Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Xylem flow

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Xylem flow”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 3 czerwca 2025

Data aktualizacji: 6 lipca 2025

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Xylem flow"

Terada, Yasuhiko, Yusuke Horikawa, Akiyoshi Nagata, Katsumi Kose, and Kenji Fukuda. "Dynamics of xylem and phloem sap flow in an outdoor zelkova tree visualized by magnetic resonance imaging." Tree Physiology 40, no. 3 (2019): 290–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz120.

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Abstract Xylem and phloem sap flows in an intact, young Japanese zelkova tree (Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino) growing outdoors were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two propagator-based sequences were developed for q-space imaging: pulse field gradient (PFG) with spin echo (PFG-SE) and stimulated echo (PFG-STE), which were used for xylem and phloem flow measurements, respectively. The data evaluation methods were improved to image fast xylem flow and slow phloem flow. Measurements were taken every 2–3 h for several consecutive days in August 2016, and diurnal changes in xylem and phloem sap flows in a cross-section of the trunk were quantified at a resolution of 1 mm2. During the day, apparent xylem flow volume exhibited a typical diurnal pattern following a vapor pressure deficit. The velocity mapping of xylem sap flow across the trunk cross section revealed that the greatest flow volume was found in current-year earlywood that had differentiated in April–May. The combined xylem flow in the 1- and 2-year-old annual rings also contributed to one-third of total sap flow. In the phloem, downward sap flow did not exhibit diurnal changes. This novel application of MRI in visualization of xylem and phloem sap flow by MRI is a promising tool for in vivo study of water transport in mature trees.

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Bouamama-Gzara, Badra, Hassene Zemni, Noomene Sleimi, Abdelwahed Ghorbel, Lassaad Gzara, and Naima Mahfoudhi. "Diversification of Vascular Occlusions and Crystal Deposits in the Xylem Sap Flow of Five Tunisian Grapevines." Plants 11, no. 16 (2022): 2177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11162177.

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Xylem vessels are essential pivotal organs in bulk hydraulic flow through the whole woody plant. However, environmental constraints generate disagreements in xylem structures, which are characterized by air emboli and occlusions formations, compromising water conductivity in grapevines. The aim of this work was to explore xylem morphology dynamics through the xylem sap flow of five Tunisian grapevine cultivars during the natural bleeding sap periods of 2019, 2021, and 2022. In fact, Sakasly, Khamri, Hencha, Razegui1, and Razegui2 rain-fed grapevine cultivars revealed differential responses towards xylem sap movement. The results demonstrated that the xylem sap flow was significantly more abundant in 2019 than 2021 and 2022 bleeding sap campaigns. A variation was revealed between the cultivars regarding the xylem sap flow. In fact, Sakasly gave the best xylem flow during the three campaigns. Razegui1 and Razegui2 registered approximately similar xylem sap flow, while Hencha and Khamri present the lowest sap fluxes during the three campaigns. Moreover, several vascular occlusions forms were identified from stem cross sections using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), including tyloses, gels, starch, and gum deposits. The highest occlusion number was observed in Sakasly, Razegui1, and Razegui2 cultivars. Among different biogenic calcium shapes, several were observed for the first time in grapevine, including multi-faceted druse, cubic, crystalline sand, styloids, spherical, or drop-like structures. Considering their lower flow and totally blocked vessels, both Hencha and Khamri confirmed their susceptibility to environmental constraints. However, Sakasly, Razegui1, and Razegui2 cultivars presented higher tolerance according to their sap flow and xylem morphology.

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Winkler, Andreas, and Moritz Knoche. "Xylem, phloem and transpiration flows in developing European plums." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0252085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252085.

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Neck shrivel is a quality disorder of European plum (Prunus × domestica L.). It has been suggested that backflow in the xylem (from fruit to tree) could contribute to the incidence of neck shrivel in plum. The objective was to quantify rates of xylem, phloem and of transpiration flow in developing plum fruit. Using linear variable displacement transducers, changes in fruit volume were recorded 1) in un-treated control fruit, 2) in fruit that had their pedicels steam-girdled (phloem interrupted, xylem still functional) and 3) in detached fruit, left in the canopy (xylem and phloem interrupted). Xylem flow rates were occasionally negative in the early hours after sunrise, indicating xylem sap backflow from fruit to tree. Later in the day, xylem flows were positive and generally higher in daytime and lower at night. Significant phloem flow occurred in daytime, but ceased after sunset. During stage II (but not during stage III), the rates of xylem flow and transpiration were variable and closely related to atmospheric vapor pressure deficit. The relative contribution of xylem inflow to total sap inflow averaged 79% during stage II, decreasing to 25% during stage III. In contrast, phloem sap inflow averaged 21% of total sap inflow during stage II, increasing to 75% in stage III. Our results indicate that xylem backflow occurs early in the day. However, xylem backflow rates are considered too low to significantly contribute to the incidence of neck shrivel.

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Sperry, John S. "Xylem Embolism in the Palm Rhapis Excelsa." IAWA Journal 6, no. 4 (1985): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000956.

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Xylem failure via gas embolism (cavitation) was investigated in Rhapis excelsa (Palmae). Embolism was detected using measurements of xylem flow resistance in excised stems and petioles: a decrease in resistance after the removal of flow-impeding embolisms by a pressure treatment indicated their previous presence in the axis. Results suggested that Rhapis avoids serious damage from embolism in at least four ways. 1) Xylem pressure potentials reached embolism-inducing levels (c. -2.90 MPa) only during prolonged drought. 2) When embolism did occur, it was confined to leaf xylem; stem xylem, most critical to shoot survival, remained fully functional. This is due in part to hydraulic architecture: 70 to 85% of shoot xylem resistance is in the leaf, and thus xylem pressures are much lower in leaves than stems. 3) Even during prolonged drought, the amount of embolism is probably limited by complete stomatal closure, which occurred at xylem pressure potentials of -3.20 ± 0.18 MPa. 4) Embolism is potentially reversible during prolonged rains, since embolism dissolved within 5 h at zero pressure (atmospheric), and xylem pressure potential can reach zero during extended rain.

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Nordey, Thibault, Mathieu Léchaudel, and Michel Génard. "The decline in xylem flow to mango fruit at the end of its development is related to the appearance of embolism in the fruit pedicel." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 7 (2015): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14306.

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The decline in xylem flow during the late growth stage in most fruits may be due either to a decrease in the water potential gradient between the stem bearing the fruit and the fruit tissues or to a decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of xylem vessels, or both. In this study, we analysed changes in xylem flows to the mango Mangifera indica L. fruit during its development to identify the sources of variation by measuring changes in the water potential gradient and in the hydraulic properties of the fruit pedicel. The variations in xylem and transpiration flows were estimated at several stages of mango fruit development from the daily changes in the fresh mass of detached and girdled fruits on branches. The water potential gradient was estimated by monitoring the diurnal water potential in the stem and fruit. The hydraulic properties of the fruit pedicel were estimated using a flow meter. The results indicated that xylem flow increased in the early stages of fruit development and decreased in the late stage. Variations in xylem flow were related to the decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of xylem vessels but not to a decrease in the water potential gradient. The hydraulic conductivity of the fruit pedicel decreased during late growth due to embolism caused by a decrease in the fruit water potential. Further studies should establish the impact of the decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of the fruit pedicel on mango growth.

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de Araujo, Daniel Somma, Diogo Henrique Morato de Moraes, Marcio Mesquita, et al. "Numerical Modeling of Microfluid Dynamics in Xylem Vessels of Khaya grandifoliola." Water 13, no. 19 (2021): 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192723.

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Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) can be used to quantify the internal flow variables of xylem conducting vessels. This study aims to analyze through numerical simulations the xylem water ascent of African mahogany (Khayagrandifoliola) cultivated under different irrigation regimes. We determined a geometric model, defined through the variability of the anatomical structures of the species, observing characteristics of the xylem vessels such as diameter, length, number of pits, and average surface area of the pits. Then we applied numerical simulation through an Eulerian mathematical model with the discretization of volumes via CFD. Compared to other models, we observed that numerical simulation using CFD represented the xylem microstructures in a greater level of detail, contributing to the understanding of the flow of xylem vessels and the interference of its various structures. Analyzing the micrographs, we observed the non-irrigated vessels had a higher number of pits in the secondary wall thickening when compared to the irrigated treatments. This trend influenced the variability of the radial flow of the xylem vessels, causing greater fluid movement in this region and decreasing the influence of the smooth part of the wall, resulting in a lower total resistance of these vessels.

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Pizarro, Alberto, and Carmen Díaz-Sala. "Effect of polar auxin transport and gibberellins on xylem formation in pine cuttings under adventitious rooting conditions." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 67, no. 1-2 (2020): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22238980-20191120.

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Maturation-related decline of adventitious root formation is one of the major factors affecting adventitious rooting in forest tree species. We demonstrate that inhibition of polar auxin transport promoted cambium and xylem differentiation in rooting-competent hypocotyl cuttings from Pinus radiata under conditions of adventitious root formation. Treatments with bioactive gibberellins inhibited rooting while at the same time inducing both the differentiation of a continuous ring of cambium and xylem formation. Treatments with inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis did not affect the rooting response. The results demonstrate that xylem parenchyma and procambial cells at the xylem poles of rooting-competent hypocotyl cuttings after excision and under conditions of adventitious root induction become adventitious root meristems or xylem, depending on the directional auxin flow. Gibberellin may interact with this pathway, inducing xylem differentiation and inhibiting rooting. We conclude that modifications of auxin flow at the rooting sites, and the priming of cambial cells to differentiate into xylem during tree ageing, may be associated with the maturation-related decline of adventitious root formation.

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Tilbrook, Joanne, and Stephen D. Tyerman. "Hydraulic connection of grape berries to the vine: varietal differences in water conductance into and out of berries, and potential for backflow." Functional Plant Biology 36, no. 6 (2009): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09019.

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Weight loss in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz berries occurs in the later stages of ripening from 90–100 days after anthesis (DAA). This rarely occurs in varieties such as Chardonnay and Thompson seedless. Flow rates of water under a constant pressure into berries on detached bunches of these varieties are similar until 90–100 DAA. Shiraz berries then maintain constant flow rates until harvest maturity, and Chardonnay inflow tapers to almost zero. Thompson seedless maintains high xylem inflows. Hydraulic conductance for flow in and out of individual Shiraz and Chardonnay berries was measured using a root pressure probe. From 105 DAA, during berry weight loss in Shiraz, there were significant varietal differences in xylem hydraulic conductance. Both varieties showed flow rectification such that conductance for inflow was higher than conductance for outflow. For flow into the berry, Chardonnay had 14% of the conductance of Shiraz. For flow out of the berry Chardonnay was 4% of the conductance of Shiraz. From conductance measurements for outflow from the berry and stem water potential measurements, it was calculated that Shiraz could loose ~7% of berry volume per day, consistent with rates of berry weight loss. A functional pathway for backflow from the berries to the vine via the xylem was visualised with Lucifer Yellow CH loaded at the cut stylar end of berries on potted vines. Transport of the dye out of the berry xylem ceased before 97 DAA in Chardonnay, but was still transported into the torus and pedicel xylem of Shiraz at 118 DAA. Xylem backflow could be responsible for a portion of the post-veraison weight loss in Shiraz berries. These data provide evidence of varietal differences in hydraulic connection of berries to the vine that we relate to cell vitality in the mesocarp. The key determinates of berry water relations appear to be maintenance or otherwise of semi permeable membranes in the mesocarp cells and control of flow to the xylem to give variable hydraulic connection back to the vine.

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Peuke, Andreas D. "ABA flow modelling in Ricinus communis exposed to salt stress and variable nutrition." Journal of Experimental Botany 67, no. 18 (2016): 5301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw291.

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Abstract In a series of experiments with Ricinus communis, abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations in tissues and transport saps, its de novo biosynthesis, long-distance transport, and metabolism (degradation) were affected by nutritional conditions, nitrogen (N) source, and nutrient limitation, or salt stress. In the present study these data were statistically re-evaluated, and new correlations presented that underpin the importance of this universal phytohormone. The biggest differences in ABA concentration were observed in xylem sap. N source had the strongest effect; however, nutrient limitation (particularly phosphorus limitation) and salt also had significant effects. ABA was found in greater concentration in phloem sap compared with xylem sap; however, the effect of treatment on ABA concentration in phloem was lower. In the leaves, ABA concentration was most variable compared with the other tissues. This variation was only affected by the N source. In roots, ABA was significantly decreased by nutrient limitation. Of the compartments in which ABA was quantified, xylem sap ABA concentration was most significantly correlated with leaf stomatal conductance and leaf growth. Additionally, ABA concentration in xylem was significantly correlated to that in phloem, indicating a 6-fold concentration increase from xylem to phloem. The ABA flow model showed that biosynthesis of ABA in roots affected the xylem flow of ABA. Moreover, ABA concentration in xylem affected the degradation of the phytohormone in shoots and also its export from shoots via phloem. The role of phloem transport is discussed since it stimulates ABA metabolism in roots.

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Lang, Alexander, and Richard K. Volz. "Spur Leaves Increase Calcium in Young Apples by Promoting Xylem Inflow and Outflow." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 6 (1998): 956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.6.956.

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The effects of spur leaf removal on xylem sap flows and calcium accumulation in fruit of apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh. `Royal Gala') were determined 56 to 61 days after full bloom. Fruit calcium concentrations were reduced but fruit size was not influenced by partial spur defoliation at bloom. Apples exchanged xylem sap with the tree in daily cycles of flow reversal. The presence of local spur leaves promoted this exchange by accentuating the xylem sap drawn out of the fruit during the day, requiring more to flow back into the fruit at night to replace it. Calcium concentrations were lower in the xylem sap leaving the fruit than in that entering it. The reduced calcium accumulation in the fruit borne on defoliated spurs can therefore be attributed to the reduced volume of xylem sap exchanged between tree and fruit.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Xylem flow"

Gebauer, Tobias. "Water turnover in species-rich and species-poor deciduous forests xylem sap flow and canopy transpiration /." Göttingen : Georg-August-Universität, 2010. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2010/gebauer/gebauer.pdf.

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Gebauer, Tobias [Verfasser]. "Water turnover in species-rich and species-poor deciduous forests : xylem sap flow and canopy transpiration / Tobias Gebauer." Göttingen : Georg-August-Univ, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1004465939/34.

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Helfter, Carole. "Non-invasive measurements of phloem and xylem sap flow in woody plants by a laser-based heat pulse technique." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2172.

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The ambition of the work presented in this thesis is to address the need for nondestructive, repeatable measurements of long-distance transport of photosynthates through the phloem vascular tissue of woody plants. Quantification of long-distance phloem transport is believed to be able to provide information relevant to the forest carbon cycle as well as to a plant's response to changes in its environment. However, due to the fragility of the tissue, invasive techniques such as used routinely for the monitoring of water flow through the xylem are not applicable. Consequently, very little field data on phloem transport rates and patterns are currently available.

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Sandberg, Therese, and Rebecka Fridén. "Utbyte av xylen till Tissue Clear som avparaffineringsmedel vid diagnostik av endometrioid carcinom med DNA-ploidi." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Jönköping University, HHJ, Avd. för naturvetenskap och biomedicin, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48782.

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Flödescytometrisk analys av DNA-ploiditeten används vid diagnostisering av endometriecancer. DNA-ploidi reflekterar cellcykeln och avgör om tumörens cellpopulationen är diploid eller aneuploid, där aneuploiditet förknippas med sämre prognos. Vid analys av paraffininbäddat vävnadsmaterial används avparaffineringsmedlet xylen, vars toxiska egenskaper försämrar arbetsmiljön på laboratoriet. Den har en stark och obehaglig lukt som kan orsaka illamående och yrsel. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om xylen kan ersättas med xylensubstitutet Tissue Clear, ett isoparaffinskt kolväte som är mindre toxiskt. Studien omfattade paraffininbäddad humanvävnad från endometrioid carcinom (n=20), både diploid (n=15) och aneuploid (n=5) vävnad, som avparaffinerades med xylen respektive Tissue Clear innan DNA-ploidi utfördes. Eventuella skillnader inom de flödescytometriska parametrarna % CV-diploid, % S-fas, % debris och DI-aneuploid undersöktes och vid statistisk analys kunde ingen signifikant skillnad ses på samtliga parametrar. Eftersom analysen utförs sällan i rutin är antalet prover i studien relativt stor, trots att detta kan anses vara en liten kvantitet. Av dessa var endast 25 % av proverna aneuploida. Att en patient uppvisar aneuploiditet är ovanligt och därför ansågs även denna mängd som tillräckligt stor. Studien visar att avparaffinering med Tissue Clear är ekvivalent med xylen och därmed kan Tissue Clear ersätta xylen oavsett om vävnaden är diploid eller aneuploid.<br>DNA ploidy is used for endometrial cancer diagnosis. It reflects the cell cycle and determines whether the cell population in tumors is diploid or aneuploid. When analyzing paraffin embedded tissues xylene can be used for deparaffinization, whose toxicity impairs the laboratory´s work environment. Its strong and unpleasant smell can cause nausea and dizziness. The aim of this study was to investigate if xylene can be replaced with Tissue Clear, an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon that is less toxic. The study included paraffin embedded human tissues from endometrioid carcinoma (n=20), both diploid (n=15) and aneuploid (n=5), deparaffinized with xylene or Tissue Clear before DNA ploidy was performed. Potential differences between the parameters % CV-diploid, % S-phase, % debris and DI-aneuploid were statistically examined and showed no significant differences. The sample amount in this study might be considered low, though it is relatively high since the analysis is rarely performed routinely. Among these only 25 % were aneuploid. Patients showing aneuploidy is rare and the amount was therefore considered to be sufficient as well. The study shows that deparaffinization with Tissue Clear generates equivalent results as for xylene and can thereby replace xylene regardless if the tissue is diploid or aneuploid.

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Amin, Anam. "Ecohydrological Partitioning in the Critical Zone: Analysis of the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Flows by Means of Stable Water Isotopes." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423188.

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Tree and small catchment scale studies are important in getting a detailed understanding of ecohydrological processes and the interactions between plants and water fluxes with respect to specific geology, climate, physiographic and topographic settings. However, such studies cannot explain the processes ongoing at large spatial and temporal scales and/or across the globe. Recent global-scale analyses based on water stable isotopes (2H and 18O) quantified the contribution of different water sources to plant transpiration. However, no previous studies have estimated the depth distribution of soil water uptake by plants, and its relation to climate, and plant group at the global scale. Recently, numerous ecohydrological studies explored the controls of climate and physiographic settings on isotopic composition of plant water. However, the assessment of the critical postulates (i.e., no isotopic fractionation in plant tissues) behind the use of stable water isotopes have not been widely tested. Furthermore, recent literature has raised a concern regarding the lack of standardized methodologies for plant and soil materials sampling and water extraction. The accuracy of different water extraction methodologies and the technical parameters (such as system setup, extraction time and temperature), which may affect the isotopic composition of the soil and plant extracted waters and thus, our interpretation of the results, still need to be thoroughly investigated. To deal with these issues, this thesis presents an integrated outlook by exploring plant water-relations through use of stable water isotopes. This approach moved from a global scale assessment of the soil water source exploited by plants and the main drivers (i.e., climate and plant functional type) controlling the isotopic compositions of xylem water. This analysis revealed soil water as main water source for plants. A new graphical inference method has been developed for the quantification of soil water depths contribution. The results indicated the largest overlap (up to 100%) for shallow soil water and xylem water in cold zone, while the overlap between deep soil water and xylem water was largest for arid and tropical climate zones (i.e. >75%). This method has a great prospective to be tested and applied at other study sites around the globe. Such global or catchment scale water source quantification by stable water isotopes is based on fundamental underlying postulation, henceforth, as a second objective in this thesis, it was attempted to test the isotopic fractionation of plant water along the pathway from roots to leaves under a greenhouse setup. Besides this, the measured isotopic compositions were also evaluated towards their sensitivity to the plant water extraction method via an interlaboratory comparison of commonly used cryogenic vacuum distillation system for plant materials. The resulting isotopic composition of different plant tissue water (i.e., stem and core) showed no fractionation with some exception to the root water and soil water samples at depths >15 cm, which were isotopically enriched as compared to the irrigation water. The samples extracted in two labs were comparable, nevertheless this controlled experiment further highlights the urgency of such comparisons to be performed for other existing plant water extraction methodologies and across other plant species. Thereupon a subsequent comparison of different plant water extraction techniques (Scholander-type pressure chamber vs. cryogenic vacuum distillation) was performed. Results indicated a significant difference in the isotopic values obtained by the two extraction methods and this difference was smaller for beech samples compared to the chestnut samples. In addition, different results were observed for δ2H and δ18O, i.e. larger differences between the plant water extraction methods and the samples were found for δ2H compared to δ18O.

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Gebauer, Tobias. "Water turnover in species-rich and species-poor deciduous forests: xylem sap flow and canopy transpiration." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AD85-F.

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Siebrecht, Sylke. "Untersuchungen zur Dynamik des Nährstofftransports im Xylem von Pappeln unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stickstoffversorgung des Sprosses." 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-ABD9-3.

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Części książek na temat "Xylem flow"

Stassart, J. M., and J. Bogemans. "Physiological differences between barley cultivars under salt stress — xylem exudation and phloem flow of different cations." In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2053-8_27.

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Else, M. A., W. J. Davies, K. C. Hall, and M. B. Jackson. "Knowledge of Xylem Sap Flow Rate is a Pre-Requisite for Accurate Estimates of Hormone Transport from Roots to Shoots." In Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Plant Hormone Ethylene. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1003-9_85.

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Klisz, Marcin, Debojyoti Chakraborty, Branislav Cvjetković, et al. "Functional Traits of Boreal Species and Adaptation to Local Conditions." In Advances in Global Change Research. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15988-6_12.

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AbstractSpecies continuity under the harsh climatic conditions of the boreal forest requires trees to ensure the functioning of two main life processes, namely growth and reproduction. However, species survival becomes a challenge when environmental conditions become unstable and reach the taxa’s ecological tolerance limit. Survival in an unstable environment is possible through the concurring processes of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation; each process has its advantages and shortcomings. Local adaptation allows attaining the best possible fitness under conditions of limited gene flow and strong directional selection, leading to specific adaptations to the local environment; however, there is a risk of maladaptation when conditions suddenly change. In turn, phenotypic plasticity provides trees an advantage when weather events change rapidly and enables a response expressed by the production of different phenotypes by the same genotype. However, this process is expensive in terms of costs in maintenance and causes developmental instability within the individual. Boreal trees utilize both processes as reflected in variations in their functional traits within the same species. In this chapter, we address the main life processes, presenting the variability of functional traits of flowering and seed production, xylem conductivity, bud and cambium phenology, as well as transpiration and photosynthesis, as a consequence of the interaction of genotype and environment. We describe the practical consequences of a variation in functional traits, as expressed in chemical and mechanical wood properties. Finally, we outline applications and perspectives for managing boreal forests in a context of heterogeneous and changing environmental conditions.

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Yamasaki, Atsushi. "Root-pressure driven xylem sap flow in greenhouse melon (Cucumis melo L.): diurnal change and the effects of shading, growth stage, rootstock and fruit number." In Roots: The Dynamic Interface between Plants and the Earth. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2923-9_39.

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Taiz, Lincoln, Ian Max Møller, Angus Murphy, and Wendy A. Peer. "Translocation in the Phloem." In Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780197614167.003.0010.

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This chapter studies translocation in the phloem of angiosperms, because most of the research has been conducted on that group of plants. The phloem is the tissue that transports (translocates) the products of photosynthesis, particularly sugars, from mature leaves to areas of growth and storage, including the roots. Along with sugars, the phloem also transmits signals in the form of regulatory molecules and redistributes water and various compounds throughout the plant body. All of these molecules appear to move with the transported sugars. The compounds to be redistributed, some of which initially arrive in the mature leaves via the xylem, can be either transferred out of the leaves without modification or metabolized before redistribution. The fluid that flows through the phloem—the water plus all its solutes—is called phloem sap. The chapter also considers phloem loading, the pressure-flow model, phloem unloading, photosynthate distribution, and the transport of signaling molecules.

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Taiz, Lincoln, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian Max Møller, and Angus Murphy. "Translocation in the Phloem." In Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9781605357904.003.0010.

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This chapter studies translocation in the phloem of angiosperms, because most of the research has been conducted on that group of plants. The phloem is the tissue that transports (translocates) the products of photosynthesis, particularly sugars, from mature leaves to areas of growth and storage, including the roots. Along with sugars, the phloem also transmits signals in the form of regulatory molecules and redistributes water and various compounds throughout the plant body. All of these molecules appear to move with the transported sugars. The compounds to be redistributed, some of which initially arrive in the mature leaves via the xylem, can be either transferred out of the leaves without modification or metabolized before redistribution. The fluid that flows through the phloem—the water plus all its solutes—is called phloem sap. The chapter also considers the pressure-flow model, phloem loading and unloading, photosynthate distribution, and the transport of signaling molecules.

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Marciszewska, Katarzyna, and Mirela Tulik. "Hydraulic Efficiency and Safety of Xylem Sap Flow in Relation to Water Stress in Woody Plants." In Hydraulic Conductivity. InTech, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56656.

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Čermák, J., and J. Kucera. "Extremely fast changes of xylem water flow rate in tall trees caused by atmospheric, soil and mechanic factors." In Water Transport in Plants under Climatic Stress. Cambridge University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511753305.017.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Xylem flow"

Ma, Wenkui. "Study on the water flow in the xylem of plants." In MATERIALS SCIENCE, ENERGY TECHNOLOGY, AND POWER ENGINEERING I: 1st International Conference on Materials Science, Energy Technology, Power Engineering (MEP 2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4982426.

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Romanovsky, Yuri A., A. S. Stepanian, and Yury H. Shogenov. "Measurement of bleeding sap flow velocity in xylem bundle of herbs by laser probing." In Moscow - DL tentative, edited by Sergei A. Akhmanov and Marina Y. Poroshina. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.57396.

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Helfter, C., J. D. Shephard, M. Mencuccini, C. W. Windt, H. Van As, and D. P. Hand. "Monitoring of xylem sap flow in trees by a non-intrusive, laser-based heat tracing technique and comparison with MRI flow imaging." In 2007 European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and the International Quantum Electronics Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2007.4386645.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Xylem flow"

Cohen, Shabtai, Melvin Tyree, Amos Naor, Alan N. Lakso, Terence L. Robinson, and Yehezkiel Cohen. Influence of hydraulic properties of rootstocks and the rootstock-scion graft on water use and productivity of apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7587219.bard.

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This one year exploratory project investigated hydraulic architecture of apple dwarfing rootstocks. The hypothesis was that hydraulic conductance is correlated with rootstock vigor. A previous study of trees on three rootstocks in Israel showed that dwarfed trees used less water than un-dwarfed trees. Analysis showed that if the tree maintains leaf water potentials above minimum values, then this implies that the dwarfed trees have lower leaf conductance, which may also be the cause of dwarfing. The current project studied small 2-year old unworked rootstock trees, and full sized trees bearing commercial yields. In both cases hydraulic conductance was determined with two methods - the non-destructive evaporative flux (EF)-leaf water potential (L WP) method, and a destructive method in which water was forced through the plant at known pressure using the "high pressure flow meter" (HPFM). Detailed work allowed measurement of conductance of the rootstock-scion union. This was achieved both with the HPFM and with the EF-LWP methods, the former in the US and the latter in Israel. Direct measurements of leaf conductance were made, and carbon isotope ratios ( d ¹³ C) were determined for leaves sampled at the end of the season. The latter can indicate sustained differences in leaf conductance behavior. HPFM and EF-LWP methods did not give the same results. In the small plants results were similar in magnitude, but not significantly correlated. In large trees, EF- L WP measurements were a fraction of those obtained with the HPFM. The latter indicates that some of the xylem is not normally functional but transports water when pressurized. Additional experimental work targeted this result. Xylem was stained before and after perfusion with water at high pressure. This showed that at least for one rootstock a significant amount of xylem was blocked before perfusion. The "air method" for determining xylem vessel properties was improved and employed. Length, radius and density of xylem vessels of different rootstocks were found to be similar, and significant differences found were not clearly related to rootstock vigor. Measurements in the commercial orchard in Israel showed that the graft union in a dwarfing rootstock was a large obstacle for water transport (i.e. had a high resistance). This apparently led to low leaf conductance to water vapor, as indicated by lower d ¹³ C, which implies low internal CO ₂ concentrations. In the US orchard, d ¹³ C in 2001 was correlated with rootstock vigor, and significant differences were found in leaf conductance. However, the d ¹³ C differences were not observed in 2002, were opposite to those found in the Israeli orchard, and measurements of the graft union with the HPFM did not find large resistances. We speculate that the graft union is not necessarily a large impediment to water transport unless the scion starts to separate from the rootstock. It was concluded that significant differences in hydraulic conductance exist between different dwarfing rootstocks. These differences may be caused by differences in xylem properties and in the degree of cavitation, as well as resistance in the graft union. However, no general relationship to rootstock vigor was found. Therefore, hydraulic conductance alone cannot explain dwarfing, but may be one of two or more factors that lead to dwarfing. Future work should integrate more factors with hydraulic relations, e.g. nutrient and solute transport and production of hormones.

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