder bør reduseres, og Finansdepartementet utreder nå muligheten for ytterligere forenklinger ved i større grad å harmonisere regnskaps- og skattereglene (se Schwencke, 2019). Robuste og reelle forenklinger må balansere mellom på den ene siden de formålene som finansregnskapet og skatteregnskapet har, og på den andre siden hva som kan gi størst lettelser. Vi argumenterer for at harmonisering av regler for innregning og måling i finansregnskapet og skatteregnskapet kan skje på en rekke områder. Blant annet kan det oppnås stor grad av harmonisering for anleggsmidler, varer og kundefordringer ved at skattereglene i noen grad tilpasses reglene for finansregnskapet. Det skal imidlertid være enkelt å kontrollere etterlevelsen av skattereglene, og dette vil gjerne føre til regler som gir lite rom for bruk av skjønn. Dette kan i noen grad stå i et motsetningsforhold til finansregnskapets formål, som også for små foretak er å gi beslutningsnyttig informasjon. Spesielt viktig er det at finansregnskapet reflekterer urealiserte tap. Hvert foretak må uavhengig av forenklingsreglene se til at finansregnskapet som helhet ikke gir et for positivt bilde av resultat og balanse. Vi mener det bør innføres en egen foretakskategori for særlig små foretak (mikroforetak), med betydelige forenklinger gjennom å videreutvikle koblingsmodellen, det vil si lempinger ved måling av utsatt skatt, og innføre forenklede krav til oppstillingsplanene. Forenklingsreglene bør velges ved sporvalg. Vi foreslår også at formuesfastsettelsen i langt større grad enn i dag skjer med utgangspunkt i regnskapsmessige verdier. Dette vil gi betydelig forenkling.

There is an increased risk of melanoma in adulthood when a child (pre-puberty) has been exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). It has also been hypothesized that the childhood body air (vellus hair) plays a role in the increased incidence of melanoma later in life. This is attributed to the fact that the vellus hair has properties and physiology which encourage the transmission of harmful energy into the follicle of the hair and ultimately cause damage to the stem cells in residence there. Later in life these damaged stem cells become involved in the generation of melanomas in the epidermis. It has been debated whether the UVR or the heat generated by it is the main contributor to melanoma occurrence. This research is the first step in investigating this phenomenon by focusing on the contribution of changes in thermal characteristics on the incidence of melanoma. To test the hypothesis that child hair can transmit energy more easily than adult hair the transient electro-thermal technique is used to determine the thermal diffusivity of the hair. This involved subjecting platinum coated hair samples to a current pulse and measuring the subsequent voltage response in the sample. Results show that the child hair has a thermal diffusivity around two times higher than adult hair, thus supporting the hypothesis. Further research will be needed, in particular, quantifying the optical transmission characteristics of child hair compared to adult hair.