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Balador, Ali, Anis Kouba, Dajana Cassioli, Fotis Foukalas, Ricardo Severino, Daria Stepanova, Giovanni Agosta et al. "Wireless Communication Technologies for Safe Cooperative Cyber Physical Systems". Sensors 18, n.º 11 (21 de novembro de 2018): 4075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18114075.
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Cooperative Cyber-Physical Systems (Co-CPSs) can be enabled using wireless communication technologies, which in principle should address reliability and safety challenges. Safety for Co-CPS enabled by wireless communication technologies is a crucial aspect and requires new dedicated design approaches. In this paper, we provide an overview of five Co-CPS use cases, as introduced in our SafeCOP EU project, and analyze their safety design requirements. Next, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the main existing wireless communication technologies giving details about the protocols developed within particular standardization bodies. We also investigate to what extent they address the non-functional requirements in terms of safety, security and real time, in the different application domains of each use case. Finally, we discuss general recommendations about the use of different wireless communication technologies showing their potentials in the selected real-world use cases. The discussion is provided under consideration in the 5G standardization process within 3GPP, whose current efforts are inline to current gaps in wireless communications protocols for Co-CPSs including many future use cases.
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Fomin, Vladislav V., Arturas Medeisis e Daiva Vitkute-Adžgauskiene. "Pre-Standardization of Cognitive Radio Systems". International Journal of IT Standards and Standardization Research 10, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2012010101.
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Cognitive Radio technology is commonly seen as a promise to form the basis of the next largest breakthrough in the development of ubiquitous wireless broadband services. However, the disruptive nature and complexity of this technology raises a host of associated issues, including the open question on reasons for the slow progression of the innovation. This paper reviews different streams of literature on technology evolution to suggest that CR development can be best conceptualized as anticipatory (pre-)standardizing process at an early phase. At the backdrop of the absent obvious leader in CR development, the authors conduct a co-evolutionary analysis of the CR innovation context to reveal a stakeholders’ domain, which is best positioned to lead the further CR development. Finally, the authors conclude that the regulatory domain oversees some of the most crucial enabling factors that may decide the future of CR technology.
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Zhang, Jie, Xin Guo e Ying Xu. "Application of Wireless Communication Technology in Construction Project Information Management". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (28 de agosto de 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8174600.
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With the replacement of the times, the electronic information technology of all countries in the world has developed rapidly, and 4G mobile communication technology has also obtained the opportunity of development, which has improved the transmission speed of 5G mobile communication technology, which has been widely used in intelligent information management of construction engineering. Under this background, this paper selects the research methods of theory guiding practice and practice updating theory to guide the application of information technology. Based on the actual engineering cases, this paper discusses the scientific process of information management construction of construction projects from the perspective of BIM Technology by taking the specific construction details as the starting point. Firstly, this paper systematically introduces the key technologies of BIM and the related concepts and basic contents of construction project management informatization, expounds and analyzes the three construction modes that should be followed by construction project collaborative management informatization, and puts forward the key and main contents of standardization construction. Then, taking New York freedom building as an engineering case, this paper analyzes the application of building information modeling (BIM) in the architectural design of New York freedom building. Relevant research can provide theoretical and practical references for realizing and ensuring the combination of project management and information technology.
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Pierucci, Laura. "Challenges for Teaching Wireless Communications Standards at the Graduate Level". Education Sciences 9, n.º 4 (15 de dezembro de 2019): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci9040298.
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Telecom operators and companies ask for graduates with a specific education on the standards of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) or the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and the University curricula must consider these needs. The standards are written in a technical form, in a language understandable only by experts, and the technical details and algorithms are not often outlined. Therefore, a new educational methodology must be applied because the teachers have to bridge the gap between the basic knowledge (and the poor technical language) of students and the technical specifics of the standards. The paper presents a structured methodology to provide innovative teaching of the wireless standards for the Engineering Master’s degree, according to the Conceive, Design, Implement, and Operate (CDIO) initiative and project based learning. The methodology is organized in three learning phases to understand the standardization process and improve students’ skills to implement standard compliant communications systems. This challenge can be only won with laboratory activities to assist students in understanding wireless standards and with hands-on experiences during the internship period at telecom operators with the vision of a close cooperation between universities and telecom operators. Only in this way can the students achieve a solid background in designing and developing prototypes compliant with wireless communications standards and working skills for their future professional engineering careers. The effectiveness of the adopted educational methodology to provide innovative learning of wireless standards is evaluated by questionnaires filled in online by students and by the achieved skills implemented as confirmed by telecom operators. In this vision, the paper provides decision support to leaders in educational organizations to teach wireless standards effectively.
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Lee, Il-Gu, Kyungmin Go e Jung Hoon Lee. "Battery Draining Attack and Defense against Power Saving Wireless LAN Devices". Sensors 20, n.º 7 (5 de abril de 2020): 2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072043.
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Wi-Fi technology connects sensor-based things that operate with small batteries, and allows them to access the Internet from anywhere at any time and perform networking. It has become a critical element in many areas of daily life and industry, including smart homes, smart factories, smart grids, and smart cities. The Wi-Fi-based Internet of things is gradually expanding its range of uses from new industries to areas that are intimately connected to people’s lives, safety, and property. Wi-Fi technology has undergone a 20-year standardization process and continues to evolve to improve transmission speeds and service quality. Simultaneously, it has also been strengthening power-saving technology and security technology to improve energy efficiency and security while maintaining backward compatibility with past standards. This study analyzed the security vulnerabilities of the Wi-Fi power-saving mechanism used in smart devices and experimentally proved the feasibility of a battery draining attack (BDA) on commercial smartphones. The results of the experiment showed that when a battery draining attack was performed on power-saving Wi-Fi, 14 times the amount of energy was consumed compared with when a battery draining attack was not performed. This study analyzed the security vulnerabilities of the power-saving mechanism and discusses countermeasures.
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Pratama, Yukos, e Heri Suroyo. "OPTIMIZATION OF WIRELESS NETWORK PERFORMANCE USING THE HIERARCHICAL TOKEN BUCKET (CASE STUDY: MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF PALEMBANG)". Journal of Information Systems and Informatics 1, n.º 1 (5 de março de 2019): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33557/isi.v1i1.4.
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Computer networks have penetrated into various fields including education for the learning process which is used as a medium for delivering scientific concepts to be more attractive and easily accepted. The Muhammadiyah University of Palembang currently has very high mobility, both used for browsing information, downloading data and using other facilities. For the need for bandwidth management to manage each passing data so that the distribution of bandwidth becomes evenly distributed by using the queue tree method that is applied to the proxy. To evaluate internet bandwidth analyze QoS (Quality of Service) using typhoid standardization in terms of measurement of throughput, delay, and packet loss. The results of this study show that the quality of the network with the hierarchical token bucket method is more optimal, this is because the bandwidth will be divided according to the rules applied to bandwidth management and does not cause clients to fight over bandwidth
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Pratama, Yukos, e Heri Suroyo. "OPTIMIZATION OF WIRELESS NETWORK PERFORMANCE USING THE HIERARCHICAL TOKEN BUCKET (CASE STUDY: MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF PALEMBANG)". Journal of Information Systems and Informatics 1, n.º 1 (5 de março de 2019): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33557/journal-isi.v1i1.4.
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Computer networks have penetrated into various fields including education for the learning process which is used as a medium for delivering scientific concepts to be more attractive and easily accepted. The Muhammadiyah University of Palembang currently has very high mobility, both used for browsing information, downloading data and using other facilities. For the need for bandwidth management to manage each passing data so that the distribution of bandwidth becomes evenly distributed by using the queue tree method that is applied to the proxy. To evaluate internet bandwidth analyze QoS (Quality of Service) using typhoid standardization in terms of measurement of throughput, delay, and packet loss. The results of this study show that the quality of the network with the hierarchical token bucket method is more optimal, this is because the bandwidth will be divided according to the rules applied to bandwidth management and does not cause clients to fight over bandwidth
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Pratama, Yukos, Usman Ependi e Heri Suroyo. "OPTIMIZATION OF WIRELESS NETWORK PERFORMANCE USING THE HIERARCHICAL TOKEN BUCKET (CASE STUDY: MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF PALEMBANG)". Journal of Information Systems and Informatics 1, n.º 1 (5 de março de 2019): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33557/journalisi.v1i1.4.
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Computer networks have penetrated into various fields including education for the learning process which is used as a medium for delivering scientific concepts to be more attractive and easily accepted. The Muhammadiyah University of Palembang currently has very high mobility, both used for browsing information, downloading data and using other facilities. For the need for bandwidth management to manage each passing data so that the distribution of bandwidth becomes evenly distributed by using the queue tree method that is applied to the proxy. To evaluate internet bandwidth analyze QoS (Quality of Service) using typhoid standardization in terms of measurement of throughput, delay, and packet loss. The results of this study show that the quality of the network with the hierarchical token bucket method is more optimal, this is because the bandwidth will be divided according to the rules applied to bandwidth management and does not cause clients to fight over bandwidth
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Toliupa, Sergey, Yuriy Kravchenko e Aleksander Trush. "ORGANIZATION OF IMPLEMENTATION OF UBIQUITOUS SENSOR NETWORKS". Informatics Control Measurement in Economy and Environment Protection 8, n.º 1 (28 de fevereiro de 2018): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.8643.
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The article deals with the implementation of one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century – the permeable sensor networks of the USN. The features, architecture, organization and routing algorithms of sensory networks are described. It is determined that further improvement of the work of such networks requires standardization of the development process and implementation process. USN's Vertical Sensor Networks is one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century. Cheap and "smart" sensors, in large quantities combined into a wireless network connected to the public communications network, today provide an unprecedentedly wide range of control and management services for buildings, businesses, cars, and so forth. USN networks, depending on the type of sensors, can be deployed on the ground, in the air, under and over water, in buildings and, finally, on the skin and inside living organisms, including humans. They are also widely used in such important areas as military affairs, crisis and emergency management, and the fight against terrorism.
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Raposo, Duarte, André Rodrigues, Soraya Sinche, Jorge Sá Silva e Fernando Boavida. "Industrial IoT Monitoring: Technologies and Architecture Proposal". Sensors 18, n.º 10 (21 de outubro de 2018): 3568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103568.
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Dependability and standardization are essential to the adoption of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in industrial applications. Standards such as ZigBee, WirelessHART, ISA100.11a and WIA-PA are, nowadays, at the basis of the main process-automation technologies. However, despite the success of these standards, management of WSNs is still an open topic, which clearly is an obstacle to dependability. Existing diagnostic tools are mostly application- or problem-specific, and do not support standard-based multi-network monitoring. This paper proposes a WSN monitoring architecture for process-automation technologies that addresses the mentioned limitations. Specifically, the architecture has low impact on sensor node resources, uses network metrics already available in industrial standards, and takes advantage of widely used management standards to share the monitoring information. The proposed architecture was validated through prototyping, and the obtained performance results are presented and discussed in the final part of the paper. In addition to proposing a monitoring architecture, the paper provides an in-depth insight into metrics, techniques, management protocols, and standards applicable to industrial WSNs.
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Chang, Shu-Hao. "Analyses of the Key Technologies and Development Trends of Optical Networks from the Perspective of Standard Essential Patents". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 4 (10 de fevereiro de 2021): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041583.
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Because of the advancement of 5G, mobile devices, and broadband, the development of optical network technologies has received increased research attention. However, studies have mostly focused on the technical or market aspects rather than employing a macroscopic perspective to reveal the technology distribution of optical networks and the development trends in their key fields. Given that technologies disclosed by standard essential patents (SEPs) are the key technologies that determine the standards in relevant industries, we used SEPs optical networks as the basis of analyses and constructed a technology network. Therefore, the contribution of this study lies in bridging the research gap between two studies, using the perspective of SEPs to observe the key technologies in leading industry standard-setting. In addition to the aspects of technologies and markets addressed in existing studies, this study primarily discusses technology distribution and trends in optical networks. The results reveal that transmission of digital information, wireless communication networks and multiple communication are the key technical fields in developing optical networks, with wireless communication devices and digital information transmission being the main focus in recent years. Considering the gradual standardization of future optical network technologies and the fierce competition between manufacturers in SEP applications, relevant industries and universities should cooperate in key technical fields for research and development as well as in talent cultivation to facilitate the development of key technologies and industrial standards in optical networks. The current results may serve as a reference for both industry and academia with regard to research and development resource allocation.
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Tariq, Muhammad Imran, Shakeel Ahmed, Nisar Ahmed Memon, Shahzadi Tayyaba, Muhammad Waseem Ashraf, Mohsin Nazir, Akhtar Hussain, Valentina Emilia Balas e Marius M. Balas. "Prioritization of Information Security Controls through Fuzzy AHP for Cloud Computing Networks and Wireless Sensor Networks". Sensors 20, n.º 5 (28 de fevereiro de 2020): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051310.
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With the advent of cloud computing and wireless sensor networks, the number of cyberattacks has rapidly increased. Therefore, the proportionate security of networks has become a challenge for organizations. Information security advisors of organizations face difficult and complex decisions in the evaluation and selection of information security controls that permit the defense of their resources and assets. Information security controls must be selected based on an appropriate level of security. However, their selection needs intensive investigation regarding vulnerabilities, risks, and threats prevailing in the organization as well as consideration of the implementation, mitigation, and budgetary constraints of the organization. The goal of this paper was to improve the information security control analysis method by proposing a formalized approach, i.e., fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). This approach was used to prioritize and select the most relevant set of information security controls to satisfy the information security requirements of an organization. We argue that the prioritization of the information security controls using fuzzy AHP leads to an efficient and cost-effective assessment and evaluation of information security controls for an organization in order to select the most appropriate ones. The proposed formalized approach and prioritization processes are based on International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) 27001:2013. But in practice, organizations may apply this approach to any information security baseline manual.
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Yun, Changho, e Suhan Choi. "A Study of Standardizing Frequencies Using Channel Raster for Underwater Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks". Sensors 21, n.º 16 (23 de agosto de 2021): 5669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165669.
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In this paper, we propose the method to standardize acoustic frequencies for underwater wireless acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) by applying the channel raster used in the terrestrial mobile communications. The standardization process includes: (1) Setting the available acoustic frequency band where a channel raster is employed via the frequency specification analysis of the state-of-the art underwater acoustic communication modems. (2) Defining the center frequencies and the channel numbers as a function of channel raster, and the upper limit of the value of channel raster. (3) Determining the value of the channel raster suitable for the available acoustic frequency band via simulations. To set the value, three performance metrics are considered: the collision rate, the idle spectrum rate, and the receiver computational complexity. The simulation results show that the collision rate and the idle spectrum rate according to the value of channel raster have a trade-off relationship, but the influence of channel raster on the two performance metrics is insignificant. However, the receiver computational complexity is enhanced remarkably as the value of channel raster increases. Therefore, setting the value of channel raster close to its upper limit is the most adequate in respect of mitigating the occurrence of a collision and enhancing the reception performance. The standardized frequencies based on channel raster can guarantee the frequency compatibility required for the emerging technologies like the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) or the underwater cognitive radio, but also improves the network performance by avoiding the arbitrary use of frequencies.
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Segura-Garcia, Jaume, Miguel Garcia-Pineda, Marta Tamarit-Tronch, Rosa Cibrian e Rosario Salvador-Palmer. "Cost-Effective eHealth System Based on a Multi-Sensor System-on-Chip Platform and Data Fusion in Cloud for Sport Activity Monitoring". Electronics 7, n.º 9 (9 de setembro de 2018): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090183.
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eHealth systems provide medical support to users and contribute to the development of mobile and quality health care. They also provide results on the prevention and follow-up of diseases by monitoring health-status indicators and methodical data gathering in patients. Telematic management of health services by means of the Internet of Things provides immediate support and it is cheaper than conventional physical presence methods. Currently, wireless communications and sensor networks allow a person or group to be monitored remotely. The aim of this paper is to develop and assess a system for monitoring physiological parameters to be applied in different scenarios, such as health or sports. This system is based on a distributed architecture, where physiological data of a person are collected by several sensors; next, a Raspberry Pi joins the information and makes a standardization process; then, these data are sent to the Cloud to be processed. Our Cloud system stores the received data and makes a data fusion process in order to indicate the athlete’s fatigue status at every moment. This system has been tested in collaboration with a small group of voluntary tri-athletes. A network simulation has been performed to plan a monitoring network for a bigger group of athletes. Finally, we have found that this system is useful for medium-term monitoring of the sports activities.
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Kim, Whi-Young, Jun-Hyoung Kim e Jun-Il Kim. "AT90s8535D CHIP APPLICATION FOR HEART RATE VARIABILITY DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS". Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 26, n.º 06 (dezembro de 2014): 1450079. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237214500793.
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By using wireless mobile communications and mobile information terminals, Internet and the linking of computers and information technology to human bodies effectively, mobile computing can play an important role in modern technology that can be used by anybody anytime, anywhere, and can reconsider new technology with physiological measurements and reconstruct it creatively. In particular, mobile computing can intervene in the process of inducing biometric changes before diseased symptoms develop into diseases in an aging society. Nevertheless, there are difficulties, such as data, treatment by many parameters, ambiguity of data standardization and difficulty of the simultaneous collection of data etc. Therefore, in this study, a system was embodied by excluding time limiting factors using mobile computing and selecting the mobile neural dynamic coding method based on bioelectric signals. As a result of the experiment, it could be a model for biomedical Signal Mobile Analysis Devices and mobile biometric measuring devices, whose self-measurement can be made possible by an academic approach. Furthermore, it became the research foundation of the atypical characteristics of the formation of bioelectrical signals based on mobile applications and could be modeled in the structure circuit form of a biosignal.
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Pan, Jian Li, Shan Zhi Chen, Raj Jain e Subharthi Paul. "Energy Sensing and Monitoring Framework with an Integrated Communication Backbone in the Energy Efficient Intelligent Buildings". Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (fevereiro de 2013): 1460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.1460.
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Building environments are significant sources of global energy consumption. To create energy efficient buildings, the first step is to sense and monitor all the energy-consuming appliances in the buildings and record all the energy consumption information. After that, appropriate energy saving policies can be decided and the instructions can be sent to the control devices to apply the energy saving adjustments. To do that, in-building two-way communication networks are needed to connect all the sensors to collect information as well as to send control instructions. However, most of the current devices are provided by separate manufacturers and with separate network infrastructures and so there is not much integration and interaction among different subsystems. In this paper, we envision a new energy sensing and monitoring framework with integrated communication backbone in the intelligent building environments. Specifically, through comprehensive comparisons and investigations, we study different candidate communicating media and protocols like wireline, wireless, and power-line communications technologies that potentially can be used in the intelligent buildings to realize the goals of coordination, integration, and energy efficiency. Also, we propose an extension "smart box" for integration of the devices before the maturity of the standardization process. Cloud computing and smart phone technologies are also introduced to realize the goals of improving energy efficiency and promote global sustainability.
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Verdecia-Peña, Randy, e José I. Alonso. "MIMO Channel Estimation in an SDR Platform for Evaluation of D&F Relay Nodes". Electronics 9, n.º 10 (12 de outubro de 2020): 1662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101662.
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Relay Nodes (RNs) have received special attention as a radio access technology which can overcome channel fading and improve the channel capacity in high-speed and dense vehicle environments. RNs have been the object of standardization by the 3GPP; however, this process has not been accompanied by the development of hardware that allows for evaluation of the advantages of RNs. Software Defined Radio (SDR) has emerged as a promising technology to implement the concept of RNs at low cost. In this paper, a detailed study of the MIMO wireless channel between an evolved Node-B (eNB) and an RN is carried out. The developed algorithms are implemented in an SDR platform for Decode-and-Forward (D&F) relay node evaluation, resulting in significant improvements of its capabilities on the MIMO channel. A pilot symbol-assisted channel estimation algorithm based on combinations of the Least-Squares (LS) technique and Bi-Cubic (BCI), Bi-Linear (BLI), and Bi-Nearest Neighbors (BNNI) interpolation methods is considered. Furthermore, the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Zero-Forcing (ZF) equalization schemes are studied. In the tests conducted, Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) scenarios are considered, demonstrating the capabilities of the developed platform. The performance measurements using different modulation schemes are compared under the same conditions. The simulation results show that the LS technique together with the BCI and MMSE methods performed the best among all evaluated channel estimation and equalization algorithms, in terms of the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) performance of the received Resource Grid (RG). Furthermore, we show that the Bit Error Rate (BER) and throughput of the core network increase when using the 2 × 2 MIMO technique.
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Saxl, Georg, Manuel Ferdik, Moritz Fischer, Martin Maderboeck e Thomas Ussmueller. "UHF RFID Prototyping Platform for ISO 29167 Decryption Based on an SDR". Sensors 19, n.º 10 (14 de maio de 2019): 2220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102220.
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Ultra high frequency radio frequency identification (UHF RFID) is becoming a key technology in the Internet of Things. It allows the implementation of batteryless and wireless nodes, including sensors and actuators. Due to its possible transmission range of >10 m and potential to carry critical information, security is a highly important topic. For this reason, the International Organization for Standardization has published several crypto suites for UHF RFID within the ISO-29167 standard in 2014. Recently, research has focused on implementing those encryption features on the transponder side. However, currently no crypto enabled UHF RFID readers are available. In order to cope with the rapid development in this field, ‘open’ and flexible readers based on software defined radios are needed. They make it possible to quickly adapt the protocol and to test new functionalities such as encryption. This paper deals with the first implementation of the ISO 29167-19 standardized RAMON decryption on a software defined radio. The programming of this hardware is done in LabVIEW which allows for controlling the built-in transceiver modules. However, first measurements show that the decryption takes 51 s. This is because LabVIEW is not suitable for handling very large numbers like they are utilized in cryptography. Because such a long processing time is not feasible in experiments nor in a real-life scenarios, this method is not suitable for a prototyping platform. Thus, a different approach is chosen to optimize the decryption processing time. LabVIEW still provides the framework for handling the protocol and controlling the transceivers, but the decryption is performed in a Java application. In that way, the entire decryption process takes only about 2.2 ms, which is 23,318 times faster than the implementation in LabVIEW. Thus, this new approach meets the necessary timing requirements and is suitable for realistic application scenarios. The shown method allows development and testing of new functionalities in UHF RFID systems but may also be employed in any application that require long processing times in LabVIEW. Furthermore, the implementation of decryption features is the first necessary step towards a fully compliant, crypto enabled interrogator for UHF RFID, featuring a high adaptability.
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Esashi, Masayoshi, Shuji Tanaka, Seiji Aoyagi, Takashi Mineta, Koichi Suzumori, Tetsuji Dohi e Norihisa Miki. "Special Issue on MEMS for Robotics and Mechatronics". Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 32, n.º 2 (20 de abril de 2020): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2020.p0279.
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MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) is a technology that is used to incorporate sensors, actuators, microstructures, and circuits on chips by using a combination of various technologies with semiconductor process. MEMS are also used in robotics and mechatronics since they can provide compact, low-cost functional components that play crucial roles in their respective systems. We would like to elaborate on the history of MEMS technology, whose initial development started around 1970. In 1960s, Dr. Isemi Igarashi of Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. in Japan developed a semiconductor pressure sensor of piezo-resistance type. In 1980s, the pressure sensors were used to control automobile engines to clear exhaust gas regulations and thus contributed to solving environmental issues. In 1990s, semiconductor acceleration sensors were used for passive safety technologies to detect collision of automobiles and activate air bags, which resulted in decrease in traffic fatalities. In 2000s, an active safety system with gyro sensors was developed to detect and control spinning of a vehicle. In future, space recognition sensors with optical scanners to measure light propagation time and detect distance to an object will be used for autonomous driving. For smartphones, a microphone, an acceleration sensor, and a gyro sensor are used in user interface, and a film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) is used in a wireless communication filter. For projectors, the built-in circuit of a mirror array system is used to move mirrors placed in an array. After the development of projectors, films have not been used in movie theaters. MEMS are also widely used in medical and biological fields, such as blood pressure measurement. Esashi began research on a semiconductor ion sensor ISFET (ion sensitive field effect transistor) in 1971. ISFET detects ion concentration in electrolyte by exposing the insulating film of an insulated gate transistor to the liquid. He set up a prototyping facility when he was a graduate student and wrote only one paper on this research, although the prototyping facility was used afterwards. The ion sensor was certified under the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law after a 12-year application process and was used as catheter-type pH sensor to diagnose reflux esophagitis. MEMS are widely used for minimally invasive medical treatment, which causes minimum damage to human body. Moreover, MEMS are used as disposable sensors to prevent infection or as implanted devices. In addition, MEMS are used for production inspection and scientific instrument, including scanning probe microscopes (SPMs), which observe atoms using extremely small nano-probes, and probe cards that simultaneously test several integrated circuits on a wafer using aligned probes. When he was an associate professor, Esashi improved the prototyping facility that he made when he was a student and made a large scale integrated circuit (LSI). After he became a professor, he accepted researchers from more than 130 companies and developed MEMS using the prototyping facility to develop a product through the academia-industry collaboration. He realized integrated MEMS by combining LSI and MEMS. This includes a system of many tactile sensors attached on the body surface of a safe robot for real-time detection of contact through packet communication. After he retired from the university, he developed a “prototype coin laundry,” which enables companies to do develop without having their own prototyping facility. The prototype coin laundry is a system where engineers can use the prototyping facility to develop devices, and the system has been managed by successors. Unlike integrated circuits for which standardization is easy, standardization of MEMS is challenging because of difficulty in development. It is necessary to access various knowledge for the development of MEMS, and he has made efforts to provide the knowledge. Finally, we would like to thank authors who submitted papers to this Special Issue on MEMS for Robotics and Mechatronics as well as those who were involved in editing and reviewing the papers. We sincerely hope for further development in this field of research.
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Zulpratita, Ulil Surtia. "KUNCI TEKNOLOGI 5G". Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Infomasi Terapan 4, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.33197/jitter.vol4.iss2.2018.163.
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Proses kelengkapan standarisasi teknologi 5G diharapkan akan selesai sebelum Oktober 2020. Resminya standarisasi ini akan menjadi hal penting untuk komersialisasi jaringan 5G. Teknologi 5G diprediksi akan membutuhkan transformasi akan kebutuhan frekuensi carrier yang sangat tinggi dengan bandwidth yang sangat lebar, densitas ekstrim untuk berbagai divais dan base station, serta sejumlah besar antena. 5G tidak akan menjadi antarmuka udara tunggal sebagaimana pada model generasi sebelumnya. 5G diprediksi akan sangat integratif: jalinan koneksi antarmuka udara dan spektrum 5G bersama-sama dengan teknologi nirkabel yang sudah ada (misalnya: LTE dan WiFi) akan memberikan layanan dengan pesat data tinggi dan cakupan luas, serta menjamin terwujudnya pengalaman pengguna tanpa hambatan. Untuk mendukung hal tersebut, di bagian core network harus berevolusi untuk mencapai tingkat belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya dalam hal fleksibilitas dan kecerdasan, regulasi spektrum perlu dikaji kembali dan direvisi, masalah energi dan efisiensi biaya juga akan menjadi pertimbangan yang penting. Berdasarkan studi literatur yang telah dilakukan, artikel ini akan mengidentifikasi dan merumuskan empat kunci penting implementasi teknologi 5G.
Kata kunci : implementasi 5G, massive MIMO, jaringan hybrid, mmWave, unified air interface
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5G standardization process is expected to be finished before October 2020. This standardization is essential for making 5G network commercial deployment. The 5G technology is forecasted to demand a transformation in the need for very high carrier frequencies with very extensive bandwidth, extreme density for devices and base stations, as well as large numbers of antennas. 5G will not be a distinct air interface based on Radio Access Technology as in former generation models. 5G is predicted to be immensely collaborative: the linkage of air interface and 5G spectrum together with existing wireless technologies (for example: LTE and WiFi) will provide services with universal high-rates coverage and ensure seamless user experience. To support this, the core network must also evolve to achieve an extraordinary level of adjustability and intelligence, spectral standardization needs to be reviewed and revised, energy issues and cost efficiency will also be an important attention. Based on studies that had been done, this article will discuss and identify the four significant keys to the implementation of 5G technology.
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Lin, Bin. "Research on Data Release and Location Monitoring Technology of Sensor Network Based on Internet of Things". Journal of Web Engineering, 9 de junho de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2036.
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The Internet of Things is another information technology revolution and industrial wave after computer, Internet and mobile communication. It is becoming a key foundation and an important engine for the green, intelligent and sustainable development of economic society. The new networked intelligent production mode characterized by the integration innovation of the Internet of Things is shaping the core competitiveness of the future manufacturing industry. The application of sensor network data positioning and monitoring technology based on the Internet of Things in industry, power and other industries is a hot field for the development of the Internet of Things. Sensor network processing and industrial applications are becoming increasingly complex, and new features have appeared in the sensor network scale and infrastructure in these fields. Therefore, the Internet of Things perception data processing has become a research hotspot in the deep integration process between industry and the Internet of Things. This paper deeply analyzes and summarizes the characteristics of sensor network perception data under the new trend of the Internet of Things as well as the research on location monitoring technology, and makes in-depth exploration from the release and location monitoring of sensor network perception data of the Internet of Things. Sensor network technology integrated sensor technology, micro-electromechanical system technology, wireless communication technology, embedded computing technology and distributed information processing technology in one, with easy layout, easy control, low power consumption, flexible communication, low cost and other characteristics. Therefore, based on the release and location monitoring technologies of sensor network data based on the Internet of Things in different applications, this paper studies the corresponding networking technologies, energy management, data management and fusion methods. Standardization system in wireless sensor network low cost, and convenient data management needs, design the iot oriented middleware, and develops the software and hardware system, the application demonstration, the results show that the design of wireless sensor network based on iot data monitoring and positioning technology is better meet the application requirements, fine convenient integration of software and hardware, and standardized requirements and suitable for promotion.