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1
Hahn, P. L. „The United States and the Middle East“. OAH Magazine of History 20, Nr. 3 (01.05.2006): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/maghis/20.3.5.
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2
Hawthorne, Amy. „Can the United States Promote Democracy in the Middle East?“ Current History 102, Nr. 660 (01.01.2003): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2003.102.660.21.
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In the aftermath of September 11, the United States has no alternative other than to begin to shift its role in the Arab world from an enabler of authoritarian rule to a supporter of gradual, but genuine, democratic change.
3
Field, James A., und David Shavit. „The United States in the Middle East: A Historical Dictionary“. Journal of American History 76, Nr. 4 (März 1990): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2936762.
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4
Luong, Pauline Jones. „The Middle Easternization of Central Asia“. Current History 102, Nr. 666 (01.10.2003): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2003.102.666.333.
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The United States will only exacerbate the threat of terrorism in Central Asia if it continues to encourage the region's leaders to combat radical Islamic groups with greater militancy rather than with increased economic opportunities and something other than rhetorical respect for human rights.
5
Mearsheimer, John J., und Stephen M. Walt. „Can Saddam be Contained? History Says Yes“. Foreign Policy Bulletin 14, Nr. 1 (2003): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1052703600006109.
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Should the United States invade Iraq and depose Saddam Hussein? Over the past few months, advocates of war have advanced a number of reasons why toppling Saddam is desirable. He is a bloodthirsty tyrant. He has defied the United Nations on numerous occasions. He has backed terrorists in the past. Removing him will reinforce respect for American power and spark democratic reform in the Middle East. If you're looking for a reason to support a war, in short, there are lenty from which to choose.
6
Norton, Augustus Richard. „Making War, Making Peace: The Middle East Entangles America“. Current History 103, Nr. 669 (01.01.2004): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2004.103.669.3.
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7
Norton, Augustus Richard. „America's Middle East Peace Crisis“. Current History 100, Nr. 642 (01.01.2001): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2001.100.642.3.
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Over the past decade it has become fashionable in Washington to believe that only when a situation is ‘ripe’—that is, when the belligerents are ‘hurting’—should the United States expend diplomatic capital, and especially the scarcest resource of all, the president's time, to seek a solution. This perspective exhibits common-sense wisdom, but it also harbors a rationale for avoiding tough, complex issues.
8
Fatoni, Achmad. „Program Pengembangan Nuklir Iran dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Masyarat Iran (1957-2006 M)“. Jurnal Studi Sosial dan Politik 3, Nr. 1 (27.06.2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v3i1.4064.
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This research explain a series of developments relatod Iran's nuclear program that can cause conflict and displeasure particularly when Iran face the westrn country. The research takes two main problems,including the history of the emergence of Iran's nuclear program, and how the dynamics of Iran's nuclear development and the response of Middle Eastern countries.
The results of the research that the history of the emergence of Iran's nuclear program in 1957 and in it is collaboration between Mohammad Shah Reza Pahlavi and the United States when Dwight D. Eisenhower become USA president. Then the Iraq-Iran war could affect the spirit to continue Iran's nuclear program. Furthermore, Rasfanjani has focused to the Iranian people welfare and emphasized his nuclear interests to become a fowerfull country and to protect iran country. however, Iran sanctioned by the United States which makes it difficult for Iran to export oil and gas.
9
Filiu, Jean-Pierre. „Franççois Mitterrand and the Palestinians: 1956––95“. Journal of Palestine Studies 38, Nr. 2 (01.01.2009): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2009.38.2.24.
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Franççois Mitterrand, the longest-serving French president in history, never ceased to be a passionate advocate of Israel, in contrast to his Gaullist predecessors. But he was also the most committed to Palestinian statehood, and among the earliest to insist on the PLO's full engagement in the peace process, often at considerable cost to his ties with Israel. By the time Mitterrand left office in 1995, France's Middle Eastern role had greatly declined, with the United States having assumed full control of the peace process; during the 1980s, however, its contributions had been significant. This article examines Mitterrand's fourteen-year presidency and the paradoxes of his Middle East policy.
10
Khalidi, Rashid I. „The United States and the Middle East at the End of the Cold War“. Diplomatic History 23, Nr. 3 (Juli 1999): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0145-2096.00182.
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11
FOUSKAS, VASSILIS K. „Uncomfortable Questions: Cyprus, October 1973–August 1974“. Contemporary European History 14, Nr. 1 (Februar 2005): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777304002140.
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Scholarly research to date has analysed the Cyprus issue from the perspective of Greek–Turkish relations, suggesting that the United States was attempting to strike a balance between them in order to safeguard the cohesion of NATO's southern flank during the cold war. This article, without undermining the validity of previous historical findings on the issue, nevertheless constitutes an attempt to move towards a differing research agenda: it locates Cyprus in the Middle Eastern theatre and suggests that the Yom Kippur war of October 1973 may have more linkages to the Cyprus crisis of summer 1974 than one may at first sight discern.
12
Norton, Augustus Richard, und Farhad Kazemi. „The Limits of Shock and Awe: America in the Middle East“. Current History 104, Nr. 678 (01.01.2005): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2005.104.678.3.
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Never before has a country committed itself to so fundamental and dramatic a transformation of a major region of the world as the United States has in the Middle East since 2001… . It remains to be seen how well the rhetoric of promoting reform will weather the experience of promoting reform.
13
Freiberger, Steven Z., und Madiha Rashid Al Madfai. „Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process, 1974-1991.“ American Historical Review 99, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1994): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168899.
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14
Kuniholm, Bruce R., und David W. Lesch. „Syria and the United States: Eisenhower's Cold War in the Middle East.“ American Historical Review 99, Nr. 3 (Juni 1994): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2167961.
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15
Bourdieu, Jérôme, Joseph P. Ferrie und Lionel Kesztenbaum. „Vive la différence? Intergenerational Mobility in France and the United States during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries“. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 39, Nr. 4 (April 2009): 523–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2009.39.4.523.
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Although rates of intergenerational mobility are the same in the United States and Europe today, attitudes toward redistribution, which should reflect those rates—at least in part—differ substantially. An examination of the differences in mobility between the United States and France since the middle of the nineteenth century, based on data for both countries that permit a comparison between the socioeconomic status of fathers and that of sons throughout a period of thirty years, demonstrates that the United States was a considerably more mobile economy in the past, though such differences are far from apparent today.
16
HAHN, PETER L. „Glasnost in America: Foreign Relations of the United States and the Middle East, 1955?1960“. Diplomatic History 16, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1992): 631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1992.tb00638.x.
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17
Holmgren, Camille A., Julio L. Betancourt, Kate Aasen Rylander, Jose Roque, Oscar Tovar, Horacio Zeballos, Eliana Linares und Jay Quade. „Holocene Vegetation History from Fossil Rodent Middens near Arequipa, Peru“. Quaternary Research 56, Nr. 2 (September 2001): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2262.
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AbstractRodent (Abrocoma, Lagidium, Phyllotis) middens collected from 2350 to 2750 m elevation near Arequipa, Peru (16°S), provide an ∼9600-yr vegetation history of the northern Atacama Desert, based on identification of >50 species of plant macrofossils. These midden floras show considerable stability throughout the Holocene, with slightly more mesophytic plant assemblages in the middle Holocene. Unlike the southwestern United States, rodent middens of mid-Holocene age are common. In the Arequipa area, the midden record does not reflect any effects of a mid-Holocene mega drought proposed from the extreme lowstand (100 m below modern levels, >6000 to 3500 yr B.P.) of Lake Titicaca, only 200 km east of Arequipa. This is perhaps not surprising, given other evidence for wetter summers on the Pacific slope of the Andes during the middle Holocene as well as the poor correlation of summer rainfall among modern weather stations in the central Andes-Atacama Desert. The apparent difference in paleoclimatic reconstructions suggests that it is premature to relate changes observed during the Holocene to changes in El Niño Southern Oscillation modes.
18
Hughes, Geraint. „Britain, the Transatlantic Alliance, and the Arab-Israeli War of 1973“. Journal of Cold War Studies 10, Nr. 2 (April 2008): 3–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2008.10.2.3.
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This article analyzes the impact on transatlantic relations of the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war, focusing on the discrepancy between U.S. and British views of Middle Eastern security before and during the conflict. Despite the institutional factors shaping the U.S.-British “special relationship” and the much greater power of the United States compared to Britain, British policy during the 1973 war was sharply at odds with U.S. policy. This article shows that British policy toward the Middle East was shaped not only by economic concerns (namely the importance of Arab oil to the UK economy) but also by the strategic requirement to undermine Soviet influence in the region and strengthen ties between the Western powers and the Arab states.
19
Hahn, Peter L., und Burton I. Kaufman. „The Arab Middle East and the United States: Inter-Arab Rivalry and Superpower Diplomacy.“ Journal of American History 83, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1996): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2945774.
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20
Bulut, Elif, und Karin L. Brewster. „Psychological distress in middle eastern immigrants to the United States: A challenge to the healthy migrant model?“ Social Science & Medicine 274 (April 2021): 113765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113765.
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21
Nash, Margaret A. „A Means of Honorable Support: Art and Music in Women's Education in the Mid-Nineteenth Century“. History of Education Quarterly 53, Nr. 1 (Februar 2013): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12002.
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“The value of the Art Education becomes more and more apparent as a means of honorable support and of high culture and enjoyment,” stated the catalog of Ingham University in western New York State in 1863. The Art Department there would prepare “pupils for Teachers and Practical Artists.” This statement reveals some of the vocational options for women that were concomitant with the increased popularity of music and art education in the middle decades of the nineteenth century in the United States. Practical vocational concerns, along with notions of refinement and respectable entertainment, all were aspects of the impetus for music and art education. Preparing young women for occupations, whether as teachers of art and music or as commercial artists or musicians, was a particularly prominent component of education for women in the mid-nineteenth-century United States.
22
Koumas, Manolis. „Cold War Dilemmas, Superpower Influence, and Regional Interests: Greece and the Palestinian Question, 1947–1949“. Journal of Cold War Studies 19, Nr. 1 (Januar 2017): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00719.
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This article discusses official attitudes toward the creation of the state of Israel from the eruption of the postwar international crisis in Palestine until the end of Arab-Israeli War of 1948–1949. In 1947–1949, Greek policy toward the Middle East was determined by a mix of regional, political, and ideological factors: the Greek security problem during the early Cold War era, including the Greek civil war; the existence of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem; the Greek government's need to take into account the position of the Greek diaspora community in Egypt; commercial interests in the Eastern Mediterranean; anti-Semitism; the need to secure Arab votes in support of the Greek question before the United Nations; and relations between Greece and its new superpower patron, the United States. Greek decisions were dominated by Cold War needs, but the United States did not impose policy on its junior partner.
23
Lytle, Mark, und Irene L. Gendzier. „Notes from the Minefield: United States Intervention in Lebanon and the Middle East, 1945-1958.“ Journal of American History 85, Nr. 2 (September 1998): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2567884.
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24
Ali, Othman. „A Modern History of the Kurds, 3d rev. ed.“ American Journal of Islam and Society 23, Nr. 1 (01.01.2006): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i1.1642.
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This extensive survey of the Kurds’ history is divided into five sections:“The Kurds in the Age of Tribe and Empire,” “Incorporating the Kurds,”“Ethno-nationalism in Iran,” “Ethno-nationalism in Iraq,” and “Ethnonationalismin Turkey.” An introduction on Kurdish identity and social formation, as well as four appendices discussing the Treaty of Sèvres and theKurds of Syria, Lebanon, and Caucasia, are also included. David McDowall,a noted British specialist on Middle Eastern minority affairs and anacknowledged expert on Kurdish studies, has extensively revised the 1996second edition of his book. He provides an analysis of recent Kurdish eventsand a more up-to-date bibliography at the end of each section.This highly detailed history begins in the nineteenth century and ends inthe present day. The author discusses the interplay of the old and new facetsof Kurdish politics: local rivalries within Kurdish society; the enduringauthority of the traditional leadership represented by sheikhs and aghas; thefailure of modern nation states to respond to the challenge of Kurdishnationalism; and the use of Kurdish groups as pawns by major western powersand regional states in the region’s power politics. His methodology is primarilypolitical-historical in nature; however, anthropological and socialanalysis are not totally lacking.As presented by McDowall, a close scrutiny of modern Kurdish historyreveals striking continuities. For example, one pattern has characterizedKurdish-Iraqi relations since 1958: Each Iraqi government pursued peacenegotiations with the Kurds at first, only to fight them when it felt secureabout its rule. This pattern is also found in Iran’s relations with its Kurds.Turkey, however, has pursued a policy that seeks to assimilate and, at times,even ethnically cleanse its Kurdish population.There is also continuity in the major powers’ manipulation of the“Kurdish card” in Iraq. McDowall writes that in 1976, the SelectIntelligence Committee of the House of Representatives reported to theHouse that neither Iran nor the United States would like to see the civil wargoing on in Iraq at that time resolved in a way that would give the Kurds aclear win. Twenty years later, in 1991, the United States implemented a similarpolicy with the Kurds’ so-called “exclusionary zone’’ in northern Iraq.Fearing the consequences likely to follow Saddam Hussein’s overthrow – inparticular, the dismemberment of Iraq and wider regional instability – theUnited States refused to give the Kurds sufficient aid to enable them toestablish an independent homeland ...
25
Heinz, Annelise. „“Maid’s Day Off”: Leisured Domesticity in the Mid-Twentieth-Century United States“. American Historical Review 124, Nr. 4 (01.10.2019): 1316–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz642.
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Abstract At the height of the mid-twentieth-century domestic revival, middle-class Jewish women created forms of “leisured domesticity,” marked by temporary female-only recreational spaces in their family-centered arenas. In contrast to other forms of recreation, with mahjong second-generation Jewish women gained an entitlement to peer-oriented leisure in the site of domestic labor: the home. Based on extensive oral histories, Heinz argues that consistent cultural patterns emerged around mahjong. These commonalities created a widespread culture that reached its height in the postwar years of upward mobility, experienced in particularly pronounced ways by Jewish Americans. Although the culture of mahjong could reinforce women’s domestic roles as much as undermine them, the weekly mahjong ritual demanded a temporary reallocation of household labor. Understandings of postwar life have largely been shaped by a duality between what defined an idealized domesticity in theory (devoted mothers in family-centered middle-class homes) and the ways that women resisted or were excluded from these norms. In contrast, the practices of leisured domesticity illuminate a multidimensional reality. Mahjong-playing mothers neither overthrew nor fully acquiesced to the powerful norms of postwar American “model” domesticity. Creating a widely accepted rhythm of women’s recreation made domesticity more livable by carving out patterns of leisure within it.
26
Salvatori, Penny. „The History of Occupational Therapy Assistants in Canada: A Comparison with the United States“. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 68, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2001): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841740106800405.
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In the middle of the twentieth century, the role of occupational therapy assistant was introduced in North America. Although the role, utilization and training of assistant personnel have raised much controversy and debate within the profession, Canada and the United States have taken very different paths in terms of dealing with these issues. This paper focuses on the history of occupational therapy assistants in Canada, using the experience in the United States for comparison purposes. The occupational therapy literature and official documents of the professional associations are used to present a chronology of major historical events in both countries. Similarities and differences emerge in relation to historical roots; training model and standards of education; certification, regulation, and standards of practice; career laddering and career mobility; and professional affiliation. The paper concludes with a summary of issues which require further exploration, debate and resolution if the profession is to move forward in Canada.
27
Freiberger, Steven Z., und Burton I. Kaufman. „The Arab Middle East and the United States: Inter-Arab Rivalry and Superpower Diplomacy.“ American Historical Review 102, Nr. 3 (Juni 1997): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171618.
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28
Moskowitz, Marina. „Standard Bearers: Material Culture and Middle-Class Communities at the Turn of the Twentieth Century“. Enterprise & Society 1, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2000): 693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/1.4.693.
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A generation of historians, working at the intersection of business history and cultural history, has examined the consumer culture that flourished in the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In studies of advertising, marketing, department stores, credit systems, and other aspects of selling and buying, these scholars have shown that American businesses not only produced consumer goods but also created consumer desire.
29
Калашников, В. М., und І. С. Накашидзе. „Application of the method of forecasting in political history“. Problems of Political History of Ukraine, Nr. 14 (12.06.2019): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/1191.
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The article is devoted to the research of the use of the forecasting method. Examples of the application of this method in historical science of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and modern times are given. The significance of the forecasting method for the formation of a national idea and consciousness in the United States is given. The historical development of the United States provides ample opportunities for scientifically based prediction of the future fate of the leading world. Historical studies use such pairs of methods as reversing and presenting forecast and eschatology and futurology. It is determined that methods of reversible and predictive forecasting can yield data that fill the gaps in historical sources. The forecasting method is often associated with an analogy, which in the broadest sense is the basis of science. Areas of sharing the methods of forecasting and analogy from inventive activity to political technologies and to stimulating the creative process. The method of forecasting can be applied not only in scientific, but also in pedagogical work during the teaching of historical disciplines. The method of analogy in connection with forecasting in the educational process should be used in considering the issues of the formation and decline of Ukrainian statehood.
30
Dine, Thomas A. „U.S. Policy and Peacemaking Efforts in the Middle East: Historical Perspectives“. Journal of Cold War Studies 12, Nr. 2 (April 2010): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2010.12.2.117.
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The United States has long sought to promote a lasting peace settlement between Israel and the Arab countries. That objective has outlived the Cold War, but the Middle East was a particular flashpoint during the Cold War because of the prospect that the two superpowers might become directly involved. Moreover, the Soviet Union's strong political and military backing for Arab governments often worked against U.S. efforts to broker a peace settlement. This essay reviews two recent books that trace the history of U.S. involvement in the Middle East after the creation of Israel in 1948. The Cold War accentuated a basic problem that has persisted after the Cold War; namely, that several of the leading parties to the conflict are less intent than the United States on achieving a durable peace settlement.
31
McFaul, Michael. „Realistic Engagement: A New Approach to American–Russian Relations“. Current History 100, Nr. 648 (01.10.2001): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2001.100.648.313.
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The soundest strategy for both American and Russian policymakers is to carve a middle position between obsessive engagement and active disengagement. Russian and American leaders have to define a United States–Russian relationship that neither rekindles cold war rivalry nor refuels illusions about alliances and special relationships. More distance than a decade ago might be healthy for the bilateral relationship. Too much distance will be dangerous.
32
Aykan, Mahmut Bali. „The Palestinian Question in Turkish Foreign Policy from the 1950s to the 1990s“. International Journal of Middle East Studies 25, Nr. 1 (Februar 1993): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800058062.
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Since the 1950s Turkish foreign policy toward the Middle East has centered on the question of support for the Arab position on the Palestinian question. Ever since the U.N. General Assembly resolution of November 1947 that partitioned Palestine between the Palestinians and Israelis, all the Arab countries—even though diversity of regime has prevented them from otherwise acting as a unit in Middle Eastern politics—have consistently supported the establishment of an independent Palestinian state (in opposition to the Israelis and the United States) as a condition for stability in the Middle East. In November 1973, the heads of the Arab states declared the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)—created in 1964 through the initiative of the Arab League—to be the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, and they have supported its efforts to establish an independent Palestinian state in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip ever since.
33
Khalidi, Rashid. „The United States and the Palestinians, 1977–2012“. Journal of Palestine Studies 42, Nr. 4 (2013): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2013.42.4.61.
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This essay, based on the author’s talk presenting a recent book, Brokers of Deceit: How the U.S. Has Undermined Peace in the Middle East, examines the dynamics of U.S. policy formation on Palestine, mainly through the lens of three “clarifying moments” in the history of U.S. involvement in the Arab-Israeli conflict. The first of these moments concerns efforts to revive and modify the Palestinian autonomy provisions of the 1978 Camp David Accords as an element of the 1982 Reagan Plan. The second examines Israeli-U.S. connivance during 1991–93 Madrid/Washington Palestinian-Israeli negotiations as revealed in confidential documents, and the third focuses on President Barack Obama’s retreat during the second half of his first term from positions staked out earlier. More generally, the essay looks at the underpinnings and continuity of U.S. policy and how it has evolved.
34
Herdi Sahrasad, TI Aisyah, Dedy Tabrani und Muhammad Asrori Mulky. „Sutan Sjahrir's Footprint in Egypt, Middle East: A History That Is Almost Forgotten“. Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial 7, Nr. 2 (15.06.2020): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/konfrontasi2.v7i2.104.
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This article argues that the Indonesian people will never forget the services and roles of Egypt, the country that first recognized Indonesian independence. History recorded that the first recognition of the sovereignty of Indonesia is not done by Western countries, especially the United States who often claim him as a promoter of freedom and human rights (human rights). Indonesia's struggle for independence is supported firstly and heroically by the Muslim countries in the Arab, not others because of the spiritual-emotional relationships and civil Islam in all of the countries and nations. At that time, Arab world have felt, how strong ukhuwah Islamiyyah (Islamic solidarity and linkage) between the Indonesian people and with Arab nations who are struggling for their independence.
35
Goode, James, und Irene L. Gendzier. „Notes from the Minefield: United States Intervention in Lebanon and the Middle East, 1945-1958“. American Historical Review 104, Nr. 3 (Juni 1999): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651082.
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36
Palmer, Michael A. „Reviews of Books:American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 Douglas Little“. American Historical Review 109, Nr. 2 (April 2004): 569–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/530446.
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37
Ventura, Theresa. „“I Am Already Annexed”: Ramon Reyes Lala and the Crafting of “Philippine” Advocacy for American Empire“. Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 19, Nr. 3 (04.06.2020): 426–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781420000092.
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AbstractThis article reconstructs the American career of the Manila-born author Ramon Reyes Lala. Lala became a naturalized United States citizen shortly before the War of 1898 garnered public interest in the history and geography of the Philippines. He capitalized on this interest by fashioning himself into an Oxford-educated nationalist exiled in the United States for his anti-Spanish activism, all the while hiding a South Asian background. Lala's spirited defense of American annexation and war earned him the political patronage of the Republican Party. Yet though Lala offered himself as a ‘model’ Philippine-American citizen, his patrons offered Lala as evidence of U.S. benevolence and Philippine civilization potential shorn of citizenship. His embodied contradictions, then, extended to his position as a producer of colonial knowledge, a racialized commodity, and a representative Filipino in the United States when many in the archipelago would not recognize him as such. Lala's advocacy for American Empire, I contend, reflected an understanding of nationality born of diasporic merchant communities, while his precarious success in the middle-class economy of print and public speaking depended on his deft maneuvering between modalities of power hardening in terms of race. His career speaks more broadly to the entwined and contradictory processes of commerce, race formation, and colonial knowledge production.
38
Wetmore Jr., Kevin J. „A History of Theatre in Africa. Edited by Martin Banham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. xvii + 478; $140 cloth.“ Theatre Survey 46, Nr. 2 (25.10.2005): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557405220203.
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One of the greatest challenges to teaching world theatre history in the United States is that the vast majority of survey history books spend two dozen chapters on the theatre of the West, giving the theatres of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East a single chapter each at best. In addition, there have to date been no comprehensive histories of African theatre covering the entire continent, Africa north of the Sahara being linked for cultural reasons with the Middle East instead of geographically with the rest of the continent. A History of Theatre in Africa, edited by the pioneer of African-theatre scholarship, Martin Banham, is an excellent, if uneven, redressing of those imbalances.
39
Kleinberg, S. J. „Children's and Mothers' Wage Labor in Three Eastern U.S. Cities, 1880-1920“. Social Science History 29, Nr. 1 (2005): 45–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013249.
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The battle over child labor fought in the United States at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries pitted emerging understandings about children's well-being against those of the rest of the family. As society grew more ethnically and economically complex, social reformers lobbied for greater regulation of children's behavior, thereby altering the family economy and women's and children's roles within it. The middle classes could afford nonproductive women and children, but many working-class, immigrant, and one-parent families could not. Yet, even within the less affluent strata of society, children in certain settings, ethnic and racial groups, and family structures were much more likely to be employed than in others. This article explores the variations in children's and mothers' labor in three very different settings: Pittsburgh, Fall River, and Baltimore between 1880 and 1920. It finds that child labor and education legislation resulted in a decrease in children's employment and increased the likelihood that mothers would take paid jobs.
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Shpakovskaya, Marina, Oleg Barnashov, Arian Mohammad Hassan Shershah, Asadullah Noori und Mosa Ziauddin Ahmad. „Turkey’s foreign policy priorities in the Middle East and Afghanistan“. OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, Nr. 10-3 (01.10.2020): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi59.
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The article discusses the features and main approaches of Turkish foreign policy in the Middle East. Particular attention is paid to the history of the development of Turkish-American relations. The causes of the contradictions between Turkey and the United States on the security issues of the Middle East region are analyzed. At the same time, the commonality of the approaches of both countries in countering radical terrorism in the territories adjacent to Turkey is noted. The article also discusses the priority areas of Turkish foreign policy, new approaches and technologies in the first decade of the XXI century.
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Schayegh, Cyrus. „Small Is Beautiful“. International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, Nr. 2 (10.04.2014): 373–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743814000154.
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In scholarship on the Middle East, as on other regions of the world, the sort of social history that climaxed from the 1960s through the 1980s, and in Middle East history through the 1990s—that is, studies of categories such as “class” or “peasant”—has been declining for some time. The cultural history that replaced social history has peaked, too. In the 21st century, the trend, set by non-Middle East historians, has been to combine an updated social-historical focus on structure and groups with a cultural–historical focus on meaning making. Defining societyagainstculture and policing their boundaries is out. In is picking a theme—consumption or travel, say—then studying it from distinct yet linked social and cultural or political/economic angles. This trend has spawned new journals likeCultural and Social History, established in 2004, and has been debated in established journals and memoirs by leading historians of the United States and Europe.
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jacobs, matthew f. „The Perils and Promise of Islam: The United States and the Muslim Middle East in the Early Cold War*“. Diplomatic History 30, Nr. 4 (September 2006): 705–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00574.x.
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DAVIS, SIMON. „Notes from the Minefield: United States Intervention in Lebanon and the Middle East, 1945–1958 By Irene L. Gendzier“. History 93, Nr. 311 (Juli 2008): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229x.2008.431_7.x.
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Allen, R. M., R. M. Goldberg, J. Berlin, D. Spigel, T. E. Stinchcombe, H. K. Sanoff, D. N. Hayes, L. Lin und B. H. O'Neil. „Unusually high rates of hypersensitivity to cetuximab in the middle-southern United States: Association with atopic phenotype“. Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, Nr. 18_suppl (20.06.2007): 9051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.9051.
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9051 Purpose: To confirm the anecdotal observation that pts in North Carolina (NC) and Tennessee (TN) treated with cetuximab (C-mab) experience hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) at a much higher rate than that reported nationally and internationally (= 3%). Methods: Data from pts treated with C-mab on clinical trials (CTs, n = 88) at 3 research sites in TN and NC were analyzed for grade 3 or 4 HSR. Additional information was obtained from medical records under IRB approval at the University of North Carolina (UNC) for 90 pts (including 35 pts on CTs) to determine whether history of other significant allergy was a risk factor for HSR. Prior allergy was defined as history of H1 antagonist use, or notation in the medical record of significant drug allergy (excluding narcotic allergies), bee sting allergy, eczema, allergic reactive airways disease, or food allergy. Pearson's or Fisher's exact tests were used for comparison of proportions. Results: Data for 88 pts on CTs and an additional 55 pts treated outside of CTs was included in this analysis. Pts had a variety of tumor types, the most frequent being colorectal and lung For the CT group (n = 88), the overall rate of grade 3 to 4 HSR was 21.6%, significantly higher than the rate noted in any large published trial (p < 0.0001 for comparison to data from Cunningham et al). All HSRs occurred during the first dose. There was no apparent protection from HSR afforded by premedication with dexamethasone in either the CT cohort or the overall UNC cohort. Upon examination of medical records of 90 pts treated at UNC (14.4% gr 3/4 HSR overall), there was a strong relationship between prior allergy history and chance of HSR; 10/28 pts with any HSR vs. 7/62 without allergy history (p = 0.006), and grade 3/4 HSR occurred in 8/28 versus 5/62, respectively (p = 0.01). Conclusions: At the sites in neighboring Southern US states studied, HSR was far more common than reported in national studies. History of prior allergy is a strong predictor of HSR, although is not specific enough to be used as the sole means of excluding pts from therapy. Further investigation of more specific predictors of HSR in the US Middle South is warranted, and pts being treated with C-mab in the region should be observed particularly closely during their first infusion. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Brøndal, Jørn. „“In a Few Years the Red Man Will Live Only in Legend and in Cooper’s Charming Accounts”: Portrayals of American Indians in Danish Travel Literature in the Mid- and Late Nineteenth Century“. American Studies in Scandinavia 48, Nr. 2 (01.11.2016): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v48i2.5453.
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During the middle and late nineteenth century, a number of Danish travel writers visited the United States with a view to narrating about the New World to their readers back home. Four of the most prominent writers were Hans Peter Christian Hansen, Vilhelm C.S. Topsøe, Robert Watt, and Henrik Cavling. Among the many topics covered by these writers was that of American Indians. Establishing a narrative of the “vanishing Indian,” the writers endeavored to tie the Indians to a receding landscape of the past and—for the most part—to establish a contradiction between Indians and white “civilization.” Likewise displaying an interest in Scandinavian immigrants, the travel writers sometimes attempted to create links between the Indians and Scandinavian settlers. With no clear Danish interest in celebrating American exceptionalism in the shape of classical U.S. “Manifest Destiny,” the travel writers were nevertheless involved in processes of bonding with the dominant population element of the United States through their common “civilization” and whiteness.
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Volkov, Shulamit. „Hans Rosenberg as a Teacher: A Few Personal Notes“. Central European History 24, Nr. 1 (1991): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900016575.
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When I returned from a long summer in Israel, following the Six Days War of June 1967, Berkeley seemed to belong to an altogether different universe. Things that had been upper-most in my mind, indeed in everyone's mind, during those months in Jerusalem were of marginal interest to the bustling students and respectable faculty members on campus. In comparison with the hectic atmosphere in Israel at that time, even the most politically involved campus in the United States appeared like the proverbial ivory tower. After a brief hiatus during which everyone had breathlessly observed the events of the war in the Middle East, these events quickly receded into the background, and on the shores of the Pacific other issues seemed far more important. While activists were busily preparing an attack on United States government policy in Vietnam, everyone else, secluded in the innumerable Berkeley classrooms, seemed concerned with purely academic matters.
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Ball, S. J. „Military nuclear relations between the United States and Great Britain under the terms of the McMahon Act, 1946–1958“. Historical Journal 38, Nr. 2 (Juni 1995): 439–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0001949x.
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ABSTRACTThis article takes a fresh look at Anglo-American nuclear relations between 1946 and 1958. It concentrates on the relationship between the military establishments of the two countries in general and the ties between the United States air force and the Royal Air Force in particular. The article argues that an understanding of military relations is essential for an understanding of the high politics of the nuclear relationship. It is shown that senior officers in the armed services were the main ‘functional elite’ dealing with nuclear delivery systems and the planning for their use. Relations between these groups were personally and institutionally close and on the whole cordial. In Britain the link sustained optimism about the possibility of close nuclear co-operation in the 1940s and early 1950s and suppressed fears about the loss of nuclear independence in the late 1950s. In the United States it was recognized that military relations were an important channel through which to influence British nuclear policy. The article offers accounts, based on new archival research, of the nuclear aspect of the October 1947 Pentagon talks on the Middle East, Churchill's visit to the United States in January 1952 and the first Anglo-American joint nuclear targeting agreement – the Wilson/Alexander agreement of 12 March 1954. It reveals for the first time details of Plans E and X which equipped the RAF with American atomic and thermonuclear weapons between 1955 and 1958. The article concludes that the British nuclear force was becoming subordinated to the United States even before negotiations about Thor, Skybolt and Polaris missiles became central to the relationship.
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Womack, Deanna Ferree. „Syrian Christians and Arab-Islamic Identity: Expressions of Belonging in the Ottoman Empire and America“. Studies in World Christianity 25, Nr. 1 (April 2019): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2019.0240.
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This essay examines the ways that Arab Christian immigrants in the late-nineteenth-century United States understood religious, cultural and national belonging. Focusing on migrants from Ottoman Syria (present day Lebanon and Syria) who referred to themselves as Syrians, it uses publications from the Arab renaissance in Beirut and early Arab American newspapers in New York to consider how these Christians grappled with their identities as subjects of the Ottoman Sultan, as Christians from various denominations, as citizens in an Islamic society and as newcomers to America. Defying Protestant missionaries’ simplistic depictions of Middle Eastern Christianity, such Syrian Christian authors expressed a sense of belonging in an interreligious environment and sought to inform American readers about the riches of Arab-Islamic heritage.
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Ajl, Max. „Zionism: The Real Enemy of the Jews, Volume 1: The False Messiah, Alan Hart, Atlanta: Clarity Press, 2009; Zionism: The Real Enemy of the Jews, Volume 2: David Becomes Goliath, Alan Hart, Atlanta: Clarity Press, 2009; Zionism: The Real Enemy of the Jews, Volume 3: Conflict Without End, Alan Hart, Atlanta: Clarity Press, 2010“. Historical Materialism 20, Nr. 3 (2012): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341260.
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AbstractThis review-essay looks at a recent trilogy of works on Israeli history, the political history of the relationship between the United States and Israel, and the effect of the Israel lobby on the relationship between the two states. While the books attempt to construct a narrative that essentially blame the lobby for close to one hundred years of American malfeasance in the Middle East, they falter due to their idealism, their weak grasp of regional political economy and American capital accumulation, and their conspiracism. Instead, this review proposes a reinterpretation of regional political economy, materially grounding the lobby and the Special Relationship while situating the two within the patterns of accumulation pushed by Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler’s ‘weapondollar-petrodollar coalition’, the main determinant of American foreign policy in the Middle East.
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Selim, Samah. „Toward a New Literary History“. International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, Nr. 4 (November 2011): 734–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743811000973.
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The past twenty years witnessed a dramatic transformation in Arabic literature studies in the United States. In the early 1990s, the field was still almost exclusively a satellite of area studies and largely bound by Orientalist historical and epistemological paradigms. Graduate students—even those wishing to focus entirely on modern literature—were trained to competence in the entire span of the Arabic literary tradition starting with pre-Islamic times, and secondary research languages were still rooted in the philological tradition of classical scholarship. The standard requirement was German, with Spanish as a distant second for those interested in Andalusia, but rarely French, say, or Italian or Russian. Other Middle Eastern languages were mainly conceived as primary-text languages rather than research languages. Philology, traditional literary history, and New Criticism formed the methodological boundaries of research. “Theory”—even when it purported to speak of the world outside Europe—was something that was generated by departments of English and comparative literature on the other side of campus, and crossings were rare and complicated in both the disciplinary and the institutional sense. Of course, one branch of “theory”—postcolonial studies—made its way into area studies much faster than the more eclectic offshoots of continental philosophy, for obvious reasons. From nationalism studies to subaltern studies, from Benedict Anderson to Gayatri Spivak, the wave of postcolonial critical theory that swept through U.S. academia in the 1980s and 1990s sparked an uprising in area studies at large and particularly in the literature disciplines. One of the first casualties of this uprising was the old historical paradigm itself: narratives of rise and fall, golden ages, and ages of decadence. Slowly but surely, scholars began to question the entire epistemological edifice through which Arabic literary history had been constructed by Orientalism. It was through the postcolonial theory of the 1980s that Arabic literature came to a broader rapprochement with poststructuralism: Foucault, Derrida, Ricoeur, Jameson, and White, to name a few of the major thinkers who began to transform the field in the late 1990s.
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