Thematische Bibliographien / Direct sales

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Direct sales“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 9. Juni 2025

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Direct sales"

BORUSIEWICZ, ANDRZEJ, and IRENEUSZ ŻUCHOWSKI. "DIRECT SALES IN AGRICULTURE." sj-economics scientific journal 28, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v28i1.138.

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This paper is an attempt to analyze the conditions of direct sales in agriculture. The scope of the survey included surveys conducted on 54 agricultural producers in 2016 from the territory of three voivodships: Mazowieckie, Podlaskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie. On the basis of the conducted research, the factors determining direct sales in agricultural enterprises and their influence on the analysed process were identified. Farmers are increasingly looking for alternative forms of sale to sell agricultural products. The main reasons why agricultural producers do not engage in activities in the form of direct sales are poor regulation for farmers, a lack of knowledge and ability to interpret the rules, and high transport costs. Nearly 40% of respondents indicated direct sales as the main source of income in agriculture. The importance of direct sales is growing and represents a fairly important source of revenue. In the future, with appropriate legal conditions and a slightly changed form, it may become more important for the development of agriculture and rural entrepreneurship, as well as an additional or in some cases the basic source of income for agricultural producers.

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Anitha, Mrs A., Mrs P. Kanaga Lakshmi, S. Nandhini, P. Karunya Devi, N. Shanmugapriya, and M. Subbulakshmi. "Direct Sales of Agricultural Commodities." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 06 (June 22, 2021): 1252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/06426.

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The most fundamental people who offer nourishment for sale to the public and accordingly connect with clients are ranchers and retailers. Numerous food varieties and high-quality materials are made by ladies in the provincial district under the MAHILA UDYOG, which offers an assortment of things. Ladies in provincial regions who are essential for MAHILA UDYOG may make an assortment of things and acquire a benefit from them. These days, ranchers are stood up to with an assortment of issues, remembering an absence of return for their produce, like vegetables and organic products. The rancher sold their merchandise at a modest expense, however, its fairly estimated worth is very high because numerous wholesalers and sellers hold stock, and the market worth of the item ascends because of item deficiencies. Accordingly, we made an Android App connect the distance between the provincial and metropolitan regions, just as to resolve the issues related to tackling this issue. Ranchers can’t offer them to the individual they pick since they don’t go to the market or vendors don’t contact any of the ranchers since their contacts are restricted. Subsequently, we’ll make an application that takes care of the issue of ranchers and merchants selling wares with accommodation and reliability. The rancher’s responsibility is to transfer the products, while the merchant’s responsibility is to put orders using the online installment framework. The retailer may see the dirt’s evaluating, which is given by the Indian government. On the off chance that the rancher’s Soil Health Card shows that the dirt quality is amazing, the shipper may essentially verify that the item is similarly fantastic. Subsequently, he can buy the merchandise from that rancher. The Soil Health Card is validated utilizing an OCR innovation when the rancher transfers it to the framework.

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Msweli-Mbanga, P., and Chen T. Lin. "Redefining performance of direct sales people." South African Journal of Business Management 34, no. 3 (September 30, 2003): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v34i3.685.

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The purpose of this study is to broaden the definition of performance to include extra-role and in-role aspects in the conceptualisation of performance in direct selling. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the authors first report the development of the extra-role performance scale. A model of extra-role performance consisting of five dimensions including individual initiative, helping behaviour, self-development, organisational loyalty and organisational compliance was identified. Nomological validity of the newly developed scale was established by relating the dimensions of extra-role performance to the in-role performance measure. The authors discuss the implications of their findings and suggest avenues for further research.

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Brodie, Stewart, John Stanworth, and Thomas R. Wotruba. "Direct Sales Franchises in the UK." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 20, no. 1 (February 2002): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242602201005.

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Li, Qiang, and Huanling Li. "Pricing Decisions and Online Channel Selection Strategies in Dual-Channel Supply Chains considering Block Chain." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (May 31, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3027249.

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Pricing decisions and online channel selection strategies are playing an increasingly important role in e-commerce. In this paper, we consider two different types of dual-channel supply chain sales models, namely, an online direct + online distribution sales model consisting of an online direct sales channel and online distribution sales channel and an online direct + delegation sales model consisting of an online direct sales channel and an online delegation sales channel. By introducing the customer sensitive coefficient and block chain technology into these dual-channel supply chain sales models, we analyzed pricing decisions and online channel selection strategies in dual-channel supply chains in terms of the adoption and nonadoption of block chain technology. In the two different dual-channel sales models, the results showed that (1) without block chain technology, retail prices increase when the manufacturer’s unit retail cost increases; (2) with block chain technology, retail prices are higher than those of sales models that do not adopt block chain technology; and (3) with block chain technology, the manufacturer should choose the online direct + delegation sales model to sell its products.

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Wightman, Jill M. "Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin Americaby Peter Cahn." PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 35, no. 2 (November 2012): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1555-2934.2012.01209.x.

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ZARICHNA, Olena. "Advantages of using direct marketing in the sales activities of the enterprise." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2021, no. 154 (2021): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2021.154.28.

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Purpose: The aim of the article is a study of the development of the concept of "direct marketing", research of the methodological and informative providing of realization of direct sale in activity of sale enterprises. To achieve the goal, the following tasks are set: systematization, comparison and analysis of theoretical approaches of the Ukrainian and foreign scientists, is to essence of concept "direct marketing"; researches of basic instruments of realization of direct sale by the performers of entrepreneurial activities; determinations of advantages and lacks of the use of the direct marketing are in activity of enterprises; grounds of the use of the direct - marketing are in activity of sale enterprises. Design/methodology/approach: To the article were used methods of comparison, grouping and generalization – for research and analysis of opinion of scientists in relation to development of the direct marketing, method of systems analysis – for systematization of modern forms of the direct marketing and ground of them role in the sale activity of enterprises, and also formulating of conclusions. Findings: The analysis of scientific labours and researches in relation to the use of the direct marketing in activity of the Ukrainian enterprises showed that the direct marketing was the special form, process, method of effective realization of sale of products, in the modern business conditions. 23 Practical implications: Researched in the article modern forms of the direct marketing show 24 that today, their use in the sale activities of enterprises not only facilitates the sale of goods and 25 services at the market, but also allow to form effective, direct of long duration relations with 26 consumers, to choose effective marketing strategy and program of actions, which influences on 27 informing of market environment, growth of having a special purpose audience, increase of 28 volumes, sale and expansion of limits of realization of business. 29 Originality/value: The article contains the validity of the practical use of modern forms of 30 direct marketing in the activities of Ukrainian enterprises: Premium Food (Mr. Grill), LTS 31 “Solomia”, “Rodinna kovbaska”, “Henkel Bautekhnik Ukraine”, TM “Curtis” and others

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HATTORI, Toshihiro, Satoshi TSUTSUMI, Eikichi SHIMA, and Toshiyuki IMAI. "Effects of Sales of Farm Products in Direct Sales Shops on Farmhouse." JOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION 19 (2000): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2750/arp.19.19-suppl_301.

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Baker, Margaret Ann. "Direct Mail Sales Letters: Form and Substance." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 23, no. 2 (April 1993): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/7dl8-hxj0-97t3-48n4.

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Practitioners and consultants, who have developed much of the theory on the direct mail sales letter, emphasize one point: The reader must be enticed to read the letter. One way to entice the reader is to use an indirect arrangement of support: Invitation, Benefits and Proof, Acceptance, and Teaser. Other reader-directed principles are 1) create the look of a personalized letter and 2) employ strategies to promote readability.

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&NA;. "Rise in direct Internet sales of sildenafil." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1212 (November 1999): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199912120-00007.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Direct sales"

Gultekin, Metin. "Foreign Military Sales versus Direct Commercial Sales." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA355007.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1998. "September 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Orin E. Marvel, John E. Mutty. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-90). Also available online.

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Belinger, Jan. "Direct sales and its impact on Automotive distribution." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359265.

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This masters thesis aims to explore the possible implementation of the direct distribution model within the automotive industry. The goal is to outline the possible distribution strategy, using the direct distribution model, for an auto manufacturer. The theoretical background and cases that are used to describe the practical usage of the model are based on a secondary research. More specific aspects of the distribution model are then based on interviews conducted with professionals from the automotive industry. The proposed distribution strategy consists of combination of several direct distribution models. Different models are used due to the distinct nature of the products, considered in the process of new distribution model design. The implementation would allow the OEM to gain more control over the distribution process and create more efficient distribution system.

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Yeager, Irvin. "Potential Benefits of Extended Season Sales Through Direct Markets." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1249.

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This study examines fresh produce production sold through local farmers’ markets in the U.S. Rocky Mountain region to determine likelihood and benefits for extending production and marketing of fresh produce. Surveys were conducted with producers and farmers’ market managers to determine the likelihood of season extension, marketing realities, and potential products. Prices for eight commonly found produce items were collected at farmers’ markets in Utah and Colorado to model expected off-season pricing. Surveys responses show producers have a short marketing season, limited acreage, and receive low revenues, but are experienced and have adopted some season extension techniques. High tunnels, one of the most effective season extension techniques, had limited usage in the survey among participants. Market manager surveys show the need for many markets to move indoors in the off-season and felt that consumers were unlikely to pay premiums in the extended season. Collected prices were analyzed using ARMA and ARIMA methods to provide a forecast for prices in the extended season. The results show that some produce items are priced higher in the early season, while others are higher in fall, while prices for some items are near constant. The study concludes that although producers could benefit from market and season extension, additional season extending techniques should be adopted as well as consider diversifying offerings. Profitability in an extended season is likely to be constrained by market availability and market manager responses, despite increasing consumer demand for local foods.

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Fejdiova, Elena. "Female cosmetic coalitions : how to be women together through direct sales cosmetics." Thesis, University of East London, 2018. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/7537/.

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This research is based on ethnographic fieldwork amongst women purchasing direct sales cosmetics in Slovakia. To interpret the data I use concepts from social as well as evolutionary anthropology. In the thesis I examine the closely bonded female collectives that emerged during the purchasing of cosmetics from direct sales companies. I show that while the company sales representatives were trained in the network selling marketing to make a profit, under specified conditions women’s collectives emerged that encouraged the shared ritualized purchase of cosmetics which undermined the sales representatives’ incentives to make a gain. I identify and explain the mechanisms that intensified the relationships amongst the women who created collectives of allies. In this ritually forged environment the women created small collectives based on mutual trust, sharing, egalitarianism and cooperation that extended beyond the context of attractiveness enhancement. In the ritual mode women generated a resistance culture that opposed the individualistic and competitive practices of the cosmetic companies and favoured the leveling of beautification through ritual egalitarianism. From the energetically costly ritual performance ambivalent ritual gender emerged that incorporated both female and male characteristics and was controlled by the female collectives. Endowed with ritual power women employed their ritually created collective agency by claiming their ritual space and time. In the process of ritualization the women transformed economic relations into gift-like relationships that through a web of social obligations created bonds of solidarity and cooperation amongst them. As a result of the collective ritual practice cosmetics became a signal of commitment to the cosmetic coalition. They were invested with the meanings of morality, cooperation and equality of quasi kinship ties. Through regular participation in the collective cosmetic rituals women learnt a ritual template that enabled them to enter any such female collective across Slovakia. These collectives provided their female members with benefits beyond the ritual context. The thesis contributes to the body of work on female competition and cooperation. It shows that once women are united through collective rituals with cosmetics and beautification at their centre they create a safe environment where cooperation rather than competition through beauty prevails. Through recognizing and interpreting the mechanisms for bonding and group commitment the thesis also develops the model of female cosmetic coalitions within the setting of direct sales cosmetics in Slovakia.

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Jung, Sung-Hoon. "The global-local interplay : Korean foreign direct investment in the European Union." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323046.

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Koneti, Boniswa. "Determining factors influencing sales growth in business banking in Buffalo City municipality, South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/10993.

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The increase in number of banks entering the South African banking sector has caused the big four banks to lose their market share to the new entrants. As a result, the new entrants in this sector have also had negative effects on the existing banks’ sales growth and net profits. Business banking, in particular, has been one of the departments which has become competitive as it is considered to generate the most revenue from all the different bank departments. Business clients have been targeted as their fees are high compared to normal individual clients and also, their investment sizes are big compared to individuals, hence the increased interest in this section. This then prompts the question, what are the factors influencing sales growth in business banking? This question then brings one to the following sub-problems: Is the pricing offered by the various banks to their business bank customers competitive enough to retain them?; How competent and knowledgeable is the staff dealing with business bank customers in ensuring good relationships with business banking clients?; is the technology used by the banks advanced enough to address the banking requirements of business banking customers? Are business banking customers loyal to their respective banks to ensure repetitive sales? In dealing with the above, the author undertook a research study to determine whether factors such as competitive pricing, competent staff, advanced technology and customer loyalty influence sales growth in business banking in Buffalo City Municipality “BCM”. The sample of 90 business banking customers who were given questionnaires to test the above were from a population of business banking customers in BCM. The author underwent a theoretical and an empirical investigation using the survey method through questionnaires. These questionnaires were distributed to the various financing institutions dealing with business banking clients. The findings of the empirical study suggest that through the use of the hypothesis test, it was concluded that of the four factors, advanced technology and customer loyalty influence sales growth in business banking in BCM. While pricing and competent staff do not influence sales revenue growth.

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Elfving, Matilda. "Exploring the Experience of Branded Mobile Apps within Direct Selling : Insights from Sales Representatives’ Perspective." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64282.

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Technology is becoming more central to people’s lives than ever before, and the most widely embraced technological device on the consumer market are mobile phones. This creates an ever-increasing market place for mobile apps, which during 2016 had revenues amounted to 88.3 billion U.S. dollars. The number is expected to increase, and together is estimated to generate 188.9 billion U.S. dollars in revenues 2020. One of the industries affected by this strong online presence is direct selling, where branded mobile apps have started to be used as a sales tool for sales representatives. The apps aim to facilitate the sales representatives’ daily work and bring new opportunities to engage with the end customers in a more convenient way. However, limited research exists about how the sales representatives experience the branded mobile apps in the industry. The purpose of this paper is to explore the sales representatives’ behavior and attitude towards using branded mobile apps within the direct selling industry. This study has been conducted by a quantitative descriptive and exploratory study using a survey. Sales representatives that placed an order exceeding 100 Euros during the last three weeks in five Western culture countries for one direct selling company were targeted. In total, 460 responses were gathered. The result gave some valuable insights although the initial hypothesized benefits could not be confirmed. The findings instead suggest separate items that contributed the most to sales representatives’ satisfaction and purchase intentions. In order to increase satisfaction among sales representatives, branded mobile apps used in direct sales should 1) facilitate the interaction with the company, 2) be easy to navigate with, 3) provide relevant information, 4) be convenient to shop from, and finally 5) work as a good conversation topic in a social context. Further on, the item identified to have the greatest contribution to purchase intentions is how convenient the app is to shop from, i.e. the same as number 4) above. The future challenge for the direct selling industry and its managers is thus to take advantage of these insights and further study how the attributes more practically can be implemented for their business. By focusing on these actions in the creation and development of branded mobile apps, the direct selling industry can expect to achieve higher satisfaction among their sales representatives and also increase their purchase intentions. Dagens teknik har blivit en allt mer central del i människors liv, och den vanligaste enheten på konsumentmarknaden idag är mobiltelefoner. Detta har skapat en ständigt ökande marknad för mobilappar, som år 2016 genererade 88.3 miljarder U.S. dollar. Antalet appanvändare framöver förväntas att öka, och tillsammans generera 188.9 miljarder U.S. dollar i intäkter år 2020. En av de branscher som påverkats av denna starka närvaro online är direktförsäljning, där appar har börjat användas som försäljningsverktyg för konsulenterna. Apparna syftar till att underlätta konsulenternas dagliga arbete och ge nya möjligheter att engagera sig med slutkunderna på ett lättare och mer fördelaktigt sätt. Dock existerar det lite forskning och kännedom om hur konsulenterna upplever användandet av appar i branschen. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka försäljningsrepresentanternas beteende och attityd gentemot att använda appar inom direktförsäljningsbranschen. Studien har varit både beskrivande och undersökande, och har genomförts genom en samla in kvantitativ data med hjälp av en enkätundersökning. Kunder som har lagt en order över 100 Euros de tre senaste veckorna i fem västeuropeiska länder för ett direktförsäljningsföretag har studerats. Totalt erhölls 460 svar. Resultatet gav flertalet värdefulla insikter, även om de initiala hypoteserna syftade till att undersöka olika fördelar inte kunde bekräftas. Resultaten föreslår istället separata aspekter med störst påverkan på hur nöjda konsulenterna är, samt deras köpintentioner. För att öka nöjdheten bland konsulenter bör appar som används i direktförsäljning 1) underlätta samspelet med företaget, 2) vara lätta att navigera med, 3) tillhandahålla relevant information, 4) vara bekväm att handla från och slutligen 5) fungera som ett bra samtalsämne i ett socialt sammanhang. Vidare kunde det ses att den identifierade aspekten som bidrar mest till konsultenternas köpintentioner är hur bekvämt appen är att handla från, det vill säga samma aspekt som identifierades för konsulenters tillfredställelse under nummer 4) ovan. Den framtida utmaningen för direktförsäljningsindustrin och dess chefer är således att utnyttja dessa insikter och studera vidare hur dessa aspekter kan lämpas mer i praktiken för deras företag. Genom att fokusera på dessa åtgärder vid skapandet och utvecklingen av appar kan direktförsäljningsindustrin räkna med att erhålla högre tillfredsställelse bland sina konsulenter, samt att även öka deras köpintentioner.

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Li, Xiaolin. "An Empirical Examination of Factors Affecting Adoption of An Online Direct Sales Channel by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1214531897.

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McLennan, Steven. "THE IMPACT OF LOCAL ON MEAT PURCHASING DECISIONS." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1315.

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The research examines the target market for a meat product produced by the local university. Further, desirable attributes of meat and how consumers definition of “locally produced and/or raised” are identified. A total of 290 personal interviews were completed in San Luis Obispo County, California on the consumers’ willingness to purchase Cal Poly meat. Likely purchasers are found to be 31 percent of the San Luis Obispo population. The target buyer of Cal poly meat products are both male and females, who tend to be older, and make more than $60,000 a year. Local is defined by 31 percent of likely Cal Poly Meats buyers as being grown and/or raised within the county they reside in, and also shared by residents of San Luis Obispo County. Additionally, it was found local vegetables are a more highly valued product than local meats, fruits, and wines product grown within the San Luis Obispo County.

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Öberg, Joachim, and Daniel Zammit. "Att utveckla en säljstyrka : En undersökning angående Securitas Aroundios säljutbildning och coachning." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-766.

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SammanfattningDenna uppsats syftar till att utvärdera företaget Securitas Aroundios säljutbildning ochcoachning utifrån de berörda anställdas perspektiv i Linköping. Det är av vikt för företaget attfå en uppriktig återkoppling från de anställda rörande utbildningen och coachningen. Ingentidigare utvärdering har skett där utomstående parter varit delaktiga. Genom att utföra enutvärdering kan ett företag se om något behöver åtgärdas eller förändras.Denna uppsats bygger på en kvalitativ undersökning där de anställda på Securitas Aroundio iLinköping intervjuades. Samtliga intervjuer skedde på Aroundios huvudkontor i Linköpingden 5 maj 2008. Samtliga av respondenterna gav sitt medgivande till att intervjuerna speladesin och i samband med detta fördes även anteckningar. Intervjufrågorna utgick från ensemistrukturerad intervjuguide, vilken behandlade undersökningsområdena bestående avsäljutbildningen och coachningen hos Aroundio.Resultatet som erhölls från intervjuerna indikerar att Aroundios säljutbildning och coachningupplevs som adekvat. Detta grundas på att samtliga parter generellt sett är nöjda medsäljutbildningen och coachningen. Slutsatsen är att Securitas Aroundio uppfyller deras målmed utbildningen och coachningen, då företaget ger säljarna de verktyg de behöver för attkunna arbeta självständigt och det stöd de behöver i sitt arbete. SummaryThe purpose of this thesis is to evaluate Securitas Aroundio’s sales training and coachingfrom the view of the firm’s employees. It is of great importance for Securitas Aroundio toreceive an honest opinion about their sales training and coaching. No previous evaluation hasbeen made by external researchers. By continuous evaluation of a firms sales training andcoaching, the firm can get an awareness of matters that need to be changed or fixed.This thesis is based on a qualitative approach where the employees at Securitas Aroundio inLinköping were interviewed. All interviews took place at Aroundio’s headquarters inLinköping on the 5th of May 2008. All of the respondents gave consent for the recording ofthe interviews. Also notes were taken during the interviews. The questions asked during theinterviews were based on a semi structured interview format, dealing with the two areas of theinvestigation, Aroundio’s sales training and coaching.The result indicates the sales training and coaching provided by Securitas Aroundio isadequate. This statement is based on the overall satisfaction of the employees concerning thesales training and coaching provided by the firm. The overall indication is that the salespeopleare provided with the tools and support they need to work autonomously. In conclusion,Securitas Aroundio’s goals with the sales training and coaching are being met.

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Bücher zum Thema "Direct sales"

Gultekin, Metin. Foreign Military Sales versus Direct Commercial Sales. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1998.

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Cahn, Peter S. Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904.

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Mounsey, Philip. Managing direct marketing. Kingston upon Thames: Croner, 1990.

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Lewis, Herschell Gordon. Sales letters that sizzle. Lincolnwood, Ill., USA: NTC Business Books, 1995.

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Alberta. Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development. Farm direct sales: Know the regulations. Edmonton, Alta: Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 2003.

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1953-, Nelson Carol, ed. World's greatest direct mail sales letters. Lincolnwood, Ill: NTC Business Books, 1996.

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Keith, Michael C. Selling radio direct. Boston: Focal Press, 1992.

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Malaysia. Direct Sales Act 1992: With introductory notes. Kuala Lumpur: CLBC, Central Law Book Corporation, 1993.

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K, Miller Lori, ed. Sales success in sports marketing: A step by step guide to sales success in the sports industry. Wichita, Kan: Events Unlimited, 1999.

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xiang, Wang tian. Zhi xiao ru men. Bei jing: Jing ji ri bao chu ban she, 2005.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Direct sales"

Berg, Adam. "Direct." In Sales on the Go, 125–32. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3211-6_13.

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Cahn, Peter S. "Thinking Anew about the History of Direct Sales." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 39–57. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_3.

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Castro-Zuluaga, Carlos A., and Mariana Arboleda. "Sales Forecasting Difficulties’ Analysis on Colombian Direct Sales Companies." In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering, 112–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49370-7_12.

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Cahn, Peter S. "Making Work a Commission." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 1–18. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_1.

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Cahn, Peter S. "Helping Others Help Themselves." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 19–38. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_2.

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Cahn, Peter S. "Healing the Body through the Mind." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 59–79. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_4.

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Cahn, Peter S. "Selling without Selling." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 81–101. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_5.

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Cahn, Peter S. "Motivating Rituals." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 103–22. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_6.

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Cahn, Peter S. "Planning the Departure." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 123–36. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_7.

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Cahn, Peter S. "Bringing Transformation to South America." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 137–59. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_8.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Direct sales"

Bhowmick, Utsab, Pritam Majhi, and Shriya Goswami. "Revitalising Agriculture in South 24 Parganas: Strategies for Sustainable Farming and Direct Sales." In 2024 ITU Kaleidoscope: Innovation and Digital Transformation for a Sustainable World (ITU K), 1–8. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.23919/ituk62727.2024.10772860.

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Carpentier, Pierre. "Turboshaft After-Market Positioning: A Strategy Based Approach." In Vertical Flight Society 70th Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–3. The Vertical Flight Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0070-2014-9615.

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Due to its subjective nature, the concept of value is not one that is easily defined. Marketers often refer to a product's 'value proposition' as an explanation to why an operator should buy a product or use a service. This statement should convince a potential operator that one particular product or service will add more value or better solve a problem than other similar offerings. In the rotorcraft market, this value proposition is often tied to capabilities of the helicopter and is typically defined as a composite metric. This metric is then compared to the acquisition cost to get a sense of helicopter value. Helicopter manufacturer's marketing and sales departments then go to the market and sell the benefits, either in range, take-off weight, reliability, operating cost, etc… One major difference in the value stream of rotorcraft products as compared to typical consumer products is that it is standard for a second-level supplier, in this case the engine manufacturer, to offer its own services and support. This creates an environment where both the helicopter and engine manufacturer have direct contact with the end operator and can influence their perception of value. A method for an engine manufacturer to define value can aid the helicopter manufacturer, and ultimately, the operator, to make an informed decision regarding the right product for their mission objectives. In order to derive a metric for the concept of value for a helicopter engine, one must understand the important aspects from an operational perspective, as opposed to the technical focus typically associated to this type of product. This paper focuses on the derivation of such a composite metric by using terms that represent a product's reliability, maintainability, and capability as compared to its direct operating cost as the acquisition cost of the engine is transparent to the end operator. Looking at the helicopter engine competitive environment in such a way serves two purposes: one for the engine manufacturer to be able to gauge the competitiveness of their product, and one for the operators to understand an engine's value proposition and how it fits into the helicopter capabilities. The details of how the metric of engine productivity were derived will not be elaborated as they are considered intellectual property to Pratt and Whitney Canada, but the benefits and concepts of viewing helicopter engines in such a way can be discussed.

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Nair, Jayant R., Asad Al Ghafri, Naif Al Abri, and Fahmi Al Mawali. "Accelerated Corrosion of UNS S30409 (304H SS) in RFCC Regenerators Involving High Temperature Eutectic Molten Salts." In CORROSION 2017, 1–15. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-08915.

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Abstract Residue Fluid Catalytic cracking (RFCC) is a valuable subset of the more conventional Fluid Catalytic cracking (FCC) process that generates most of the world’s gasoline pool. The critical distinction of RFCC involves the processing of “dirty” atmospheric residue (AR) directly from crude distillation and not just the more conventional use of relatively pure gasoil feedstocks. By direct catalytic cracking of “dirty” residue the refiner benefits economically by avoiding a whole intermediate process, namely vacuum distillation. Unfortunately direct FCC processing of atmospheric residue (AR) exposes the vessel internals to geological salts naturally present in crude oil but concentrated in the residue fraction during the distillation process. Internals of regenerator vessels (cyclones, refractory anchors, hexmesh, and cross bracing) are typically manufactured in UNS(1) S30409, which is sensitive to corrosive low melting point eutectics. In the normal crude distillation process, metals are concentrated by approximately two-fold in AR. Thereafter coke formed on the catalyst particles is burnt off in a regeneration process leaving much higher quantities of metal salts in a high temperature environment between 720-800 °C. Chemical analysis of salt scabs covering deep pits show higher concentrations of Vanadium and Sodium which are consistent with low melting point eutectic corrosion. This article presents findings on type II high temperature (650-800°C) corrosion in RFCC regenerator service (alloy SS304H) and examines the possible strategies for alloy upgrade in RFCC service.

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Dorcheh, Ali Soleimani, Rick N. Durham, and Mathias C. Galetz. "Effect of Chloride Contents on the Corrosion Behavior of Ferritic and Austenitic Steels in Molten Solar Salts." In CORROSION 2016, 1–8. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07494.

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Abstract The corrosion behavior of a ferritic-martensitic UNS 42200 (X20Cr-MoV11-1) steel and the stainless steel UNS31600 (316SS) is studied in molten solar salts at 600°C for up to 5000 hours. Focus is based on the effect of chloride impurity level in the molten nitrate salts and the mechanism of corrosion under different chloride contents. Gravimetric and metallographic methods are used to characterize the kinetics of corrosion and the extent of corrosion. Results showed that the ferritic-martensitic steel showed a significant mass gain by forming a thick and non-protective oxide scale in low chloride (up to 0.02 wt%) salt. A significant increase of the corrosion rate was observed when this steel was exposed in high chloride containing salt (up to 0.2wt%). Furthermore, the scale underwent severe deformation in the form of buckling and cracking. Austenitic stainless steel showed superior corrosion resistance in both low chloride and high chloride salts. A passive layer at metal oxide interface formed even for increased chloride level which avoids direct contact between the salt and the austenitic substrate.

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Almajed, Hussain M., Omar J. Guerra, Ana Somoza-Tornos, Wilson A. Smith, and Bri-Mathias Hodge. "The design and operational space of syngas production via integrated direct air capture with gaseous CO2 electrolysis." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design, 641–51. Hamilton, Canada: PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.134920.

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The overarching goal of limiting the increase in global temperature to = 2.0� C likely requires both decarbonization and defossilization efforts. Direct air capture (DAC) and CO2 electrolysis stand out as promising technologies for capturing and utilizing atmospheric CO2. In this effort, we explore the details of designing and operating an integrated DAC-electrolysis process by examining some key parameters for economic feasibility. We evaluate the gross profit and net income to find the most appropriate capacity factor, average electricity price, syngas sale price, and CO2 taxes. Additionally, we study an optimistic scenario of CO2 electrolysis and perform a sensitivity analysis of the CO2 capture price to elucidate the impact of design decisions on the economic feasibility. Our findings underscore the necessity of design improvements of the CO2 electrolysis and DAC processes to achieve reasonable capacity factor and average electricity price limits. Notably, CO2 taxes and tax credits in the order of $400 per t-CO2 or greater are essential for the economic viability of the optimistic DAC-electrolysis route, especially at competitive syngas sale prices. This study serves as a foundation for further work on designing appropriate power system models that integrate well with the presented air-to-syngas route.

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Hinton, B. R. W. "New Approaches to Corrosion Inhibition with Rare Earth Metal Salts." In CORROSION 1989, 1–21. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89170.

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Abstract Over recent years with attention being drawn to the toxic and carcinogenic nature of the most common corrosion inhibitor i.e. the chromate ion, considerable research has been directed towards other environmentally acceptable inhibitors. Extensive research at ARL and other laboratories has shown that the salts of rare earth metals are effective inhibitors of the corrosion of aluminium alloys, steel and zinc. This paper reviews experimental studies where rare earth metal salts have been used as inhibitors of various types of corrosion including general, galvanic and crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue, and the inhibition mechanisms involved.

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Promhitatorn, Marisa. "Customer Attitudes and Direct Sales Staffing Strategies for Direct Sales Agricultural Products." In ICBSI 2018 - International Conference on Business Sustainability and Innovation. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.08.57.

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Asuncion, Jeremy, Momo Murphy, Nikolai Prutow, Maxwell Siantar, Jeffrey Tyre-Vigil, and Mohamed Awwad. "Benefits and Effects of Tesla’s Direct-to-Customer Sales Model." In 6th European International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. Michigan, USA: IEOM Society International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46254/eu6.20230471.

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Veli�, Marko, and Ivan Padavi�. "Model of the New Sales Planning Optimization and Sales Force Deployment ERP Business Intelligence Module for Direct Sales of the Products and Services with Temporal Characteristics." In 34th International Conference on INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INTERFACES. Zagreb: University Computing Centre - SRCE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2498/iti.2012.0379.

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Fischer, Heiko, Sven Seidenstricker, Thomas Berger, and Timo Holopainen. "Artificial intelligence in B2B sales: Impact on the sales process." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001456.

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Digitalization is a driving force for innovation in the business-to-business (B2B) environment and profoundly changes the way companies do business. It affects the entire value chain of a company and can be used for automating human tasks. For instance, previous research indicates that 40% of all sales tasks can be automated. Thus the digital transformation in sales has the potential to improve a firm’s performance. Depending on its development level, digitalization in sales can assist or even replace numerous sales tasks. Therefore, using digital solutions in sales can be seen as an essential trigger to competitive advantage. Recent developments in research and practice have revealed that especially artificial intelligence (AI) has gained increasing attention in the sales domain. A challenging issue in this domain is how AI affects the sales process and how it can be applied meaningfully in B2B sales. Thus, our paper aims to investigate how AI can be used along the sales process and how it can improve sales practices.To explore this, we conduct systematic literature research in scientific databases such as Business Source Premier, Science Direct, Emerald, Springer Online Library, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar, supplementing the findings with a qualitative research approach. Analyzing this literature focused on digital transformation in sales, we find that the application and benefits of AI depend on the sales process step. For this reason, we conduct research on B2B sales process models, compare them, and choose a reference model for the evaluation of AI in B2B sales. Moreover, we present common definitions of AI and show how this technology is usually applied in B2B sales. Afterward, we combine the sales process with use cases of AI. For each step, we present use cases in detail and explain their benefits for sales. For instance, we find that especially tasks with traditionally high human involvement are challenging to automate. In particular, in complex sales situations, the human salesperson may not be entirely replaced by digital technologies, while routine tasks can be carried out with the help of digital technologies. Our paper closes with a discussion and conclusion. Summing up, the proposed paper analyzes different viewpoints of the sales process in the digital sales literature. We can conclude that the main focus of our paper will be presenting the application of AI along the sales cycle. Our research closes with a discussion and conclusion and gives recommendations for practice and academia.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Direct sales"

Cortes, Catherine M. Direct Commercial and Foreign Military Sales: Chemical Defense Equipment, an Introductory Brochure. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada239026.

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Grijalva, Diego F., Carlos Uribe-Terán, and Iván Gachet. The Contractionary Effects of Protectionist Trade Policy in a Dollarized Economy. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005501.

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This study analyzes the firm-level impacts of temporary safeguard import tariffs implemented in Ecuador from 2015 to 2017. Employing a difference-in-differences methodology, we explore the policy's effects on a unique dataset combining firm- and product-level data. We focus on the direct effects on importing firms and indirect effects through the value chain. The analysis shows that, while the safeguards significantly reduced imports, they also resulted in short-run negative scale effects on firms. These include reduced sales, employment, labor costs, and material costs, without positive impacts on local firms in import-competing industries. Overall, our findings suggest a contractionary effect of protectionist policies, particularly in a dollarized economy highlighting the complex implications of trade measures on firm performance and economic sectors.

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Saha, Amrita, Jodie Thorpe, Keir Macdonald, and Kelbesa Megersa. Linking Business Environment Reform with Gender and Inclusion: A Study of Business Licensing Reform in Indonesia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.001.

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Business environment reform (BER) targets inadequate business regulations. It is intended to remove constraints to business investment, enabling growth and job creation, and create opportunities for international business to contribute to and benefit from this growth. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the impact of BER on gender and inclusion (G&I). While a review of existing literature suggests that in general, there is no direct link between BER and G&I, indirect links are likely through the influence of BER on firm performance. Outcomes will be influenced by the differential ways in which women-led firms experience the business environment when compared to their male counterparts, with disparities based on how they are treated under the law, as well as structural and sociocultural factors. The fact that in many countries, female-led firms are fewer and smaller than those of their male counterparts, and may operate in different sectors, also affects these dynamics. This research offers new insights through an in-depth analysis of the impact of the Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (PTSP) or one-stop shop business licensing reform in 2009 on firm performance in Indonesia, and how these impacts vary based on the gender of firm leadership. The results find that on average, firms benefited from improved business performance (sales), as a direct or indirect effect of this reform, as well as an increase in the number of medium and large-scale firms. Outside Jakarta (Bali, Banten, Lampung), women-led firms experienced a small but significant benefit relative to male-led firms, related to both sales and the number of medium and large-scale firms they run. In Jakarta, women-led firms continued to lag behind men and there were no significant effects on employment, and this held across province and gender. These findings are based on an analysis of the PTSP reform using data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), a survey of small, medium and large firms (i.e. with more than four employees) which took place in Indonesia between 2009 and 2015.

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Solórzano, Diego, and Lenin Arango-Castillo. Price Duration Using Daily Online Data: Time- or State-Dependent? Banco de México, August 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36095/banxico/di.2024.10.

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Using daily retail prices gathered through web scraping in Mexico, we analyze if price changes can be characterized by time-dependent features, like the duration of the price spell, and/or by variables associated with the state of the economy. Through the lens of a duration model, we find evidence of both time- and state-dependency behavior. Favoring time-dependency, on the one hand, estimates indicate that price spells exhibit greater risk of ending every seven days relative to other days in between. Advocating for state-dependency, the probability of price changes seems to be affected by variations in the USD/MXN exchange rate, variations in real point of sales expenditures and the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, leveraging data gathered via direct visits to brick-and-mortar stores, we also find time-dependency and state-dependency in the duration of price spells.

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Thomas, Catherine, and Lynne Koontz. 2020 national park visitor spending effects: Economic contributions to local communities, states, and the nation. National Park Service, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286547.

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The National Park Service (NPS) manages the Nation’s most iconic destinations that attract millions of visitors from across the Nation and around the world. Trip-related spending by NPS visitors generates and supports economic activity within park gateway communities. This report summarizes the annual economic contribution analysis that measures how NPS visitor spending cycles through local economies, generating business sales and supporting jobs and income. In 2020, the National Park System received over 237 million recreation visits (down 28% from 2019). Visitors to national parks spent an estimated $14.5 billion in local gateway regions (down 31% from 2019). The estimated contribution of this spending to the national economy was 234,000 jobs, $9.7 billion in labor income, $16.7 billion in value added, and $28.6 billion in economic output. The lodging sector saw the highest direct effects, with $5 billion in economic output directly contributed to this sector nationally. The restaurants sector saw the next greatest effects, with $3 billion in economic output directly contributed to this sector nationally. Results from the Visitor Spending Effects report series are available online via an interactive tool. Users can view year-by-year trend data and explore current year visitor spending, jobs, labor income, value added, and economic output effects by sector for national, state, and local economies. The interactive tool is available at https://www.nps.gov/subjects/socialscience/vse.htm.

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Flyr, Matthew, Lynne Koontz, Matthew Flyr, and Lynne Koontz. 2023 national park visitor spending effects: Economic contributions to local communities, states, and the nation. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2305351.

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The National Park Service (NPS) manages the Nation?s most iconic destinations that attract millions of visitors from across the Nation and around the world. Trip-related spending by NPS visitors generates and supports economic activity within park gateway communities. This report summarizes the annual economic contribution analysis that measures how NPS visitor spending cycles through local economies, generating business sales and supporting jobs and income. In 2023, the National Park System received 325.5 million recreation visits (up 4% from 2022). Visitors to national parks spent an estimated $26.4 billion in local gateway regions (up 10% from 2022). The estimated contribution of this spending to the national economy was 415,400 jobs, $19.4 billion in labor income, $32 billion in value added, and $55.6 billion in economic output. The lodging sector saw the highest direct effects, with $9.9 billion in economic output directly contributed to this sector nationally. The restaurants sector saw the next greatest effects, with $5.2 billion in economic output directly contributed to this sector nationally. Results from the Visitor Spending Effects report series are available online via an interactive tool. Users can view year-by-year trend data and explore current year visitor spending, jobs, labor income, value added, and economic output effects by sector for national, state, and local economies. The interactive tool is available at https://www.nps.gov/subjects/socialscience/vse.htm.

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Hamre, Andrea, Jonathan Fisher, and David Kack. Public Willingness to Raise Transportation Revenues, Priorities for Transportation Spending, and Preferences for Types of Transportation Revenues: Evidence from Montana’s Billings and Missoula Small Urban Areas. Montana State University, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/1700173900.

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This project analyzed public willingness to raise transportation revenues, public priorities for transportation spending, and public preferences for transportation revenue types using recent household travel surveys for the small urban areas of Billings and Missoula. The share of the public willing to pay more taxes or fees for transportation improvements was 44% in Billings and 36% in Missoula (including neutral or undecided responses). This level of public support for increased transportation revenues is perhaps higher than generally perceived by leaders reluctant to publicly support a gas tax increase. Our results regarding transportation spending priorities are consistent with the prioritization of preserving existing transportation assets. Maintenance and repair of existing infrastructure received the most support of transportation spending options in both the Billings and Missoula survey samples. Our results regarding the preferred type of transportation revenue mechanism (available only for Missoula) suggested that a plurality of the sample (35% including neutral or undecided responses) preferred a $0.02 per gallon increase in fuel taxes to other options (such as an increase in sales or property taxes). Together, our results suggest a public willingness to more adequately fund transportation investments, a preference for spending on existing transportation assets, and a preference for more direct road user charges over less direct alternatives.

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Dussel Peters, Enrique. Mexican Firms Investing in China: 2000-2011. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006942.

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Initial research on "translatinas" show that while these Latin American firms have invested primarily in their home region, a growing number have begun to invest more heavily in the rest of the world. However, an overall evaluation of their activities and performance in new markets and detailed discussion about their products, processes and future expectations is lacking. This analytic note addresses that gap by examining a group of Mexican firms with direct investments in China. The analysis includes (a) a general description of each firm (its products, processes, main locations, age, size, employment, and so forth), (b) the firm's global short- and medium-term strategies and the importance of China to them, and (c) an overview of the firm's expansion to and activities in China including reasons for entry, the initial entry mode, the main products and processes, investment amounts, employment rolls, sales, and other salient characteristics.

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Hertel, Thomas, and Padma Swaminathan. Introducing Monopolistic Competition into the GTAP Model. GTAP Technical Paper, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp06.

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This technical paper documents one approach to incorporating monopolistic competition into the GTAP model. In this framework, consumer preferences are heterogeneous, leading to an apparent "love of variety" in the aggregate utility function for each region. The more heterogeneous are preferences, the smaller the elasticity of substitution in the aggregate utility function, and the greater the value placed on the addition of new varieties. The same is true for firms, which experience lower unit costs for differentiated, intermediate inputs, as the number of varieties on offer increases. In order to meet the diverse needs of consumers, firms differentiate their products through research and development (R&D) as well as advertising activities. These costs are assumed to be invariant to the total volume of sales for a given variety of product. With production occurring at constant returns to scale, this gives rise to declining average total costs. A zero profits equilibrium in this model is characterized by firms marking up their price over marginal costs by an amount sufficient to cover the fixed costs associated with establishing a new variety in the marketplace. Since the optimal markup is itself determined by the elasticity of substitution among varieties, this establishes a direct relationship between fixed costs and the degree of preference heterogeneity. The main differences between the monopolistically competitive sectors and the traditional GTAP sectors may be summarized as follows: We introduce two new variables: n, the number of firms in the industry and qof, the output per firm. Minimum expenditure and unit costs are declining in n. Average total costs are declining in output per firm. Unlike the Armington specification, foreign and domestic firms compete directly in the representative consumer's utility function. We illustrate this framework with a 2 commodity/3 region example in which we eliminate US antidumping duti

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Baldwin, Richard. PR-015-084508-R01 Contaminants in Sales Gas Pipelines Sources Removal and Treatment. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010029.

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The objective of this project is to provide information about a problem material found in gas pipelines called "black powder". It is a mixture or a chemical compound of iron sulfides, iron oxides, dirt, sand, salts, chlorides, water, glycols, hydrocarbons and compressor oils, mill scale, or other materials. The most common constituents, iron compounds of sulfur or oxygen, are corrosion products. In addition to chemical formation, black powder can be formed by microbes normally found in gas pipelines. This material causes machinery, measurement, and pipeline maintenance problems. This research investigates the forms of iron sulfides, their characteristics, and methods of formation and whether the molecular form can be an indicator of the source of the material. A sampling protocol was developed for proper collection of materials for analysis. Seventeen corrosion samples were collected and analyzed for material constituents and microbial content. The results of this testing were anonymously tabulated in a database. Other tasks in this project include guidelines for removal, handling, and disposal of the material. It discusses symptomatic versus root cause treatments for the prevention and control of black powder, and the corporate culture necessary to manage the problem. It presents recently developed technologies for cleaning or treating a pipeline containing black powder, such as cleaning and anti-microbial agents containing THPS which dissolve iron sulfides, and the use of magnetic filtration. The final task describes concepts for identifying the location of black powder in an operating pipeline and places to look and methods to use to best determine the distribution of the material.

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