Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Relationship Exchange

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Relationship Exchange”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 3 czerwca 2025

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2025

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Relationship Exchange"

Jun, Sunkyu. "Evolution of Trust in Exchange Relationship." Journal of Marketing Thoughts 01, no. 03 (2014): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15577/jmt.2014.01.03.2.

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Omilion-Hodges, Leah M., and Colin R. Baker. "Communicating Leader-Member Relationship Quality." International Journal of Business Communication 54, no. 2 (2017): 115–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329488416687052.

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A half century of leader-member exchange research suggests that leaders share high- or low-quality relationships with members. However, these binary shortcuts dissolve the complexity of what is actually exchanged between leader and member. Therefore, a communicative view of these special dyadic relationships is forwarded, suggesting that leader-member relationships are a byproduct of, and produced through, concrete and continuous communicative exchanges. This scholarship answers long-standing calls for enhanced theoretical precision in parceling out the literal exchanges that take place betwee

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Frazier, Gary L., Robert E. Spekman, and Charles R. O'Neal. "Just-In-Time Exchange Relationships in Industrial Markets." Journal of Marketing 52, no. 4 (1988): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200406.

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A new form of relational exchange, commonly referred to as the “just-in-time” (JIT) exchange relationship, has been adopted and implemented by many original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers of component parts-materials during the past several years. Though the “exchange relationship” is at the core of the marketing discipline, JIT exchanges have received little attention in the marketing literature. The authors attempt to expand understanding of (1) how JIT exchanges compare with other forms of exchange between suppliers of component parts-materials and OEMs, (2) what conditions ar

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Jamal, Ahmad Zamir, and Mujtaba Khairkhwa. "Relationship Between Exchange Rate and Inflation in Afghanistan." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 4, no. 4 (2024): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.4.4.17.

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Afghanistan is an import dependent country and has been facing perpetual trade balance deficit for decades. In case of imperfect competition in the market or existence of market monopoly, there is a higher chance of reflecting the exchange rate changes on the prices of the goods. In Addition, countries with low level of domestic production and higher amounts of imports usually experience higher degree of the exchange rate pass-through effect on inflation. Countries with high import volumes and low export levels often face a deficit in foreign currency inflows and an excess in outflows. These c

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Ampofo-Ansah, Christine, and Joseph Ampofo Ansah. "Psychological Contract Breach and Work Performance in the Public Sector in Ghana." International Journal of Technology and Management Research 2, no. 2 (2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v2i2.56.

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Work in organizations entails an exchange relationship between employees and organization. Apart from the written employment contract, there still exists a set of mutual expectations from the two parties (employer and employee) which remain unwritten and unvoiced and yet drives the behavior of both workers and organizations alike, and this is what is referred to as the psychological contract. Psychological contract refers to the employees’ subjective interpretations and evaluations of their deal with the organization. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of breaches or violations in

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Shore, Lynn M., Jacqueline A.-M. Coyle-Shapiro, Xiao-Ping Chen, and Lois E. Tetrick. "Social Exchange in Work Settings: Content, Process, and Mixed Models." Management and Organization Review 5, no. 3 (2009): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2009.00158.x.

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Social exchange theory has provided the dominant basis for understanding exchange relationships in organizational settings. Despite its predominance within the management field, there are a number of unaddressed issues. This special issue seeks to further social exchange research in work settings. We differentiate social from economic exchange and highlight the moderating role of cultural and individual differences in explaining the outcomes associated with social exchange relationships. We introduce the ideas of content, process, and mixed models of exchange to reflect the different emphases

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Juliansyah, Hijri, Putri Moulida, and Apridar Apridar. "Analisis Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhui Cadangan Devisa Indonesia Bukti (Kointegrasi dan Kausalitas)." Jurnal Ekonomi Regional Unimal 3, no. 2 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/jeru.v3i2.3204.

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This study aims to analyze the factors that influence Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves by proving cointegration (long-run relationships) and causality (reciprocal relationships). The data used is time series data during the period January 2014-December 2018. The analytical method used in this study is cointegration test and granger causality with the approach of auto regressive lag (ARDL). The cointegration test results using the Bound test test indicated that between the variables of foreign exchange reserves, exports, the exchange rate, the BI Rate and inflation had a stability relation

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St. John, Jeremy, Carl S. Guynes Guynes, and Richard Vedder. "The Value Of Partnership In Offshoring." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 11, no. 7 (2013): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v11i7.7948.

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Partnership or strategic partnership is a label attributed to client-vendor relationships characterized as highly involved. This high involvement or collaboration is considered a partnership quality. This study uses the social exchange theory to examine the relationship between clients and vendors as partners in offshoring. Social exchange theory requires that as members of an exchange relationship receive benefit, they must return an equivalent amount of benefit to maintain relationship equilibrium (Homans, 1958).Trust is an important element in exchange relationships because it helpsto ensur

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Kuligin, V. D. "Information in relationship of exchange." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 3 (April 12, 2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-3-23-29.

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Gooty, Janaki, and Francis J. Yammarino. "The Leader–Member Exchange Relationship." Journal of Management 42, no. 4 (2013): 915–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206313503009.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Relationship Exchange"

Mozumder, Nurul. "The relationship between exchange rates and stock prices." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/6512.

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The relationship between exchange rates and stock prices is examined in three independent but inter-connected studies. The original contribution of first study is the finding that interest rates have a significant non-liner explanatory power in the relationship between exchange rates and stock prices. The main contribution of the second study is the finding that there are asymmetric volatility spillover effects between exchange rates and stock prices in both developed and emerging countries, particularly during the financial crisis. The third study makes original contribution to knowledge by f

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Jain, Akansha, and Svitlana Denga. "Volatility on forex exchange of India." Thesis, PUET, 2015. http://dspace.puet.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2852.

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Exchange rate movements play substantial role in risk measurement and their effective management. Volatility in exchange rates has been quite large and it has affected sales as well as profit margins of multinationals in India. Based on statistic analysis, some suggestion have been drawn for improving functioning of forex exchange market in India.<br>1. Most hedging instruments are required to cope up extreme volatility of INR against all major currencies of the world. 2. Steady liberalization of financial markets is need more attention on business who invest back in India. 3. Promotion of inv

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Colliander, Cassandra, and Marie Enarsson. "Leader-Member Exchange och relationsaspekters betydelse ur säljmedarbetres perspektiv." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-15416.

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Ledarskapsteorin Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) menar att en hög kvalité i relationen mellan ledare och medarbetare är viktig för olika organisatoriska utfall. Då forskning inte fokuserat på vilka relationsaspekter som medarbetare värderar som viktiga inom specifika branscher, är denna studie ett avstamp till området. Syftet med undersökningen var att ta reda på vilka relationsaspekter som säljmedarbetare värderar som viktiga i relationen till sin närmsta chef, om värderingen av dessa relationsaspekter har ett samband med medarbetares upplevelse av den befintliga relationen till sin närmsta chef

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Czekanski, William Andrew. "Social Exchange in Intercollegiate Athletics: An Exploration of Exchange Ideologies in the Coach-Student-Athlete Dyad." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1336664431.

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Witte, Mark David Black Stanley W. "Essays on the relationship between exchange rates and prices." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1171.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics." Discipline: Economics; Department/School: Economics.

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Ting, Shuyun. "The role of market orientation in developing and sustaining market relationships : an empirical study in Taiwan." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/269.

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Significant work has taken place in the development of our understanding of business dyadic relationships but much work remains to be done in determining the antecedents, particularly our understanding of cultural contexts. This research aims to add to the debate about what counts in developing a long-term orientation in channel relationships by investigating the role of the concept of market orientation; it explores the possible interface existing between the marketing concept and development of channel relationships. The context is relationships between distributors and suppliers in Taiwan.

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Yang, Yusi. "The relationship between stock and foreign exchange markets : evidence from periods of exchange-rate-regime shifts /." access full-text access abstract and table of contents, 2009. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/thesis.pl?mphil-ef-b23749799f.pdf.

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Thesis (M.Phil.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2009.<br>"Submitted to Department of Economics and Finance in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-73)

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Palmatier, Robert W. "How exchange inefficiency and relationship quality mediate the influence of relationship marketing on performance : the critical role of customer relationship orientation /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3144448.

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Xu, Yue. "The Relationship between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates in Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15394.

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This paper empirically investigates the exchange rate effects of Swedish krona against euro (SEK/Euro) on stock prices in Sweden. The sample period for the study has been taken from March, 2001 to March, 2011 using monthly nominal exchange rate of SEK/Euro and monthly closing values of OMX Stockholm All Share (OMXPI) Index. The developed unit root test and cointegration technique have been applied for the research. It was found that both data series were nonstationary and integrated of order 1. The test result also showed there was no cointegrating relationship between stock prices and exchang

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Muhammad, Naeem. "A re-examination of the trade balance-exchange rate relationship." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24337.pdf.

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Książki na temat "Relationship Exchange"

McCallum, Bennett T. A reconsideration of the uncovered interest parity relationship. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.

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S, Hunt Joan, ed. HLA and the maternal-fetal relationship. Chapman & Hall, 1996.

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Robina, Iqbal, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics., and Karachi Stock Exchange, eds. The relationship between corporate governance indicators and firm value: A case study of Karachi Stock Exchange. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2007.

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Edwards, Sebastian. The relationship between exchange rates and inflation targeting revisited. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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Bacchetta, Philippe. On the unstable relationship between exchange rates and macroeconomic fundamentals. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009.

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Centre, Australia-Japan Research, Crawford School of Economics and Government, and ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, eds. Are the east asian currencies still misaligned?: An analysis based on absolute ppp-income relationship using panel data. Australia-Japan Research Centre, 2009.

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Haldane, A. G. Sterling's relationship with the dollar and the deutschemark, 1976-89. Economics Division, Bank of England, 1990.

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MacDonald, Ronald. The long-run relationship between real exchange rates and real interest rate differentials: A panel study. International Monetary Fund, Monetary and Exchange Affairs Department, 1999.

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Smaghi, Lorenzo Bini. Exchange rate variability and trade: Why is it so difficult to find any empirical relationship? Banca d'Italia, 1990.

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Frain, John. A critique of recent analyses of the relationship between the Sterling exchange rate and Irish interest rates. Research Department, Central Bank of Ireland, 1993.

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Części książek na temat "Relationship Exchange"

Qureshi, Hazel, and Alan Walker. "Exchange, Reciprocity and Affect." In The Caring Relationship. Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20264-5_6.

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Sprecher, Susan. "Social Exchange Perspectives on the Dissolution of Close Relationships." In Close Relationship Loss. Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9186-9_3.

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Murstein, Bernard I. "The Relationship of Exchange and Commitment." In Handbook of Interpersonal Commitment and Relationship Stability. Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4773-0_12.

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Ward, Victoria. "The Relationship with Exchange Traded Derivatives." In OTC Markets in Derivative Instruments. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13053-5_7.

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Caporale, Guglielmo Maria, and Nikitas Pittis. "Sterling’s Relationship with the Deutschmark: A Probabilistic Reduction Approach." In Exchange Rate Policy in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25755-3_4.

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Lastner, Matthew M., and Judith Anne Garretson Folse. "Extended Abstract: Rescuing Relationships, Developing a Framework for Exchange Relationship Disruption." In Creating Marketing Magic and Innovative Future Marketing Trends. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45596-9_74.

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Hughes, Andrew. "The Relationship Between Value Co-Creation, Exchange and Stakeholders." In Market Driven Political Advertising. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77730-6_2.

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Wang, Cheng Lu. "The Relationship Exchange in Chinese Business-To-Business Marketing." In Proceedings of the 2009 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10864-3_51.

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Chhabra, Bindu. "Does Positive Social Exchange Relationship Always Motivate Ethical Acts?" In Palgrave Studies in Democracy, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship for Growth. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12217-0_9.

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Gaur, Sanjaya Singh, and Amit Kaushik. "Role of Expectations, Behaviors, Dyadic Perception of Success and Relationship Quality on Relationship Exchange." In Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11845-1_115.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Relationship Exchange"

Abulibdeh, Enas Said, Saif Alneyadi, Huda Skaik, Majed Saleem El-Saleh, Farah Imad Abu Libdeh, and Khadijeh Naser. "Short VideoAddiction and Its Relationship with Students' Academic Achievement and Well-Being: A Pilot Study." In 2024 Global Digital Health Knowledge Exchange & Empowerment Conference (gDigiHealth.KEE). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gdigihealth.kee62309.2024.10761759.

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Şeker, Şadi Evren, and Hatice Nizam-Özoğur. "ChatGPT Supported Interpretation on Anomaly Detection in Retail Data and Exchange Rate Relationship." In 2024 9th International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering (UBMK). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ubmk63289.2024.10773432.

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Oh, Haemoon, and Miyoung Jeong. "SOCIAL EXCHANGE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DESTINATION MANAGEMENT." In Bridging Asia and the World: Global Platform for Interface between Marketing and Management. Global Alliance of Marketing & Management Associations, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15444/gmc2016.06.09.03.

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Hsu, C. C., and H. A. Shih. "Stressor, social exchange relationship, and job performance." In 2012 IEEE 6th International Conference on Management of Innovation & Technology (ICMIT 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmit.2012.6225863.

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Ganiev, Junus, Jusup Pirimbaev, and Damira Baigonushova. "Relationship between Exchange Rate and Reserves in EAEU Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02380.

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The Eurasian Economic Union, which was officially established five years ago, faced many financial and economic problems in this period. After 2014, when sanctions against Russia began, all members’ national currency suffered serious depreciation and central banks had to actively intervene in the foreign exchange market. In fact, Russia and Kazakhstan have changed regime and switched from the fixed to the flexible exchange rate system. Since the foreign exchange market has been more stable in recent years, central banks are trying to complete the reserves that had been lost that period. Theref

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Wei, Wenqing, Sixia Li, and Shogo Okada. "Investigating the relationship between dialogue and exchange-level impression." In ICMI '22: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION. ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3536221.3556602.

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Hong, Seongho, and Heeyoul Kim. "Analysis of Bitcoin Exchange Using Relationship of Transactions and Addresses." In 2019 21st International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icact.2019.8701992.

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Bal, Harun, Koray Yıldırım, and Berk Palandökenlier. "Determinants of Foreign Direct Capital Investments and Real Exchange Rate Relationship: The Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c14.02644.

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While the effect of capital movements on exchange rates is a widely accepted relationship in the relevant literature, there are also findings suggesting that reverse relationships may be valid. Especially in the analysis of the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), this issue has started to be discussed more in the literature. In this study, the causality relations between exchange rates and FDI are analyzed within the scope of Turkey example with data covering the period 2005-2021. Causality relationships between variables were investigated by Hatemi-J (2012) asymmetric causality t

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Ghulam Mujtaba, Kayani, Hui Xiaofeng, and Gulzar Saqib. "Dynamic Relationship between Stock Exchange and Exchange Rate: a Case of Emerging Economies in Context of GFC." In AASRI International Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (IEA 2015). Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iea-15.2015.150.

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Suzuki, Hirotaka, Daiva Makutėnienė, Modris Dobelis, Naoki Odaka, Zoja Veide, and Liena Vitola. "Academic exchange between Baltic Universities and Kobe University." In The 13th International Conference on Engineering and Computer Graphics BALTGRAF-13. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/baltgraf.2015.020.

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For long years, Baltic cities and Kobe city had strong relationship at administrative aspect and academic aspect. Recent several years, the relationship has been recognized again and started cooperative activities again. And there are some cooperative plans in future. In this paper, authors would like to explain history and starting/restarting chance of relationship between Baltic university and Kobe University, cooperative activities in recent years, and cooperative activities at now and in future.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Relationship Exchange"

Edwards, Sebastian. The Relationship Between Exchange Rates and Inflation Targeting Revisited. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12163.

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Bacchetta, Philippe, and Eric van Wincoop. On the Unstable Relationship between Exchange Rates and Macroeconomic Fundamentals. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15008.

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Nguyen, Yen D. H., Andrea Insch, and Damien Mather. Exploring Students’ Lived Experiences and Wellbeing at a New Zealand University: Perspectives of International Exchange Students. Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Student Services Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30688/janzssa.2023-1-01.

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This study provides additional insights into the lived experiences of international exchange students in New Zealand. It contributes to the literature on international higher education by proposing an expanded framework of the relationship between students’ lived experiences and wellbeing. The findings make an essential contribution to students’ wellbeing in international higher education by generating a thematic framework that describes how positive and negative experiences enhance international exchange students’ wellbeing. The negative and positive experiences in the framework comprise five

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Karlsson, Hyunjoo Kim, and Yushu Li. Investigation of Swedish krona exchange rate volatilityby APARCH-Support Vector Regression. Department of Economics and Statistics, Linnaeus University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/ns.wp.2024.10.

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This paper investigates daily exchange rate volatility behaviors with a focus on a small open economy’s currency, the Swedish krona (SEK), against four currencies: the U.S. dollar, Euro, the Pound Sterling (GBP), and the Norwegian krone (NOK) over the whole period from Jan. 2010 to March 2023, whereas the whole period is divided into different sub-sample periods based on the economic events. In the framework of APARCH models, we find that volatility behavior of the Swedish krona (SEK) exchange rates varies across different currency pairs (SEK being included in all cases) and sub-sample periods

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Pierola, Martha Denisse, Dennis Sánchez-Navarro, and Mauricio Mesquita Moreira. Exchange Rate Devaluation and Import Substitution in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009362.

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This paper assesses the LAC's import substitution response to the recent wave of currency devaluations. For this purpose, this document uses both descriptive data and a simple econometric model to establish the short-term relationship between exchange rate movements and import penetration (total and within manufacturing sector) in the region, with a special focus on those countries that had experienced the largest depreciations. The results suggest that there is a significant relationship between depreciation and the decrease in import penetration, indicating that a 1% increase in the local cu

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Hevia, Constantino, and Juan Pablo Nicolini. Research Insights: Do Primary Commodity Prices Account for the Fluctuations of Exchange Rates? Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004605.

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We explicitly derive a relationship between bilateral real exchange rates and primary commodity prices in a model that highlights the role of heterogeneity in production structures across countries. Fluctuations of just a few primary commodity prices account for between one third and one half of the volatility of the bilateral exchange rates of the United States against Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Once we calibrate our quantitative model with data from input-output matrices and shocks to generate the observed commodity price fluctuations, our model delivers the same volatility and

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Juvenal, Luciana, and Paulo Santos Monteiro. Currency Risk Premia and Exporter Dynamics. Inter-American Development Bank, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013491.

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We propose a novel mechanism to explain the incomplete pass-through of exchange rates to exporter prices and quantities, based on the relationship between exporters' dynamic pricing strategies and currency risk premia. When domestic currency risk premium increases, the relative value of current foreign currency cash flows rises compared to future ones. Consequently, exporters who set prices in customer markets are inclined to increase markups today, leading to higher prices in response to elevated risk premia. This risk-based explanation provides a new perspective on the exchange rate disconne

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Martinez, Hector, Kylie Rochford, and Diane Bergeron. Helping You, Helping Me? The Mediating Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Relationship Between Psychological Capital and Social Network Positions. Center for Creative Leadership, 2025. https://doi.org/10.35613/ccl.2025.2061.

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Over the past few decades, there has been an increasing shift from focusing on what is wrong with humans and organizations (e.g., problems, maladaptive behavior) to focusing on what is right (e.g., strengths, human and organizational flourishing). In this positive vein, we investigated the explanatory role of organizational citizenship behavior (e.g., helping others, volunteering for tasks that help the group or organization, organizing events, speaking up with ideas) in examining the relationship between psychological capital and social network positions. Psychological capital is an individua

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Lozano-Espitia, Ignacio, and Fernando Arias-Rodríguez. The Relationship between Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Colombia: An Empirical Exploration of the Credit Risk Channel. Banco de la República, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1196.

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This paper aims to provide evidence on the relationship between fiscal and monetary policy in Colombia through an empirical exploration of the credit risk channel. Under this approach, fiscal policy plays an important explanatory role in the sovereign risk premium, which, in turn, could aﬀect the exchange rate and inﬂation expectations. The Central Bank reacts to inﬂation expectations using the policy interest rate; consequently, such reaction could be indirectly inﬂuenced by fiscal behavior. Using monthly data from January 2003 to December 2019, we estimate both jointly and independently the

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Hausmann, Ricardo, Ugo Panizza, and Ernesto H. Stein. Why Do Countries Float the Way They Float? Inter-American Development Bank, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010778.

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Countries that are classified as having floating exchange rate systems (or very wide bands) show strikingly different patterns of behavior. They hold very different levels of international reserves and allow very different volatilities in the movements of the exchange rate relative to the volatility that they tolerate either on the level of reserves or in interest rates. We document these differences and present a model that explains them as the optimal response of a Central Bank that attempts to minimize a standard loss function, in an environment in which firms are credit-constrained and inc

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