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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Water reuse"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 25 de julho de 2025

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1

Pandey, Bharat Chandra. "Review: Reuse of Treated Wastewater." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (2022): 1915–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45599.

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Abstract: Water reuse generally refers to the process of using treated wastewater (reclaimed water) for beneficial purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, nonpotable urban applications (such as toilet flushing, street washing, and fire protection), groundwater recharge, recreation, and direct or undirected water supply. Its increased application has been facilitated by modern wastewater treatment processes that have advanced substantially during the twentieth century. Water Reuse is a reality at international. Several practices have emerged around the worl

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Bauer, Sonja. "Identification of Water-Reuse Potentials to Strengthen Rural Areas in Water-Scarce Regions—The Case Study of Wuwei." Land 9, no. 12 (2020): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120492.

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Due to water scarcity, which is worsening due to climate change, rural areas often face the challenge of rural exoduses. Limited water resources restrict local farmers as the opportunities for cultivation in the fields are reduced. This makes rural areas increasingly unattractive. To strengthen rural areas, sustainable water management with a focus on water-reuse is required. Since treated wastewater is a daily resource with calculable quantities available, reused water can contribute to the sustainable strengthening of a region. Therefore, an analysis of water-reuse potentials must be conduct

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Al-Khatib, Issam A., Abed al Hamid U. Al Shami, Gonzalo Rodriguez Garcia, and Ilke Celik. "Social Acceptance of Greywater Reuse in Rural Areas." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (September 26, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6603348.

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Like many countries, Palestine suffers from water scarcity. Here, treated greywater is considered an essential nonconventional water resource. We aim to identify some wastewater reuse and disposal practices in rural areas and assess the acceptance level of different reuses of greywater. We conducted a survey analysis in four villages with a strong agricultural activity of the western Bethlehem Governorate. The level of acceptance of greywater reuse was generally independent of demographic variables like family size, income, or water bill, with a few exceptions regarding gender, age, and level

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Kossar, M. J., K. J. Amaral, S. S. Martinelli, and M. C. L. Erbe. "Proposal for water reuse in the Kraft pulp and paper industry." Water Practice and Technology 8, no. 3-4 (2013): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2013.036.

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The reuse of wastewater by the pulp and paper industry reduces environmental impacts by contributing to raw water conservation, thereby making a greater volume of fresh water available for nobler purposes, and reducing wastewater treatment. This study evaluated a proposed system of water reuse at a Kraft pulp and paper plant in Brazil, based on a survey of water quality required by its consumption points, supplied by its water treatment plant. Results after ultrafiltration included: turbidity of 0,3 NTU and pH 7,5, average values of BOD 66,4 mg/L, COD 9,6 mg/L and the colour of 280,5 ppm Pt we

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Loeb, Barry L. "Water Reuse." Ozone: Science & Engineering 38, no. 4 (2016): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2016.1189292.

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Handam, Natasha Berendonk, Rodrigo Bezerra da Silva, Elvira Carvajal, and Adriana Sotero-Martins. "Decay of pathogens (indicators of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) in soil due to the application of reuse water." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 19 (March 12, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2950.

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Reuse water is defined as the reuse of water from treated effluents, it requires careful monitoring to avoid damage to environmental health. This study evaluates the decay of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. bacteria in soil irrigated with reused water for agricultural reuse, without damaging public or environmental health. The decay of Escherichia coli and of Salmonella spp. was verified using the Filter Membrane method SS AGAR culture medium was used. The decay curves over time were made using the Sigmaplot program. Each experimental group had 4 pots (one group irrigated with recycled wa

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Portman, Michelle E., Olga Vdov, Manfred Schuetze, Yael Gilboa, and Eran Friedler. "Public perceptions and perspectives on alternative sources of water for reuse generated at the household level." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 12, no. 1 (2022): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.002.

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Abstract Studying perceptions about reuse of alternative water sources informs about conditions necessary for transition to large-scale decentralized water reuse. We administered a perceptions survey to the public based on results of initial open interviews of water management experts in Israel. Experts indicated their views on impediments to widespread household water reuse which became the basis for developing the questionnaire. The latter aimed to understand views among the general public of: (a) willingness to adopt reuse practices from three sources: greywater, air conditioner condensate

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Li, Fangyue, Knut Wichmann, and Ralf Otterpohl. "Evaluation of appropriate technologies for grey water treatments and reuses." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 2 (2009): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.854.

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As water is becoming a rare resource, the onsite reuse and recycling of grey water is practiced in many countries as a sustainable solution to reduce the overall urban water demand. However, the lack of appropriate water quality standards or guidelines has hampered the appropriate grey water reuses. Based on literature review, a non-potable urban grey water treatment and reuse scheme is proposed and the treatment alternatives for grey water reuse are evaluated according to the grey water characteristics, the proposed standards and economical feasibility.

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Yin, Hua, Peiwen Qiu, Yuange Qian, et al. "Textile Wastewater Treatment for Water Reuse: A Case Study." Processes 7, no. 1 (2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7010034.

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The reduced natural waters and the large amount of wastewater produced by textile industry necessitate an effective water reuse treatment. In this study, a combined two-stage water reuse treatment was established to enhance the quality and recovery rate of reused water. The primary treatment incorporated a flocculation and sedimentation system, two sand filtration units, an ozonation unit, an ultrafiltration (UF) system, and a reverse osmosis (RO) system. The second treatment included an ozonation unit, a sand filtration unit, and UF and RO systems. The color removal rate increased with the in

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Wakhungu, M. J. "An ethnography of policy: water reuse policy in Kenya." Water Policy 21, no. 2 (2019): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.160.

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Abstract Water scarcity and inadequate infrastructure for sanitation are two challenges that are emblematic to Kenya and other developing nations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Under such circumstances, water reuse has the potential to address these challenges but only under a favourable policy environment. In this paper, policy documents were considered as the ethnographic object to understand how people talk about water reuse in Kenya through policies, plans, regulations and guidelines. Using a general inductive approach to content analysis, the findings suggest that Kenya's policy on water reuse ha

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Paulo, Paula Loureiro, Jéssica Vieira, Karen Midori Takahashi, Fernando Jorge Correa Magalhães, Jhonatan Barbosa da Silva, and Marc Árpád Boncz. "Technical Note 4 - Reuse water: grey water treated in constructed wetlands." Cadernos Técnicos Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental 2, no. 3 (2022): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/276455760203004.

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Greywater is a potential source for producing water that can be reused for non-potable purposes. The use of nature-based solutions (NBS) for greywater treatment can contribute to the mitigation of heat and low relative humidity in urban areas. Thus, the goal of this technical note is to present the performance of constructed wetlands, a NBS, with respect to the main parameters of national and international standards considering water reuse, and to assess the suitability of the treated effluent for different reuse purposes. Design examples and a flowchart are presented to support the decision-m

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Xu, P., F. Brissaud, and M. Salgot. "Facing water shortage in a Mediterranean tourist area: seawater desalination or water reuse?" Water Supply 3, no. 3 (2003): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0009.

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An integrated technical-economic modelling framework was developed to help planning and managing of water resources in a Mediterranean tourist area, Palma on Majorca island (Spain). Due to high water demand, groundwater resources are depleted and new water resources should be developed. Seawater desalination has become an important solution to water shortage, especially in the summer tourist season. Meanwhile, reclaimed water has been applied for agricultural and landscape irrigation. With regard to the treated wastewater not being effectively reused, further water reuse scenarios are envisage

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Asano, Takashi. "Water from (waste)water – the dependable water resource (The 2001 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate Lecture)." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 8 (2002): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0137.

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Water reclamation and reuse provides a unique and viable opportunity to augment traditional water supplies. As a multi-disciplined and important element of water resources development and management, water reuse can help to close the loop between water supply and wastewater disposal. Effective water reuse requires integration of water and reclaimed water supply functions. The successful development of this dependable water resource depends upon close examination and synthesis of elements from infrastructure and facilities planning, wastewater treatment plant siting, treatment process reliabili

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Pasch, J., and P. Macy. "Building sustainable wastewater reuse in Jordan." Water Supply 5, no. 3-4 (2005): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0078.

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Jordan's population is projected to reach 6.5 million by 2010. Limited water does not meet present or projected demands, groundwater levels are dropping, and industrialization is increasing pressure on water resources and the environment. The agricultural sector alone uses approximately 70% of total water resources. Wastewater represents a resource that can help fill Jordan's gap between supply and demand. While approximately 80% of the over 80 MCM of wastewater/yr is currently reused, only a fraction is formalized with permitting and adherence to reuse guidelines. The Jordanian government see

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15

Nas, Bilgehan, Sinan Uyanik, Ahmet Aygün, et al. "Wastewater reuse in Turkey: from present status to future potential." Water Supply 20, no. 1 (2019): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.136.

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Abstract The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MoEU) initiated an important project, ‘Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Turkey’, in 2017. With this project, all wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated to determine wastewater reuse purposes for the first time. The results obtained from this project were that although there are 1,015 existing WWTPs, only 15 of them realized wastewater reuse. In 2017, the total volume of reused treated wastewater in Turkey amounted to 29.6 million m3/year, accounting for 0.78% of the treated urban wastewater. With the present water potential an

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Abou-Shady, Ahmed, Muhammad Saboor Siddique, and Wenzheng Yu. "A Critical Review of Recent Progress in Global Water Reuse during 2019–2021 and Perspectives to Overcome Future Water Crisis." Environments 10, no. 9 (2023): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10090159.

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The exacerbation of the global water crisis due to an increase in global population, industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural activities, along with global climate change and limited water resources, makes water reuse inevitable in all continents. By 2030, global water consumption may grow to ~160% of the currently available volume. This study reviews recently published articles (2019–2021) to explore global case studies of water reuse and discusses future perspectives by country based on a literature survey on water reuse. There are 17 obstacles reported worldwide regarding water reu

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Pinjing, He, L. Phan, Gu Guowei, and G. Hervouet. "Reclaimed municipal wastewater - a potential water resource in China." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (2001): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0578.

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Due to water resource shortage and socio-economic development within twenty years, China faces serious problems of water supply and water pollution. Several criteria and suitable reclamation processes related to water reuse have been created in China, which are helpful to improve the situation of water scarcity. In the future, reclaimed municipal wastewater reuse will mainly be developed for urban and industrial use. Potential supply quantity of reclaimed water, quality of reclaimed water, and reclamation cost are favorable to potential reuses. Based on further public environmental education,

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18

Handam, Natasha Berendonk, Ana Beatriz Loureiro Gonçalves da Silva, Rodrigo Bezerra da Silva, et al. "Sanitary quality of reused water for irrigation in agriculture in Brazil." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 17, no. 3 (2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2809.

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Reused water is produced from treated effluents, and can be an alternative source of water for agriculture. However, its quality must be assessed to avoid causing damage to human and environmental health. This study evaluated the sanitary quality (bacteriological and physicochemical) of reused water samples for agricultural irrigation, compared with those described in Brazilian and international regulations. Bacteriological analyses were performed, and the results were compared with the norm of the Brazilian Association of Technical Norms (ABNT) NBR nº 13.969/1997. Physical and chemical analys

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Angelakis, Andreas N., Vasileios A. Tzanakakis, Andrea G. Capodaglio, and Nicholas Dercas. "A Critical Review of Water Reuse: Lessons from Prehistoric Greece for Present and Future Challenges." Water 15, no. 13 (2023): 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15132385.

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Wastewater treatment and reuse has passed through different development stages with time. This study reviews the most essential changes in water reclamation and reuses over millennia, focusing on initial approaches in the Hellenic world and discussing the current situation. Based on archeological evidence and time records, the awareness of the Greeks regarding land disposal, irrigation, and water reuse is highlighted. The latter has evolved into a plethora of applications, with Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) representing one of the last modern frontiers. Currently, advances in wastewater treatment

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Drewes, Jörg E., C. Patricio Roa Garduño, and Gary L. Amy. "Water reuse in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia – status, prospects and research needs." Water Supply 12, no. 6 (2012): 926–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.063.

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Saudi Arabia is one of the driest countries in the world. While desalination plants currently installed in the country represent 30% of the world's desalination capacity, seawater desalination alone will not be able to provide sufficient supplies to meet the increasing freshwater demand. However, with only 9% of the total municipal wastewater generated currently being reused, the kingdom is projected as the third largest reuse market after China and the USA, and reuse capacities are projected to increase by 800% by 2016. This projected growth and the change in water portfolios offer tremendous

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Jiménez, Blanca, Francisco Carranza, and Nelson Medina. "Agricultural water reuse in Nicaragua: extent, actual practices, perception and perspectives." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 1, no. 4 (2011): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.051.

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Data on the extent of water reuse, its characteristics and social perception is scarce, notably for developing countries. To characterize reuse in Nicaragua, a water-rich country, use of effluents from 22 wastewater treatment plants was surveyed on-site, in combination with a literature review and surveys of government institutions, water utilities and farmers. It was found that 50% of the effluents were reused unplanned for agricultural irrigation on 247.25 ha of land. This is a 58% increase over an estimate made in 2002. The main crops irrigated were bananas, tobacco and fodder. Reuse was we

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Aya, Abd El-Moneim, A. Hassan Ahmed, Abou El-Fotouh Samia, El-Saadi Aiman, and Abdallah Ahmed. "Drainage Water Reuse under Water Scarcity." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 3 (2020): 1525–33. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.B4254.029320.

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Water resources management in arid regions and semi-arid such as Egypt is a continuous process for the achievement of rational use of the scarce water resources for the benefit of the national economy. Water scarcity in Egypt is a major challenge, which is annually increasing due to the high water demand of different sectors, while the share of Egypt from the Nile is fixed at 55.5 billion cubic meter (BCM). Non-conventional water resources, such as drainage water, are essential alternatives to improve the water use efficiency. In Nile Delta, a considerable number of reuse pump stations (RPSs)

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Dantas, Danielly Luz, and Alessander Wilckson Cabral Sales. "Aspectos Ambientais, Sociais e Jurídicos do Reuso da Água." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 3, no. 3 (2009): 04–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v3i3.173.

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Este artigo trata do valor ambiental da água, as causas e consequências da sua escassez, bem como dos problemas que afetam a qualidade de vida do homem. Discute o reuso da água e as questões atinentes à preservação ambiental, aos impactos sociais, e aos aspectos jurídicos, para o que levanta as seguintes questões: A Resolução nº 54/2005 do CNRH, as recomendações da Agenda 21 em seus capítulos 18 e 21, e demais normas atinentes ao uso e reuso de água, são suficientes para incentivar a adoção do uso racional da água? Em que contexto e como ocorreram as mudanças e adaptações dessa Resolução desde

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Sari, Maria Dian Kurnia, Gert Holm Kristensen, Martin Andersen, Alain Andre Maria Ducheyne, and Wan Aik Lee. "Water-reuse risk assessment program (WRAP): a refinery case study." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 7, no. 2 (2016): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.175.

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The key approach to manage and prevent potential hazards arising from specific contaminants in water networks is to consider water as the main product delivered. This new concept, addressed as water-reuse risk assessment program (WRAP), has been further developed from hazard analysis of critical control points (HACCP) to illustrate the potential hazards which are the roots of hindering intra-facility water reuse strategies. For industrial sectors applying water reclamation and reuse schemes, it is paramount that the reclaimed water quality stays within the desired quality. The objective of WRA

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Zapata, Oscar. "Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in a Developing Country Context: Evidence at the Firm Level from Ecuador." Water Economics and Policy 04, no. 02 (2018): 1750005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x17500059.

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Wastewater reuse constitutes an alternative supply source of water. It not only increases the amount of water available but also reduces water pollution. The benefits and costs of this practice, and the public perception of reuse are the focus of several studies. However, the evidence on industrial wastewater reuse at the firm level remains scant. This paper is aimed at filling this gap by presenting evidence on the determinants of both wastewater treatment and reuse practices in a developing country context. I use firm level data from the Survey on Firms’ Environmental Practices of Ecuador. M

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Chiemchaisri, Chart, Wilai Chiemchaisri, Sirilak Prasertkulsak, et al. "Evaluation of treated sewage reuse potential and membrane-based water reuse technology for the Bangkok Metropolitan area." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 11 (2015): 1954–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.420.

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Only 3.4% of total water use in the Bangkok Metropolitan area is reused treated sewage. This study anticipates that further treated-sewage reuse in industrial sectors, commercial buildings and public parks, in addition to present in-plant and street cleaning purposes, would increase total water reuse to about 10%. New water reuse technologies using membrane bioreactor (MBR) and microfiltration (MF) as tertiary treatment were implemented to assess their potential for their application in the Bangkok Metropolitan area. The MBR was applied to the treatment of raw sewage in a central treatment pla

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Marra, Luigi, Elena Aurino, Francesca Raganati, Antonino Pollio, and Antonio Marzocchella. "Improving Microalgae Feasibility Cultivation: Preliminary Results on Exhausted Medium Reuse Strategy." Processes 12, no. 5 (2024): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12051029.

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Although microalgae exploitation is very promising, process sustainability is undermined by biomass production and harvesting. Among the various bottlenecks of the production process, particular attention should be paid to the water footprint. Indeed, a huge volume of water is required in microalgae production. Water reuse can support both the water footprint and medium cost reduction, saving water and unconverted substrates. The present study reports preliminary results regarding the utilization of a water reuse strategy for two Chlorophyta microalgae under batch conditions. Growth parameters

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Roeleveld, P. J., and W. Maaskant. "A feasibility study on ultrafiltration of industrial effluents." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 5 (1999): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0224.

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Short-term membrane tests were carried out to determine the feasibility of the application of ultrafiltration for the reuse of effluent from industrial treatment plants. Ultrafiltration proved to be a suitable technology for the treatment and reuse of effluent and with dead-end filtration high permeate fluxes were achieved. An adequate cleaning procedure for the membranes is required to maintain constant and high permeate fluxes. The feasibility is partly determined by the suspended solids concentration in the effluent. For the recirculation of effluent with low suspended solid concentrations

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Baresel, Christian, Lena Dahlgren, Mats Almemark, and Aleksandra Lazic. "Municipal wastewater reclamation for non-potable reuse – environmental assessments based on pilot-plant studies and system modelling." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 9 (2015): 1635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.373.

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Wastewater reclamation is an upcoming approach that will significantly affect wastewater treatment systems. Despite the fact that technology for treating wastewater to an effluent water quality that meets various quality standards for reuse is already available and applied, the reuse of water is not just a simple and straightforward road. Significant additional energy and civil infrastructure is required to treat the water to a standard that allows it to be safely reused. The total impact of treating and reusing water may be higher than the environmental benefits. Thus, it is crucial the life-

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Pronk, G. J., S. F. Stofberg, T. C. G. W. Van Dooren, et al. "Increasing Water System Robustness in the Netherlands: Potential of Cross-Sectoral Water Reuse." Water Resources Management 35, no. 11 (2021): 3721–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02912-5.

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AbstractWater reuse has the potential to substantially reduce the demand on groundwater and surface water. This study presents a method to evaluate the potential of water reuse schemes in a regional context and demonstrates how water reuse propagates through the water system and potentially reduces pressure on groundwater resources. The use of Sankey diagram visualisation provides a valuable tool to explore and evaluate regional application of water reuse, its potential to reduce groundwater and surface water demand, and the possible synergies and trade-offs between sectors. The approach is de

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Zhang, Ji Ku, Yang Jiang, and Lin Zou. "The Project Design of Seasonal Reclaimed Water Utilization System for Liaobin Water Town." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4766.

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Conbined with the Eco-residential Island, the project of reclaimed water utilization for Liaobin water town in Panjin is mainly introduced. The reclaimed water resource contains rainwater and domestic sewage water, which is collected mainly in the range of urban (regional).After the second-level processing by sewage treatment plant, it is mainly served as flushing water ,which is called “full-sewage” reuse system; in dry season, it is reused directly after corresponding treatment; and in rainy season, the excessive water is pumpinged into the surrounding waterbodies. The research analysis indi

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Al Salem, Saqer S. "Environmental considerations for wastewater reuse in agriculture." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (1996): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0692.

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The water demand in the Middle East is growing very rapidly. The portion of the quantity of the potable water is increasing on the account of the irrigation water and most of the countries will face water deficiency. A reliable way to secure the required water for irrigation is by collecting and reclaiming each drop of water used in the cities to be reused. To guarantee and safeguard hygienic standards and have no adverse effects on the environment must be given the highest priority. The paper discusses in detail the pollutants, their effect, and their way of influence. The on-site reuse and i

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Marrero, Lenise, Katie Vanyo, Melanie Holmer, and Kirk Westphal. "One Water Strategies Drive Water Reuse." Journal AWWA 114, no. 7 (2022): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1964.

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Tortajada, Cecilia. "Water reuse to address water security." International Journal of Water Resources Development 37, no. 4 (2021): 581–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2021.1928911.

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Liaw, Chao-Hsien, Liang-Ching Chen, and Li-Mei Chan. "INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND WITH WATER REUSE." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 42, no. 3 (2006): 593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb04478.x.

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Klein, Rodrigo Miguel, Éverton Hansen, and Patrice Monteiro de Aquim. "Water reuse in the post-tanning process: minimizing environmental impact of leather production." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 1 (2021): 474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.620.

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Abstract Post-tanning wastewater is very diversified, as the post-tanning stage should meet the desirable properties of the leather for the final product, with low standardization of the process (compared to beamhouse and tanning). This makes post-tanning effluent reuse less feasible, and reuse in the post-tanning stage still needs to be explored. This work aims to evaluate the reuse of liquid effluents in the post-tanning process. The work methodology consisted of (i) characterization of water streams (groundwater, liquid effluent after primary treatment, and liquid effluent after secondary t

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Ogoshi, M., Y. Suzuki, and T. Asano. "Water reuse in Japan." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (2001): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0569.

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Even though Japan has mean annual precipitation of 1,714 mm and hundreds of dams and reservoirs constructed, frequent and severe droughts have occurred in wide regions of the country. Because of rapid economic growth and concentrations of population in urban areas, water demands in large cities have stressed reliability of water supply systems and necessitated the development of new water resources with considerable economic and environmental costs. To alleviate these situations, wastewater reclamation and reuse have been implemented widely in major cities. This paper summarizes the current st

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Geselbracht, Jim. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 72, no. 6 (2001): 795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143000x138472.

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Geselbracht, Jim. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 73, no. 6 (2001): 738–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143001x143619.

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Geselbracht, Jim. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 74, no. 6 (2002): 586–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143002x140530.

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Geselbracht, Jim. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 75, no. 6 (2003): 709–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143003x141457.

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Geselbracht, Jim, Andre Gharagozian, and Christine Close. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 76, no. 6 (2004): 1375–436. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143004x142095.

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Geselbracht, Jim, and Daria Evans-Walker. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 77, no. 6 (2005): 1571–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143005x54452.

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Close, Christine, Herb Durbin, Daria Evans-Walker, Rekha Ippagunta, and Benjamin Lee. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 78, no. 10 (2006): 1486–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143006x119279.

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Bailey, B., R. Lamsal, N. Farzana, M. E. Walsh, and G. A. Gagnon. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 80, no. 10 (2008): 1281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143008x328644.

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Mackie, A., M. Woszczynski, H. Farmer, M. E. Walsh, and G. A. Gagnon. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 81, no. 10 (2009): 1406–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143009x12445568399811.

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Follett, Matthew, Sin Yin Lee, Jordan Schmidt, Jessica Younker, M. E. Walsh, and G. A. Gagnon. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 82, no. 10 (2010): 1337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143010x12756668801176.

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Bickerton, Ben, Eliman Camara, Brad McIIwain, M. E. Walsh, and G. A. Gagnon. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 83, no. 10 (2011): 1383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143011x13075599869489.

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McVicar, Monica, Lindsay Anderson, Emily Zevenhuizen, A. L. Mackie, M. E. Walsh, and G. A. Gagnon. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 84, no. 10 (2012): 1332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143012x13407275695076.

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Pei, Wen Wen, Xuesong Xie, Phuong Ong, et al. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 85, no. 10 (2013): 1308–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143013x13698672322183.

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