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Статті в журналах з теми "Formal catalogues of fundamental rights"
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Jankuv, Juraj. "Protection of Right to Environment in International Public Law." International and Comparative Law Review 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 146–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2019-0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary Substantive human right to environment represents a relatively new element in international human rights catalogues. This human right has gradually become established in international public law since the 1970s. This paper deals with the identification and analysis of the formal sources of two branches (or, according to some opinions, subbranches) of international public law – international environmental law and the international human rights law that enshrine substantive human right to environment as well as with the identification of the relevant international law mechanisms of direct and indirect protection of this right.
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Hoffman, Daniel N. "What Makes a Right Fundamental." Review of Politics 49, no. 4 (1987): 515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500035440.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Liberalism needs a theory of fundamental rights. Since rights belong to persons, a theory of rights should be linked to a conception of the person. The courts have never undertaken to develop such a conception. The implications of adopting competing positivist, deontological or empiricist conceptions of the person are explored. Because of the weaknesses of each, an eclectic “politics of rights” approach is advocated. On this approach, the validity of a claim of right is enhanced by its formal neutrality and congruity with legal precedent, but also depends on careful assessment of what recognition of the right would mean for actual persons in the concrete political situation.
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Meagher, Dan. "The judicial evolution (or counter-revolution) of fundamental rights protection in Australia." Alternative Law Journal 42, no. 1 (March 2017): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x17694785.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article suggests that the decision of the framers of the Australian Constitution to consciously reject American notions of formal rights guarantees has not, ultimately, proven decisive. In the absence of a constitutional (or statutory) bill of rights, the High Court has filled the lacuna in formal rights protection in Australia. The emergence of new species of (constitutionally valid) legislation, openly hostile to fundamental rights, has sparked this judicial evolution (or counter-revolution). The Court has used the method of clear statement required by the principle of legality to construct a common law bill of rights that is now, arguably, quasi-constitutional in strength.
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Foran, Michael P. "THE RULE OF GOOD LAW: FORM, SUBSTANCE AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS." Cambridge Law Journal 78, no. 3 (August 8, 2019): 570–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197319000618.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis paper explores the effect that conformity to the rule of law has on the ends which might legitimately be pursued within a legal system. The neat distinction between formal and substantive conceptions of the rule of law will be challenged: even apparently formal conceptions necessarily affect the content of law and necessarily entail the protection of certain fundamental rights. What remains of the formal/substantive dichotomy is, in fact, a distinction between conceptions of the rule of law which guarantee the substantive justice of each and every law and those which entail some commitment to basic requirements of justice while nevertheless leaving room for unjust laws. Ultimately, the only significant distinction between competing theories of the rule of law concerns the nature of the connection between legality and justice, not whether there is any such connection at all.
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Charles, Jacob. "Securing Gun Rights by Statute: The Right to Keep and Bear Arms Outside the Constitution." Michigan Law Review, no. 120.4 (2022): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.120.4.securing.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In popular and professional discourse, debate about the right to keep and bear arms most often revolves around the Second Amendment. But that narrow reference ignores a vast and expansive nonconstitutional legal regime privileging guns and their owners. This collection of nonconstitutional gun rights confers broad powers and immunities on gun owners that go far beyond those required by the Constitution, like rights to bring guns on private property against an owner’s wishes and to carry a concealed firearm in public with no training or background check. This Article catalogues this set of expansive laws and critically assesses them. Unlike the formal constitutional guarantee, this broad collection is not solely libertarian, concerned only with guaranteeing noninterference with a negative right. Instead, it is also aggressively interventionist, countermanding contrary policy judgments by employers, universities, property owners, and local government officials, conferring robust rights and privileges, and shifting the distribution of violence in society. This Article underscores the rhetorical and legal connection between this gun-rights expansionism and the formal Second Amendment guarantee. These laws do not derive from a judicial interpretation of the scope of the Constitution, but they are expressed and advocated for in constitutional terms. The Article also highlights how broad gun rights can create unique harm to the body politic and to marginalized groups by fostering fear and mistrust and empowering sometimes-problematic private actors to proactively police their own communities. Finally, the Article shows how gun-rights expansionism influences constitutional doctrine in the context of the Second Amendment, as well as of the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments.
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Burdeynyy, Yu. "Principles of interpretation of fundamental human rights through the prism of international case law." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 72 (November 16, 2022): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.72.14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The evolution of law has given rise to principles of interpretation that can be applied to several formal sources. Thus, the principles of interpretation of the law and the Constitution were developed. The modern trend towards the materialization of law raises questions about the principles of interpretation of fundamental rights. This interpretation of fundamental rights indicates a paradigm shift towards material justice. During the 20th century, the principles of interpreting constitutions were established in the main constitutional democracies of the world. Over the years, in the democratic constitutional regimes of the world, judges have developed or borrowed principles of constitutional interpretation from other constitutional jurisdictions. It was also during this period that human rights became the object of widespread recognition and development in the universal sphere, which initiated a profuse phase of generation of international instruments of individual rights, which became known as human rights. From the point of view of individual rights, several principles of interpretation of fundamental rights have been developed, which apply regardless of whether they are recognized in the legal text, in the constitutional text or in the convention. The latter is what could be called the rule of autonomy of the principles of interpretation of rights. Therefore, the interpretation of the law and the Constitution - in the state order - and the interpretation of international treaties - in the international order - will be at the same level of analysis, relative to the formal source. On the other hand, the interpretation of fundamental rights would correspond to an analytical category different from the previous one, where the formal source containing the right would not be a determining element of the interpretation. Throughout the history and evolution of law, various mechanisms of applying general and abstract legal norms to a specific case have been developed. In order to implement the specified application, which takes the form of concretization, especially in constitutional law, the judge proceeds to the interpretation of the norm.
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Zhou, Wubiao. "Property Rights, Deregulation, and Entrepreneurial Development in a Transition Economy." Management and Organization Review 14, no. 1 (November 8, 2017): 73–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2016.59.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTThis article investigates the relative roles of formal property rights institutions versus deregulated markets in entrepreneurial development, based on China's market transition. Empirically, it is not yet known which set of institutions matters more for entrepreneurship, particularly in the long run, despite the existence of well-established theoretical arguments for each. Using provincial-level panel data from China's transition economy, this study has the following findings: On average, both formal protection of property rights and deregulated markets have positive effects on entrepreneurial development; yet, as market transition progresses, the effect of formal protection of property rights increases, while that of deregulated markets decreases. These results are robust to both multiple model specifications and an endogeneity test using an instrumental variable approach. Overall, therefore, while both sets of institutions indeed play positive roles in entrepreneurial development, property rights institutions may be more fundamental in the long run.
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Chung, Hun. "Rawls’s Self-Defeat: A Formal Analysis." Erkenntnis 85, no. 5 (December 7, 2018): 1169–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-018-0079-4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract One of John Rawls’s major aims, when he wrote A Theory of Justice, was to present a superior alternative to utilitarianism. Rawls’s worry was that utilitarianism may fail to protect the fundamental rights and liberties of persons in its attempt to maximize total social welfare. Rawls’s main argument against utilitarianism was that, for such reasons, the representative parties in the original position will not choose utilitarianism, but will rather choose his justice as fairness, which he believed would securely protect the worth of everybody’s basic rights and liberties. In this paper, I will argue that, under close formal examination, Rawls’s argument against utilitarianism is self-defeating. That is, I will argue that Rawls’s own reasons, assumptions, and the many theoretical devices he employs demonstrably imply that the representative parties in the original position will choose utilitarianism instead of justice as fairness.
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Lundy, Laura, and Gabriela Martínez Sainz. "The role of law and legal knowledge for a transformative human rights education: addressing violations of children’s rights in formal education." Human Rights Education Review 1, no. 2 (September 17, 2018): 04–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7577/hrer.2560.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human Rights Education (HRE) emphasises the significance of children learning about, through and for human rights through their lived experiences. Such experiential learning, however, is often limited to instances of enjoyment of rights and disregards experiences of injustice, exclusion or discrimination. By neglecting the ‘negative’ experiences, including breaches of their human rights, HRE fails in one of its fundamental aims: empowering individuals to exercise their rights and to respect and uphold the rights of others. Drawing on a range of legal sources, this article identifies a number of violations of the human rights of children in schools, categorised under five themes: access to school; the curriculum; testing and assessment; discipline; and respect for children’s views. It argues that for HRE to achieve its core purpose, it must enable children to identify and challenge breaches of rights in school and elsewhere. To do so, knowledge of law, both domestic and international, has a fundamental role to play.
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Kuzenko, Uliana. "Universal declaration of human rights as a source of universal international legal standards of human rights." Scientific and informational bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law named after King Danylo Halytskyi, no. 9(21) (October 2, 2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33098/2078-6670.2020.9.21.36-42.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as an international legal instrument, which for the first time formulated the foundations of modern democratic status of a human being and its fundamental rights and freedoms. Methodology. The methodology involves a comprehensive study of theoretical and practical material on the subject, as well as a formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. During the research, the following methods of scientific cognition were used: dialectical, terminological, formal and logical, systemic and functional. Results. The study found that the main features of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a source of international legal mechanism for the protection of human rights are: 1) it is a fundamental, foundational and universal international human rights act of the United Nations; 2) it establishes a system of fundamental human rights; 3) it defines a common system of fundamental international human rights standards; 4) it determines the principles of legal identity of a human being; 5) it determines the fundamental basis and principles of international legal regulation in the field of human rights protection; 6) it acts as an international legal basis for the adoption of the latest legislation on human rights protection; 7) it acts as an international legal basis for the codification of human rights legislation. Scientific novelty. The study found that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights points to the natural origin of human rights, which must be binding on all States and for the whole population, regardless of citizenship, in order to ensure the human rights protection in a democratic and rule-of-law State. Practical importance. The results of the study can be used to improve Ukrainian legislation on human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Дисертації з теми "Formal catalogues of fundamental rights"
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Vidot, Agnès. "La codification constitutionnelle des droits fondamentaux : Recherche sur l'absence de catalogue formel de droits fondamentaux dans la Constitution française du 4 octobre 1958." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LARE0031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le rapprochement de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 des constitutions étrangères permet de mettre en lumière une particularité de l’ordre constitutionnel français. Notre loi fondamentale n’a jamais été dotée, au terme d’une opération de codification, d’un quelconque catalogue formel de droits fondamentaux comparable à ceux qui ont été introduits dès le début du XXème siècle dans d’autres États. Si elle n’est pas complètement ignorée, l’exception française a été assez peu interrogée. Que la rencontre entre droits fondamentaux et codification n’ait jamais eu lieu en France, volontiers désignée comme « pays des droits de l’homme » et « terre d’élection de la codification », ne peut pourtant manquer de retenir l’attention. La question se pose en particulier de savoir si la singularité de notre texte constitutionnel, saillante et intrigante, s’avère, en outre, irréductible. L’histoire de cette rencontre qui n’a jamais eu lieu est-elle, autrement exprimé, celle de rendez-vous manqués ou d’une liaison impossible ? La recherche se propose d’interroger tant la possibilité de codifier les droits fondamentaux dans la Constitution française du 4 octobre 1958, que l’utilité d’une telle opérationThe comparison of the Constitution of October 4, 1958 with the foreign constitutions allows to highlight a specific feature of the French constitutional order. Our fundamental law has never been endowed, after a codification exercise, with any formal catalogue of fundamental rights comparable to those which were introduced from the beginning of the 20th century in other States. While it is not completely ignored, the French exception has been barely discussed. The fact that the meeting between fundamental rights and codification has never taken place in France, willingly referred to as the “country of human rights” and the “chosen land of codification”, cannot however fail to attract attention. In particular, the question arises whether the singularity of our constitutional text, which is both salient and intriguing, is also irreducible. In other words, is the story of this meeting that never took place the story of missed appointments or of an impossible relationship ? The research aims to question both the possibility of codifying fundamental rights in the French Constitution of October 4, 1958, and the usefulness of such an operation
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Sakamoto, Fábio Meneguelo. "Direitos materialmente fundamentais." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20735.
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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-20T08:48:16Z
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Despite the vast amount of literature available on fundamental rights, both in the Brazilian Law, and in the Comparative Law, there is still a need for more studies as the society evolves and personal relationships become richer and more complex, demanding that the interpreter and judges play a role beyond the traditional logical-subsumptive method in applying the norm to a concrete case (major premise, minor premise and conclusion). Thus, it is possible that, at a certain point, there is a need to acknowledge a right that has not been pre-established as a norm, neither in the constitutional text, nor in any other normative document; we believe this has been the reason why contemporary constitutions have expressly predicted a clause of unenumerated rights, such as art. 5, §2nd, of the Brazilian Constitution, and art. 16th, n. 1, of the Portuguese Constitution, acknowledging that other fundamental rights are recognized by constituted powers, especially by the Judiciary in the exercise of their activity. Such possibility requires a definition of what can be considered fundamental from the point of view of its contents, i. e., from its essence; this is precisely the object of our study: to investigate the values which can effectively be a benchmark for the acknowledgment of rights as fundamental. We concluded that such values derive from the combination of the precepts established in art. 1st, caput, its clauses and single paragraph, in art. 2nd and in art. 60, §4th, I to IV, of the Federal Constitution; such values are mutually related and constitute a safe indication that they have been elected by the Constituent as the most legitimate ones to forge the special category of rights known as the fundamental rights. Based on this conclusion, we verified that not every mechanism contained in the Federal Constitution - including in the catalogue of art. 5th - has the necessary to be considered fundamental. On the other hand, others that do not even appear in the text are included in this special category of rights. Therefore, it is possible to mention the existence of rights which are merely constitutional and rights which are materially fundamental, or fundamental per se, which, for a didactic effect herein, we chose to call truly fundamental. The practical consequence of this differentiation is the fact that merely constitutional rights, though named fundamental, could be deleted or substantially modified through a constitutional amendment, without the problem predicted by the eternity clauses. The opposite is also true, i. e., a right outside the catalogue, but with a status of fundamental right, cannot be suppressed, nor modified in its essence. In this study, we analyzed a vast bibliography, both Brazilian and foreign; besides, we selected some paradigmatic practical cases judged by the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court and some judged by foreign courts, such as the German Federal Constitutional Court
O tema dos direitos fundamentais, apesar da vasta produção bibliográfica já existente a respeito, tanto no direito brasileiro quanto no direito comparado, continua sempre atual, na medida em que a evolução da sociedade faz com que as relações pessoais sejam cada vez mais ricas e complexas, exigindo, do intérprete e do aplicador do Direito, naturalmente, um papel que, muitas vezes, vai além do método tradicional lógico-subsuntivo de aplicação da norma ao caso concreto (premissa maior, premissa menor e conclusão). Dessa maneira, é possível que, em algum momento, surja a necessidade de reconhecimento de um direito que não esteja pré-estabelecido, como norma, no texto constitucional nem em qualquer outro documento normativo, e acreditamos tenha sido exatamente por essa razão que as constituições contemporâneas tenham previsto expressamente uma cláusula de abertura material, como é o caso do art. 5, §2º, da brasileira e do art. 16º, n. 1, da portuguesa, admitindo que outros direitos fundamentais sejam reconhecidos pelos poderes constituídos, sobretudo pelo Poder Judiciário no exercício da sua atividade-fim. Essa possibilidade impõe a necessidade de definição do que pode ser considerado fundamental do ponto de vista do seu conteúdo, isto é, da sua essência, e foi precisamente esse o objetivo desta dissertação: investigar quais são os valores que efetivamente servem de parâmetro para o reconhecimento de direitos como sendo fundamentais. Pôde-se chegar à conclusão de que tais valores decorrem da conjugação dos preceitos estatuídos no art. 1º, caput, seus incisos e seu parágrafo único, no art. 2º e no art. 60, §4º, I a IV, da Constituição Federal, cujos valores se relacionam mutuamente e constituem um indicativo seguro de que tenham sido eleitos pelo Constituinte como os mais idôneos a forjar essa especial categoria de direitos: os direitos fundamentais. A partir dessa conclusão, foi possível constatar que nem todos os dispositivos contidos na Constituição Federal, inclusive no catálogo do art. 5º, se revestem de conteúdo apto a dotá-los da rubrica semântica fundamental. Em contrapartida, outros que sequer estão escritos no texto fazem parte dessa especial categoria de direitos. Em vista disso, torna-se possível falar na existência de direitos que são meramente constitucionais e direitos que são materialmente fundamentais, ou fundamentais propriamente ditos, os quais, apenas para efeito didático, optamos por denominar de verdadeiramente fundamentais. A consequência prática que decorre dessa diferenciação reside no fato de que os direitos meramente constitucionais, a despeito do rótulo de fundamentais, podem ser eliminados ou substancialmente modificados por meio de emenda constitucional sem esbarrar no óbice previsto pelas regras de eternidade. E o contrário também é verdadeiro, ou seja, um direito fora do catálogo, mas que tenha dignidade de direito fundamental, não pode ser suprimido tampouco modificado em sua essência. Uma vasta bibliografia, nacional e estrangeria, foi objeto de análise e comparação para elaboração desta dissertação assim como foram pinçados alguns casos práticos paradigmáticos julgados pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal e também outros que foram julgados por Tribunais estrangeiros, como é o caso do Tribunal Constitucional Federal alemão
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Gdawitz, Susann. "Optimation or Conflict?: the interplay of multiple fundamental rights catalogues in the European Union : A closer examination of the relationship of the European Court of Justice and the Bundesverfassungsgericht." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201163.
Повний текст джерела
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De, Waal Elda. "The educator-learner relationship within the South African public school system :|ban educational-juridical perspective / Elda de Waal." Thesis, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8616.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Harming the dignity of the learner; refusing to hear his side of the story; neglecting to
help him retrieve his stolen property : such are the unfortunate occurrences at many
South African schools, and such are the experiences that have led to this research.
Dedicated educators sometimes default, leaving their wronged learners out m the cold.
The questions are therefore: • What causes this conduct of educators and why does it recur? • Is it ignorance of their legal position? • Is it insensitivity to common law principles and statutory provisions? • Is it sheer carelessness? Mindful of the introduction of the South African Constitution Act 108 of 1996, wh1ch
contains the long-awaited Bill of Fundamental Rights, this study has been undertaken
to give an educational-juridical perspective of the educator-learner relationship 1n
South African public schools by means of a literature study and an elementary legal
comparative study.
Various legal terms which influence the educator-learner relationship significantly are
defined.
In conjunction with the private law status of the learner, the position of the learner
within the school system, and the fundamental rights of the learner in the context of
the administration of justice are identified and dealt with in so far as they have any
bearing on the educator-learner relationship,
Moreover, the legal determinants of the educator-learner relationship and the
educator's duty of care are pinpointed to determine their significance in an
accountable, responsive and open educator-learner relationship,
A comparative school law perspective of the sources of school law, the duties and
responsibilities of educators, the fundamental rights and legal obligations of the
learner, the educator's duty of care, discipline and legal liability in England and Wales,
Canada, Japan, and South Africa is presented in terms of similarities and differences,
Attention is paid to the necessity of informing educators and learners concerning their
respective rights and duties, in order to develop accountable, responsive and open
educator-learner relationships in South African schools,Thesis (Ph.D.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000
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Silva, Selênia Gregory Luzzi da. "AÇÕES AFIRMATIVAS: UM INSTRUMENTO PARA A PROMOÇÃO DA IGUALDADE EFETIVA." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2010. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2768.
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Previous issue date: 2010-02-19This study is primarily justified by the analysis of the principle of equality, the policy reasons for inequality to ensure effective equality material, which takes effect on the acceptance of difference, due to political pluralism, as expressed in the Constitution Federal. Inequalities originated due to natural factors or historical, cultural, social, economic or political. Whatever the reasons for distinguishing, policies are needed that balance to the minimum access rights and opportunities, from legal and political instruments of Equalization, which occurs through affirmative action. Only the designing principle of equality in its formal and material senses, demonstrating that there is only treatment isonomically if there is a distinction between the situations of inequality occurring, with regard to individuals unequally, which includes the need for implementation of affirmative action. Support for affirmative action policies are in international documents, the North-American, and the internal law, specifically in the Constitution. Nevertheless, it denotes a resistance to affirmative action, including the complicity of the public, whether by legislative omission, lack of effort - political will - the executive and the timidity of the judiciary. Making a systematic cut, this paper focuses on the issue of affirmative action in the face of two specific minority groups: blacks and women. Highlights the reasons for the historical prejudice and discrimination that these groups have suffered and points, using statistical data, the discriminatory situations still arise. Stresses the importance of affirmative action directed to the attendance of these groups, highlighting the policies already implemented.
O objetivo deste estudo é, primeiramente, justificar, a partir da análise do princípio da igualdade, as razões políticas para a desigualação de modo a assegurar efetiva igualdade material, que se concretiza na aceitação da diferença, decorrente do pluralismo político, como expresso na Constituição Federal. As desigualdades originariam-se em decorrência de fatores naturais ou de fatores históricos, culturais, sociais, econômicos ou políticos. Independentemente das razões de distinção, são necessárias políticas que permitam equilibrar ao máximo o acesso a direitos e oportunidades, a partir de instrumentos jurídicos e políticos de igualação, que se dá pelas ações afirmativas. Somente concebendo o princípio da igualdade nas suas acepções formal e material, demonstrando que só existe tratamento isonômico se houver a distinção das situações de desigualdade ocorrentes, tratando-se os indivíduos desigualmente é que se compreende a necessidade de implementação das ações afirmativas. O suporte para as políticas de ação afirmativa estão em documentos internacionais, na experiência norte-americana, e no direito interno, expressamente na Constituição Federal. Apesar disso, denota-se uma resistência as ações afirmativas, inclusive pela conivência do poder público, seja pela omissão legislativa, falta de esforço vontade política do executivo e pelo acanhamento do judiciário. Fazendo um corte sistemático, o presente trabalho enfoca o tema das ações afirmativas em face a dois grupos minoritários específicos: negros e mulheres. Destaca as razões do preconceito e discriminação histórica que este grupos têm sofrido e aponta, aproveitando dados estatísticos, as situações discriminatórias ainda ocorrentes. Assinala para a importância das ações afirmativas voltadas ao atendimento destes grupos, destacando as políticas já implementadas.
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Lampron, Louis-Philippe. "L’existence d’une hiérarchie juridique favorisant la protection des convictions religieuses au sein des droits fondamentaux canadiens." Thesis, Avignon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AVIG2029/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Depuis l’arrêt Dagenais c. Radio-Canada, rendu en 1994, la Cour suprême du Canada n’a jamais remis en cause le principe selon lequel il ne doit exister aucune hiérarchie juridique entre les droits et libertés protégés par les chartes canadienne et québécoise. Or, une revue attentive de la jurisprudence canadienne en matière de protection des convictions religieuses nous a permis d’identifier une certaine réticence sinon un « certain malaise » des institutions judiciaires lorsqu’elles doivent déterminer des limites claires au-delà desquelles les revendications fondées sur les convictions religieuses ne peuvent plus bénéficier d’une protection constitutionnelle ou quasi-constitutionnelle. Cette « réticence judiciaire » étant toute particulière aux dispositions protégeant les convictions religieuses au Canada, il nous a semblé plausible que ses impacts juridiques soient symptomatiques de l’établissement implicite – mais bien réel – d’une hiérarchie juridique matérielle (ou systémique) entre les différents droits fondamentaux protégés par les chartes canadienne et québécoise. En nous fondant sur un cadre d’analyse théorique inspiré par les travaux du professeur Rik Torfs, de l’Université catholique de Louvain en Belgique, et au moyen d’une étude focalisée sur le contexte des relations de travail, nous entendons démontrer que l’état actuel du droit canadien et québécois concernant les revendications fondées sur les différentes croyances et coutumes religieuses témoigne de l’application d’un modèle hiérarchique (le « modèle de confiance ») qui assigne aux dispositions concernant la protection des convictions religieuses individuelles une place parmi les plus élevées de cette même hiérarchie. Nous espérons ainsi contribuer de manière significative à la théorie du droit par l’atteinte de trois objectifs principaux : (1) Établir et mettre en œuvre une méthode permettant d’identifier une hiérarchie matérielle entre deux ensembles de droits fondamentaux ; (2) Mettre à jour l’étroite relation susceptible d’exister entre les différents modèles nationaux de gestion du pluralisme religieux et le concept de hiérarchie matérielle entre droits fondamentaux ; et (3) Établir l’existence d’une hiérarchie matérielle entre droits fondamentaux de nature constitutionnelle au Canada, par l’entremise de la démonstration du déséquilibre hiérarchique favorisant les dispositions protégeant les convictions religieuses au sein du plus large ensemble des droits et libertés de nature constitutionnelle au CanadaSince Dagenais c. Radio-Canada, rendered in 1994, the Supreme Court of Canada has never questioned the principle of “no legal hierarchy between the different Human Rights protected by the Canadian and Quebec charters. However, a careful review of Canadian jurisprudence on the protection of religious beliefs permits to detect a certain reluctance if not a "discomfort" of judicial institutions when they must identify clear boundaries beyond which the claims based on religious beliefs can not be constitutionnaly (or quasi-constitutionnaly) protected. This "judicial reluctance" being particular to provisions protecting religious convictions in Canada, it seemed possible to us that its impacts may be symptomatic of the implicit - but real - establishment a legal hierarchy between the various Human Rights protected by the Canadian and Quebec charters. Based on a theoretical framework inspired by the work of Rik Torfs, Professor in the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, and through a study focused on the context of labor relations, we intend to demonstrate that the current state of Canadian and Quebec law on claims based on different religious beliefs and customs underlies the application of a hierarchical model (the "trust model") which assigns to the provisions protecting individual religious beliefs a place among the highest in the same hierarchy. In doing so, we hope to contribute significantly to the theory of law by achieving three main objectives : (1) To establish and implement a method permitting to identify a material hierarchy between two sets of fundamental rights, (2) To expose the close relationship that may exist between the different national models of management of religious pluralism and the concept of material hierarchy among human rights, and (3) To establish the existence of a material hierarchy between constitutional Human rights in Canada through the demonstration of hierarchical imbalance favoring the provisions protecting religious beliefs within the broader set of constitutionnal Human Rights in Canada
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Pinto-Ferreira, João Pedro Ramos de. "Adequação formal e garantias processuais na ação declarativa." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/104088.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis focuses on judicial case management in the context of civil declaratory
proceedings in first instance. The analysis will center on the powers conferred upon judges
by the Portuguese legal system in order to allow for the adaptation of procedural rules to the
specific features of the case.
The goal is to address one of the major criticisms to judicial case management: the
idea that it often affects procedural guarantees (namely, the predictability of procedural
rules). Our working assumption is that fundamental procedural rights (constitutional rights
with a bearing on civil procedure) act simultaneously as the basis and as a limit to the judge’s
case management powers.
Among other aspects, we will identify the fundamental procedural rights that may be
affected by case management decisions, analyze examples of case management in order to
ascertain how it interacts with those fundamental rights and discuss how to control whether
case management decisions comply with fundamental procedures rights in the context of
appeal proceedings.
We will conclude that case management powers are aimed at situations where the
special features of the case mean that the procedural rules provided by the law are inadequate
to protect fundamental procedural rights or that there are other rules that allow for a more
efficient protection of those fundamental rights. Fundamental procedural rights are thus a
cornerstone of case management powers.
Furthermore, it will also be possible to determine that the scope of the judge’s case
management powers is limited by fundamental procedural rights taken as a whole, meaning
that the judge must make an overall assessment on the possible effects of a case management
decision on fundamental rights. As a result, case management decisions must be subject to
appeal whenever they infringe upon a fundamental procedural right. In short, our approach seeks to combine procedural flexibility with the protection of
fundamental procedural rights.A presente dissertação incide sobre a adequação formal do processo civil declarativo em 1.ª instância. Estão, assim, em causa os poderes que o nosso ordenamento jurídico atribui ao juiz para que este flexibilize a tramitação e a forma e conteúdo dos atos processuais em face das especificidades da causa. O objetivo passa por responder a uma das principais críticas feitas à adequação formal: a de que esta pode colocar em causa as garantias processuais (com particular destaque para a previsibilidade do processo). A hipótese de investigação assenta na ideia de que a tutela dos direitos processuais fundamentais (direitos com tutela constitucional expressa ou implícita e reflexo no processo civil) traduz, em simultâneo, o fundamento e o limite dos poderes de adequação do processo pelo juiz. Entre outros aspetos, a exposição estará focada na identificação e concretização dos direitos processuais fundamentais que podem, em abstrato, ser afetados pela variação da forma legal; na análise de exemplos de adequação do processo para perceber como é que estes interagem, em concreto, com aqueles direitos; no controlo em sede de recurso da conformidade dos despachos de adequação com os direitos processuais fundamentais. A análise desenvolvida permitirá concluir que a adequação do processo opera quando, em função das especificidades da causa, a forma legal não seja adequada à tutela dos direitos processuais fundamentais ou exista uma forma alternativa que permita atingir esse propósito de modo mais eficiente. Os direitos processuais fundamentais traduzem, pois, o fundamento dos poderes de adequação formal. Além disso, será possível constatar que os direitos processuais fundamentais balizam a adequação formal, ou seja, o juiz deve ter em conta os possíveis efeitos desta nos outros direitos processuais com tutela constitucional. No fundo, impõe-se uma análise de conjunto dos direitos processuais fundamentais. É neste sentido que estes surgem como um limite à adequação formal e é também por esta razão que os despachos de adequação admitem recurso sempre que contendam com um direito processual fundamental. Em síntese, a abordagem proposta ao longo da dissertação procura assegurar a flexibilidade da tramitação do processo e da forma e conteúdo dos atos processuais e, ao mesmo tempo, salvaguardar os direitos processuais fundamentais.
Книги з теми "Formal catalogues of fundamental rights"
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Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: European Scrutiny Committee and Michael Connarty. Forty-second report of Session 2005-06 : Documents considered by the Committee on 7 November 2006, including: Fundamental rights and citizenship programme; European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights; EC action on health services; the EU-China relationship, report, together with formal Minutes. Stationery Office, The, 2006.
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2
Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: European Scrutiny Committee and Michael Connarty. Fortieth report of Session 2005-06: Documents considered by the Committee on 1 November 2006, including, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, report, together with formal Minutes. Stationery Office, The, 2006.
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3
Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: European Scrutiny Committee and William Cash. Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights in the UK: A State of Confusion, Forty-Third Report of Session 2013-14, Report, Together with Formal Minutes. Stationery Office, The, 2014.
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4
McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. 7. Formal methods of acquisition:. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198722847.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter describes the formality requirements that must be complied with for the creation or transfer of legal estates and interests in land. The three stages of creating and transferring legal rights are contract, creation or transfer, and registration. The Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 had increased the formality requirements for contracts and made more severe the consequences of non-compliance. Under s 2 of the 1989 Act, a contract may take the form of a single document signed by both parties or an exchange of documents, each of which has been signed by one of the parties. Non-compliance results in a document being void as a contract for sale of land, but a valid contract may be obtained through use of collateral contracts or rectification. The Law Commission had envisaged the use of estoppel in appropriate cases in which formality requirements for a contract for sale were not complied with. The fundamental objective of the Land Registration Act 2002 is directly associated to the introduction of e-conveyancing. The goal of attaining e-conveyancing has not been deserted, but its introduction appears almost as far away now as it did when the LRA 2002 passed into law.
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Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: European Scrutiny Committee and William Cash. Fifth Report of Session 2012-13: Documents Considered by the Committee on 20 June 2012, Including the Following Recommendations for Debate, Promoting Human Rights and Democracy in External Action; the EU Special Representative for Human Rights; the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, Report, Together with Formal Minutes. Stationery Office, The, 2012.
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6
Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: European Scrutiny Committee and William Cash. Thirteenth report of Session 2010-11: Documents considered by the Committee on 12 January 2011, including the following recommendations for debate, road safety, Treaty change, EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, report, together with formal Minutes. Stationery Office, The, 2011.
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7
Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: European Scrutiny Committee and William Sir Cash. Thirty-Second Report of Session 2014-15: Documents Considered by the Committee on 4 February 2015, Including the Following Recommendations for Debate, Investment Plan for Europe; EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, Report, Together with Formal Minutes. Stationery Office, The, 2015.
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8
Jinks, Derek. International Human Rights Law in Time of Armed Conflict. Edited by Andrew Clapham and Paola Gaeta. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199559695.003.0026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Geneva Conventions of 1949 govern automatically warfare as well as international and non-international armed conflicts. The applicability of the ‘law of war’ was previously delimited by formal acts of state such as a declaration of war or a formal ‘recognition of belligerency’, a formalistic approach that was significantly revised by the Geneva Conventions. This chapter examines the relationship between IHL and international human rights law (IHRL). It first discusses the nature of the ‘armed conflict’ inquiry and considers IHL aslex specialisdisplacing or qualifying the application of IHRL. It then outlines three fundamental respects in which thelex specialisclaim misconstrues or distorts IHL: IHL and affirmative authorization, ‘armed conflict’ as determinant of regime boundaries, and reciprocity and humanitarian protection as inducement for compliance. It argues that the very notion of competing legal frameworks is incompatible not only with the text, structure, and history of the Geneva Conventions, but also with the institutional and behavioral foundations of contemporary IHL.
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Ratna, Kapur. Part VII Rights—Substance and Content, Ch.41 Gender Equality. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0041.
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This chapter examines gender equality in post-colonial India, particularly some of the structural and normative factors that make it difficult for women to bring constitutional challenges in their fight for greater equality. It considers efforts at using law, especially constitutional equality rights, to challenge laws promoting sex discrimination in India, along with the use of fundamental rights to equality as guaranteed by Articles 14, 15, and 16 of the Indian Constitution to challenge legal rules and provisions believed to discriminate against women. The chapter describes two different approaches to equality and gender difference through which the constitutional guarantees can be understood: a formal approach and a substantive approach. It then explores how familial ideology has influenced the judiciary’s approach to gender difference and provides examples to illustrate the impact of fundamental rights challenges on the very familial and legal discourses that have constituted women as different and subordinate.
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Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: European Scrutiny Committee and William Sir Cash. First Report of Session 2015-16: Documents Considered by the Committee on 21 July 2015, Including the Following Recommendations for Debate, Better Regulation; the EU and the Post-2015 Development Agenda; EU General Budgets for 2015 and 2016; Economic and Monetary Union; Financial Assistance for Greece; European Agenda on Security; EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, Report, Together with Formal Minutes. Stationery Office, The, 2015.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Formal catalogues of fundamental rights"
1
Weber, Albrecht. "Structure of Fundamental Rights Catalogues." In Writing Constitutions, 23–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39622-9_2.
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2
Schroeder, Werner. "The Rule of Law As a Value in the Sense of Article 2 TEU: What Does It Mean and Imply?" In Defending Checks and Balances in EU Member States, 105–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62317-6_5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe rule of law is a value on which the European Union is founded, and which shall be respected and observed by its Member States. This value is not merely an ethical standard but a binding legal principle that is applicable to legal disputes under Union law. The treaties, however, do not provide a definition of this principle. From a Union law perspective, it is therefore indispensable to determine the rule of law more precisely; not only is it referred to in treaty law (Article 2 TEU), but understood by Union courts as a constitutional meta-principle that informs other constitutional norms and may justify review proceedings and sanctions against Member States. The Commission Framework to strengthen the Rule of Law of 2014 does not suffice to shape a ‘Union rule of law’. It relies primarily on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Yet, this judicial concept of the rule of law is somehow restricted as it focuses almost exclusively on the role of the judicial branch in the Union’s constitutional system. Common European constitutional traditions, however, show that the core concern of the rule of law is the containment of public authority by institutional arrangements. In view of these traditions and the practice of the Union institutions, including the CJEU, consensus at the Union level might be achieved on the fact that the rule of law comprises not only strictly formal standards, but also material criteria of justice related to the juridical shaping of decision-making processes. These elements of the rule of law are intrinsically linked to fundamental rights and shall ensure that within the scope of Union law any public power is exercised in a non-arbitrary and legitimate way. To this end, the Union rule of law may not only be understood as a formal set of objective norms, but as ensuring the protection of individual rights as well.
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Briffa, Hillary, and Alessandra Baldacchino. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Maltese Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 337–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_20.
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Abstract This chapter assesses the social protection policies enacted by the Maltese government to support Maltese citizens living abroad. First, the current status of the Maltese diaspora and their engagement with the homeland is contextualized, and key infrastructure and policies outlined. In the Maltese legal system, there is no domestic law granting the right to consular or diplomatic protection, however this is offered as a matter of practice based on respect for the fundamental rights of the individual. The strength of historic ties with the destination countries of Maltese emigrants is mainly reflected in the number of Reciprocal Agreements signed between Malta and partner countries. An overview of these formal treaties and their assured benefits is provided. Thereafter, five areas of concern for the social security needs of Maltese diaspora are addressed: unemployment, healthcare, pensions, family-related benefits, and economic hardship. The chapter concludes by acknowledging the communication initiatives between the Maltese government and its citizens abroad; however, it recognises that there is still a long way to go in terms of ensuring democratic participation of citizens in elections. Throughout, the evidence has been compiled primarily as a result of consultation with primary source material, as well as interviews with a range of experts within relevant Maltese governmental bodies.
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Blackburn, Robert. "The Institutions and Processes of the Convention." In Fundamental Rights In Europe, 3–29. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199243488.003.0001.
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Abstract The origins of the Council of Europe lay in the political initiatives that followed the Second World War designed to promote closer formal associations between the sovereign states of Europe.1 The overriding wish in the European international community was to adopt new measures that would do everything possible to help avoid future wars such as those which had ravaged Europe in 1939–45 and earlier in 1914-18. Many conferences and agreements on European unity took place in the years immediately following the cessation of the War, the most important of which for the future of European human rights was the Congress of Europe held in The Hague on 8-10 May 1948, organized by the International Committee of Movements for European Unity.
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Drzemczewski, Andrew, and Marek Antoni Nowicki. "Poland." In Fundamental Rights In Europe, 657–79. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199243488.003.0025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In countries of the former Soviet bloc, Poland included, the ECHR was for many years a document known to a few people only. According to the official ideology of those days, it reflected an alien bourgeois concept of human rights. The Convention was quoted as an example of the hypocrisy of the West, creating formal paper guarantees but unable to stand the test of real life. Human rights, it was argued, could only find an appropriate place in the Socialist system, and only in its Realsozialismus version born in Soviet Russia. Others, who had never accepted the grim and hypocritical reality east of the Laba River, saw the text of the Convention and their own study of that document, if incidental, as either an expression of their honesty as researchers1 or a manifestation of a rebellious attitude, similar to the practice of wearing bright socks or playing jazz under Stalin and even later on.
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Daka, Marija. "Trends on Fundamental Rights Protection in the European Legal Space - 2023 Prospective." In Regional Law Review, 17–31. Institute of Comparative Law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56461/iup_rlrc.2023.4.ch2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Within the geographical Europe, on supranational and international level, we come across two distinct, yet interconnected human rights protection regimes; the Council of Europe (hereinafter: CoE) and most importantly, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (hereinafter: ECHR, Convention), and the European Union (hereinafter: EU) that safeguards fundamental rights through the provisions of the EU law and in conjunction with the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter: CJEU). While some member states co-exist within EU and CoE in parallel, others are being expelled from the CoE or exiting the EU on their own, questioning thus the membership status quo in times that appear to bring deterioration on the landscape of human rights. Starting off with essentially different mandates both organisations, i.e. the CoE and the EU have today more features that unite them, at least from the perspective of their human/fundamental rights work. As such, two fundamental rights catalogues, well-established procedural mechanisms and overarching principles stand out as signs of convergence within the two regimes. To analyse the interconnection between the two regimes is even more timely as the negotiation talks between the CoE and the EU resume, including suggestions to overcome issues previously contested by the CJEU of Justice of European Union in its infamous 2/13 Opinion on Accession of the European Union to the ECHR. The renewed efforts include potential solutions on co-respondent mechanism, joint responsibility, advisory opinion and other previously disputed issues, though the scepticism on the actual progress seems justified.
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Tomkin, Jonathan. "Article 53 TFEU." In The EU Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759393.003.136.
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Article 47 EC In order to make it easier for persons to take up and pursue activities as self-employed persons, the European Parliament and the Council shall, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, issue directives for the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications and for the coordination of the provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the taking-up and pursuit of activities as self-employed persons.
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Erlbacher, Friedrich. "Article 219 TFEU." In The EU Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759393.003.349.
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Article 111(1) to (3) and (5) EC By way of derogation from Article 218, the Council, either on a recommendation from the European Central Bank or on a recommendation from the Commission and after consulting the European Central Bank, in an endeavour to reach a consensus consistent with the objective of price stability, may conclude formal agreements on an exchange-rate system for the euro in relation to the currencies of third States. The Council shall act unanimously after consulting the European Parliament and in accordance with the procedure provided for in paragraph 3.
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Ghai, Yash. "The Kenyan Bill of Rights: Theory and Practice." In Promoting Human Rights Through Bills of Rights: Comparative Perspectives, 187–240. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198258223.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract I propose to examine the provisions of the Bill of Rights in the Kenyan Constitution and to assess its impact on policy and practice of the Government and other public authorities. The aim is to see how far the Bill has been instrumental in securing the rights and freedoms guaranteed under it. My conclusion is that the Bill has had almost no impact on the constitutional, legal and administrative systems. I then offer an explanation for the ineffectiveness of the Bill in terms of the specifics of the Bill as well as the political economy of the Kenyan state. I conclude by examining, through this review of the Kenyan experience, the role of formal legal and constitutional provisions in securing fundamental rights and freedoms in post-colonial African states.
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Schütze, Robert. "12. Limiting Powers." In European Union Law, 451–96. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198864660.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter investigates each of the European Union's three bills of rights and the constitutional principles that govern them. It starts with the discovery of an ‘unwritten’ bill of rights in the form of general principles of European law. The chapter then moves to an analysis of the Union's ‘written’ bill of rights: the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, which was adopted to codify already existing human rights in the Union legal order. It also considers the formal relationship between the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights. Finally, the chapter explores the relationship between EU fundamental rights and the Member States. Despite being primarily addressed to the Union, EU fundamental rights can, in some situations, also bind the Member States (and even their nationals). National courts may thus sometimes be obliged to review the legality of national law in the light of EU fundamental rights.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Formal catalogues of fundamental rights"
1
Ihuoma, Chinwe. "Achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 among Female Nomadic Children in Nigeria using Open and Distance Learning Strategies." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.5898.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Education is a basic human right that every child ought to enjoy. Sustainable Development Goal 4 is also to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and to promote lifelong learning opportunities for all by year 2030. Nigeria recognizes education as a fundamental human right and is signatory to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). In 2003, the Government of Nigeria passed into Law the Child Rights Act aimed at facilitating the realization and protection of the rights of all children. Nigeria also enacted the Universal Basic Education (UBE) law, which provides for a 9-year free and compulsory basic education to fast-track education interventions at the primary and junior secondary school levels. Nomads have been defined as people; who mainly live and derive most of their food and income from raising domestic livestock. // They move from place to place with their livestock in search of pasture and water. Because of this, sending their children to school becomes a big issue for them and the girl child is the worst affected. Girl-child education is the education geared towards the development of the total personality of the female gender to make them active participating members of economic development of their nation. Education also helps girls to realize their potentials, thus enabling them to elevate their social status. This paper which adopts descriptive research design examined the factors hindering adequate participation of the nomadic girl child in formal Education. Religious factors and beliefs, poverty ,Parents’ attitude, underdevelopment and insecurity, Educational policy and home-based factors, were some of the hindering factors identified, among others. Ways of enhancing their participation were suggested and recommended, such as training in literacy and vocational skills, mobile education and improved political will. These will make the girl child become functional in the society.
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Ахметова, А. А., and Елена Олеговна Тулупова. "THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND RUSSIA: THE EVOLUTION OF RELATIONS, THE PROBLEM OF INTERACTION AND THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION'S WITHDRAWAL FROM THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE." In ИНСТИТУТЫ ЗАЩИТЫ ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА И ГРАЖДАНИНА В ИСТОРИИ РОССИИ. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56777/lawinn.2023.41.28.002.
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В данной научной работе рассмотрен процесс вступления России в Совет Европы и развития сотрудничества между страной и Советом Европы, проведен анализ возможных правовых и экономических последствий выхода России из Совета Европы. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что на момент исключения России из Совета Европы, в Европейском Суде по правам человека на рассмотрении находилось около 17 тысячи жалоб, поданных против России. Цель данной работы включает в себя следующие задачи: анализ юридических последствий выхода России из Совета Европы; дальнейшая судьба конвенций и соглашений, подписанных и ратифицированных Россией в рамках сотрудничества с Советом Европы. Методология исследования представляет собой совокупность общенаучных т частнонаучных методов познания: историко-правовой, формально-юридический, метод сравнения. В результате выявлено: Россия выходит из Совета Европы, перестает быть стороной Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод 16 сентября 2022 г. This research paper examines the process of Russia's accession to the Council of Europe and the development of cooperation between the country and the Council of Europe, analyzes the possible legal and economic consequences of Russia's withdrawal from the Council of Europe. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that at the time of Russia's exclusion from the Council of Europe, the European Court of Human Rights was considering about 17 thousand complaints filed against Russia. The purpose of this work includes the following tasks: analysis of the legal consequences of Russia's withdrawal from the Council of Europe; the further fate of conventions and agreements signed and ratified by Russia within the framework of cooperation with the Council of Europe. The research methodology is a set of general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition: historical-legal, formal-legal, comparison method. As a result, it was revealed: Russia is withdrawing from the Council of Europe, ceases to be a party to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms on September 16, 2022.
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JESKU, Franklind. "The Architecture of Hospitals. Learning From the Past." In ISSUES OF HOUSING, PLANNING, AND RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORY Towards Euro-Mediterranean Perspectives. POLIS PRESS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37199/c41000110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Reading architecture through resilient witnesses like hospitals or healthcare facilities offers a tool for unlocking the elemental and generative principles of architecture and how architecture builds societies and vice versa. Every social class is treated by hospitals in that specific historical time. Medicine, healthcare, and habitations are interrelated keys to exploring how this infrastructure can help to heal and the con- tribution of resilience in the architecture’s role in shaping our society and its health. In this light health is considered a human right. Consequently, hospitals influence individual behaviors in advancing human rights. This paper is part of a theoretical framework over the archetype and organization form of the hospital architec- ture. For many years, the issue of form composition in architecture has been overridden in favor of a series of studies on phenomenology or information, ignoring the fundamental issue of the disci- pline of architecture, which is precisely related to the organization of form. Nowadays, the essence of composition in architecture often dominates our profession's fundamental principles. The subject of this paper is a historical excursus of hospital and their relation to the specific context and historical period. the formal organization of hospital architecture is analyzed and studied in the functional, tectonic, and compositional plans. This research tries to find the balanced con- nections between form, function, and composition in hospital design, considering their context and history. Beyond technicalities, this study focuses on understanding how the organization of a hospital can impact the function of a hospital, healing, and well-being. The investigation starts with a historical overview: how have hospitals changed and evolved over time, and what can we learn from the most important examples of each era in the past?