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Koski, Christian, Pyry Kettunen, Justus Poutanen, and Juha Oksanen. "Mapping small watercourses with deep learning – impact of training watercourse types separately." AGILE: GIScience Series 3 (June 11, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-43-2022.
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Abstract. Deep learning methods for semantic segmentation have shown great potential in automating mapping of geospatial features, including small watercourses such as streams and ditches. There are a variety of small watercourse types. In many use cases users are only interested in specific types of watercourses. However, the impact on results from neural networks trained with only some types of small watercourses, compared to all types of watercourses is not well known. We trained four deep learning models to semantically segment watercourses from an elevation model. One model was trained with all small watercourses in the labels as a single class, while three models were trained each with a single type of watercourse in the label data. The results show that training the network with a single type of watercourse results in worse recall for all three watercourse types, compared to when training all of them together. This indicates that if the goal is to get as complete set of features as possible, it is better to include all watercourse types in the training data. Future studies could use multi-class output from neural network to determine how well networks could automatically classify features when training with all small watercourses in an area.
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Sluchevskaya, Yu A. "Problems of formation of an international regime of the joint use and protection of international watercourses." Lex Russica, no. 3 (April 5, 2019): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.148.3.073-086.
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The article is devoted to the problem of formation of modern international legal regime of joint use and protection of international watercourses that is aimed at effective provision of water to the States of international watercourse with due respect to new challenges and threats that have a negative impact on international water resources. The model is based on the concept of “international watercourse” that has the following features: 1) international watercourses include surface and ground waters; 2) a spatial and territorial criterion of an international watercourse that means crossing of the border between two or more States or being on their border; 3) the use of international watercourses affects the interests of two or more States; 4) the special international legal regime for the use of international watercourses that has developed within the framework of international law development; 5) special requirements for the protection of ecosystems of international watercourses that include protection from pollution and other forms of degradation of lands and forests adjacent to international watercourses, their fauna and flora; as well as seas into which watercourses flow; 6) a high conflict potential in the use of water resources of international watercourses. The analysis of the provisions of the doctrines of joint use and protection of transboundary waters shows that the formation of international water law should timely take into account human factors, technological and socio-economic changes. The modern international law model of the joint use and protection of international watercourses is a system of international legal norms regulating inter-state relations in the following areas: prevention, limitation and reduction of transboundary impact; protection of ecosystems of international watercourses; rational use of waters of international watercourses, effective management of water resources of international watercourses (including establishment and functioning of international basin organizations); information support of the population with regard to international watercourses.
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Lampartová, Ivana, and Jiří Schneider. "Possibilities of Evaluation of the Recreational Potential of Close to Nature Watercourses." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 4 (2014): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462040799.
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Creation of close-to-nature river beds is one of the results of watercourses revitalization. Watercourses are segments in the country increasing its recreational potential.The recreational potential of watercourses contributes to rich diversity of animal and plant species. They are well-preserved natural environment with a different atmosphere and an interesting psychological effect. The current goal of revitalization measures in the landscape primarily consists of the optimization of landscape water regime, incl. flood control measures and the promotion of biodiversity, but the current philosophy speaks of multifunctional land usage. However, the revitalization is currently underappreciated in the Czech Republic and it is important to increase the recreational potential of the landscape. The subject of this article is evaluation of close to nature watercources from the point of view of recreation potential. The example locality of close to nature watercourse is part of Váh river near Iľava city. In this area some elements of recreational potential by the proposed methodology are discussed. Two river courses make a possible comparison between a technical canal and a modified one, but close-to-nature water course with all parameters of river phenomenon. Properties of nature and close-to-nature watercourses could be an inspiration for repairing(modifying, adjusting) river stretches within urban space.
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Gwynn, Maria A. "Adapting Watercourse Agreements to Developments in International Law." Brill Research Perspectives in International Water Law 4, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 3–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23529369-12340013.
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AbstractThe United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UN Watercourses Convention) recommends that states apply and adapt their watercourse agreements to the provisions of the UN Watercourses Convention. To explore the advantages of abiding to crucial developments in international water law, environmental law, and climate change law, this monograph will analyze the most important hydroelectric energy treaty in the South American region, the Itaipu Treaty. The monograph will argue that adapting watercourse agreements to developments in international law provides a way to foster sustainable development for the treaty parties, the countries sharing the watercourse ecosystem, as well as the international community as a whole.
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Baitchorov, V. M., M. D. Moroz, Yu G. Hihiniak, and I. Ju Giginyak. "Aquatic invertebrates of watercourses of the Republican landscape reserve “Naliboksky” (Belarus)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 69, no. 2 (April 28, 2024): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2024-69-2-110-119.
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Studies of watercourses of the Republican landscape reserve “Naliboksky” have revealed 134 lower defined taxa (LDTs) belonging to 3 types of invertebrates: Mollusca – 25, Annelida – 8, Arthropoda – 101 LDTs. A total of 106 taxonomic elements were identified to the species, of which 68 were new to the water bodies of the reserve. From 18 to 54 LTDs were collected in each watercourse. The average number of identified LTDs in the watercourse was 31.9 LTDs. The number of aquatic invertebrates in the studied watercourses varied from 18 to 776 specimens, the average value of this indicator was 234.6 specimens. Among the collected aquatic invertebrates, a protected species were identified – Brachytron pratense (Müller, 1764), as well as a poorly studied species in Belarus Gomphus flavipes Charpentier, 1825. Among the identified hydrobionts in the watercourses of the landscape reserve “Naliboksky”, 23 species are included in the Red Lists of a number of European countries.Thus, the fauna of the studied animals in the watercourses of the Republican landscape reserve “Naliboksky” is relatively rich and represented by rare and protected animal species in Belarus and Europe.
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Kong, Lingjie. "The Dispute over the Status and Use of the Waters of the Silala case and the customary rules on the definition of international watercourse." Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 29, no. 3 (November 2020): 322–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/reel.12377.
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The International Court of Justice is to determine, in the Dispute over the Status and Use of the Waters of the Silala case, the international status of the waters in question by customary rules of international law. In its identification of the existence and contents of the applicable rules on the definition of international watercourse, the Court may refer to the United Nations Watercourses Convention, other international instruments, State practice and international jurisprudence. The decisive fact for finding an international watercourse is that the components of the watercourse are situated in two or more States. Difficulties may lie in the determination of the components of the watercourse and their physical relationships. The Court may have to decide whether the status of waters can be altered by artificial means by certain general principles of the law of international watercourses.
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Rashidian, Elnaz. "Rivers in the making; the definition of “Nahr” as a hybrid watercourse based on geoarchaeological evidence from Southwestern Iran." Water History 13, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12685-021-00283-7.
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AbstractThis paper explores a new perspective to study the settlement dynamics of riverine landscapes by addressing human–environment interaction in the Ancient Near East through integration of remote sensing, new geodata, and developing a definition of a new category of a watercourse. The complex and entangled network of watercourses in the archaeologically crucial region of southwestern Iran, the Greater Susiana, hinders a clear view of the spatial relations between ancient settlements and their respective environments. The watercourses are known to be of either natural (rivers) or anthropogenic (canals) origin. However, many current watercourses do not fit into either category, which causes misinterpretations of the archaeological record. This paper introduces a third category, which consists of a hybrid of the two existing categories and suggests using the term “Nahr” to address such watercourses. The author implements this idea to a case study, Nahr-e Atiq, a watercourse in north Susiana, which passes two prominent sites, Abu Fanduweh and Haft Tappeh. Based on the results of a geoarchaeological investigation(including a survey, eight sediment cores, and several soil profiles, as well as 58 known archaeological sites), several hydro-morphologic elements are presented for identifying Nahrs. These include sedimentation, morphology, and physical characteristics. The most crucial aspect is the biography of a Nahr, as these hybrid watercourses might consist of different sections with different genesis. The author argues that Nahr, as defined here, must be considered an artifact, and studied as such in the landscape archaeology of the Ancient Near East.
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Nadeem, Abdul Majeed, Tariq Ali, Wei Wei, Qi Cui, and Shaoan Huang. "Can Irrigation Conditions Improve Farmers’ Subjective Well-being? An Investigation in Rural Pakistan." Water 13, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040505.
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In many developing countries, including Pakistan, the enormous water losses due to outdated irrigation infrastructure threaten livelihoods and food security, while investment in the development of efficiency improvements can help the countries to cope with water scarcity and improve farmers’ wellbeing. This study evaluates how rural farmers’ decisions regarding improving irrigation watercourses and other irrigation conditions affect their wellbeing. We employ hypothesis testing and an ordered logit model on field survey data of 300 farming households from rural Pakistan. The mean test results suggest that farmers on lined watercourses are happier than those on unlined and partially lined watercourses. The regression results suggest that farmers on a fully lined watercourse have higher wellbeing than those on a partially lined watercourse. The time taken by canal water and groundwater to reach farmers’ land reduces their wellbeing. Irrigation quotas, the return of stolen water and the distance of groundwater sources from land have positive effects on farmers’ wellbeing. The study establishes a strong correlation between irrigation conditions, improved irrigation network and farmers’ wellbeing.
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Lebotse, Kabelo Kenneth. "Southern African Development Community Protocol on Shared Watercourses: Challenges of Implementation." Leiden Journal of International Law 12, no. 1 (March 1999): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156599000059.
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The Rundu – Grootfontein Project, a project by which Namibia wants to divert waters of the Okavango river, may significantly affect the flow of that river through Botswana. The present paper discusses and tests rules of global and regional international watercourse law as to their applicability to the problems posed by the project. In this respect the UN Framework Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, as well as the Southern African Development Community Protocol on Shared Watercourses form the main focal point.
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Piętka, Sławomir, and Wojciech Misiukiewicz. "Impact of European Beaver (Castor fiber L.) on Vegetation Diversity in Protected Area River Valleys." Conservation 2, no. 4 (October 13, 2022): 613–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation2040040.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of European beaver (Castor fiber L.) on vegetation diversity and the expansion of non-native plant species in areas surrounding watercourses in Polesie National Park, Poland. The investigation was carried out within six watercourses inhabited by beavers and four comparison watercourses where beaver were absent. European beaver living in the park had a small excursion range, reaching a maximum distance of 25 m from the watercourse so that effects on vegetation diversity were limited to the immediate vicinity of the watercourse. Beaver significantly influenced diversity of the tall tree and forest floor vegetation, while it did not significantly modify the diversity of the low tree and shrub layer. Five alien plant species were documented. The alien species most strongly associated with beaver activity was devil’s beggartick (Bidens frondosa L.), which occurred in the immediate vicinity of beaver dams. Other alien species most benefiting from the presence of beaver were giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Aiton) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). Our study confirmed hypotheses found in literature according to which beaver activities that reduce the proportion of native species can promote the expansion of plant alien species.
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Somlyai, Berta, Nagy, Dévai, Ács, Szabó, Nagy, and Grigorszky. "Heterogeneity and Anthropogenic Impacts on a Small Lowland Stream." Water 11, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102002.
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During our work, we investigated the physical and chemical variables of a small surface watercourse to investigate how different anthropogenic effects affect its water quality. Along this small watercourse, there are well-separated areas that are affected by various anthropogenic effects. In addition to its origin and branches, in many places it is surrounded by agricultural land with insufficient buffer zones, which burdens the small watercourse with nitrogen and phosphorus forms. In the lower stages, artificial damming inhibits the natural flow of the Tócó Canal, thereby creating eutrophicated stagnant water areas. This is further strengthened by, in many cases, illegal communal and used water intake that further burdens the small watercourse. Considering the experience of our investigation, it can be stated that the examined small watercourse could barely suffer human impacts, and it could be described with great heterogeneity using physical and chemical variables. We experienced that this heterogeneity caused by anthropogenic effects appeared in all hydrologic states and seasons. Furthermore, our research showed that these small watercourses had such high heterogeneity that their monitoring and examination should be taken just as seriously as when it comes to larger watercourses.
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Vangh, Andrew V. "PFAS and International Water Law: Implications for the Prevention, Reduction, and Control of Pollution under Art. 21 of the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention." Global Journal of Politics and Law Research 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/gjplr.2013/vol10n71322.
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Discovered in the 1930s, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of thousands of human-made chemicals that are attractive for many applications. The persistence of PFAS in the environment has led to PFAS to bioconcentrate, bioaccumulate, and biomagnify in human beings and the environment. Recent studies have determined potential and actual adverse impacts on human health and the environment as a result of such exposure to PFAS. Water is believed to be the main pathway by which PFAS is transferred and diffused into the environment and ultimately entering into contact with human beings. Where these waters are a watercourse and shared by more than one State, there exists an international watercourse and international obligations. This article explores the implications of pollution from PFAS in the use of international watercourses under Art. 21 of the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention.
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Türk, Özge, and Necdet Türk. "Sharing transboundary waters." E3S Web of Conferences 346 (2022): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234603005.
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Sharing the water of transboundary watercourses sometimes become a source of dispute between riparian states. A general method to share the water of transboundary watercourses has not yet been applied. This article examines existing practices, disputes, and criteria of some of the international financial institutions to propose a simple water-sharing method to allocate the water of the transboundary watercourses between riparian states. This method will help each riparian country to know how much water it will get from the transboundary water flow. So, states can plan on how to divide water between different uses and on building infrastructures on the watercourse or not. The proposed method is expected to decrease water disputes between riparian states as it clarifies the amount of water every riparian state gets from the transboundary watercourse. This article proposes a simple water-sharing method based on sharing the transboundary water quantity by 1/3 ratio for the downstream state and 2/3 for the upstream state. The method envisages compensation payments to other riparian states in different forms in case of excess water usage. As the environment needs a regular water flow, the proposed method also inquiries about some water to be released for the environment.
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Sheshnev, Aleksandr, Mikhail Reshetnikov, and Oleg Gerasimov. "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND GEOECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF WATERCOURSES IN THE TOWNOF VOLSK (SARATOV REGION)." LIFE OF THE EARTH 46, no. 4 (December 4, 2024): 418–28. https://doi.org/10.29003/m4331.0514-7468.2020_46_4/418-428.
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For many decades, two main watercourses in the town of Volsk (Saratov region) have been serving the transit function of sewage effluents to the Volgograd reservoir. Sampling of bottom sediments was carried out along the length of the Verkhnyaya and Nizhnyaya Malykovka watercourses in order to analyze the specificity of the chemical composition of alluvial formations under technogenic impact conditions. The fraction of technogenic particles (plastics, coal, paint, synthetic fibers, etc.) was 4-20%. In terms of chemical composition, alluvium is represented by silicites with varying degrees of clay content., Bottom sediments are characterized as clay silicites, with the maximum content of heavy metals and organic matter (based on the value of loss on ignition) in the areas where wastewater enters the watercourses. The most typical contamination is with zinc, lead, and barium. The overall level of technogenic pollution of bottom sediments is high and can be named considerable in the upper reaches of the Nizhnyaya Malykovka watercourse only. In order to improve the ecological status of the watercourses, a set of measures is needed, including reconstruction and the creation of new infrastructure facilities of the urban environment.
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Kelleway, Jeff, Debashish Mazumder, G. Glenn Wilson, Neil Saintilan, Lisa Knowles, Jordan Iles, and Tsuyoshi Kobayashi. "Trophic structure of benthic resources and consumers varies across a regulated floodplain wetland." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 4 (2010): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09113.
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Riverine food webs are often laterally disconnected (i.e. between watercourses) in regulated floodplain wetlands for prolonged periods. We compared the trophic structure of benthic resources and consumers (crustaceans and fish) of the three watercourses in a regulated floodplain wetland (the Gwydir Wetlands, Australia) that shared the same source water but were laterally disconnected. The crustaceans Cherax destructor (yabby), Macrobrachium australiense (freshwater prawn), the exotic fish Cyprinus carpio (European carp) and Carassius auratus (goldfish) showed significantly different δ13C values among the watercourses, suggesting spatial differences in primary carbon sources. Trophic positions were estimated by using δ15N values of benthic organic matter as the base of the food web in each watercourse. The estimated trophic positions and gut contents showed differences in trophic positions and feeding behaviours of consumers between watercourses, in particular for Melanotaenia fluviatilis (Murray–Darling rainbowfish) and M. australiense. Our findings suggest that the observed spatial variation in trophic structure appears to be largely related to the spatial differences in the extent and type of riparian vegetation (i.e. allochthonous carbon source) across the floodplain that most likely constituted part of the benthic resources.
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Žulkus, Vladas, and Nikita Dobrotin. "Prehistoric settlements and rivers in the Lithuanian coastal area in the Early Holocene." Archaeologia Baltica 29 (December 27, 2022): 100–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ab.v29i0.2474.
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The search for sites inhabited by humans of the Late Palaeolithic to Mesolithic period on the coasts of Lithuania is closely related to the coastal and underwater relicts of the Early Holocene and palaeo-watercourses. This article presents the results of coastal, underwater and seismic seabed surveys. The estuaries of the rivers of the Late Mesolithic period could have been at the present seabed level at a depth of 30 m or even deeper. The watercourse sites of the Littorina Sea stage are in shallow coastal waters. At the latitude of Šventoji, Palanga, Klaipėda, Juodkrantė and the area of the Nemunas palaeo-estuary, the seabed was explored with side-scan sonar and by diving. An artefact from the Early Neolithic period has been found in the coastal area next to Klaipėda, and underwater, at a depth of 14.5 m, a relict tree stump has been detected. Two sites at a depth of 10–12 m can be associated with the relict Danė watercourse containing the preserved fragments of relict landscapes. During marine seismic survey, the probable Smeltalė River palaeo-watercourse was detected, and three sites of the former watercourses found to the south of Klaipėda could be the traces of the Dreverna palaeo-river estuary. This area has good prospects as regards the search for Early Mesolithic period settlements. The underwater survey showed no traces of human activity. A further search for the Stone Age sites would be more promising in locations where palaeo-landscapes have survived adjacent to the palaeo-watercourses.
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Arcari, Maurizio. "The Codification of the Law of International Watercourses: the draft articles adopted by the International Law Commission." Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional 13 (August 21, 2018): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/010.13.28538.
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1. Introduction.- 2. Background and overview of the ILC Draft Articles: A) Background of the ILC work on international watercourses; B) Survey of the Draft Articles adopted in 1994 by the ILC.- 3. The scope of the Draft Articles: A) The definition of imernational watercourse; B) The probiem of transboundary confined groundwaters.- 4. The general principies: A) The principie of equitable utilization; B) The obligation not to cause significant harm; C) The relationship between the equitable utilization and the duty not to cause significant harm.- 5. The protection of international watercourses: A) Protection and preservation of ecosystems; B) Prevention, reduction and control of pollution.- 6. Conclusions.
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Vladimirtseva, O. V. "Method for Revealing Placer Gold Source." Mining Science and Technology 4, no. 4 (January 30, 2020): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2019-4-273-281.
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Material characteristics of placer gold and geological and geomorphological features of placercontaining watercourses allow revealing the type of source that formed the placer. The studied area (the middle reach of theAdychaRiver, Verkhoyansk District, Yakutia) is characterized by highly developed placer gold mineralization both in ancient terrace sediments and high-order watercourses. The significant placer gold mineralization in the high-order watercourses, at very limited number of known bedrock gold deposits suggests the presence of not yet discovered bedrock gold mineralization. Revealing the type of sources of placer gold in young high-order watercourses allows to create prognostic and prospecting models for both potential placer and primary (vein) ore occurrences. The purpose of the study is to compile a logical-information algorithm, which, based on the most significant material and geological-geomorphological factors, will enable revealing the type of placer gold source and the possibility of its location discovery and probability of gold transportation continuation from the source. The study result is presented by a program (the Python programming language) that characterizes the type of placer gold source based on gold grain rounding degree, the presence of gold intergrowths with other minerals and the presence of heavy fraction. Assessment of the possibility of placer gold source location determination is based on geological and geomorphological factors: watercourse order, the type of placer, and spatial association with terraces of ancient erosion levels. The study of well-known gold placers using the created program allowed revealing gold placers with supposedly primary gold source and other ones with the source in the form of a natural intermediate gold concentrator. A map of exogenous gold mineralization with forecast elements was also created, presenting areas promising for revealing primary gold mineralization (areas of presence of high-order watercourses with gold mineralization source) and areas of high-order watercourses promising for discovering gold placers (identified by analogy (in geological and geomorphological position) with watercourses with the known source in the form of natural intermediate gold concentrator.
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Sudoł, Ewa. "Identification of shorelines for natural watercourses with the use of point cloud." E3S Web of Conferences 71 (2018): 00014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187100014.
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The article presents the method of identifying the shorelines for natural watercourses located in agricultural and forest areas in accordance with applicable law. In the process of developing methods for identification and verification of the actual course of watercourses, data from the cadastral map was used in the form of a vector drawing of borders and a database with border points in ZRD, BPP attributes, metadata and point clouds. The identification of the course of a watercourse on shrubbery and wooded areas as well as on-screen vectorization of the shoreline is cumbersome, and in some cases even impossible. In connection with the above, it has been proposed to use a point cloud and vertical sections prepared on their basis that run perpendicular to the edge of the watercourse. On their basis, the course of the shoreline was recognized in accordance with the definition contained in the Act on Water Law. Pursuant to § 9 para. 3a, beginning of the regulation that the land occupied by the natural seepage constitutes a separate cadastral plot within the boundary line, the suggested procedures for verifying the boundaries of watercourses can be used to update the land and building register databases. The identification of the boundaries of registered parcels made on the principles described in the publication may precede the activities of accepting the boundaries to the division of real estate. On the other hand, the course of the identified, in the mode of § 82a, the regulation the boundaries of registration plots constituting natural watercourses can be shown in the land and building register on the terms specified in art. 24 sec. 2b point 2) geodesy law, in order to replace data inconsistent with the actual state and applicable technical standards, respectively, data consistent with the actual state and applicable technical standards (§ 45 section 1 point 1 of the Regulation).
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Petrochenko, Oleksiy V., and Vyacheslav I. Petrochenko. "Analysis of terminological definitions of natural phenomena associated with rising water levels in watercourses and flooding." Environmental safety and natural resources 40, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2021.4.139-148.
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To define natural phenomena associated with an increase in flow rates and water levels in watercourses and flooding of settlements and territories outside the coastline, there are a significant number of terms in the Ukrainian language, some of which are perceived as synonyms. The use of all these terms in information materials and reports of natural phenomena associated with the problem of intensive increase in costs and water levels in watercourses, or the problem of "high water", of course, makes some sense. However, when solving the problem of "high water", which is to develop and implement the concept of protection against the harmful effects of water, researchers and engineers face some difficulties in using a large number of terms to define "high water". This article attempts to establish, among the total number of terms defining natural phenomena associated with the problem of "high water", one dominant term suitable for universal use in solving the problem of "high water". According to the results of logical and terminological analysis, the term "flood" is dominant among many terms of determining natural phenomena related to the problem of "high water", which should be used as a universal when developing and implementing the concept of solving the problem of "high water". The article presents and proposes for consideration by experts and stakeholders a new definition of floods occurring in a channel watercourse (river), as well as a broader definition of floods that can occur in both channel and non-channel watercourses. The article presents and proposes for the consideration of specialists and interested parties a new definition of flood in a channel watercourse (river), and also proposes a broader definition of a flood, both in a channel and off-channel watercourse.
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Alokhina, Tetiana. "Rivers revitalisation: approaches to decision." E3S Web of Conferences 166 (2020): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016601010.
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The article is focused on the successful implementation of the global goals of restoring water objects in the context of sustainable development that is impossible without solving the regional problems of local watercourses and reservoirs reviving. It is emphasized that awareness of riparian spaces role as ecological corridors and importance of the healthy functioning of the river network through the revitalisation of even minor watercourses leads to growth attention to this problem in an increasing number of countries. On the example of the Slepiotka River in Katowice and Inhulets River in Kryvyi Rih the aspects, on which attention of revitalisation are accented in European countries and in Ukraine, are presented. In European countries, the basis for the approach to river revitalisation is their functioning as integral ecosystems. In Ukraine, nowadays, the main focus of river restoration is on cleaning them from silt sediment. In this article the approaches to decision of river revitalisation questions are presented. The main of them are: enhancing the ecological functionality of the watercourse as an ecosystem; providing flood protection; increasing the residential, cultural and recreational value; securing permanently sustainable use of watercourses and their river valleys.
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Clark, E. Ann. "Landscape variables affecting livestock impacts on water quality in the humid temperate zone." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-140.
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The potential for impact by grazing livestock on unprotected watercourses may vary with climate, with landscape level factors including the landform within which the pasture is located, with the biophysical characteristics of the watercourse itself, and with pasture and grazing management practices. Policies seeking to implement cost-effective measures to protect downstream water quality need to acknowledge large-scale as well as small-scale processes which can moderate or exacerbate potential sources of pollution. Applied and scholarly evidence suggest that unrestricted livestock access accounts for a relatively modest share of watercourse pollution in humid temperate regions, as compared with such watershed-specific factors as leaking septic tanks and confinement feeding systems. A wide variety of evidence suggests that the degree of compatibility of grazing livestock with a healthy riparian ecosystem should be viewed as a hypothesis that is testable on a site-specific basis. Greater understanding of the factors causal to livestock behavior in, and impact on, watercourses may help to better focus preventative and remediation efforts by both producers and policymakers. Key words: Riparian ecosystem; beef cattle; pasture fertility; soil and water conservation
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Borkowski, Grzegorz, Adam Młynarczyk, Artur Plichta, and Remigiusz Tritt. "Selected methods for determining inconclusively identifiable shorelines of watercourses and lakes." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 117, no. 1 (March 5, 2024): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2024-0004.
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Abstract The determination of a lake or natural watercourse shoreline is the subject of various administrative proceedings relating to, among others, the engineering of riverbeds, construction of hydro-technical facilities, remediation work, land division, or delimitation of parcels. The provisions of law, while laying out the rules for determining shorelines, do not explicitly specify the measurement method to follow. All the more so, as many shores of lakes and watercourses are among terrain details that are difficult to measure due to their varied accessibility, which depends on the terrain, vegetation, and water conditions. The purpose of this paper is to compare selected methods for determining the shoreline of watercourses and lakes in terms of their applicability under different environmental conditions under current legislation. This study comprises an assessment of the suitability of the applied methods of shoreline measurement under varying field conditions and their applicability in surveying work on shoreline determination. Surveys were conducted on 3 reservoirs and one watercourse using geodetic, photogrammetric, and remote sensing techniques, and the suitability of the various methods was evaluated with respect to the field conditions of the measurements.
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Trihastuti, Nanik, Pulung Widhi Hari Hananto, and Daniel Rene Kandou. "The Utilisation of International Watercourses from an International Environmental Law Perspective." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 20, no. 1 (January 23, 2023): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw230006.
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The international watercourse concept is one of the multilateral commitments to maintain water quality and control the utilisation of water. This concept aims to provide preventive measures for water pollution caused by the international community. With the importance of industrialisation, economic activities and uncontrolled use of water significantly impact water quality being polluted and resulting in reduced water discharge. Problems and conflicts will arise if there is an action from one of the States or the international community that violates international provisions. This research uses the normative legal research method. This study aims to examine and criticise forms of violations against international watercourses and discuss them from a legal perspective related to dispute settlement. The findings show that States must act in a fair and equitable manner in the utilisation of international watercourses, and prevent significant harm. Breaches of such obligations require compensation as a form of responsibility.
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Michálek, Tomáš, and Michaela Červeňanská. "UAV systémy v procesu sbírání údajů pro využití ve vodním hospodářství." AEROjournal 22, no. 1 (2024): 10–14. https://doi.org/10.26552/aer.c.2024.1.2.
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Once every few years there is a necessity to measure the transverse profiles of watercourses within the water management of the Slovak Republic. These are particularly important for the creation of 3D models of watercourses, which aresubsequently used to delineate floodplains or as a means of simulating the maximum possible water flow through a given watercourse. However, the current method of data collection for creating these 3D models is very lengthy and inefficient. Thus, this research is concerned with the design of a new method of data collection for the creation of 3D models, specifically using an unmanned aerial system (UAS) consisting of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a laser surface scanning technology (LiDAR) device. The objective was to create a 3D model of the crosssectional profile of the selected drainage channel on Rye Island using the proposed UAS, to compare the measured data using an alternative method of measuring the channel bed by technology currently in use (GNSS receiver) and finally to compare the measured data with archival data. Although the proposed UAS measurements showed unquestionable qualities in terms of frequency and speed of data collection, the values measured by the UAS were often inaccurate and did not correspond to reality, mainly due to the high water pollution in one of the monitored areas. For this reason, the proposed method of data collection is particularly suitable for measuring watercourses with a minimum amount of clean water. Unfortunately, there are not many of these watercourses in Slovakia, so this method is not suitable for frequent use in the conditions of water management in the Slovak Republic.
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Rimac, Anja, Antun Alegro, Vedran Šegota, Nina Vuković, and Nikola Koletić. "Ecological Preferences and Indication Potential of Freshwater Bryophytes–Insights from Croatian Watercourses." Plants 11, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 3451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243451.
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A comprehensive survey of Croatian watercourses covering the whole of the national territory and investigating inherent watercourse heterogeneity was conducted to explore the ecological responses of the most frequent freshwater bryophytes with respect to water chemistry variables and land use within the catchment area. Direct multivariate ordination (CCA) of vegetation data paired with 18 environmental variables revealed that freshwater bryophytes and their assemblages were segregated along the gradients of water chemistry and the proportion of natural and urban area within the catchment. Generalized additive models (GAM) were employed to explore the ecological responses of individual species. The results showed that most of the investigated species preferred natural, clean, well-oxygenated watercourses, with low nutrient and organic matter content, as well as with low electrical conductivity. Species such as Palustriella falcata, Eucladium vertcillatum, Dichodontium flavescens and Jungermannia atrovirens had narrow ecological niches and were restricted to pristine watercourses, while the most frequent and widely distributed species, such as Fontinalis antipyretica, Rhynchostegium riparioides, Cratoneuron filicinum, Fissidens crassipes, Cinclidotus fontinaloides and C. riparius, had a wide ecological tolerance. Riccia fluitans and Leptodyctium riparium had wide ecological ranges, but with optima in hypereutrophic waters with high nutrient and organic content, as well as high electrical conductivity. Furthermore, these two species were frequently associated with a high share of intensive agriculture and a low share of natural land within the catchment.
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Preradovic, Gordana. "Cooperation between reparian states on issues of utilization and protection of international watercourses with reference to activities of the Sava Commission." Medjunarodni problemi 66, no. 1-2 (2014): 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1402183p.
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The paper analyses all forms of cooperation between states, which is essential when it comes to the matters of management, utilisation and protection of international watercourses. The most common way of cooperation is the establishment and action of international river commissions. Other forms of cooperation are manifested by holding of mutual consultations and providing notifications on relevant facts and circumstances for specific watercourse as well as by joint monitoring and evaluation of the conditions and data which are relevant for the prevention of causing damages to another state. In addition to the generalized presentation and analysis of the elements and forms of cooperation between countries on the matter of use and protection of international watercourses, the aim of the paper is to analyse the practical aspects of such cooperation, too. Therefore, the paper will analyse the work of the Sava Commission as an institutional framework within which the countries that signed the Framework Agreement for the Protection of the Sava River Basin cooperate with each other.
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Hanus, Paweł, and Piotr Benduch. "Technical aspects and consequences of establishing the shoreline in Poland." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 116, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2023-0014.
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Abstract The shifting of the shoreline is a natural phenomenon closely related to the existence of watercourses. One of its consequences is the need to periodically update the real estate cadastre with regard to parcel boundaries and their owners. Land use types use are also subject to updates, which bears particular significance in this context. This article presents the most essential practical aspects of establishing the shoreline in Poland, including the identification of property boundaries located in the immediate vicinity of watercourses. The main problems associated with conducting the process of demarcating land under water are discussed using selected technical reports as examples. Attention is drawn to the numbering of parcels resulting from the implementation of the analyzed procedure, as well as the precision of recording surface areas. Moreover, the consequences of changing the natural watercourse shoreline and the limitations imposed on property ownership rights are presented, along with the issue of compensation claims.
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Yusuf, Ali MOHAMMED. "The Guiding Legal Regime and Institutional Arrangement of Transboundary Watercourse: a Review." International Journal of Water Management and Diplomacy 1, no. 4 (January 15, 2022): 75–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7493130.
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Among contentious international law issues, the transboundary watercourse management, which is exhibited with a conflicting states interest, is at the center of international law discussion. In order to vividly grasp the very essence behind such conflicting states interest, it is quite important to understand how – the international water law works, and – its institutional platform arrangements are established. Hence, a comprehensive review concerning the guiding legal regime and institutional arrangement of transboundary watercourse is very crucial. In the above vein, at the backdrop of the major theoretical doctrine of transboundary watercourse, this paper reviewed and addressed, customary international watercourse laws and the 1997 UN transboundary watercourses convention coupled with its incorporated principles. Alongside the aforementioned analysis, the paper reviewed major contentious issues relating to the aforesaid customary laws and principles. Moreover, the paper also reviewed and addressed the modelled categorization of institutional arrangement of transboundary watercourse.
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Kubiak-Wójcicka, Katarzyna, Sławomir Brózda, and Agnieszka Sznajder. "Hydrographic changes in a river system and their influence on the legal classification of watercourses, exemplified by selected tributaries of the San river." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 12, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgeo-2017-0001.
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Abstract The paper presents hydrographic changes in a river system and their influence on the legal classification of watercourses in Poland. As a case study, the watercourse Motwica, right tributary of the river San has been analysed. The main objective of this paper is an attempt to analyse whether the Motwica should be classified as flowing or standing water and the legal grounds for such classification in the Water Law Act. On the base of archival and contemporary cartographic materials’ analysis it has been determined that the Motwica should not be classified as natural watercourse because its significant part flows in an artificial channel.
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Meshel, Tamar. "Transboundary watercourses, dams and human migration: an international water law perspective." Cambridge International Law Journal 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 154–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/cilj.2020.02.03.
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This article examines the potential contribution of international water law (IWL) to alleviating the negative cross-border impacts of ‘dam-induced migration’, the displacement of individuals or communities resulting from dam construction. While much has been written on efforts to deal with this global problem in other areas of international law, the application of IWL in this context has yet to be meaningfully explored. But since dams are frequently constructed on transboundary watercourses, the principles of IWL (no significant harm, equitable and reasonable utilisation, and the duty to cooperate) may prove relevant and useful to mitigating the harmful cross-border impacts of dam-induced migration. The no significant harm principle requires States to comply with a due diligence standard of conduct designed to avoid, minimise, or compensate for significant harm that might result from the use of shared watercourses, including harm to human life or health. The equitable and reasonable utilisation principle obligates each basin State to use an international watercourse in a manner that is equitable and reasonable vis-à-vis the other States sharing it. The duty to cooperate requires States to collaborate in the management and use of shared watercourses and sets out concrete measures to enable collaboration, such as information exchange, consultations, and the establishment of joint institutions. Taken together, these IWL principles can effectively guide the planning, construction, and operation of dams on shared watercourses. Applying them to the specific issue of dam-induced migration, moreover, could promote inter-State cooperation and accountability, facilitate the resolution of disputes, and alleviate negative cross-border impacts. In this way, IWL can supplement other areas of international law in providing a comprehensive solution to the growing problem of dam-induced migration.
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Thoirain, B., C. Husson, and B. Marçais. "Risk Factors for the Phytophthora-Induced Decline of Alder in Northeastern France." Phytopathology® 97, no. 1 (January 2007): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-0099.
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A lethal disease of common alder caused by Phytophthora alni, a new hybrid pathogen, has been spreading in Europe since the early 1990s. In 2004, we conducted an epidemiological survey in northeastern France to determine disease frequency and to investigate the impact of environmental factors on disease prevalence. Seventy-eight plots in the Rhin-Meuse basin were investigated. The survey was structured to enable critical examination of the possible impact of nitrogen pollution of the river water on disease prevalence. P. alni-induced alder decline was common throughout northeastern France. Altogether, disease was found in 80% of the plots containing alder, with 16% of all the alders affected. Striking differences existed between watercourse types. Lower proportions of diseased alders were found in watercourse types with rapid water flow, such as mountain streams of the Vosges and piedmont or watercourses on steep calcareous slopes, than in the slow watercourses of the low-lying valleys of the calcareous plateaus and of the clayey plains. Disease prevalence was not related to the total oxidized nitrogen concentration of the water. However, prevalence increased with the mean summer temperature of the river water and where clayey soils were found in the river banks. The results of this work can be used for the assessment of P. alni-induced alder decline risks in affected European countries and in areas where the disease could be introduced.
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Osadchaya, L. I., and L. A. Nichkova. "CONSTRUCTIVE-GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE DISCHARGE OF WATER FROM STORAGE PONDS TO THE LIMITS OF RIVER BASINS." Construction economic and environmental management 79, no. 2 (2022): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2519-4453-2021-2-17-26.
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The article is devoted to the development of a constructive and geographical approach to regulating the impact of the discharge of water from storage ponds within river basins with reference to the real situation of a particular large watercourse. It is established that the solution of the problem of minimizing the influence of the storage pond within the natural geographical stage is possible by optimizing the functioning of the natural-man-made system «mine-storage pond-natural watercourses». The management of the functioning of this system involves the regulation of the volume of discharge of highly mineralized water in accordance with the hydrological and hydrochemical features of natural watercourses. The optimization problem is solved by: creating a specialized bank of hydroecological data; developing an expert system of normative indicators, taking into account the criteria for their evaluation; constructing optimization mathematical models to describe the main laws of the functioning of the system under consideration. These structures are combined into a generalized information and expert system for assessing the impact of storage pond waters on the state of surface waters of river basins
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Havlíčková, Simona. "The assessment of vegetative accompaniment of watercourses in reference to category of water flow." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 54, no. 5 (2006): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200654050013.
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Woody and herbal growth growing on banks and along watercourses are called vegetative accompaniment of watercourses. In the Czech Republic, there has not been a unified methodology for the assessment of vegetative accompaniment of watercourses. Main objective of the work was to desing a simple methodology for the assessment of vegetative accompaniment of watercourses, verify it for each individual category of watercourses and formulate principles of measures to improve its status. The methodology for the assessment of vegetative accompaniment was developed on the basis of literature search and field experience. The ground of the assessment is a field research in each locality. The main characteristic of stream and the existing state of riparian stands are recorded and then assessed on the basis of proposed criteria. Clasification system developed for comparison of watercourses or their stretches and for determination of restoration principles and maintenance of vegetative accompaniment includes five classes of management.
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Szabó, László József, Csilla Vajda, Petra Éva Szalay, Olga Kis, Margit Miskolczi, and György Dévai. "Change of morphometric and allometric patterns on wings of banded demoiselle (Calopteryx splendens) males in case of ecologically different watercourse types." Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 68, no. 1 (February 14, 2022): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.17109/azh.68.1.99.2022.
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In the nature, larvae living in watercourses are exposed to a complex system of environmental influences. It is known that different watercourse types (creeks, brooks, streams, little rivers and medial rivers) provide different conditions for larval development (water depth, flow rate, temperature, oxygen content, substrate type, nutrient supply, etc.). These conditions can vary significantly between watercourse types, but be very similar within types. In this work, we examined the body sizes and wing morphometric characteristics of males of Calopteryx splendens reared from different watercourse types (brook, stream, creek, little river, medial river). Although there were no significant differences in body size among watercourse types, we found significant differences in the wing features. We found the most differences between the individuals reared from streams and creeks and between the individuals reared from stream and medial river. Our results show that the individuals reared from different watercourse types were clearly separated on the two wings. The results also suggest that there are significant differences in the number and pattern of allometric features on the wings of individuals reared from different watercourse types.
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Jayaweera, Mahesh, Gimhani Danushika, Nilanthi Bandara, Janith Dissanayake, Buddhika Gunawardana, Jagath Manatunge, and Kasun Zoysa. "Urban Watercourses in Peril: Implications of Phthalic Acid Esters on Aquatic Ecosystems Caused by Urban Sprawl." Water 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2019): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030519.
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Urban sprawl worldwide warrants the use of large quantities of industrial and household products containing phthalic acid esters (PAEs) resulting in adverse impacts on the quality of aquatic life in urban watercourses. The presence of six PAEs (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di(n-octyl) phthalate (DnOP)) in 22 shallow urban watercourses in Colombo and suburbs of Sri Lanka was investigated. The average concentrations of DEP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP in all watercourses varied between 2.5–265.0, 1.0–32.0, 61–108, and 12–165 µg/L, respectively. DMP and DnOP were below the limits of quantification (DMP-0.5 µg/L, DnOP-1.0 µg/L) for all watercourses. DEHP was the most abundant PAE in many watercourses. The significant factors affecting the ubiquitous presence of PAEs in watercourses are the inherent properties of each PAE, presence of industrial and household products with great potential for the migration of PAEs in the sub-catchments, and quality of the receiving water. The contamination levels of PAEs in most of the watercourses are alarmingly high, as evidenced by higher concentrations of DEHP and DBP than those of Canadian permissible levels for the protection of aquatic life (16 and 19 µg/L). This study was the first effort in Sri Lanka to investigate the presence of PAEs in urban watercourses.
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Nikic, Zoran, Ratko Ristic, Nenad Maric, and Vukasin Milcanovic. "Contribution to the interpretation of the role of geoenvironment in extreme discharges of the Rosomack River - Visok kraj." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 118 (2018): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1818087n.
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Annex to the interpretation of the role of geoenvironment in the formation of extreme discharges of the Rosomacka River provides exact and empirical evidence of the significance and the need for its knowledge. For hydrologically unstudied watercourses, especially for those which do not have continuity of discharges, the knowledge of the role of geoenvironment in the emergence of their extreme discharges contributes to a more realistic response to practical water management issues, protection against adverse effects of waters, defining the ecological aspect of watercourses under the influence of various changes in the near future (climatic, anthropogenic, hydrological), preserving the quality of river water, meeting the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive 2000. The aim of the paper is to understand better the river systems and their runoffs in the form of high and low waters or complete drying up of hydrologically unstudied but also of hydrologically studied watercourses, and through the representation of the role of geoenvironment. On the concrete example of the Rosomacka River, a hydrologically unstudied watercourse, the significance of geoenvironment in the interpretation of its extreme discharges was emphasized. The contribution of the following elements of geoenvironment of the basin area was analyzed: lithological, neotectonic, hydrogeological and morphological. The research method is based on field research, quantitative geomorphological analysis, systematization and synthesis of the obtained results, as well as the analysis of published papers. Additionally, the contribution is reflected in emphasizing the need for communication between experts of various specialties dealing with hydrographic systems.
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Bourne, Charles B. "The Primacy of the Principle of Equitable Utilization in the 1997 Watercourses Convention." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 35 (1998): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800006639.
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SummaryThe International Law Commission wrestled for over a decade with the relationship between the principle of equitable utilization and the no harm principle in its work on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. In its final Report to the UN General Assembly on this topic in 1994, the Commission presented a set of Draft Articles couched in obscure language that reflected the sharp differences of opinion on the matter and the compromises that had been made. This division of opinion about the relationship between these two principles persisted in the Working Group of the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly to which the Draft Articles were referred. Again, compromises were reached and the language of the substantive articles (in particular Articles 5, 7, 20, and 21) of the Watercourses Convention, adopted by the General Assembly on May 21, 1997, continues to be obscure and its meaning debatable.It is argued here that in this Convention the principle of equitable utilization, which prescribes the reasonable and equitable sharing of the beneficial uses of the waters of an international watercourse, is made the primary substantive rule of international water law; harm caused by a utilization of these waters is, of course, an important factor to be taken into account in determining whether, in a particular case, the utilization is reasonable and equitable and, therefore, lawful. This interpretation of the Watercourses Convention brings it into harmony with customary international water law. It is an interpretation that finds support in the recent decision of the International Court of fustice in the Gabákovo case.
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Birnie, Pat. "Pollution of international watercourses." International Affairs 61, no. 4 (1985): 690–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2617733.
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Rieu-Clarke, Alistair. "The role of treaties in building international watercourse regimes: a legal perspective on existing knowledge." Water Policy 12, no. 6 (April 9, 2010): 822–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.039.
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The global water policy agenda has long called for a holistic approach to water resources management. However, key challenges remain in turning policy into practice, not least in managing conflict and enhancing cooperation over international watercourses. Towards such an endeavour, a better understanding of the role of watercourse treaties is needed. To date, much of the non-legal literature has failed to capture fully the unique characteristics of the international legal system. Conversely, much of the legal scholarship has failed to account for the social, economic and political context in which law operates. The paper therefore calls for a nuanced approach to the study of watercourse treaties. An approach is suggested that is sensitive to the normative content of watercourse treaties, the ‘package’ of norms, the multi-level governance context and the influence of treaties in shaping state behaviour throughout the entire regime building process.
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Reid, Scott M., Scott Stoklosar, Serge Metikosh, and Jim Evans. "Effectiveness of Isolated Pipeline Crossing Techniques to Mitigate Sediment Impacts on Brook Trout Streams." Water Quality Research Journal 37, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2002.031.
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Abstract Stream populations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are sensitive to sediment-caused changes to habitat, i.e., increased embeddedness of bed material. The use of watercourse crossing techniques (dam and pump, and flume methods) that isolate the construction site by diverting flow around the crossing has often been promoted as a means of controlling the amount of sediment released, particularly for those watercourses with sensitive fish species or habitats. However, few case studies have evaluated the effectiveness of isolated crossing construction techniques to mitigate the effects of instream construction activities. We measured suspended sediment concentrations during six isolated pipeline crossings of brook trout streams in Minnesota, Nova Scotia and Ontario. In addition, sediment deposition rates, riffle habitats and fish abundance were monitored upstream and downstream of four of the crossings. Results of our monitoring studies indicate that isolated techniques can be very effective at: (1) minimizing increases to downstream suspended sediment concentrations during instream construction; and, (2) preventing sediment-induced effects on habitat and fish abundance downstream of pipeline water crossings. For sensitive watercourses, isolated crossing techniques are an effective alternative to trenchless crossing techniques (e.g., horizontal directional drilling).
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Zhinzhakova, Liliya Zuberovna, and Elena Alexandrovna Cherednik. "TO THE QUESTION OF COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER IN THE CENTRAL CAUCASUS DURING WINTER BETWEEN AND SUMMER FLOOD." Chronos 6, no. 5(55) (May 13, 2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-55-5-7.
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Based on long-term observations, the assessment of the pollution of the rivers of the Central Caucasus was carried out by comparing the calculated coefficients of the complexity of pollution and the specific combinatorial index of pollution of surface waters, and the quality classes were determined. The results of chemical analysis of the concentration levels of trace impurities (Mo, Pb, Zn, V, Ni, Cr, Mn, Ag) and inorganic nitrogen compounds (NO2 -, NO3 — and NH4 +) in the waters of 13 rivers in two permanent sections of each watercourse were used. The results of calculating the indicators of pollution in the waters of rivers of winter low water and summer high water are presented. The most polluted watercourses and the frequency of pollution in each river are identified, estimated by the values of the specific combinatorial index of water pollution, the coefficient of complexity of pollution, and the class of water quality is presented. The assessment of the most polluted water bodies during the winter low-water period and summer flood is given according to the classification of water quality. According to long-term observations, the features of watercourses and their differences in terms of pollution are presented.
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Kantsiber, Yu A., A. B. Ponomarev, and V. I. Shtykov. "Optimization of hydrological calculations of surface and drainage water runoff treatment systems." BIO Web of Conferences 130 (2024): 03021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202413003021.
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Objective: to develop a method for determining the optimal hydrological characteristics of treatment systems for polluted surface and drainage water. Methods: Pollutant balance equation is applied. For comparison, the technique of the Vodgeo Research Institute was used. The costs of cleaning and environmental damage from pollution of watercourses under various options of water content of the year and parameters of treatment facilities were investigated. The types of pollutants (suspended materials and petroleum products) and the effluent separation factor in the separation chambers were selected as the main parameters. Results: the method of optimization calculations of hydrological characteristics of surface and drainage water treatment systems has been developed, considering the probability of runoff in high waters and floodwaters, costs of construction and operation of treatment facilities and damage from watercourse pollution. Optimization calculations of several options for treatment of melt, rain and drainage runoff are performed as an example. Practical significance: the method of optimization calculations of wastewater will allow more substantiated and more accurate determination of the required degree of wastewater treatment, productivity and parameters of treatment facilities, and in some cases to reduce the degree of pollution of watercourses.
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Murcia, María. "The Environmental Protection of Wetlands under International Law." Wetland Science and Practice 30, no. 4 (December 2013): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/ucrt083-300.
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The environmental protection of wetlands under international law is accomplished through various methods including conventions, customary principles of international water law and decisions of the International Court of Justice. The most representative instrument is the Ramsar Convention, which specifically focuses on wetlands protection through conservation and “wise use” of such an ecosystem and its resources. The principles of international water law codified in the 1997 United Nations Watercourses Convention provide a management approach to be applied to each watercourse, requiring all watercourse States to ensure the protection and preservation of ecosystems through the application of principles of cooperation, reasonable utilization and causing no harm along the entirety of each basin. An analysis of these instruments reveals the best practices to manage wetlands in transboundary basins around the world.
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Koski, Christian, Pyry Kettunen, Justus Poutanen, Lingli Zhu, and Juha Oksanen. "Mapping Small Watercourses from DEMs with Deep Learning—Exploring the Causes of False Predictions." Remote Sensing 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2023): 2776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15112776.
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Vector datasets of small watercourses, such as rivulets, streams, and ditches, are important for many visualization and analysis use cases. Mapping small watercourses with traditional methods is laborious and costly. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are state-of-the-art computer vision methods that have been shown to be effective for extracting geospatial features, including small watercourses, from LiDAR point clouds, digital elevation models (DEMs), and aerial images. However, the cause of the false predictions by machine-learning models is often not thoroughly explored, and thus the impact of the results on the process of producing accurate datasets is not well understood. We digitized a highly accurate and complete dataset of small watercourses from a study area in Finland. We then developed a process based on a CNN that can be used to extract small watercourses from DEMs. We tested and validated the performance of the network with different input data layers, and their combinations to determine the best-performing layer. We analyzed the false predictions to gain an understanding of their nature. We also trained models where watercourses with high levels of uncertainty were removed from the training sets and compared the results to training models with all watercourses in the training set. The results show that the DEM was the best-performing layer and that combinations of layers provided worse results. Major causes of false predictions were shown to be boundary errors with an offset between the prediction and labeled data, as well as errors of omission by watercourses with high levels of uncertainty. Removing features with the highest level of uncertainty from the labeled dataset increased the overall f1-score but reduced the recall of the remaining features. Additional research is required to determine if the results remain similar to other CNN methods.
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Devlaeminck, David J., and Xisheng Huang. "China and the global water conventions in light of recent developments: Time to take a second look?" Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 29, no. 3 (September 17, 2020): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/reel.12363.
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AbstractChina is an important yet often misunderstood upstream neighbour on many transboundary watercourses. In 1997, after participating in the drafting process of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non‐navigational Uses of International Watercourses, China, along with Burundi and Turkey, voted against the Convention. Since that time, however, both China’s practice and the law of international watercourses have evolved. In explanation of its vote, China provided four reasons including a lack of general agreement, that the Convention did not recognize sovereignty, that select provisions were imbalanced and disagreement regarding mandatory dispute settlement mechanisms. This article aims to revisit these reasons in light of recent developments and our current understanding of Chinese practice and international water law, asking the question: is it time for China to take a second look? Although China’s vote concerned the Watercourses Convention, given their complementarity, this article will discuss these reasons in relation to both global water conventions, the 1997 Watercourses Convention and the 1992 Water Convention.
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Sheliuk, Y., L. Shevchuk, and M. Moshkivska. "ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF URBANIZED TERRITORIES ACCORDING TO THE STRUCTURE OF HYDROBIONT GROUPS." Ukrainian Journal of Natural Sciences, no. 3 (October 11, 2023): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/naturaljournal.3.2023.76-90.
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The paper proves the possibility of conducting water quality assessment using such an indicator as the species assemblage of Unionidae habitats for the purpose of conducting local bioindication. According to the species assemblage of Unionidae habitats, it was established that of the five analyzed sites of material collection of the main stream of the Teteriv River, in one case the water quality can be assessed as "Dirty", which corresponds to the IV water quality class, and in three cases as "Contaminated", which corresponds to the III class, and in another one - as "Good" - II class of quality. The rivers Guiva (Ivankiv), Kroshenka and Putyatinka within Zhytomyr belong to the IV class of water quality. Five more points are assigned to the II quality class (Guyva River in the area of Pryazhevo and Zarichany villages; Kam'yanka River (Zhytomyr); Kodenka River (Vertokiyivka village) and Hnylop'yat River (Berdychiv).More detailed information about the ecological state of aquatic ecosystems is provided by the use of algal communities of plankton as biological descriptors, but this approach is time-consuming. In general, the bioindication of water quality in the rivers of the Teteriv basin according to phytoplankton showed the predominance of indicators of saprobity, which correspond to the III class of water quality ("Contaminated"). Class II ("Good") indicators make up a significant share. A moderate level of organic water pollution is indicated by the predominance of eurysaprobes in the rivers. In terms of phytoplankton biomass, the Teteriv and Kroshenka rivers belong to the III class of water quality, other watercourses belong to the II class. According to the saprobity index, the water quality of the Teteriv, Putyatinka, and Kroshenka rivers is rated as satisfactory, and that of other watercourses as good. According to primary production and the ratio of production and destruction processes, watercourses were ranked into three groups - those belonging to II, III and IV water quality classes. The average values of the integral index ∑А/∑R for all watercourses, except for the Putyatinka River, are higher than 1. This indicates a positive balance of organic matter, characteristic of aquatic ecosystems with a high intensity of photosynthesis. The predominance of the heterotrophic phase in Putyatynka is most likely a response of the watercourse ecosystem to anthropogenic pressure.A comprehensive assessment of the water quality of watercourses in urbanized areas using as biological descriptors the ecological state of hydroecosystems of algae, plankton and mollusk settlements is the foundation for further ecological monitoring of waters, forecasting changes in the autotrophic and heterotrophic links of aquatic ecosystems under the influence of environmental factors.
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Kistemann, T., T. Claßen, C. Koch, F. Dangendorf, R. Fischeder, J. Gebel, V. Vacata, and M. Exner. "Microbial Load of Drinking Water Reservoir Tributaries during Extreme Rainfall and Runoff." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 5 (May 2002): 2188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.5.2188-2197.2002.
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ABSTRACT Hygienic and microbiological examinations of watercourses are usually not carried out during heavy rainfall and runoff events. After rainfall or snowmelt, there are often massive increases in turbidity in flooding creeks in mountain ranges, which are frequently interpreted as an indication of microbial contamination. The aim of this study was to quantify the microbial loads of watercourses during such runoff events and to compare these loads with loads occurring during regular conditions. In a 14-month monitoring period we investigated the microbial loads of three tributaries of different drinking water reservoirs. A total of 99 water samples were taken under different runoff conditions and analyzed to determine physical, chemical, bacterial, and parasitic parameters. Thirty-two water samples were considered event samples during nine measuring series. The criteria for events, based on duration and intensity of precipitation, water depth gauge measurements, and dynamics, had been fixed before the investigation for each creek individually. Of the physical and chemical parameters examined, only the turbidity, pH, and nitrate values differed clearly from the values obtained for regular samples. Most of the bacteriological parameters investigated (colony, Escherichia coli, coliform, fecal streptococcal, and Clostridium perfringens counts) increased considerably during extreme runoff events. If relevant sources of parasitic contamination occurred in catchment areas, the concentrations of Giardia and Cryptosporidium rose significantly during events. The results show that substantial shares of the total microbial loads in watercourses and in drinking water reservoirs result from rainfall and extreme runoff events. Consequently, regular samples are considered inadequate for representing the microbial contamination of watercourse systems. The procedures for raw water surveillance in the context of multiple-barrier protection and risk assessment ought to include sampling during extreme runoff situations.
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Mbianda Nfong-Ya, Orline Lesley, Jean De Dieu Nzila, Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo, Longin Justin Clair Bonazaba Milandou, Isidore Nguelet-Moukaha, Georgy Patience Wando, Jean Maurille Ouamba, and Martin Pépin Aina. "Water, Sanitation, Waste Management, and Professional Activities in Relation to Diseases with Neighboring Citizens of Congo Rivers in the Brazzaville Agglomeration (Republic of Congo)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 20, no. 20 (July 31, 2024): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n20p60.
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Situated on the right bank of the Pool Malébo, in the Congo River basin, the city of Brazzaville is rich in potential water resources. These resources are polluted by human practices that deteriorate the quality of the soil and, consequently, the quality of the water. The aim of this study is therefore to inventory the activities carried out by the population around watercourses, to investigate waste management and to assess the impact on water and soil quality. The survey sample was selected on the basis of impacted zones located between 250 m and 750 m around watercourses. The aim of this study is therefore to inventory the activities carried out by the population around watercourses, to investigate waste management and to assess the impact on water and soil quality. The survey form was drawn up using Sphinx Plus2-Edition Lexica-V5 software. The survey data was entered into the same software, then transferred to Excel to generate the graphical. 880 people were surveyed, the most dominant age group was 25-48 years old, i.e. a rate of 66%. The most dominant gender was female, with a rate of 54%. The average age of the respondents was lower secondary school, and they were generally employed in the private sector. Commercial activities (restaurants/bars, pharmacies, grocery stores/ butchers, markets, etc.) are the most common economic activity, with a rate of around 70%; 59% of these activities are located close to or very close to the watercourse (750-1000 m). The activities that contribute to soil degradation, and consequently water degradation, in the city of Brazzaville are: 59% the dumping of household waste and/or wastewater on the ground and 32% uncontrolled urbanization. The study shows that soil and water pollution in Brazzaville is caused by poor management of household waste and uncontrolled urbanization.
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Lampartová, Ivana, Kateřina Blažková, and Kristina Somerlíková. "Public Awareness of the Relation between Nature-friendly Watercourse Modifications and Recreation in Cities." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 4 (2016): 1337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664041337.
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The aim of the article is to present the results of a method of public preferences – a questionnaire survey finding an awareness of the relation between the modifications of watercourses and recreation in urban environment. The aquatic ecosystem and the water itself in a landscape are regarded by citizens as a mere source of energy, food, and water used for industry or as a means of transport. However, water elements along with the flora and fauna belonging to this living ecosystem provide a plethora of opportunities for a development of e.g. recreation, tourism, even an entire region. The questionnaire method used has been applied in selected cities in the Czech Republic, e.g. in Frýdek‑Místek, Olomouc, Vlašim, Benátky nad Jizerou and others. The criterion for selecting the cities has mostly been the construction of nature-friendly modifications to watercourse while seeking to increase the recreational potential of the area. The outcome of this article is to present the original results of the public survey which have subsequently served for a further processing of drafts and measures for recreational potential in the selected locations. The most important finding of this research was the minimum level of selected site citizens’ awareness of revitalization and flood modifications, projects that were realized on watercourses in the cities.