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Engelhardt, Mark. "Development of a strategy for the optimum replacement of water mains /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phe574.pdf.
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Larson, Hans Christian. "Replacement Rates of Initially Hydrocarbon-Filled Microscopic Cavities with Water". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7496.
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Wetting behaviors influence many aspects of life and industry from consumer product goods to oil recovery to cosmetics. While the traditional solid-liquid-vapor (SLV) system has been studied for many years now, wetting transitions in the solid-liquid-liquid (SLL) system has remained relatively unexplored. The purpose of this work is to bring light to the wetting transition of the solid-liquid-liquid system and to understand the replacement rates of initially hydrocarbon-filled microscopic cavities with water and the factors affecting these rates. Factors studied were viscosity, density, diffusion related properties, and surface related properties in both hydrocarbon-saturated and hydrocarbon-non-saturated conditions. Cylindrical microscopic cavities were etched in a silicon wafer, filled with various organic solvents dyed with fluorophores, then submerged in water. Through fluorescence microscopy techniques, the transition or replacement rates of the initially hydrocarbon-filled cavities with water in both hydrocarbon-saturated and hydrocarbon-absent water conditions are observed. Among the factors we investigated, namely viscosity, density, surface chemistry, and diffusive flux (composed of solubility and diffusivity), diffuse flux dominated replacement rates in hydrocarbon-absent water conditions. By using hydrocarbon-saturated water, diffusive flux was minimized, allowing for deeper investigation of other factors. In the hydrocarbon-saturated scenario, replacement rates are largely affected by initial fluid motion, specific cavity geometry, and cavity penetration mechanisms. Image analysis reveals the geometry of the oils in the cavities and shows how the transition from hydrocarbon-fully-filled to hydrocarbon-partially-filled states occurs in the SLL system.
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Park, Suwan. "An Optimal Pipe Replacement Scheduling Model for Water Distribution Systems". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26171.
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While the idea of critical break rate of water distribution pipeline (defined as the break rate after which it is no longer economical to continuously repair) has been accepted in the literature and among the practicing engineers, the formula to obtain the critical break rate has remained elusive. In this dissertation, an equation for identifying the threshold break rate of a pipe is developed. The threshold break rate equation gives a rule of thumb for pipe replacement decision. Input parameters to obtain the threshold break rate of a pipe are repair and replacement costs, interest rate, and the length of the pipe. In addition, a methodology that enables the use of threshold break rate with the failure intensity and hazard functions is developed. The methodology is drawn by considering the relationships of the definitions of the threshold break rate with intensity and hazard functions in the context of a repairable system's failure process modeling. As a result, the newly developed threshold break rate equation can be coupled with any appropriate intensity and hazard function to obtain economically optimal replacement time of a pipe. Also, practical usage of the threshold break rate is demonstrated with a number of numerical examples. Design aids in the form of charts and tables are provided. The threshold break rate can be easily obtained either graphically or with the aid of the tables. The methodology that links the threshold break rate and failure rate (intensity and hazard) functions is extended to accommodate stress multiplying environmental factors in the form of the proportional intensity and hazards model. The two models consist of an age dependent failure rate function and a covariate structure. They are applied to a case study area pipe system to obtain optimal replacement times for individual pipes in the system. As a result, important hazard characteristics of water distribution pipes are drawn, and implications on the optimal replacement analysis are discussed. A pipe break prediction model is also developed in this research. The model spans the space between the linear and exponential break trends. The model is applied to the case study area pipe system with various cost options. The results from this analysis are discussed in terms of practical implementation of the replacement strategies.Ph. D.
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Shields, Devan J. "Revenue Recovery Through Meter Replacement". DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1111.
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Previous studies have identified water meter inaccuracy at low flow rates as a significant source of non-revenue flow for water systems; however a lack of available data makes it difficult to include low flow accuracy degradation in meter replacement plans. This thesis examines results from an extensive accuracy test program carried out at the Utah Water Research Laboratory on small water meters over a wide range of flow rates and at various levels of throughput. The study compares expected apparent losses of different types of water meters based on a flow profile and expected daily use for the State of California. By including an average composite charging rate, use of the method developed in this study can determine the meter replacement payback period for different meter types. The analysis contained in this document is intended as a guide to assist utility managers when developing meter replacement plans.
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Kabir, Golam. "Planning repair and replacement program for water mains : a Bayesian framework". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57568.
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Aging water infrastructure is a major concern for water utilities throughout the world. It is challenging to develop an extensive water mains renewal program and predict the performance of the water mains. Uncertainties become an integral part of the repair and replacement (R&R) action program due to incomplete and partial information, integration of data/information from different sources, and the involvement of expert judgment for the data interpretation and so on. Moreover, the uncertainties differ because of the amount and quality of data available for developing or implementing R&R action program varies among utilities.
In this research, a Bayesian framework is developed for the R&R action program of water mains considering these uncertainties. At the beginning of the research, state-of-the-art critical review of existing regression-based, survival analysis and heuristic based failure models and life cycle cost (LCC) studies in the field of water main are performed. To identify the influential covariates and to predict the failure rates of water mains considering model uncertainties with limited failure information, Bayesian model averaging and Bayesian regression based model are developed. In these models, decision maker’s degree of optimism and credibility are integrated using ordered weighted averaging operator. A robust Bayesian updating based framework is proposed to update the performance of water main failure model for medium to large-sized utilities with adequate failure information. A LCC framework is prepared for water main of small to medium-sized utilities. Finally, a Bayesian belief network (BBN) based water main failure risk framework is developed for small to medium sized utilities with no or limited failure information.
The integration of the proposed robust Bayesian models with the geographic information system (GIS) of the water utilities will provide information both at operation level and network level. The proposed tool will help the utility engineers and managers to predict the suitable new installation and rehabilitation programs as well as their corresponding costs for effective and proactive decision-making and thereby avoiding any unexpected and unpleasant surprises.Applied Science, Faculty of
Engineering, School of (Okanagan)
Graduate
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Smith, Ernest Price. "An optimal replacement-design model for a reliable water distribution network system". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37455.
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Ljunggren, Stefan, e Robert G. Hahn. "Oral nutrition or water loading before hip replacement surgery; a randomized clinical trial". Linköpings universitet, Anestesiologi med intensivvård, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-84540.
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Background Surgery induces insulin resistance that might be alleviated by a nutritional drink given preoperatively. The authors hypothesized that some of the beneficial effects of the drink could be attributed to the volume component (approximately 1 L) rather than to the nutrients. Methods Sixty patients scheduled for elective total hip replacement under spinal anesthesia were recruited to a clinical trial, and randomly allocated to preoperative fasting, to oral ingestion of tap water, or to oral ingestion of a carbohydrate drink. An intravenous glucose tolerance test calculated glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity on the day before surgery, in the postoperative ward, and on the day after surgery. Other parameters were stress (cortisol in plasma and urine), muscle catabolism (urinary 3-methylhistidine), and wellbeing. Results Fifty-seven patients completed the study. In the postoperative ward, the glucose clearance and the insulin response had decreased from the previous day by 23% and 36%, respectively. Insulin sensitivity did not decrease until the next morning (−48%) and was due to an increased insulin response (+51%). Cortisol excretion was highest on the day of surgery, while 3-methylhistidine increased 1 day later. Follow-up on the third postoperative day showed an average of 1.5 complications per patient. Wellbeing was better 2 weeks after than before the surgery. None of the measured parameters differed significantly between the study groups. Conclusions Preoperative ingestion of tap water or a nutritional drink had no statistically significant effect on glucose clearance, insulin sensitivity, postoperative complications, or wellbeing in patients undergoing elective hip surgery.Funding Agencies|Olle Engkvist Byggmastare Foundation||Stockholm County Council|2009-0433|
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Devera, Jan C. "RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR PIPE REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT IN A WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1035.
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The efficient delivery of potable water for a community through its distribution system has historically been the backbone of nearly all metropolitan developments. Much of these systems are comprised of pipe networks made of various materials including concrete, iron, PVC, and even steel. As these communities expand and urbanize, water demand and population density simultaneously increase. This develops higher strains and stresses in the community‟s water distribution network causing pipes to corrode, crack, or rupture prematurely while in service. As a result, the deterioration of water distribution systems in growing cities is increasingly becoming a major concern for our nation. There have been several publications on the subject of evaluating pipe conditions within a water distribution network that use statistical models, estimation, and other mathematical analyses. However, many of these publications are cumbersome and are difficult to understand from a non-engineering perspective. In order to simplify the evaluation process for all varying professions in a city‟s public works division, the primary objective of this study was to develop a user-friendly risk assessment model that was practical, cost effective, and easy to follow. This risk assessment model focuses primarily on the physical condition of pipes in a water distribution system. It assesses the installation year, age, material, and break history of these water mains. It does not consider pipe fittings, pumps, or other network components. A pipe‟s probability of failure is determined from its physical condition. Page v The model then considers various economic degrees of impact that may affect the rehabilitation or replacement of these water mains. These degrees of impact include raw material costs, customer criticality, land use, demand, pipe material, and traffic impact. By focusing on pipes having the highest probability of failure and considering their economic impacts, this model identifies and prioritizes the most vulnerable water mains that require immediate attention. In order to validate this developed risk assessment model, the method was applied to a real water distribution system. Data from the City of Arroyo Grande, California was used in conjunction with WaterCAD and geographic information systems (ArcGIS) software during analysis. Application of the risk assessment model identified six cast iron pipes in Arroyo Grande‟s water distribution system as having a high risk of failure. Of the city‟s 3,057 individual pipe segments, recognizing only five of these pipes as high risk indicated that the assessment model was functional. Developing and testing this risk assessment model with real city data effectively demonstrated its practicality and easy application to a real water distribution system. If utilized, city officials can quickly identify and prioritize pipes needing rehabilitation or replacement by using reliable, up-to-date water distribution data from their city with this risk assessment model. Furthermore, use of this model may also simplify allocation of capital funds for future pipe improvement projects as the city continues its urbanization.
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Ortt, Derek. "Effects of Environmental Water Vapor on Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity". Scholarly Repository, 2007. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/90.
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The tropical cyclone (TC) and environmental interaction is not fully understood. Previous studies have demonstrated that this interaction affects intensity change. The studies found that intensification is favored in low shear, moist environments, with high sea surface temperatures (SST). However, little precise quantification was provided, especially in terms of the impact of environmental water vapor on TC intensity change. This work addresses the TC interaction with the environmental water vapor. Results from a comprehensive statistical study show that TC intensification is more likely to occur in an anomalously moist environment than a dry environment. However, only a small amount of the total variance is explained. When assessing the effect of vertical wind shear along with environmental water vapor, more of the variance is explained. Water vapor not only affects TC intensity. Prior modeling studies have demonstrated impacts from environmental water vapor on TC structure. These impacts can also affect intensity change. Specifically, enhanced water vapor content within the TC enhances the rainbands, which can lead to an eyewall replacement cycle, causing a temporary weakening, followed by re-intensification. This thesis evaluates observational and high resolution MM5 model output from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita from the Hurricane Rainband and Intensity Experiment (RAINEX) to evaluate the effects of varying water vapor distributions on TC structure. While the two hurricanes were of similar intensity, they had different water vapor distributions and structures. Rita underwent an eyewall replacement cycle while under RAINEX surveillance while Katrina did not. Rita was also located within a dry environment and had a strong horizontal moisture gradient, while Katrina was in a moist environment and had a weak moisture gradient. Results suggest that a strong horizontal water vapor gradient, with a moist TC and dry outer environment may confine the hurricanes into a pattern that causes them to have high circularity, promoting the formation of a secondary eyewall. The dry outer environment had strong atmospheric stability and was less favorable for deep convection far from the center in the Rita case. The moist environment in the Katrina case was more unstable. This may have allowed for the rainbands to be farther from the center in a less circular pattern than Rita. The results presented in this thesis suggest that this pattern is less favorable for an eyewall replacement cycle.
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Agbenowosi, Newland Komla. "A Mechanistic Analysis Based Decision Support System for Scheduling Optimal Pipeline Replacement". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29796.
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Failure of pipes in water distribution systems is a common occurrence especially in large cities. The failure of a pipe results in: loss of water; property damage; interruption of service; decreased system performance; and the financial cost of restoring the failed pipe. The cost of replacement and rehabilitation in the United States is estimated at 23 plus billion dollars. It is virtually impossible to replace all vulnerable pipes at the same time. As a result, there is a need for methods that can help in progressive system rehabilitation and replacement subject to budgetary constraints. If delaying is considered a good strategy due to the time value of money then, the timing of preventive maintenance becomes a crucial element for system maintenance and operation. The central under pinning element in the decision process for scheduling preventive maintenance is the deteriorating nature of a pipe under a given surrounding. By planning to replace pipes before they fail, proper planning can be put in place for securing of finances and labor force needed to rehabilitate the pipes. With this approach, service interruptions are minimized as the loss of service time is limited to the time used in replacing the pipe.
In this research, a mechanistic model for assessing the stage of deterioration of an underground pipe is developed. The developed model consists of three sub-models namely, the Pipe Load Model (PLM), the Pipe Deterioration Model (PDM), and the Pipe Break Model (PBM). The PLM simulates the loads and stresses exerted on a buried water main. These loads include the earth load, traffic load, internal pressure, expansive soil loads, thermal, and frost loads. The PDM simulates the deterioration of the pipe due to corrosion resulting from the physical characteristics of the pipe environment. The pipe deterioration effect is modeled in two stages. First, the thinning of the pipe wall is modeled using a corrosion model. Second, the localized pit growth is used to determine the residual strength of the pipe based on the fracture toughness and the initial design strength of the pipe.
The PBM assesses the vulnerability of a pipe at any time in terms of a critical safety factor. The safety factor is defined as the ratio of residual strength to applied stress. For a conservative estimate the multiplier effect due to thermal and frost loads are considered. For a chosen analysis period, say 50 years, the pipes with safety factors less than the critical safety factor are selected and ordered by their rank. Aided by the prioritized list of failure prone pipes, utilities can organize a replacement schedule that minimizes cost over time.
Additionally a physically based regression model for determining the optimal replacement time of pipe is also presented. A methodology for assessing the consequences of accelerated and delayed replacement is also provided. The methodologies developed in this dissertation will enable utilities to formulate future budgetary needs compatible with the intended level of service. An application of the model and results are included in the dissertation.Ph. D.
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Aube, Kyle Eric. "A Comparison of Water Main Failure Prediction Models in San Luis Obispo, CA". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2016.
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This study compared four different water main failure prediction models: a statistically simple model, a statistically complex model, a statistically complex model with modifications termed the 2019 model, and an age-based model. The statistically complex models compute the probability of failure based on age, size, internal pressure, length of pipe in corrosive soil, land use, and material of the. These two values are then used to prioritize a water main rehabilitation program to effectively use the municipality’s funds. The 2019 model calculates the probability of failure and consequence of failure differently than the statistically complex model by considering corrosive soil data instead of assuming all the pipes are in highly corrosive soil and average daily traffic volume data instead of using street classifications. The statistically simple model only uses the pipe age and material for probability of failure. The age-based model relies purely on the age of the pipe to determine its probability of failure. Consequences of failure are determined by the proximity of the pipe to highly trafficked streets, critical services, pipe replacement cost, and the flow capacity of the pipe. Risk of failure score is the product of the consequence of failure score and probability of failure score. Pipes are then ranked based on risk of failure scores to allow municipalities to determine their pipe rehabilitation schedule.
The results showed that the statistically complex models were preferred because results varied between all four models. The 2019 model is preferred for long-term analysis because it can better account for future traffic growth using the average daily traffic volume. Corrosive soil data did not have a significant impact on the results, which can be attributed to the relatively small regression parameter for corrosive soil. The age-based model is not recommended because results of this study shows it places a significantly high number of pipes in the high and critical risk categories compared to the other models that account for more factors. This could result in the unnecessary replacement of pipes leading to an inefficient allocation of funds.
Keywords: Risk of Failure, Consequence of Failure, Probability of Failure
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Sarzedas, Guaraci Loureiro. "Planejamento para a substituição de tubulações em sistemas de abastecimento de água - aplicação na rede de distribuição de água da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-20072009-144606/.
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O presente trabalho apresenta um plano de substituição de tubulações do sistema de distribuição de água da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), utilizando um sistema de informações geográficas (SIG), que permitiu o relacionamento de dados do cadastro físico das tubulações com informações de reparos de vazamentos. Foram criados grupos de tubulações de mesmo material e, em alguns casos, de um mesmo período de implantação, para a definição de taxas anuais de substituição a partir da previsão de quebras futuras e da determinação do tempo ótimo de substituição das tubulações. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a vida média das tubulações apresenta um valor inferior ao verificado em países desenvolvidos. Assim, a taxa anual de substituição de tubulações, devendo oscilar entre 1,25 e 2%, será superior à média dos países desenvolvidos, que gira em torno de 0,5 a 1%, considerando que a idade média das tubulações varie entre 100 e 200 anos.The following study presents a pipes replacement plan for the water distribution system of the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo (MRSP), using a geographic information system (GIS), which allowed the relation between the data of the water mains and the information about leakage repairs. Water main groups of the same material were created and, in some cases, of the same installation period, for the definition of yearly replacement rates based on the future breaks forecast and determination of the water mains optimal replacement timing. The results obtained suggest that the water mains average life, show a lower value than the one verified in developed countries. Thus, the water mains year replacement rate, witch should range from 1.25 to 2%, will be higher than the average in developed countries, witch is about 0.5 and 1%, considering that water mains mean age varies between 100 and 200 years.
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Nemeth, Lyle John. "A Comparison of Risk Assessment Models for Pipe Replacement and Rehabilitation in a Water Distribution System". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1599.
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A water distribution system is composed of thousands of pipes of varying materials, sizes, and ages. These pipes experience physical, environmental, and operational factors that cause deterioration and ultimately lead to their failure. Pipe deterioration results in increased break rates, decreased hydraulic capacity, and adverse effects on water quality. Pipe failures result in economic losses to the governing municipality due to loss of service, cost of pipe repair/replacement, damage incurred due to flooding, and disruptions to normal business operations. Inspecting the entire water distribution system for deterioration is difficult and economically unfeasible; therefore, it benefits municipalities to utilize a risk assessment model to identify the most critical components of the system and develop an effective rehabilitation or replacement schedule.
This study compared two risk assessment models, a statistically complex model and a simplified model. Based on the physical, environmental, and operational conditions of each pipe, these models estimate the probability of failure, quantify the consequences of a failure, and ultimately determine the risk of failure of a pipe. The models differ in their calculation of the probability of failure. The statistically complex model calculates the probability of failure based on pipe material, diameter, length, internal pressure, land use, and age. The simplified model only accounts for pipe material and age in its calculation of probability of failure. Consequences of a pipe failure include the cost to replace the pipe, service interruption, traffic impact, and customer criticality impact. The risk of failure of a pipe is determined as the combination of the probability of failure and the consequences of a failure. Based on the risk of failure of each pipe within the water distribution system, a ranking system is developed, which identifies the pipes with the most critical risk. Utilization of this ranking system allows municipalities to effectively allocate funds for rehabilitation.
This study analyzed the 628-pipe water distribution system in the City of Buellton, California. Four analyses were completed on the system, an original analysis and three sensitivity analyses. The sensitivity analyses displayed the worst-case scenarios for the water distribution system for each assumed variable. The results of the four analyses are provided below.
Risk Analysis
Simplified Model
Complex Model
Original Analysis
All pipes were low risk
All pipes were low risk
Sensitivity Analysis: Older Pipe Age
Identified 2 medium risk pipes
Identified 2 medium risk pipes
Sensitivity Analysis: Lower Anticipated Service Life
Identified 2 medium risk pipes
Identified 9 high risk pipes and 283 medium risk pipes
Sensitivity Analysis: Older Pipe Age and Lower Anticipated Service Life
Identified 1 high risk pipe and 330 medium risk pipes
Identified 111 critical risk pipes, 149 high risk pipes, and 137 medium risk pipes
Although the results appeared similar in the original analysis, it was clear that the statistically complex model incorporated additional deterioration factors into its analysis, which increased the probability of failure and ultimately the risk of failure of each pipe. With sufficient data, it is recommended that the complex model be utilized to more accurately account for the factors that cause pipe failures.
This study proved that a risk assessment model is effective in identifying critical components and developing a pipe maintenance schedule. Utilization of a risk assessment model will allow municipalities to effectively allocate funds and optimize their water distribution system.
Keywords: Water Distribution System/Network, Risk of Failure, Monte Carlo Simulation, Normal Random Variable, Conditional Assessment, Sensitivity Analysis.
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Amaya, Elkin A. Davis D. Allen. "Fish meal replacement in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in green water systems". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/AMAYA_ROJAS_25.pdf.
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Taylor, Andrew Morrow 1957. "CLASS A PAN EVAPORATION REPLACEMENT AS A BASIS FOR SCHEDULING IRRIGATION OF LANDSCAPE PLANTS (PYRACANTHA, LEUCOPHYLLUM, ARIZONA)". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276526.
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Pizani, Maria Alejandra Moreno. "Manejo da irrigação e produtividade da água na cultura da carqueja (Baccharis crispa Spreng.)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-07032018-133212/.
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As respostas das plantas medicinais as diversas técnicas de manejo da irrigação são pouco conhecidas. Os efeitos da irrigação complementar e suplementar na produtividade das plantas medicinais é de interesse para a industria farmacéutica. A flora brasileira é uma das mais ricas da Terra e neste conjunto de plantas existem espécies medicinais de alto valor com aptidão farmacêutica e bioquímica. Dentre elas está a carqueja, uma planta brasileira conhecida popularmente pelo seu chá com efeito emagrecedor. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar as respostas da carqueja frente ao manejo da irrigação via clima em ambiente protegido. Em casa de vegetação, foram realizados dois experimentos em vasos de 11 L. O primeiro ensaio foi realizado no período primavera/verão de 2015/2016 e o segundo ensaio no outono/inverno de 2016. Foi adotado o delineamento em blocos casualizados composto por seis níveis de reposição hídrica (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150% da ETo) e 6 repetições, totalizando 36 parcelas. Foi adotado o sistema de irrigação localizada por gotejamento. O conteúdo de água no solo foi monitorado por meio da refletectometria no domínio do tempo. O monitoramento meteorológico foi realizado por meio de uma estação meteorológica automática com datalogger. Após o transplantio das mudas foram realizadas três colheitas, realizando a avaliação das plantas cultivadas, por meio da determinação da biomassa, biometria, produtividade da água e teor do óleo essencial extraído por hidrodestilação. A cultura da carqueja (Baccharis crispa Spreng.) apresentou uma resposta diferencial aos níveis de reposição hídrica, nas diferentes colheitas, no período primavera/verão. O maior aumento da biomassa se obervou no ciclo primavera/verão aos 95 dias após o transplantio (DAT). A deficiência hídrica afetou em menor proporção às plantas submetidas ao nível de reposição hídrica de 75% em ambos ciclos. A maior produção de biomassa seca foi obtda aos 95 DAT no ciclo primavera/verão e o teor de óleo essencial no tratamento 75% de reposição hídrica no ciclo primavera/verão aos 205 DAT.The responses of medicinal plants to the various techniques of irrigation management are little known. The effects of supplementary and supplemental irrigation on the productivity of medicinal plants is of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. The Brazilian flora is one of the richest on Earth and in this set of plants has high value as medicinal species with pharmaceutical and biochemical aptitude. Among them is the carqueja, a Brazilian plant popularly known for its tea with a slimming effect. The objective of the study was to verify the responses of the carqueja to the management of irrigation through climate in a protected environment. In the greenhouse, two experiments were carried out in 11 L pots. The first test was performed in the spring / summer of 2015/2016 and the second in the fall / winter of 2016. A randomized block design was adopted, consisting of six water replacement level (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of ETo) and 6 replicates, totaling 36 plots in the greenhouse. Drip irrigation system was adopted. The water content in the soil was monitored by time domain reflectectometry and the meteorological monitoring will be done by means of an automatic weather station with datalogger. After the transplanting of the seedlings, three harvests were carried out evaluating the cultivated plants, through determination of the biomass, biometry, water productivity and essential oil content extracted by hydrodistillation. The Baccharis crispa Spreng. presented a differential response to water replacement levels, in the different harvests, in the spring/summer period. The greatest development of the crop was observed in the summer spring cycle at 95 DAP. The water deficiency affected to a lesser extent the plants submitted to the water replacement level of 75% in both cycles. The highest dry biomass production at 95 DAP in the spring/summer cycle and the essential oil content in the treatment 75% of water replacement in the spring / summer cycle at 205 DAP.
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Hamood, Alaa. "Sustainable utilisation of raw sewage sludge (RSS) as a water replacement in cement-based materials containing unprocessed fly ash". Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/332182.
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Prior to the implementation of the European Union Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) in 31 Dec 1998, around a quarter of the sewage sludge produced in the UK was either discharged to surface waters via pipes or disposed from ships at sea. Discontinuing this route together with the quality requirements of the European Waste Water Directive, led to the generation of significant quantities of sewage sludge. It has therefore become required to treat this waste effectively before it can be sent back to the environment. Consequently, this added greater challenges for the environmental agencies, as well as local authorities. The treatment process comprises costly and energy consuming applications including physical, chemical, biological and thermal. In addition to the sewage sludge, the power generation industry produces massive quantities of fly ash from burning coal. In the UK, there is about 5,300,000 tonnes of fly ash that are generated annually, which require to be processed and classified in order to meet the standard requirements before it can be used in the construction applications. The classifying process also involves a series of costly and energy consuming mechanical and physical applications. This research programme has introduced an innovative alternative to the traditional re-use and disposal routes of Raw Sewage Sludge (RSS) and unprocessed fly ash. It has suggested the utilisation of RSS and unprocessed fly ash as raw ingredients for the production of sustainable construction materials. This research programme has therefore examined the performance of cement-based materials containing Raw Sewage Sludge (RSS) as a water replacement and unprocessed fly ash as cement replacement. Mortar and concrete mixes incorporating these materials were tested for their flowability/workability, density, Total Water Absorption (TWA), Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), compressive strength, flexural strength, drying shrinkage, sulphate attack and leaching properties. Three series of cement-based materials were studied including mortar mixes with RSS and unprocessed fly ash (Series 1), mortar mixes with RSS and large proportions of unprocessed fly ash (Series 2), and concrete mixes with RSS and unprocessed fly ash (Series 3). The outcomes of the investigation were encouraging in that cement-based materials containing RSS and unprocessed fly ash that were produced demonstrated relatively good engineering, durability and environmental properties in comparison to the control mixes. The inclusion of unprocessed fly ash significantly reduced flowability/workability; however it improved long-term compressive strength for both mixes with RSS and water. The best compressive strength results were recorded when cement was replaced with 10-20% unprocessed fly ash by weight of total binder. The results also showed that sulphate attack resistance improved when fly ash was included. Moreover, safe concentration levels of heavy metals and free ions were detected when leaching test was performed. However, it must be kept in mind that more environmental tests must be performed before any large scale use is undertaken.
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Skinner, Theodore Patrick William Cumming. "Dimensional stabilisation of waterlogged archaeological wood : an investigation of the water content of the cell wall of waterlogged archaeological wood and its replacement with water soluble compounds". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251601.
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Steiner, Kristi Kalei. "Renewal Engineering Technologies for Drinking Water and Wastewater Pipeline Systems - A State of the Art Literature and Practice Review". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76763.
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Over the last few years, several advancements have been made in water and wastewater pipe renewal technologies that have allowed utilities to utilize innovative renewal techniques that decrease project costs, the impact of the project on the surrounding citizens and environment, and allow for expedited pipeline renewals compared to traditional open trench methods. The challenge now is in getting utilities to implement new innovative technologies within their system. This thesis provides background information on a number of the technologies available for the renewal of water and wastewater system pipelines. It then provides State of the Art Literature and State of the Art Practice Reviews based on technology use trends in literature and technology use trends in utility practice. The information from both reviews is then synthesized to provide a clear view of the state of the water and wastewater pipeline renewal technology industry, including the trends by pipe material, drivers for renewal, and technology type.Master of Science
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Triantafyllidou, Simoni. "Lead (Pb) Contamination of Potable Water: Public Health Impacts, Galvanic Corrosion and Quantification Considerations". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77215.
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The issue of lead exposure through drinking water was re-examined in light of modern public health goals, recent high-profile cases of elevated lead in water, and emerging concerns regarding the efficacy of legally mandated remedial strategies.
A critical literature review revealed that serious lead-in-water hazards are present at many US schools and homes, and that the threat to individuals is not eliminated by existing regulations. Health studies have provided strong links between lead in water and lead in blood of exposed populations, even at relatively low levels of exposure compared to reported lead occurrence in US tap water samples. As efforts shift from addressing pervasive lead sources that once elevated the blood lead of large percentages of the population, to more isolated individual cases requiring exceptional attention, the importance of carefully considering lead in water as a potential source for elevated blood lead increases.
Consistent with decades of prior research linking elevated water lead to elevated blood lead (EBL), lead-contaminated water in the high-profile case of Washington DC markedly increased the incidence of EBL for very young children. Specifically, incidence of EBL for children aged ≤ 1.3 years increased more than 4 times during 2001-2003 when lead in water was high, compared to 2000 when lead in water was low. The incidence of EBL for children aged ≤ 1.3 years was highly correlated (R² = 0.81) to 90th percentile lead-in-water levels from 2000-2007, and the risk of exposure to high water lead levels varied markedly in different neighborhoods of the city. Analysis conducted herein focused on identifying "worst-case" neighborhoods and populations. Specifically, this was the first study of the Washington DC case to focus on infants who are most vulnerable to harm from lead in water, and to perform smaller area analysis at the neighborhood (i.e., zip code) level in order to capture pockets of high risk among local communities.
Prior biokinetic modeling efforts, examining the potential adverse impacts of lead-in-water exposure, were re-examined to explicitly consider new public health goals. This included impacts on the most sensitive population groups (e.g., young children and particularly formula-fed infants), the potential variability in blood lead levels (BLLs) amongst exposed individuals within those groups (e.g., most sensitive children at the upper tail of the BLL distribution), more conservative BLL thresholds reflecting low-level adverse effects (e.g., 5, 2 and 1 µg/dL versus 10 µg/dL), and the possibility of acute health impacts. This re-evaluation creates a paradigm shift, in that levels of lead in water that were previously considered inconsequential are demonstrated to be of concern in specific circumstances.
The replacement of lead service lines in front of consumers' homes is a costly, federally mandated remedial action if a water utility exceeds the US EPA lead action level. Because utilities do not own the entire lead service line, they often only replace the portion of the service line up to the property line, typically with copper pipe. Experiences in Washington DC, as revealed by Freedom of Information Act requests, indicated that partial pipe replacements were not decreasing lead in water, and were actually associated with relatively high incidence of childhood lead poisoning. This prompted the first comprehensive investigation of potential long-term problems arising from galvanic corrosion between the remaining lead pipe and the newly installed copper pipe. Bench-scale experiments demonstrated that galvanic connections between lead pipe (new or aged) and copper pipe increased lead release into the water by 1.1-16 times, when compared to a full length of lead pipe alone. The small area of lead pipe adjacent to the copper joint (<0.5 ft) was gravely affected by galvanic corrosion, and accumulated a thick lead-rust layer (1 inch wide) that constituted a reservoir for semi-random particulate lead detachment into the water.
The work on simulated partial pipe replacements revealed that under worst-case scenarios of highly contaminated water samples, most of the lead was not quantified if water samples were not mixed thoroughly after standard preservation (i.e., after addition of 0.15% v/v HNO₃), or if water samples were transferred from one bottle to another prior to preservation. While there is no reason to believe that sample handling and pre-treatment dramatically skew regulatory compliance with the US EPA lead action level, slight variations from one approved protocol to another may cause lead-in-water health risks to be dramatically underestimated. This is of special concern in unusual situations of "worst-case" individual exposures to highly contaminated water, associated with childhood lead poisoning.
This work provides the water industry and health agencies with important new insights and perspectives on an old problem. Results can improve strategies to detect and mitigate lead-in-water hazards for individuals or populations, and inform future revisions to the US EPA Lead and Copper Rule.Ph. D.
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Laing, Nicola. "The effect of lead communication pipe replacement on lead levels in low alkalinity drinking water and the analysis of corrosion products formed in pipes". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423880.
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Castada, Hardy Zingalaoa. "Brewster Angle Microscopy Study of Model Lung Surfactant Systems at the Air-Water and Air-Physiological Buffer Interfaces". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1281642097.
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Cardozo, Mirian Tavares Dias [UNESP]. "Composto de lixo orgânico urbano na produção do pimentão irrigado em cultivo protegido". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100810.
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cardozo_mtd_dr_jabo.pdf: 446876 bytes, checksum: 0b413178ee7b84a67f1f7a95da08f058 (MD5)Na produção de hortaliças é fator determinante a adubação aplicada nas dosagens corretas e a reposição de água no solo em quantidades ideais. A adubação com compostos orgânicos pode diminuir o custo da produção e proporcionar aumento da produtividade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar os efeitos das reposições de água de irrigação na produtividade, e a dosagem do composto de lixo a ser utilizada na cultura do pimentão quando cultivada em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa modelo arco com 280 m2. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com 24 tratamentos em esquema fatorial de 6 x 4 (formas de adubação e reposição de água no solo, respectivamente). Quanto à adubação, foram seis formas: adubação mineral e adubação com composto de lixo orgânico (4 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 e 16 t ha-1), mais uma testemunha sem adição de adubos. Quanto às reposições de água no solo foram de 70%, 100%, 130% e 160% da lâmina necessária para elevar o solo à capacidade de campo. Foram determinados o número de frutos, altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, eficiência do uso da água e a produtividade da cultura. Dentre os resultados, verificou-se que quando a reposição de água no solo foi efetuada integralmente (100% de reposição) a produtividade foi similar entre as adubações com composto de lixo orgânico de 16 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 e 8 t ha-1
In vegetables production, the correct dosages of applied fertilizer and replacement of water in the soil in optimal amounts is a determining factor. The fertilization with organic compounds can decrease the production cost and provide increased productivity. This study aimed to: determine the effects of different replacement of irrigation water in crop yield, and optimal dosage of organic compound to be used in sweet pepper when grown in a greenhouse. The experiment was conducted in a bow model greenhouse with 280 m2. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with 24 treatments in a factorial arrangement of 6 x 4 (types of fertilization and water replacement in the soil, respectively). As for fertilization, it’s used six forms: fertilization with mineral fertilizer and organic compound (4 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 16 t ha-1) and one as control, without addition of fertilizers. For the water replacement in the soil, it’s used 70%, 100%, 130% and 160% of the blade to raise the soil at field capacity. It was determined the number of fruits, plants height, stalk diameter, efficiency of water use and crop productivity. Among the results, it was found that when the replacement of water in the soil was made in full (100% replacement) the productivity was similar between the fertilizer with organic waste compound of 16 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 8 t ha-1
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Cardozo, Mirian Tavares Dias. "Composto de lixo orgânico urbano na produção do pimentão irrigado em cultivo protegido /". Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100810.
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Orientador: João Antonio GalbiattiCoorientador: Márcio José Santana
Banca: Américo Iorio Ciociola Júnior
Banca: Haroldo Silva Vallone
Banca: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani
Banca: Rogério Teixeira de Faria
Resumo: Na produção de hortaliças é fator determinante a adubação aplicada nas dosagens corretas e a reposição de água no solo em quantidades ideais. A adubação com compostos orgânicos pode diminuir o custo da produção e proporcionar aumento da produtividade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar os efeitos das reposições de água de irrigação na produtividade, e a dosagem do composto de lixo a ser utilizada na cultura do pimentão quando cultivada em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa modelo arco com 280 m2. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com 24 tratamentos em esquema fatorial de 6 x 4 (formas de adubação e reposição de água no solo, respectivamente). Quanto à adubação, foram seis formas: adubação mineral e adubação com composto de lixo orgânico (4 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 e 16 t ha-1), mais uma testemunha sem adição de adubos. Quanto às reposições de água no solo foram de 70%, 100%, 130% e 160% da lâmina necessária para elevar o solo à capacidade de campo. Foram determinados o número de frutos, altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, eficiência do uso da água e a produtividade da cultura. Dentre os resultados, verificou-se que quando a reposição de água no solo foi efetuada integralmente (100% de reposição) a produtividade foi similar entre as adubações com composto de lixo orgânico de 16 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 e 8 t ha-1
Abstract: In vegetables production, the correct dosages of applied fertilizer and replacement of water in the soil in optimal amounts is a determining factor. The fertilization with organic compounds can decrease the production cost and provide increased productivity. This study aimed to: determine the effects of different replacement of irrigation water in crop yield, and optimal dosage of organic compound to be used in sweet pepper when grown in a greenhouse. The experiment was conducted in a bow model greenhouse with 280 m2. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with 24 treatments in a factorial arrangement of 6 x 4 (types of fertilization and water replacement in the soil, respectively). As for fertilization, it's used six forms: fertilization with mineral fertilizer and organic compound (4 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 16 t ha-1) and one as control, without addition of fertilizers. For the water replacement in the soil, it's used 70%, 100%, 130% and 160% of the blade to raise the soil at field capacity. It was determined the number of fruits, plants height, stalk diameter, efficiency of water use and crop productivity. Among the results, it was found that when the replacement of water in the soil was made in full (100% replacement) the productivity was similar between the fertilizer with organic waste compound of 16 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 8 t ha-1
Doutor
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Novák, Tomáš. "Studie sanace vybrané části stokové sítě". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392242.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is a rehabilitation study of the sewer network on Vídeňská street in the city of Brno. The first part of the thesis includes an accompanying review including basic data about the sewage gutter, including the characteristics of the affected area with a detailed description of the geological and hydrogeological rates. This is followed by a technical review, which consists of hydrotechnical calculations and overal summary of the construction-technical condition. The subject of the following part is a proposal and description of several varying solutions for the rehabilitation, including, particularly, trenchless technologies. Further on, all of the proposed variants are evaluated based on technical, economical and environmental impact. Finally, all the observations are summarized and a final recommendation for the way of solving the rehabilitation is carried out.
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Farooqi, Owais Ehtisham. "An Assessment and Modeling of Copper Plumbing pipe Failures due to Pinhole Leaks". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33918.
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Pinhole leaks in copper plumbing pipes are a big concern for the homeowners. The problem is spread across the nation and remains a threat to plumbing systems of all ages. Due to the absence of a single acceptable mechanistic theory no preventive measure is available to date. Most of the present mechanistic theories are based on analysis of failed pipe samples however an objective comparison with other pipes that did not fail is seldom made. The variability in hydraulic and water quality parameters has made the problem complex and unquantifiable in terms of plumbing susceptibility to pinhole leaks.
The present work determines the spatial and temporal spread of pinhole leaks across United States. The hotspot communities are identified based on repair histories and surveys. An assessment of variability in water quality is presented based on nationwide water quality data. A synthesis of causal factors is presented and a scoring system for copper pitting is developed using goal programming. A probabilistic model is presented to evaluate optimal replacement time for plumbing systems. Methodologies for mechanistic modeling based on corrosion thermodynamics and kinetics are presented.Master of Science
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Krauß, Michael. "The Influence of Management Strategies on the Water Productivity in Dairy Farming and Broiler Production". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18560.
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Die Wasserproduktivität in der Tierhaltung ist von vielen Faktoren abhängig. Die Futterproduktion hat den größten Anteil am Wasserbedarf von tierischen Produkten. Weitere Einflussfaktoren sind die Leistung, die Reproduktion und der Gesundheitsstatus der Tiere, das Management und die Haltungsbedingungen. In dieser Arbeit sollte untersucht werden, wie sich diese Faktoren auf die Wasserproduktivität von Milch und Geflügelfleisch in Nord-Ost-Deutschland auswirken. Zehn unterschiedliche Futtermittel wurden hinsichtlich ihres Wasserbedarfes untersucht. Aus diesen Futtermitteln wurden die Rationen für die Tiere erstellt. Die Milchleistung der Kühe wurde zwischen 4.000 und 12.000 kg Milch pro Kuh und Jahr in 2.000 kg Schritten variiert. Für jedes Leistungsniveau wurden zwölf verschiedene Fütterungsstrategien untersucht, welche auf der Erhöhung einzelner Bestandteile der Ration basieren. Der Wasserbedarf von Leitungswasser im Stall wurde mit 38 Wasserzählern ermittelt. Für die Wasserproduktivität des Geflügelfleisches wurden vier verschieden intensive Mastverfahren untersucht.
Die Wasserproduktivität steigt mit steigender Milchleistung der Kühe. Das Maximum wird bei 10.000 kg Milch pro Kuh und Jahr und Rationen mit einem hohem Gras- bzw. Maissilageanteil erreicht.
Die Kühe, die im automatischen Melksystem gemolken wurden, nahmen mehr Tränkwasser zu sich, als die Kühe im Fischgrätenmelkstand. Dies ist durch die höhere Milchleistung bedingt. Im automatischen Melksystem wurden im Mittel 28,6 Liter Reinigungswasser pro Kuh und Tag benötigt. Für die Reinigung des Fischgrätenmelkstandes wurden 33,8 Liter pro Kuh und Tag genutzt.
Die untersuchten Broilermastverfahren zeigten keine Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Wasserproduktivität. Die intensivere Aufzucht und bessere Futterverwertung wurde durch eine niedrigere Wasserproduktivität des Futters kompensiert.
Der Anteil des technischen Wassers macht in der Milchkuh- und Broilerhaltung nur einen kleinen Teil am Gesamtwasserbedarf aus.Livestock production is the main user of water resources in agricultural production. Water is used in animal production for producing feed, watering the animals, and cleaning and disinfecting barns and equipment. The objective of this dissertation was to quantify the effects of management strategies, such as feeding, intensity of production and the replacement process on the water productivity of milk and poultry meat in Germany. Water productivity in milk and broiler production systems was calculated based on the methodology of Prochnow et al. (2012). Own measurements of the drinking and cleaning water demand in milk production were conducted in a dairy cow barn. The study was based on site conditions of North-East Germany with common variations in farm operations. The feed production is the main contributor to water input in dairy and poultry production. The water productivity of milk increased with an increasing milk yield. The most beneficial conditions related to water productivity in dairy farming were found to be with a milk yield of approximately 10,000 kg fat corrected milk and a grass silage and maize silage based feeding. The total technical water use in the barn makes only a minor contribution to water use. Former regression functions of the drinking water intake of the cows were reviewed and a new regression function based on the ambient temperature and the milk yield was developed. In broiler production the intensification of the fattening systems did not increase water productivity. An increase of water productivity in animal production can be achieved with various management strategies with their specific influence on the production process. The feed management should be a focus of the strategies.
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Mir, Rajabi Mehdi. "The deep water gas charged accumulator and its possible replacements". Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3346.
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Blowout preventers are designed to shut in a well under pressure so that formation fluids
that have moved into the wellbore can be contained and circulated out while continuous
control of the well is maintained. Control Systems for the BOPs are of necessity highly
efficient hydraulic systems. The objective is to operate functions, such as closing rams,
on the BOP stack in as short a time as possible. Supplying enough volume of pressured
hydraulic fluid to operate those emergency functions is essential. To have the necessary
quantity of control fluid under pressure requires storing this fluid in accumulators. These
accumulators operate by the expansion and compression of nitrogen gas that is separated
from hydraulic fluid by either rubber bladders or pistons.
Accumulators are used both on the surface and at the seafloor. As long as you use
accumulators on the surface or in relatively shallow waters, you may not have a problem
with the volume of hydraulic fluid capacity of gas charged accumulators. The problem
may arise when the wellhead is at water depth of more than 3500 ft. In deep water
drilling, the accumulators should be placed on the subsea blowout preventer stack to
reduce hydraulic response times and provide a hydraulic power supply in case of
interruption of surface communication. Accumulators are also used in subsea production
control systems to provide local storage that allows smaller line sizes in control
umbilicals. Hydraulic fluid capacity of an accumulator drops to 15% of its capacity on
the surface and even less, depending on the water depth. A large number of
accumulators are needed to perform BOP functions that could have been done by just a
few of them on the surface or at relatively shallow water depth.
Gas inside gas charged accumulators does not behave like an ideal gas as we go to very
deep water, due to high hydrostatic pressure at that water depth. The higher the ambient
pressure, the more the gas behaves like a real gas rather than an ideal gas and the lower
the fluid capacity of the accumulators. Compressed gas has energy in it, and can release
this energy at the time desired, thatÂs why it is used in accumulators. Now, we have to
look for something that is able to store energy, but unlike the nitrogen, its functionality
must not be affected by the increasing hydrostatic pressure of water as a function of
water depth. Springs and heavy weights will be discussed as two options to replace
nitrogen in accumulators. Efficient deep water accumulators would reduce the number of
accumulators required in deepwater and cut the cost of the project. With the advent of
such efficient accumulators, we can hope that one of the numerous problems of
deepwater drilling has been solved and we can think of drilling in even deeper waters.
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Birzniece, Vita. "Neuroactive steroids and rat CNS". Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-296.
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Iacopi, Francesca, N. Mishra, B. V. Cunning, A. R. Kermany, D. Goding, A. Pradeepkumar, S. Dimitrijev, J. J. Boeckl, R. Brock e R. H. Dauskardt. "Self-aligned graphene on silicon substrates as ultimate metal replacement for nanodevices". Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-207052.
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We have pioneered a novel approach to the synthesis of high-quality and highly uniform few-layer graphene on silicon wafers, based on solid source growth from epitaxial 3C-SiC films [1,2]. The achievement of transfer-free bilayer graphene directly on silicon wafers, with high adhesion, at temperatures compatible with conventional semiconductor processing, and showing record- low sheet resistances, makes this approach an ideal route for metal replacement method for nanodevices with ultimate scalability fabricated at the wafer –level.
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Kuykendall, Matti Beth. "Biomass production and changes in soil water with cover crop species and mixtures following no-till winter wheat". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19080.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agronomy
P. V. Vara Prasad,
Kraig L. Roozeboom
Replacing fallow with cover crops can provide many benefits, including improved soil quality and reduced nitrogen fertilizer requirements. The addition of cover crops into no-till systems has become popular in recent years as a means of increasing cropping system intensity and diversity. A primary concern of producers in the Great Plains is the possibility that cover crops may reduce the amount of soil water stored in the profile for the next grain crop, potentially reducing yields. Multi-species cover crop mixtures that enhance the ecological stability and resilience of cover crop communities may produce greater and more consistent biomass than single species. Field experiments were established in 2013 and 2014 near Belleville and Manhattan, KS following winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harvest to evaluate the effect of cover crop species and species complexity on changes in soil profile water content and water use efficiency. Along with a chemical fallow control, ten cover crop treatments were tested: six single species, two-three component mixes, a mix of six species, and a mix of nine species. Volumetric water content was measured using a neutron probe and a Field Scout TDR 300. Similar data were collected in 2014 from an experiment established in 2007 comparing fallow, double-cropped soybean, and four cover crop types (summer and winter legumes and non-legumes) in a no-till winter wheat-grain sorghum-soybean cropping system near Manhattan, KS. Results from both studies showed that grasses produced the most dry matter with the highest water use efficiency (up to 618 kg cm-1). Fallow lost up to 7.9 cm less water than all cover crop treatments throughout cover crop growth and in the fall, but captured up to 3.4 cm less moisture in the spring than the cover crops that added residue to the soil surface. Brassica species extracted water from deeper in the soil profile than the other cover crop species. Species complexity affected water use only relative to the proportions and productivity of their individual components, with no advantage in water use efficiency for the more complex mixtures.
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Lai, Ming-Fen, e 賴明芬. "Replacement Strategies of Water Meter in Taiwan". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44380964726208470102.
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碩士國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
102
According to the annual report of 2012, there are respectively 90.77% and 93.18% of the total incomes of Taiwan Water Corporation and Taipei Water Department come from the water fee. It indicates that the collection of water fee is the most significant income for the water supply institutions in Taiwan. Therefore, the water supply institutions plan to improve the accuracy of the water meters to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of collecting water fees. Upgrading Class B water meters to Class C is the current policy. Due to the large amount of water meters, it will be very helpful for the upgrading task if we can get the upgrading priorities through certain cost/benefit analysis. Hence, this study analyzed the economic benefits of water meter upgrading strategy in two ways: consumer types and water meter sizes, and try to provide a policy and direction of replacing meters for reference. The results based on consumer types show that industrial consumers and school consumers are the most cost-effective priorities for Taiwan Water Corporation and Taipei Water Department to upgrade water meters, respectively. Besides, among all sizes of water meters, the 13mm-diameter water meters are the most cost-effective priority for both Taiwan Water Corporation and Taipei Water Department to upgrade. The results may be used as references for water meter replacement strategies of water supply institutions in Taiwan.
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Prosser, MONICA. "Energy Considerations for Pipe Replacement in Water Distribution Systems". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/8183.
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Water utilities are facing pressure to continue to provide high-quality potable water in an increasingly energy constrained world; managing the ageing infrastructure that exists in many countries is a challenge in and of itself, but recently this has been coupled with political and public attention to the environmental impacts of the distribution system. Utility managers need to take a holistic approach to decision-making in order to determine all of the impacts of their plans.
The intention of this thesis is to present a set of considerations for utility planners and managers to provide clarity to the trade-offs associated with any pipe replacement decision. This research has examined the energy relationships between operational energy reduction and the embodied energy tied to replacing deteriorated pipes in water distribution networks. These relationships were investigated through the development and application of a life-cycle energy analysis (LCEA) for three different pipe replacement schedules developed with the intent to reduce leakage in the system. The results showed that the embodied energy for pipe replacement is significant even when compared against the large amount of energy required to operate a large-scale water utility. The annual operational energy savings of between 8.9 and 9.6 million kWh achieved by 2070 through pipe replacement comes at a cost; 0.88-2.05 million kWh/mile for replacement with ductile iron pipes with diameters of 6” to 16” respectively. This imbalance resulted in a maximum energy payback period of 17.6 years for the most aggressive replacement plan in the first decade. Some of the assumptions that were used to complete the LCEA were investigated through a sensitivity analysis; specific factors that were numerically queried in this chapter include the break rate forecasting method, pumping efficiency, the leakage duration and the flow rate per leakage event.
Accurate accounting of energy requirements for pipe replacement will become even more important as energy and financial constraints continue to increase for most water utilities, this thesis provides guidance on some of the complex relationships that need to be considered.Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-08-21 16:51:18.963
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Hwang, Hung-He, e 黃鴻河. "Investigation on Chiller Replacement of Water-Cooled Screw Chillers". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04011463859560001721.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
102
Energy consumption is the main cause of global warming. Efficient energy design and control can reduce carbon dioxide emission and also enhance company’s competitive edge. How to integrate energy control while maintain a secure, safe, hygienic building environment is an important topic for many companies. In recent years, new chillers are designed based on Chinese National Standards (CNS). However, few studies focus on evaluating the energy consumption and performance for existing chillers. In most cases, existing chiller is replaced when it’s either malfunctioned or at the end of its life cycle. Presently, with rising domestic energy cost and environment protection awareness, it is important to evaluate an appropriate timing for chiller replacement considering both performance efficiency and operation cost. The purpose of this study is to develop an empirical formula to determine the timing for chiller replacement. Air conditioners are the highest power consuming appliance in a building. In this study, the optimum operation efficiency of screw chillers is evaluated to determine the timing for chiller replacement based on system’s initial cost, operation cost, and maintenance cost. According to chiller’s energy consumption and COP (Coefficient of Performance), the present value in each operation stage is used to generate the increasing electricity cost. Also, the increasing electricity cost from one-year operation (N=1) to five-year operation (N=5) are compared with chiller’s present value. The study concludes that the timing for chiller replacement is when increasing electricity cost equals to chiller’s present value, it provides users and owners a convenient way to determine an appropriate timing for chiller replacement. Inappropriate timing of chiller replacement usually results in additional cost for investors. Therefore, an early decision methodology will certainly lead to better economic returns, and in the same time reduce the carbon dioxide emission and lower the electricity cost.
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Lee, Sang Hyun. "Prioritizing Water Pipe Replacement and Rehabilitation by Evaluating Failure Risk". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-12-10615.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Essential to human life is water. Drinking water, in particular, is of utmost significance for all living creatures including man. An examination of the transmission process of drinking water reveals the high importance of pipe lines. The water pipe lines delivering water today encounter serious problems. Corrosion has caused deterioration in pipe lines, which contributes rust to drinking, a serious water quality problem. In addition, pipe line failures have caused social issues, such as suspension of water supply. This study developed a model to estimate the life expectancy and residual life of a pipe based on the assessment of failure risk in order to evaluate the current failure possibility and predict when the pipe will reach the point of failure. The developed model for estimation of residual life by failure risk was used to assess the failure risk of water pipes based on the general data and pipe sources of the Chang Won City water pipes. The efforts to diagnose and evaluate water pipes are limited to the assessment of current pipe conditions, which is why they can easily determine the priority of rehabilitation based on the current pipe conditions but have hard time getting information about how the pipes have deteriorated to the point of requiring rehabilitation. The objectives of this study are: (1) develop a model for estimating corrosion rates and residual thickness of water pipes, (2) assess loads and stress affecting water pipes, (3) to estimate damage risk, and (4) calculate safety factors. Results of the study could help reduce rehabilitation costs and secure water quality after renovation. Thus it would contribute to the safe and stable operation and management of pipe networks by increasing the life of water pipes.
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Scruton, Simon Robert. "Analysis of the water distribution main replacement conundrum in Durban". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11205.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The optimisation of the decision of when to replace water distribution mains is a complex task.
There are numerous drivers in the decision making process (informed by financial data,
performance data and water quality data) and hundreds of variables and performance indicators
that can be considered when trying to reach an optimised decision. Most of the assets under
consideration are buried and the internal and external pipe conditions are not easily assessable,
forcing the Utility to rely on the available direct and indirect variables from which conclusions
on the reliability of the mains are to be inferred. The cost of mains replacement is relatively low
but the assessment cost, if carried out can be relatively high. The total value of a metropolitan
distribution network typically runs into billions of rands but the impact of an individual pipe
failure is generally low. The distribution network is comprised of many different pipe materials
and components, of different pressure classes, made by different manufacturers, installed by
numerous contractors with different skill levels under differing quality control regimens over
many years. To add to this complexity, various parts of the network are operated at different
static pressures and varying velocities. Some sections of the network are isolated more often
than others and at times there can be large pressure surges that the network is subjected to by
either the Utility or Consumer. These pressure surges are known to have a marked detrimental
effect on the network.
False markers also exist that can give rise to totally incorrect decisions and therefore
performance data cannot be accepted at face value and needs to be scrutinised and cleansed to
increase its reliability prior to being utilised in decision making process. This important step has
been missed by much of the research carried out to date. In the Durban context, a further
complication is caused by consumers tampering with the water mains and also not reporting
leaks. This has a negative effect on the performance of the water main that can cause it to be
flagged for replacement, but its replacement will not result in an increase in performance if the
social issues are not resolved first.
The aim of this research is to make recommendations on the methodology to be employed to
improve network performance and thereby delay the point at which the water mains are to be
replaced for as long as possible. These recommended activities will be carried out to remove
false markers and improve upon the quality and reliability of the data available on the network
performance. A further output is to make recommendations regarding the minimum data that
can be reasonably collected and analysed in order to determine an optimised result. The
recommendation of which mains should be targeted for replacement should result in the highest
benefit for the utility as well as the consumers. By implication, this will result lowest long term
capital and operational expenditure and thus the lowest long term tariffs charged to the
consumers whilst complying with the water quality criteria and service level targets.Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.
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Li, Pei-Haow, e 李沛濠. "Water Distribution System Replacement Model based on Valve-enclosed Segment Reliability". Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57561368112798536132.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
碩士國立交通大學
環境工程所
90
Proper pipe replacement is necessary for a water distribution network to assure its reliability for water supply. Previous studies for pipe replacement planning generally regarded each pipe as an independent unit during analysis. However, closing all peripheral valves is required prior to performing maintenance on a failed pipe, and the actual influence includes the network segment closed off and adjacent segments. Regarding each pipe as an independent unit may underestimate total shortage or influenced area and thus result in an inappropriate decision. This study therefore views valve-enclosed segments as units for determining the impact of damage to pipes and establishing an optimization model to facilitate decision-making analyses. In this study, an algorithm is proposed to identify valve-enclosed segments in a water distribution network and a conceptual segment network can thus be created for further analyses. A computer program based on a depth-first search algorithm is developed to determine critical segments. The EPANET2 model is used to estimate demand shortage impact from damage to segments. A segment-based pipe replacement optimization model with the objective to maximize improvement in shortage reliability after replacement is developed. A case study is implemented under various cost limitations for comparing the proposed model with the conventional pipe-based model. Results show that the proposed model is effective in making an appropriate replacement decision for improving overall shortage reliability. Keywords: optimization, water distribution network,reliability, pipe replacement, valve-enclosed segment, environmental systems analysis.
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Engelhardt, Mark Owen. "Development of a strategy for the optimum replacement of water mains / Mark Engelhardt". 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19392.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Errata sheet pasted onto front end-paper.Bibliography: leaves 357-377.
xxvi, 514 leaves : ill. (some col.), fold. maps ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1999?
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"Soil Biogeochemical Consequences of the Replacement of Residential Grasslands with Water-Efficient Landscapes". Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.34785.
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abstract: As a result of growing populations and uncertain resource availability, urban areas are facing pressure from federal and state agencies, as well as residents, to promote conservation programs that provide services for people and mitigate environmental harm. Current strategies in US cities aim to reduce the impact of municipal and household resource use, including programs to promote water conservation. One common conservation program incentivizes the replacement of water-intensive turfgrass lawns with landscapes that use less water consisting of interspersed drought-tolerant shrubs and trees with rock or mulch groundcover (e.g. xeriscapes, rain gardens, water-wise landscapes). A handful of previous studies in experimental landscapes have shown that converting a turfgrass yard to a shrub-dominated landscape has the potential to increase rates of nitrate (NO3-) leaching. However, no studies have examined the drivers or patterns across diverse management practices. In this research, I compared soil nutrient retention and cycling in turfgrass and lawn-alternative xeriscaped yards along a chronosequence of time since land cover change in Tempe, Arizona, in the semi-arid US Southwest. Soil inorganic extractable nitrogen (N) pools were greater in xeriscapes compared to turfgrass lawns. On average xeriscapes contained 2.5±0.4 g NO3--N/m2 in the first 45 cm of soil, compared to 0.6±0.7 g NO3--N/m2 in lawns. Soil NO3--N pools in xeriscaped yards also varied significantly with time: pools were largest 9-13 years after cover change and declined to levels comparable to turfgrass at 18-21 years. Variation in soil extractable NO3--N with landscape age was strongly influenced by management practices that control soil water availability, including shrub cover, the presence of sub-surface plastic sheeting, and the frequency of irrigation. This research is the first to explore the ecological outcomes and temporal dynamics of an increasingly common, ‘sustainable’ land use practice that is universally promoted in US cities. Our findings show that transitioning from turfgrass to water-efficient residential landscaping can lead to an accumulation of NO3--N that may be lost from the soil rooting zone over time, through leaching following irrigation or rainfall. These results have implications for best management practices to optimize the benefits of water-conserving residential yards.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Biology 2015
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Nolte, Heinrich Wilhelm. "Fluid, electrolyte and thermoregulatory responses to ad libitum water replacement during prolonged exercise". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29009.
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古展帆. "Leakage Potential Improvement based Optimization Procedure for Developing Water Supply Pipeline Replacement Plans". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59109298995295231552.
Texto completo da fonte
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Yang, Keun-Hyeok, H.-S. Chung e Ashraf F. Ashour. "Influence of Type and Replacement Level of Recycled Aggregates on Concrete Properties". 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7768.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
yesTest results of nine recycled aggregate concretes and a control concrete using only natural aggregates are reported. The recycled aggregates used were classified into three different types according to their measured specific gravity and water absorption, namely, RG I for recycled coarse aggregate having a specific gravity of 2.53 and water absorption of 1.9%; RG III for recycled coarse aggregate having a specific gravity of 2.4 and water absorption of 6.2%; and RS II for recycled fine aggregate having a specific gravity of 2.36 and water absorption of 5.4%. The replacement levels of both recycled coarse and fine aggregates were 30, 50, and 100% in separate mixtures. Slump loss and the amount of bleeding with time were recorded for fresh concrete. Compressive and tensile strengths, moduli of rupture and elasticity, and unrestrained shrinkage strain were also measured for hardened concrete. The properties of fresh and hardened concrete tested, together with a comprehensive database reported in the literature, were evaluated with respect to the relative water absorption of aggregates combining the quality and volume of recycled aggregates used. In addition, the properties of hardened concrete with different replacement levels and quality of recycled aggregates were compared with the design equations of ACI 318-05 and empirical equations proposed by Oluokun for natural aggregate concrete, whenever possible. Test results clearly showed that the properties of fresh and hardened concrete containing recycled aggregates were dependent on the relative water absorption of aggregates. In addition, the moduli of rupture and elasticity of recycled aggregate concrete were lower than the design equations specified in ACI 318-05, when the relative water absorption of aggregates is above 2.5% and 3.0%, respectively.
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Kumley, Roberta F. "Hydration and fluid replacement knowledge, attitudes, barriers and behaviors of NCAA Division I football players at a midwestern university". 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1632463.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The purpose of this study was to determine the: 1) knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward hydration and fluid replacement among collegiate football players at an NCAA Division I University, overall , and the relationship, if any, by position on the team, number of seasons played, and previous nutrition education; 2) relationship between the athletes’ hydration knowledge, attitudes and behaviors; 3) current sources of nutrition information likely to be used by the football players; and 4) players’ perception of the adequacy of, and barriers to, their fluid intake before, during, and after exercise. The players’ mean Hydration Knowledge Score was 14.2 ± 1.4 out of 17 (83.5%). Common misconceptions included: 60% thought water, rather than sports drinks, should be consumed when exercising for more than one hour; 54% did not believe sports drinks are better at restoring muscle glycogen than water; 47% believed salt tablets kept players from getting dehydrated; and 42% indicated thirst is the best indicator of dehydration. No differences were detected by number of seasons, position or previous nutrition education.Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
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Zhou, Emily Mi. "Impact of Galvanic Corrosion on Lead Release after Partial Lead Service Line Replacement". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/43363.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The EPA Lead and Copper Rule set action limits for lead and copper concentrations in drinking water, but accelerated corrosion of lead in distribution systems due to a galvanic connection to copper. Prior research has demonstrated that the effects of galvanic corrosion can be controlled by water chemistry. This study not only investigated the main effects of alkalinity, natural organic matter (NOM), nitrate, disinfectant and inhibitor to galvanic corrosion, but also the interplay between these factors. A 2-level factorial (2v5-1) design was adopted which resulted in 16 testing conditions.
Results of bench-scale experiments using static pipes with lead and copper segments demonstrated that alkalinity, disinfectant, inhibitor and alkalinity-inhibitor interaction had a significant impact on galvanic current. The significant factors affecting total lead release were alkalinity, NOM, disinfectant, alkalinity-inhibitor interaction, NOM-nitrate interaction, NOM-disinfectant interaction, NOM-inhibitor interaction, nitrate-disinfectant interaction and disinfectant-inhibitor interaction.
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HUANG, CHIU-YI, e 黃秋宜. "Study on the Ratio of Okara Replacement and Water Adjustment for the Quality of Steamed Bread". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9kp3v3.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
碩士國立高雄餐旅大學
飲食文化暨餐飲創新研究所
106
Okara is a by-product of soybean processing. Due to its rough texture and high moisture content, it is not easy to reserve and is mostly used as livestock feed or waste disposal. Okara is rich in protein and dietary. If okara can be effectively added to steamed bread, it will increase the added value of okara and the nutrition of steamed bread. This study analyzed how the different ratio of okara (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%) replacement the flour and the moisture adjusted (-3, 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18%) in the steamed bread influence the dough fermentation, steamed bread quality and the overall consumer preferences. The results showed that the more ratio of okara replacement in the flour, the final fermentation volume of the dough and the specific volume will decrease. However, the spread ratio was better. The texture of the finished product was getting worse and the color became dark yellow. The increased of the moisture will increase the final fermentation volume of the dough, but there is no change when the ratio of okara replacement flour reach to or more than 9%. The adjustment of the moisture will increase the specific volume and texture of the finished product become better, but the color becomes darker, and the expansion ratio becomes worse as well. The results of consumers' overall acceptance indicated that liking degree of 6 kinds of different ratio okara replacement is between “dislike slightly” and “like moderately”. As the ratio of okara replacement increased, consumers’ overall liking degree tended to decrease, and the taste is the main reason. According to the research of sensory attributes, the 6 kinds of okara steamed bread can be divided into 3 clusters. 0% okara replacement (Cluster1) has the highest favorite among others, 3% and 6% okara replacement (Cluster 2) are the next, and 9%, 12% and 15% of the okara replacement (Cluster 3) are the last. The ratio of okara replacement also affect attributes of the concept and the reception for steamed bread. Machine-made, monotonous, traditional and manual concept when the replacement of okara is equal to or less than 6%. High-fiber, multi-grain, healthy, natural characteristics when the replacement of okara is more than 9%. Correlation analysis showed that hardness and springiness had positive correlation between consumers’ sensory intensity and TPA. In terms of purchase intention, the more ratio of okara replacement, the lower the purchase intention, and the 6% of okara replacement are between “no idea” and “may”. In conclusion, 6% okara steamed bread is the most potential product and can save the energy loss required for drying the wet okara.
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Hay, Shanley. "A comparative study of trenchless technologies versus traditional open trenching for the replacement of ageing potable water pipelines". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1064.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Magister Technologiae: Civil Engineering, Durban University of Technology, 2013.The urgent need to rehabilitate or replace ageing deteriorated buried potable water pipeline networks is one of the many critical service utility provision challenges faced within the municipalities in South Africa. The majority of these unreliable deteriorated pipeline networks consist of un-dipped (not coated with bitumen) AC piping which have long passed their planned economic and technical lifespan. Traditionally, the open trenching method has been utilised for the replacement of aged and deteriorated piping. However, this traditional open trenching method has shown to be expensive and difficult to implement, particularly in congested high traffic use urban areas. The need to rehabilitate or replace the ageing deteriorated buried potable water pipelines in South Africa, taking into account the above mentioned expensive factors has a solution. This solution is termed ‘trenchless technology’ and sometimes also termed ‘no dig’. Recent advancements in trenchless technologies now include innovative methods such as pipe bursting, close-fit lining and sliplining. Close-fit compact pipe manufactured by Wavin Overseas B.V. was newly introduced in South Africa in 2010 for the rehabilitation of deteriorated pipelines. These trenchless methods require further research into their technical application merits, drawbacks and costs in relation to the traditional open trenching method in order to determine which method is more expensive and also least suitable. Traditionally, the ‘total cost’ associated with pipe rehabilitation or replacement projects consisted only of the direct costs. The indirect and socio-economic inconvenience costs were often ignored and resulted in costly expenses to the municipalities. However, this research will show that these indirect and socio-economic inconvenience costs must form part of the total cost of a project as it assists with the successful completion of the project without expensive unforeseen costs to the municipalities. In addition, this research will provide insight as to which indirect and socio-economic inconveniences are dominantly experienced by the public. To achieve this, a quantitative socio-economic survey questionnaire was developed. This questionnaire was aimed at residents and business owners who were affected during a project of this nature. This research study will serve as a support tool to municipalities of South Africa when selecting a pipe rehabilitation or replacement method. This support tool will provide key technical merits and drawbacks of the traditional open trenching method, pipe bursting method, close-fit compact pipe method and sliplining method. In addition, this research study will compare the ‘total cost’ of the traditional open trenching method against the trenchless pipe bursting method. The decision making process lies in the hands of the municipal technical managers. Therefore, their knowledge and experience of up to date information on trenchless methods (as well as the traditional open trenching method) is vitally important. This research provides insight as to the knowledge and experience of technical municipal staff on trenchless methods, its application and use in South Africa. A quantitative survey questionnaire was developed by the researcher. This questionnaire was aimed at technical staff in the water departments of district and local municipalities of South Africa. The results of the above questionnaire surveys formed part of the eThekwini Water and Sanitation (EWS) Feasibility study funded by the Dutch Government. When comparing the costs of the trenchless pipe bursting method against the traditional open trenching method, the results revealed that trenchless methods are undoubtedly cheaper and far less disruptive to the public. The results of the socio-economic survey revealed that trenchless methods were preferred by the public since it was less disturbing and the hindrances experienced were also far less than the traditional open trenching method. The results of the technical municipal survey questionnaire revealed that at least 50% of municipal technical staff of South Africa are not adequately informed about trenchless methods, its application and technical merits and drawbacks respectively. This survey questionnaire revealed that South Africa may be advancing over the years on the use of trenchless methods, however, more educating in the form of training, seminars and other methods of marketing must be undertaken starting at a municipal level.
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Camara, Eliman. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IRON PARTICLES IN WATER MAINS AND LEAD RELEASE". 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/15738.
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The impact on human health caused by lead release has resulted in stringent lead regulations, which limit the drinking water concentration of lead to 10µg/L. In order to meet regulation guidelines, sources of lead are being removed from the distribution system and premise plumbing. Lead service lines (LSLs) are replaced to minimize the effect of lead release, with LSL contributing as much as 50-75% of total lead at the tap. Adsorption of lead on galvanized iron corrosion scales have been shown to increase lead release in LSL replacements, which is very concerning for utilities considering replacing the LSLs. Adsorption of lead on to iron minerals has been hypothesized as a mechanism for lead exposure. With the significant presence of unlined cast iron pipes in Halifax, the objective of this thesis was to determine the relationship between the iron particles found in cast iron pipes and lead release at the tap.
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Hung, Jui-Tsung, e 洪瑞聰. "A Study on the Ultra-Pure Water System UV Lamp Replacement Policy on TOC Removal Efficiency and Cost-Impact". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12726915183346157178.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
機械與自動化工程研究所
99
In recent years, high precision semiconductor manufacturing technology upgrading and improvement of technology, the components width of the case to do more fine, Ultra-pure water used and consumption were enhanced, Ultra-pure water manufacturing technologies are more good, in the free pollutants environment, surface without impurities, particle and surface micro-roughness requirements, the meaning is impurities and particles which not should be generated in the process, or mount on any of the wafer surface, the work area need cleanliness and purity free, process of ultra pure water and clean room environment, it is the key factors of the amount of pollutants affect the process yield, there are 90% Process defect from organic pollutants. Ultra-pure water, organic substances that are usually TOC, the UV equipment is ultra-pure water production system, a common unit. The main is the use of 254nm wavelength of UV light to degrade organic material in ultra-pure water, this study was to assess the UV unit to ultrapure water system, the processing power of TOC, and measure the ultra-pure water system in various processing units of the TOC value of water, thus to understand the micro organic impurities in ultra-pure water changes, from the changes the original replacement all the lamps each year changes to each part of each time replacement lamps, to achieve the cost reduction of consumables and Environmental Protection carbon reduction goal. The results showed that about 80% of TOC was removed in the make up water system, the remaining part of the equipment by the TOC-UV degrade, ultra-pure water system and then through the mixed bed resin filter purified again, the water quality are less than 1ppb TOC, It can be seen TOC-UV unit in ultrapure water system, do not replacement all UV lamps each time but can be replaced by batch, Ultrapure water system without affecting the water quality of the premise, the UV equipment after the performance and cost reduction evaluation, it is really reduce ultrapure water plant operating and consumables replacement cost, the experiment data and analysis results can apply to various semiconductor process technology reference UV lamp replacement.
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Chen, Shu-Chiou, e 陳素秋. "The Effects of Water on the Dried Rice Noodles and the Sugar Replacement of Inulin on the Leavened Rice Cake". Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26840824681011129632.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
碩士國立中興大學
食品科學系
91
ABSTRACT Rice is one of the most important food crops in world and in our country. It lacks gluten-like material so that rice flour dough observes no viscoelastic behavior such as the wheat flour dough does. Therefore the applications of rice in the noodle-like products are very limited. In order to increase the varieties of rice products, rice flour with 12% added wheat gluten was used to provide the viscoelastic properties of rice flour dough and to make the wheat-flour-like oriental noodles. This study continues previous experiments and emphasizes on the effects of water content on the making of dried oriental rice noodles. Inulin can be used to formulate low fat and reduced-calorie foods, adding to the fiber content without sacrificing quality and flavor. In this study, inulin was added as sugar replacement to formulate reduced-calorie of chemically leavened rice cake. Quality of inulin-formulated rice cake was evaluated by texture analyzer and sensory study. The results show that numbers of sheeting are the most important procedure to make successful raw rice noodle. Fast drying (with convective air) showed the poor quality of cooked dried noodles which have less integrated and more broken pieces of rehydrated noodles. Under the drying condition (35℃ and 75% RH). The quality of 42% water content of dried rice noodles was close to the controlled wheat flour dried noodles. Inulin substituted rice cakes maintain a good volume expansion of final products, but the texture is less softer than the controlled ones. The results showed the rice cakes of 33% of sugar replacement by inulin and 66% of sugar replacement by inulin with 0.37% of Acesulfame-k (substituted for sugar) for constituting its sweetness have the good results of final products.
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(5929574), Yuan Chen. "PHOTOLYTIC LABELING TO PROBE PEPTIDE-MATRIX INTERACTIONS IN LYOPHILIZED SOLIDS". Thesis, 2020.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteResumo:
Therapeutic proteins are often lyophilized with excipients such as sucrose or trehalose to protect them during manufacturing and achieve a longer shelf-life. Formulation design for therapeutic proteins has been a trial-and-error process, and the mechanisms responsible for the stabilizing effects of excipients are not fully understood. Two proposed theories have been widely accepted: the water replacement theory and the vitrification theory.1,2The water replacement theory suggests that excipients stabilize protein molecules in the solid state by forming hydrogen bonds that “replace” the hydrogen bonds to water that stabilize the protein in solution, while the vitrification theory asserts that proteins are stabilized by a glassy solid matrix of low mobility and does not require direct interactions between excipient and protein. A better understanding of the interactions between proteins and other components of the lyophilized matrix can facilitate rational formulation design and shorten the time in development. However, most of the analytical methods available can only provide information on the bulk properties of the lyophilized matrix such as moisture content and glass transition temperature (Tg); it has been difficult to measure the interactions between protein and excipient directly, if they exist. In order to characterize the interactions between protein and excipients in a lyophilized matrix with high resolution, a photolytic labeling method was developed in this dissertation, building on previous work in our research group. Photolytic labeling has long been used to identify protein-protein interactions in vivo.3,4Common types of photo-reaction reagents and their applications are summarized in Chapter 1. The research described in this dissertation utilizes the diazirine functional group, which is activated after UV exposure and undergoes a free radical reaction to form covalent bonds with nearby molecules. The reaction can be used to identify the interactions between excipients and protein or peptide in a solid formulation. Previous studies in our lab have shown that photo-reaction can be applied to lyophilized solids to study protein-matrix properties and interactions in the solid.5,6This dissertation seeks to further identify photo-reaction products and analyze them in a more quantitative way.
Chapter 2 describes a quantitative analysis of photo-reaction products in solution and lyophilized solids using a model peptide, KLQ (Ac-QELHKLQ-NHCH3). The purpose of the work in this chapter is to establish a quantitative analytical method for photo-reaction products, enabling studies of peptide-excipient interactions in lyophilized solids. KLQ was derivatized with a bifunctional probe NHS-diazirine (succinimidyl 4,4’-azipentanoate; SDA) at Lys5 to be photo-reactive. The SDA derivatized KLQ (KLQ-SDA) was used to study the photo-reaction products and examine excipient interactions. Identification and quantitation of photo-reaction products of KLQ-SDA was achieved with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and reversed phase HPLC (rp-HPLC). Important reaction products such as peptide-excipient adducts and peptide water adducts varied in different formulations. Unexpected reaction products such as unproductive “dead-end” products and peptide-phosphate adducts from buffer salt were also detected and quantified. Together, the photo-reaction products reflected the local environment near Lys5 of the peptide in the solid state. This study has provided a better understanding of photo-reaction with diazirine in the lyophilized solids together with a quantitative description of the local environment near Lys5.
In Chapter 3, the photo-reaction products in lyophilized solids exposed to increasing moisture were analyzed, and the effect of increasing moisture on the local environment near the peptide was examined. Using the analytical method developed in Chapter 2, these studies explored whether peptide-water interactions, as measured by the formation of water adducts formed by photolytic labeling, are linearly correlated with an increase in solid bulk moisture content. Formulations containing the KLQ-SDA peptide were exposed to various relative humidity conditions and photolytic labeling was induced. Solids containing disaccharide excipients behaved differently from those containing amino acids when exposed to the same relative humidity condition, showing different levels of peptide-excipient and peptide-water adducts. With increasing moisture content in the solids, the formation of photo-reaction products did not mimic the pattern of solutions with same composition, indicating differences in the local environment.
An alternative approach to studying lyophilized formulations using photolytic labeling is to incorporate photo-reactive excipients into the solid matrix. In Chapter 4, a new diazirine-labeled photo-excipient, photo-glucosamine (pGlcN), was chemically synthesized and incorporated into formulations of the therapeutic peptide salmon calcitonin (sCT) and compared with the commercially available diazirine-labeled amino acid, photo-leucine (pLeu). The studies in Chapter 4 further compared peptide-excipient interactions at the molecular level with two different photo-excipients, ionizable pLeu and unionizable pGlcN. Changing solution pH prior to lyophilization was expected to change ionic interactions between sCT and pLeu in the solid samples, resulting in different distributions of photo-reactions products; pH-dependent differences were not expected for pGlcN. The results demonstrated that the distribution of photo-reaction products varied with the composition of the formulation and the pH of the solution prior to lyophilization. The photo-reaction products in the pGlcN-containing formulation differed from those pLeu, showing a difference in the interactions of unionizable (pGlcN) and ionizable (pLeu) excipients with sCT in solid samples.
The work in this dissertation has developed photolytic labeling as a tool to study lyophilized peptide formulations, and has provided a more quantitative understanding of the photo-reaction products that are produced from diazirine-labeled peptides or excipients in the solid state. A new photo-reactive excipient has also been presented (pGlcN), which showed different photo-reaction products than a commercially available photo-excipient (pLeu) and is promising for future study. Photolytic labeling for formulation development is still in its early stages, and additional research regarding reaction mechanism and complementary stability studies is needed. Nevertheless, the results presented in this dissertation support continued development of photolytic labeling as a practical method for formulation design and development.