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1

Hashim, Emilda, Norimah Rambeli, Asmawi Hashim, Norasibah Abdul Jalil, Shahrun Nizam Abdul Aziz, and Noor Al Huda Abdul Karim. "Dynamic Relationship Between Real Export, Real Import, Real Exchange Rate, Labor Force and Real Gross Domestic Product in Malaysia." Research in World Economy 10, no. 5 (2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v10n5p20.

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This study examined short run and long run relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables. Specifically, it studied the relationship between real export, real import, labor force participation and real effective exchange rate (REER) and real GDP in Malaysia from 1988 to 2017. These variables were tested in various tests, namely, unit root test, granger causality test, vector autoregressive (VAR), Johansen Juselius test and Error Correction Term (ECT). The result revealed that all variables were non-stationary at the level form and stationary at first difference in ADF unit root test.
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2

Schiff, Aaron F., and Peter C. B. Phillips. "Forecasting New Zealand's real GDP." New Zealand Economic Papers 34, no. 2 (2000): 159–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779950009544321.

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Heenan, Geoffrey, Karras Lui, Ian Nield, et al. "Nowcasting Real GDP in Samoa." IMF Working Papers 2025, no. 092 (2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798229009782.001.

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This paper describes the recent work to strengthen the nowcasting capacity at the Central Bank of Samoa (CBS). It compiles available high-frequency datasets such as tourism receipts, agriculture market survey, remittances, among others, to nowcast real GDP in Samoa. Nowcasting enables the estimation of the present and near-term forecast. It employs standard nowcasting methods such as Bridge, Mixed Data Sampling (MIDAS), and Unrestricted MIDAS (U-MIDAS). All methods significantly outperform the naive forecasts. Our analysis show that forecast combination of the three methods minimizes the root
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4

Franses, Philip Hans, and Max Welz. "Forecasting Real GDP Growth for Africa." Econometrics 10, no. 1 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/econometrics10010003.

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We propose a simple and reproducible methodology to create a single equation forecasting model (SEFM) for low-frequency macroeconomic variables. Our methodology is illustrated by forecasting annual real GDP growth rates for 52 African countries, where the data are obtained from the World Bank and start in 1960. The models include lagged growth rates of other countries, as well as a cointegration relationship to capture potential common stochastic trends. With a few selection steps, our methodology quickly arrives at a reasonably small forecasting model per country. Compared with benchmark mode
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5

Henderson, David. "Rejoinder: Measuring and Comparing Real GDP." Economic Affairs 36, no. 1 (2016): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12157.

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Summers, Lawrence H. "Comparing Real GDP Across Countries: Comment." Economic Affairs 36, no. 2 (2016): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12184.

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7

Boyarchenko, Nina, Domenico Giannone, and Anna Kovner. "Bank Capital and Real GDP Growth." Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Working Papers 24, no. 08 (2024): 1–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21144/wp24-08.

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8

Cahill, Miles B. "Teaching Chain-Weight Real GDP Measures." Journal of Economic Education 34, no. 3 (2003): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220480309595217.

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Rusnák, Marek. "Nowcasting Czech GDP in real time." Economic Modelling 54 (April 2016): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.12.010.

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10

Hsing, Yu. "Is Currency Appreciation or Depreciation Expansionary in Kosovo?" Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 22, no. 1 (2019): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2019-0011.

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Abstract Applying an extended IS-MP-AS model (Romer, 2000), this paper shows that real depreciation of the euro raises real GDP in Kosovo and that a lower real lending rate in the euro area, a higher real GDP in Germany, a lower real oil price, or a lower expected inflation rate would help increase real GDP. More government deficit spending as a percent of GDP does not affect real GDP.
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11

Kohli, Ulrich. "Real GDP, real domestic income, and terms-of-trade changes." Journal of International Economics 62, no. 1 (2004): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2003.07.002.

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12

Dr., Mohamed Saad Abu Karsh. "The Causal Relationship between Money Supply and Real GDP in the Libyan Economy." International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH) 11, no. 4 (2024): 195–200. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14408848.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> This paper focuses on studying the relationship between Real GDP and the amount of money supply in the Libyan economy from 1980 to 2014. Modern econometric methods were used, and the study reached several conclusions. Among the main findings are the existence of a positive short-term effect between GDP and money supply, and a negative long-term effect between economic growth, represented by GDP, and money supply. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Money Supply, Real GDP, Libyan Economy. <strong>Title:</strong> The Causal Relationship between Money Supply and Real GDP in the
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13

Nalewaik, Jeremy J. "Estimating Probabilities of Recession in Real Time Using GDP and GDI." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2007, no. 07 (2007): 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2007.07.

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14

Jönsson, Kristian. "Real-time US GDP gap properties using Hamilton’s regression-based filter." Empirical Economics 59, no. 1 (2019): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01631-6.

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15

NALEWAIK, JEREMY J. "Estimating Probabilities of Recession in Real Time Using GDP and GDI." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 44, no. 1 (2012): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2011.00475.x.

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16

Golinelli, Roberto, and Giuseppe Parigi. "Real-time squared: A real-time data set for real-time GDP forecasting." International Journal of Forecasting 24, no. 3 (2008): 368–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2008.05.001.

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17

Fatiwetunusa, Any, Syamsurijal Syamsurijal, and Sa’adah Yuliana. "The Analysis of Income per Capita Convergence on ASEAN Plus Three (APT) Countries." SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 1, no. 1 (2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/sijdeb.v1i1.51-76.

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The main objective of this study is to test the convergence of income per capita in APT countries through three models: absolute convergence, conditional convergence and sigma convergence. Regression analysis of panel data from 13 APT countries during the period of 2001-2014 is used to analysed to study problem. In absolute convergence model, the growth of real GDP per capita and initial real GDP are used as the variables, meanwhile, 8 variables such as the growth of real GPD per capita, initial real GDP per capita, labor force ratio, value added in agricultural sector, value added in industri
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18

Fatiwetunusa, Any, Syamsurijal Syamsurijal, and Sa’adah Yuliana. "The Analysis of Income per Capita Convergence on ASEAN Plus Three (APT) Countries." SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 1, no. 1 (2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/sijdeb.v1i1.9.

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The main objective of this study is to test the convergence of income per capita in APT countries through three models: absolute convergence, conditional convergence and sigma convergence. Regression analysis of panel data from 13 APT countries during the period of 2001-2014 is used to analysed to study problem. In absolute convergence model, the growth of real GDP per capita and initial real GDP are used as the variables, meanwhile, 8 variables such as the growth of real GPD per capita, initial real GDP per capita, labor force ratio, value added in agricultural sector, value added in industri
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19

Hsing, Yu. "Impacts of the Exchange Rate and the Global Interest Rate on Real Output for Ten Selected Latin American Countries." Global Economy Journal 12, no. 1 (2012): 1850253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1830.

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This paper examines the effects of currency depreciation or appreciation, the changing global interest rate and other related macroeconomic variables on real GDP for ten selected Latin American countries, namely, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. The monetary policy reaction function is incorporated in the formulation of the model. There are several major findings. Currency depreciation hurts real GDP for Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay and Venezuela whereas the real exchange rate and real GDP exhibit a backward-bending rel
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20

Kohli, Ulrich. "An Implicit Törnqvist Index of Real GDP." Journal of Productivity Analysis 21, no. 3 (2004): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:prod.0000022097.34038.ad.

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21

Liao, Shu‐Yi, Lan‐Hsun Wang, and Mao‐Lung Huang. "Does More Consumption Promote Real GDP Growth?" Scottish Journal of Political Economy 66, no. 3 (2018): 384–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12189.

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22

Zestos, George K., Wei Guo, and Ryan Patnode. "Determinants of Real Chinese GDP 1978–2014." Atlantic Economic Journal 46, no. 2 (2018): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11293-018-9580-z.

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23

Liu, Xiaochun. "QUANTILE-BASED ASYMMETRIC DYNAMICS OF REAL GDP GROWTH." Macroeconomic Dynamics 24, no. 8 (2019): 1960–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100519000063.

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This paper studies asymmetric dynamics of real GDP growth by estimating linear and nonlinear quantile persistence over different parts of the conditional distribution for six major developed economies. Several novel quantile-based hypotheses are motivated in this paper and tested for the steepness asymmetry of real GDP growth that hypothesizes that contractions are steeper than expansions. The empirical results show that quantile persistence is generally high at far lower tails, thus requiring much longer half-lives to reverting negative deviations to the mean of real GDP growth and hence lead
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24

Hsing, Yu. "Impacts of Real Depreciation and Appreciation on Aggregate Output in Taiwan." American Economist 65, no. 1 (2018): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0569434518819958.

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Extending the IS-MP-AS model, this article finds that real depreciation helped to raise real gross domestic product (GDP) during 1999.Q1-2010.Q2 whereas real appreciation helped to increase real GDP during 2010.Q3-2016.Q4. In addition, a lower world real interest rate, a higher stock price, a higher real oil price or a lower expected inflation would increase real GDP. More deficit spending as a percent of GDP does not affect real GDP.JEL Classification: F41, E62
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25

Liu, Wen-Chi. "The Relationship between Primary Energy Consumption and Real Gross Domestic Product: Evidence from Major Asian Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (2020): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062568.

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This study examines the relationship between primary energy consumption (PEC) and real gross domestic product (real GDP) in the top four major energy consumers in Asia, namely, China, India, Japan, and South Korea. The study period is from 1982–2018, covering 37 years of data after the second oil crisis (1979–1981). Bootstrap panel Granger causality method is applied to examine the causal relationship between PEC and real GDP. This method is capable of controlling cross-sectional dimension and cross-country heterogeneity. In addition, few studies investigate the relevance of real GDP to energy
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26

Carlos, Encinas-Ferrer, Martínez-Mendizabal David, and Villegas-Zermeño Eddie. "Impact of Remittances on Poverty Levels in Mexico." Journal of Social and Political Sciences 1, no. 4 (2018): 532–43. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1991.01.04.41.

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In this research, the authors analyze the behavior of the economy in Mexico during the years in which neoliberal ideas have dominated government policies and their relationship with poverty and migration. The study of the evolution of the growth of the real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) shows that from 1980 there is a significant fall in its annual performance, but even more if we observe how the real GDP per capita evolves, the one that would translate into better living conditions and does not get to improve the standard of living of the great majorities. The lack of growth in real income per
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27

Yusiana, E., D. B. Hakim, Y. Syaukat, and T. Novianti. "Analysis of factors influencing Thai rice trade based on Gravity model." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 951, no. 1 (2022): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012039.

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Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyse what factors influencing Thai rice export including importers’ GDP, exporters of GDP, distance of the countries, international rice prices, production and exchange rates by using the gravity model approach. The results show that the factors that influence rice exports in Thailand include the GDP of the importing country, the GDP of the exporting country, distance, international rice prices, production and the real exchange rate. Factors that have positive coefficients are importers’ GDP and real exchange rates, while those with negative coeffici
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28

Miller, J. Isaac, and Shawn Ni. "LONG-TERM OIL PRICE FORECASTS: A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON OIL AND THE MACROECONOMY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 15, S3 (2011): 396–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100511000265.

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We examine how future real GDP growth relates to changes in the forecasted long-term average of discounted real oil prices and to changes in unanticipated fluctuations of real oil prices around the forecasts. Forecasts are conducted using a state-space oil market model, in which global real economic activity and real oil prices share a common stochastic trend. Changes in unanticipated fluctuations and changes in the forecasted long-term average of discounted real oil prices sum to real oil price changes. We find that these two components have distinctly different relationships with future real
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29

Yu, Hsing. "Is Currency Depreciation or Appreciation Expansionary in Turkey?" Journal of Economics and Business 1, no. 1 (2018): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1196001.

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Based on an extended IS-MP-AS model (Romer, 2000), this paper finds that real appreciation raised real GDP in Turkey during 2002.Q2-2011.Q2 whereas real depreciation helped increase real GDP during 2011.Q3-2017.Q1.In addition, a lower government debt-to-GDP ratio, a lower lagged world real interest rate, a lower real oil price or a lower expected inflation rate helped raise real GDP. These results suggest that the relationship between aggregate output and exchange rates may be subject to structural changes and that a prudent fiscal policy would be more appropriate.
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30

Fang, Xinwei. "Analysis of Malaysias Economic Relations." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 149, no. 1 (2025): 91–96. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2024.19269.

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The paper examines the economic relations in Malaysia over the past 25 years, focusing on the relationship between real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and inflation rate change, as well as the relationship between real GDP growth rate and unemployment rate change. Using data from the World Bank from 1998 to 2022, the study employs Phillips curve analysis to understand the impact of the output gap on inflation and Okuns law analysis to explore the connection between economic growth and unemployment. The findings reveal a weak correlation between real GDP growth and inflation rate change in Malays
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31

Dhungana, Shobha. "Effects of Fiscal Variables on External Sector Deficit of Nepal with Reference to Indian Factors." Economic Journal of Nepal 46, no. 1-2 (2023): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejon.v46i1-2.68023.

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The basic intent of this paper is to examine the effects of fiscal variables on trade and the current account deficit of Nepal considering the Indian factors. Using the time series data of 48 years of the study period from 1975 to 2022, Engle-Granger’s co-integration and error correction models are used to examine the fiscal effects on the trade deficit, and the ARDL model is used to examine the effects on current account deficit. The basic variables used in the analysis are government expenditure to GDP ratio, budget deficit to GDP ratio, trade deficit to GDP ratio, broad money supply to GDP
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32

ALNAA, Samuel Erasmus, and Juabin MATEY. "Assessing the Effects of Macroeconomic Variables on Economic Welfare in Ghana." MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS REVIEW 9, no. 1 (2024): 138–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/mer/2024.01-09.

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This study employs the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds approach to investigate the relationship between Real GDP, which serves as an estimator of a nation’s economic performance, and selected macroeconomic variables. Using data from the World Bank Development Indicators spanning the period from 1993 to 2022, our analysis reveals distinct patterns in the interplay between inflation, labour productivity, public consumption expenditure, and real GDP. The results highlight the negative impact of inflation on economic well-being. Conversely, a positive correlation emerges between real
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33

Hsing, Yu, and Wen-jen Hsieh. "Is Real Depreciation or Rising Government Debt Contractionary in India? A Simultaneous-Equation Model." Global Economy Journal 17, no. 2 (2017): 20170010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2017-0010.

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Based on a sample during 1978–2014, this paper finds that India’s real GDP has a positive relationship with real depreciation during 1978–2002, the government debt/GDP ratio, the real stock price, the growth rate of U.S. real GDP, and a negative relationship with real depreciation during 2003–2014, the real lending rate and the expected inflation rate. Therefore, the stage of economic development may play an important role in deciding whether real depreciation or real appreciation may promote economic growth.
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34

Naqellari, Alqi, and Vladimir Mici. "Effective Macroeconomic Model for GDP Analysis, Albanian Case." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 5 (2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0084.

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The study aims to create a macroeconomic market model, through which to analyze nominal and real GDP, to analyze the impact of prices on GDP, create a model of aggregate demand curve, using price deflator, etc. It aims to calculate the Price Deflator and real GDP starting from 1990, as the first year of calculating the macroeconomic indicators of the Albanian economy. More detailed analysis is focused on the years 2000-2017. It has been proven that the deflator calculated by INSTAT is almost equal to the nominal GDP average of the price increase. This data was used to construct the market mode
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35

COSIMO, MAGAZZINO. "Electricity Demand, GDP and Employment: Evidence from Italy." Frontiers in Energy 8, no. 1 (2021): 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-014-0296-8.

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This paper applies time series methodologies to examine the causal relationship among electricity demand, real per capita GDP and total labor force for Italy from 1970 to 2009. After a brief introduction, a survey of the economic literature on this issue is reported, before discussing the data and introducing the econometric techniques used. The results of estimation indicate that one cointegrating relationship exists among these variables. This equilibrium relation implies that, in the long-run, GDP and labor force are correlated negatively, as well as GDP and electricity. Moreover, there is
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36

Gül, Hasan, and Mustafa Özer. "Frequency domain causality analysis of tourism and economic activity in Turkey." European Journal of Tourism Research 19 (July 1, 2018): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v19i.327.

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This paper studies the dynamic relationships between real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), real exchange rate (RER) and real tourism income (TOTREC) in Turkey over the period from 2003: Q1 to 2014: Q4 by using frequency domain causality approach developed by Breitung and Candelon (2006). Our findings reveal that real GDP Granger causes real tourism income both in the short-and long-run, while real tourism income only Granger causes real GDP in the short run. Moreover, there is no Granger causality neither between real tourism income and real exchange rate nor between real GDP and real exchange ra
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37

G.S., Dhameeth,, and Diasz, L. "US Real GDP Growth and Impact of Covid-19." Research in Economics and Management 6, no. 2 (2021): p20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rem.v6n2p20.

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The global pandemic, COVID-19, has exacerbated the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth of the global economy since its outbreak in December 2019. One of the most affected economies, due to the global pandemic, is the US economy, currently crippled by an increased number of COVID-19 related deaths, layoffs, reduced work hours, and other related natural disasters, such as winter storms. Hence, it is imperative that the damage done to the GDP growth is evaluated meticulously to craft favorable monetary and fiscal policies to uplift economic performance. One of the key yet debated methods used by
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38

Emmanuel, Magreth Kulwa, and Benard Joseph Chengelela. "Trend of Foreign Direct Investment in Tanzania's Real Estate Industry From 2000 - 2020: A Systematic Review." Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting 24, no. 6 (2024): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2024/v24i61382.

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Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become an area of concern to many developing nations due to the economic benefits it presents to the host nation. Despite the notable growth and potential of the Tanzanian real estate market, there is lack of comprehensive, empirical studies that analyze the specific patterns of FDI inflows in the real estate industry in Tanzania over an extended period and their contributions to national GDP and other economic indicators. This systematic review aims to examine the trend of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Tanzania’s real estate industry from 2000 – 2020.
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39

황종률. "Predicting Real GDP Growth Using Monthly Economic Indicators." Journal of Budget and Policy 1, no. 2 (2012): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35525/nabo.2012.1.2.005.

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40

de Soyres, Constance, Mengxue Wang, and Reina Kawai. "Public Debt and Real GDP: Revisiting the Impact." IMF Working Papers 2022, no. 076 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9798400207082.001.

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41

Abrekov, M. M. "ECONOMIC GROWTH MODEL OF THE US REAL GDP." Вестник Алтайской академии экономики и права 1, no. 5 2020 (2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/vaael.1106.

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42

Henderson, David. "Comparing Real GDP Across Countries: The Issues Revisited." Economic Affairs 35, no. 2 (2015): 286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12128.

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Baneth, Jean. "Comparing Real GDP Across Countries: Comment and Rejoinder." Economic Affairs 36, no. 1 (2016): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12153.

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Ying, Zheng, Chang-Rui Dong, Hsu-Ling Chang, and Chi-Wei Su. "Are Real GDP Levels Stationary in African Countries?" South African Journal of Economics 82, no. 3 (2013): 392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/saje.12026.

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45

SMYTH, Russell, and Brett INDER. "Is Chinese provincial real GDP per capita nonstationary?" China Economic Review 15, no. 1 (2004): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1043-951x(03)00025-7.

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Cunningham, Steven R., and Jon R. Vilasuso. "Time Aggregation and the Money-Real GDP Relationship." Journal of Macroeconomics 19, no. 4 (1997): 675–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0164-0704(97)00036-0.

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47

Dadakas, Dimitrios, and Erotokritos Varelas. "The decomposition of Greek real GDP (1858–1938)." International Review of Economics 56, no. 2 (2009): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12232-008-0059-0.

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48

Drake, Leigh, and Terence C. Mills. "Trends and cycles in Euro area real GDP." Applied Economics 42, no. 11 (2010): 1397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840701721372.

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Golinelli, Roberto, and Giuseppe Parigi. "Tracking world trade and GDP in real time." International Journal of Forecasting 30, no. 4 (2014): 847–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2014.01.008.

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