Artigos de revistas: "Expert citizen"

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Rogers, Colin, e Geoff Coliandris. "The expert citizen". Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 88, n.º 2 (15 de maio de 2015): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x15585249.

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Repo, Petteri, e Kaisa Matschoss. "Considering expert takeovers in citizen involvement processes". Journal of Responsible Innovation 6, n.º 2 (3 de abril de 2019): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2019.1568145.

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Lotfian, Maryam, Jens Ingensand, Olivier Ertz, Simon Oulevay e Thibaud Chassin. "Auto-filtering validation in citizen science biodiversity monitoring: a case study". Proceedings of the ICA 2 (10 de julho de 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-78-2019.

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Abstract. Data quality is the primary concern for researchers working on citizen science projects. The collected data by citizen science participants are heterogeneous and therefore must be validated. There are several validation approaches depending on the theme and objective of the citizen science project, but the most common approach is the expert review. While expert validation is essential in citizen science projects, considering it as the only validation approach can be very difficult and complicated for the experts. In addition, volunteers can get demotivated to contribute if they do not receive any feedback regarding their submissions. This project aims at introducing an automatic filtering mechanism for a biodiversity citizen science project. The goals of this project are to first use an available historical database of the local species to filter out the unusual ones, and second to use machine learning and image recognition techniques to verify if the observation image corresponds with the right species type. The submissions that does not successfully pass the automatic filtering will be flagged as unusual and goes through expert review. The objective is on the one hand to simplify validation task by the experts, and on the other hand to increase participants’ motivation by giving them real-time feedback on their submissions. Finally, the flagged observations will be classified as valid, valid but uncommon, and invalid, and the observation outliers (rare species) can be identified for each specific region.

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CARLSON, MATTHEW. "Public Opinion on Dimensions of Governance in East Asia: An Analysis of Citizen and Expert Evaluations". Japanese Journal of Political Science 8, n.º 3 (dezembro de 2007): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109907002678.

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In recent years, institutional financial institutions such as the World Bank have taken a keen interest in the links between governance and economic development in East Asia and in other regions of the world. However, the concept of governance has proven difficult to measure in cross-national studies and its meaning in the minds of citizens and experts may differ noticeably. This article examines elite and mass perceptions of governance using the World Governance Indicators developed by scholars affiliated with the World Bank and survey data derived from the 2006 wave of the AsiaBarometer Survey conducted in seven ‘Confucian’ societies. The results of the analysis capture considerable variation at the country and individual levels for how citizens and experts perceive governance in this region of the world. In addition, a multivariate test uncovered some convergence between citizen and expert assessments but only for some of the various governance components.

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Darmofal, David. "Elite Cues and Citizen Disagreement with Expert Opinion". Political Research Quarterly 58, n.º 3 (setembro de 2005): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3595609.

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Darmofal, David. "Elite Cues and Citizen Disagreement with Expert Opinion". Political Research Quarterly 58, n.º 3 (setembro de 2005): 381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106591290505800302.

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Herschan, Jo, Richard King, Theresa Mkandawire, Kenan Okurut, Dan J. Lapworth, Rosalind Malcolm e Katherine Pond. "The Potential for Citizen Science to Improve the Reach of Sanitary Inspections". Resources 9, n.º 12 (6 de dezembro de 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9120142.

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To achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6, universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking-water quality and sanitation for all, and 10, to reduce inequality within and among countries, additional and urgent work is required. Efforts to achieve these Goals in the context of small drinking-water supplies, which are the furthest behind in regards to progress, are of particular need. Reasons for this disparity in progress include the remoteness of access to small drinking-water supplies and the lack of technical and financial capacity for monitoring supplies. The World Health Organization promote the use of Sanitary inspection (SI) as an on-site assessment of risk. Despite the potential to increase the body of knowledge and information on supplies in a region, there has been limited research into the role of citizen science and SIs. To meet SDG targets, we need to improve the reach of SIs. This study uses a mixed methods approach of quantitative on-site SI data collection and remote SI data collection via photographic images, together with qualitative data collection, collected by non-expert students, who are citizens of Malawi, as well as a panel of experts in the field of SI. Results indicate that, although further research into the topic is required prior to widescale implementation, the potential exists for citizens to conduct SI, with remote expert verification of the results using photographic images of supplies. Further documentation or guidance is required to support citizens in this process. The results highlight a critical gap in the availability of appropriate documentation for unprotected spring sources which is urgently required. The use of citizen science for SI data collection is in its infancy. However, this study indicates that there is potential to explore the use of citizen science in this area, which will contribute to achieving SDGs 6 and 10.

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Dommett, Katharine, e Luke Temple. "The Expert Cure? Exploring the Restorative Potential of Expertise for Public Satisfaction With Parties". Political Studies 68, n.º 2 (10 de maio de 2019): 332–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321719844122.

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The declining legitimacy of political parties has become something of a truism in political science discourse. Less often reflected upon is how these legitimacy problems could potentially be resolved. This article contributes to this underexplored issue by examining the restorative potential of expertise as a supplement to intra-party democracy. Building on an established literature on Stealth Democracy, we explore the potential for expert-inspired reforms to boost citizens’ satisfaction with parties. Using original survey questions, we provide evidence that a perceived lack of expert engagement in parties predicts citizen dissatisfaction, before using deliberative workshop data to distil traits that define the appeal of experts and expertise. This mixed-methods approach allows us to demonstrate some common desires of which parties should be aware, but also traits that make these ideas difficult to realise. Combining these insights, we argue that while expertise has appeal, parties face considerable challenges in satisfying citizens’ desires.

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Charron, Nicholas. "Do corruption measures have a perception problem? Assessing the relationship between experiences and perceptions of corruption among citizens and experts". European Political Science Review 8, n.º 1 (14 de janeiro de 2015): 147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773914000447.

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How well do corruption perception measures reflect actual levels of public sector corruption? Leading cross-national corruption perception measures have come under much theoretical and empirical scrutiny in recent years, with serious implications for the validity and reliability of the data in this ever growing sub-field. Critics argue that perceptions – in particular those of outside experts – do not reflect actual corruption in that they are far too ‘noisy’ or simply biased by external factors such as economic performance. Moreover, a number of recent empirical studies, focused on developing areas, have put forth evidence that outside expert assessments of corruption correspond little, if at all, with the experiences and views of actual citizens, and that such a lack of correspondence demonstrates pessimism for existing perception measures. This study offers a systematic analysis of the empirical strength of corruption perception measures in a previously unexplored area in this debate – Europe. Using new survey data collected by the author based on 85,000 European respondents in 24 countries, this issue is analyzed directly, addressing several contemporary critiques of the data. First, perceptions of citizens with, and without, personal corruption experience are compared at both the national and sub-national level in Europe. Second, external factors are checked, which might bias the extent to which citizens perceive corruption relative to how much actual corruption exists in countries and regions. Finally, expert perception indicators and citizen perceptions and experiences are compared. In summary, strong counter-evidence is found to the prevailing pessimistic claims in the literature – the consistency between actual reported corruption, as well as citizen and expert perceptions of corruption, is remarkably high and such perceptions are swayed little by ‘outside noise’. I conclude that, although existing corruption measures certainly have their share of problems, concerns regarding the validity and bias of perceptions have, perhaps, been overstated.

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J Storer, Jeremy, Joseph T. Chao, Andrew T Torelli e Alexis D Ostrowski. "KnoWare: A System for Citizen-based Environmental Monitoring". Informing Science: The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline 19 (2016): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3500.

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Non-expert scientists are frequently involved in research requiring data acquisition over large geographic areas. Despite mutual benefits for such “citizen science”, barriers also exist, including 1) difficulty maintaining user engagement with timely feedback, and 2) the challenge of providing non-experts with the means to generate reliable data. We have developed a system that addresses these barriers. Our technologies, KnoWare and InSpector, allow users to: collect reliable scientific measurements, map geo-tagged data, and intuitively visualize the results in real-time. KnoWare comprises a web portal and an iOS app with two core functions. First, users can generate scientific ‘queries’ that entail a call for information posed to a crowd with customized options for participant responses and viewing data. Second, users can respond to queries with their GPS-enabled mobile device, which results in their geo- and time-stamped responses populating a web-accessible map in real time. KnoWare can also interface with additional applications to diversify the types of data that can be reported. We demonstrate this capability with a second iOS app called InSpector that performs quantitative water quality measurements. When used in combina-tion, these technologies create a workflow to facilitate the collection, sharing and interpretation of scientific data by non-expert scientists.

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Van Assche, Kristof, Gert Verschraegen e Joseph Salukvadze. "Changing Frames: Citizen and Expert Participation in Georgian Planning". Planning Practice & Research 25, n.º 3 (junho de 2010): 377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2010.503431.

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Font, Joan, Magdalena Wojcieszak e Clemente J. Navarro. "Participation, Representation and Expertise: Citizen Preferences for Political Decision-Making Processes". Political Studies 63, n.º 1_suppl (12 de fevereiro de 2015): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12191.

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In this article, it is shown that citizen process preferences are complex and include several dimensions. The argument relies on data from a representative sample of Spanish citizens (N = 2,450) to assess these dimensions. Using confirmatory factor analysis as well as Mokken analysis, it is shown that citizen process preferences capture support for three different models: participatory, representative and expert-based. The relationships between these dimensions (where the opposition between representation and participation stands as the clearest result) and the substantive and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.

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Shrestha, R., e J. Flacke. "LEVERAGING CITIZEN SCIENCE TO ADVANCE INTERACTIVE SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY: A SWOT ANALYSIS". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W3 (5 de dezembro de 2019): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w3-99-2019.

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Abstract. Over three decades, the Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) concept has evolved significantly exploiting information technology to assist decision maker in a variety of fields of research, development, and practice. With the communicative turn in planning, which emphasizes public participation in all levels of planning and decision making, these technologies have further matured to support participatory planning by means of supporting diverse stakeholders in the decision making process. However, for multiple reasons, SDSS are still in the domain of expert, largely failing to incorporate general citizens in its use and applications. On the same note, citizen science as a method of inquiry is gaining much attention in recent years to engage general citizens in the scientific research, thereby also empowering them to participate in the decisions of the issues affecting them. As such, it seems likely that citizen science shows great promise for advancing SDSS for achieving broad citizen engagement in planning and decision-making. This paper discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT) of integrating citizen science with SDSS by analyzing existing literature on SDSS and citizen science. In particular, we explore the integration of aspects of citizen science in Interactive Planning Support System (PSS), as one form of SDSS to support wider citizen engagement.

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Leocadio, Jailson N., Natalia P. Ghilardi-Lopes, Sheina Koffler, Celso Barbiéri, Tiago M. Francoy, Bruno Albertini e Antonio M. Saraiva. "Data Reliability in a Citizen Science Protocol for Monitoring Stingless Bees Flight Activity". Insects 12, n.º 9 (27 de agosto de 2021): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12090766.

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Although the quality of citizen science (CS) data is often a concern, evidence for high-quality CS data increases in the scientific literature. This study aimed to assess the data reliability of a structured CS protocol for monitoring stingless bees’ flight activity. We tested (1) data accuracy for replication among volunteers and for expert validation and (2) precision, comparing dispersion between citizen scientists and expert data. Two distinct activity dimensions were considered: (a) perception of flight activity and (b) flight activity counts (entrances, exits, and pollen load). No significant differences were found among groups regarding entrances and exits. However, replicator citizen scientists presented a higher chance of perceiving pollen than original data collectors and experts, likely a false positive. For those videos in which there was an agreement about pollen presence, the effective pollen counts were similar (with higher dispersion for citizen scientists), indicating the reliability of CS-collected data. The quality of the videos, a potential source of variance, did not influence the results. Increasing practical training could be an alternative to improve pollen data quality. Our study shows that CS provides reliable data for monitoring bee activity and highlights the relevance of a multi-dimensional approach for assessing CS data quality.

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Spialek, Matthew L., e J. Brian Houston. "The Development and Initial Validation of the Citizen Disaster Communication Assessment". Communication Research 45, n.º 6 (8 de março de 2017): 934–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650217697521.

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Current U.S. federal disaster management approaches advocate for citizens to engage in local efforts to cope with the negative consequences of disasters. In line with this approach, this project develops and validates the Citizen Disaster Communication Assessment (CDCA), which is a comprehensive survey instrument measuring individuals’ communication across disaster phases. The CDCA development process occurred over three studies. Study 1 consisted of assessment item generation and expert review. Study 2 determined the dimensionality of citizen disaster communication. Study 3 surveyed three communities experiencing different disaster phases in order to confirm the CDCA factor structure. Results (a) demonstrate evidence of an empirically derived citizen disaster communication measure and (b) inform current understanding of how citizens’ communication can participate in community disaster management. Future research should use the CDCA in other diverse communities to further validate the measure and to provide additional insight into the structural and sociodemographic factors influencing disaster communication.

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Varumo, Liisa, Rositsa Yaneva, Tarmo Koppel, Iida-Maria Koskela, Mari Carmen Garcia, Sara Sozzo, Eugenio Morello e Marie-Christine Dictor. "Perspectives on Citizen Engagement for the EU Post-2020 Biodiversity Strategy: An Empirical Study". Sustainability 12, n.º 4 (18 de fevereiro de 2020): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041532.

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The current European Union biodiversity strategy is failing to reach its targets aimed at halting biodiversity loss by 2020, and eyes are already set at the post-2020 strategy. The European Commission is encouraging the active role of citizens in achieving policy objectives in the coming years. In this paper, we explore ways citizens discuss their priorities regarding biodiversity and abilities to influence environmental problems at individual, collective and policy levels. We also examine how the citizen discussions resonate with scientific environmental priorities and how researchers see the role of citizens in policy processes and harmonising citizen and scientific knowledge. To pursue the citizen voices, an expert working group acting as knowledge brokers, facilitated a series of citizen workshops in seven European locations and a reflective researcher workshop in Belgium. Based on the results, participants identified many concrete and value-related measures to stop environmental degradation. The environmental priorities differed between citizens and scientists, but not irreconcilably; rather, they complemented one another. Both groups stressed environmentally minded attitudes in individuals and policy. Displaying diversity of perspectives was regarded as positive and adding legitimacy. Improving methods for balanced encounters among science and society is central for participation to become more than rhetoric in the EU.

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Chen, Jieh-Haur, Ha Thi Thu Nguyen, Chien-Cheng Chou, Jui-Pin Wang e Ting-Kwei Wang. "Transit-Oriented Development: Exploring Citizen Perceptions in a Booming City, Can Tho City, Vietnam". Sustainability 13, n.º 3 (28 de janeiro de 2021): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031370.

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Transit-oriented development (TOD) is a crucial method for sustainable urban development and encouraging the use of public transit, especially for large densely populated cities such as Can Tho City, one of the top five cities in Vietnam. This study is aimed at identifying the factors which have a significant effect on the citizens’ engagement of public transport in the TOD environment. Based on the literature review and expert knowledge, 3 hypotheses related to citizens’ perceptions and citizen’s engagement are developed. A questionnaire was accordingly established using structural equation modeling (SEM). As a result, a total of 8 factors with 31 stems were obtained. The survey questionnaires were distributed to citizens of Can Tho City with 749 responses collected for KMO test Chi-square of 0.905. The analysis shows that all three hypotheses stand: (1) the citizens’ perception of local government’s capacity plays an important role in the citizens’ willingness to engage on public transport; the citizens’ perception of the usefulness of (2) TOD and (3) public transport has a positive influence on the engagement on public transport system. The major contribution of this study is that it can help other cities in developing countries to apply TOD.

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Jäckel, Denise, Kim G. Mortega, Ulrike Sturm, Ulrich Brockmeyer, Omid Khorramshahi e Silke L. Voigt-Heucke. "Opportunities and limitations: A comparative analysis of citizen science and expert recordings for bioacoustic research". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 6 (28 de junho de 2021): e0253763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253763.

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Citizen science is an approach that has become increasingly popular in recent years. Despite this growing popularity, there still is widespread scepticism in the academic world about the validity and quality of data from citizen science projects. And although there might be great potential, citizen science is a rarely used approach in the field of bioacoustics. To better understand the possibilities, but also the limitations, we here evaluated data generated in a citizen science project on nightingale song as a case study. We analysed the quantity and quality of song recordings made in a non-standardized way with a smartphone app by citizen scientists and the standardized recordings made with professional equipment by academic researchers. We made comparisons between the recordings of the two approaches and among the user types of the app to gain insights into the temporal recording patterns, the quantity and quality of the data. To compare the deviation of the acoustic parameters in the recordings with smartphones and professional devices from the original song recordings, we conducted a playback test. Our results showed that depending on the user group, citizen scientists produced many to a lot of recordings of valid quality for further bioacoustic research. Differences between the recordings provided by the citizen and the expert group were mainly caused by the technical quality of the devices used—and to a lesser extent by the citizen scientists themselves. Especially when differences in spectral parameters are to be investigated, our results demonstrate that the use of the same high-quality recording devices and calibrated external microphones would most likely improve data quality. We conclude that many bioacoustic research questions may be carried out with the recordings of citizen scientists. We want to encourage academic researchers to get more involved in participatory projects to harness the potential of citizen science—and to share scientific curiosity and discoveries more directly with society.

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Wessels, Pieter, Nick Moran, Alison Johnston e Wenjia Wang. "Hybrid expert ensembles for identifying unreliable data in citizen science". Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 81 (maio de 2019): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2019.01.004.

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Hyvärinen, Jenni, Anne Laajalahti e Marita Vos. "Enhancing citizen response to crises through communication: investigating expert views". International Journal of Emergency Management 11, n.º 4 (2015): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijem.2015.074044.

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Müller, Johannes. "Evaluation Methods for Citizen Design Science Studies: How Do Planners and Citizens Obtain Relevant Information from Map-Based E-Participation Tools?" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, n.º 2 (24 de janeiro de 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10020048.

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A successful e-participation campaign in urban planning relies on good two-way communication between the expert and the citizen. While the presentation of information from planners to citizens is one concern of that topic, we address in this paper the question of how citizens’ inputs can be evaluated for map-based e-participation tools. The interest is, on the one side, in the usefulness of the input for the planner and, on the other side, in performing a quick assessment which can provide feedback to the participant via the tool’s interface. We use a test dataset that was acquired with an online city planning tool that uses 3D geometries and develop analysis methods from it that can also be generalized for other map-based e-participation tools. These analysis methods are meant to be applied to large datasets and to enhance e-participation methods in urban planning and design to citizen (design) science approaches. The methods range from the calculation of simple parameters and heatmaps over clustering to point pattern analysis. We evaluate the presented approaches by their computation time and their usefulness for the planner and non-expert citizen and investigate their potential to serve as a composite analysis. We found that functions of the point pattern analysis reveal relevant information of the users’ inputs but require a simplified presentation. We introduce a spatial dispersion index as an example to present the relations between objects in a clear way.

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Wandari, Vika Ayu. "Keterangan Ahli Warga Negara Asing dalam Peradilan Pidana di Indonesia". Lentera Hukum 5, n.º 1 (7 de maio de 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v5i1.6743.

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Proof plays an important role in the process of adjudication in the trial process. In the criminal process, proof requires the attendance of an expert, particularly when it deals with an expert from abroad to provide statements in the courts. This paper aims to show the importance of evidences in the Indonesian criminal law procedure in which the statement to be delivered by an expert from abroad. It will discuss the importance of expert’s statement from foreign citizen to help judges in the criminal justice system of Indonesia. To judges, the statement of an expert has a power characterised as free and non-binding evidence by which the judgement fully depends upon judges’ conviction. While a foreign citizen arrives in Indonesia designated as an expert to provide witness in the trial process in which he/she does not hold visa, judges cannot dispute his/her absence of visa , but they are only given a power to consider the statement of such expert. With regard to visa, it is not the responsible of judges or the court, but the Immigration Bureau. Keywords: Proof, Evidence, Statement of Expert

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Kinchy, Abby. "Epistemic Boomerang: Expert Policy Advice As Leverage in the Campaign Against Transgenic Maize in Mexico". Mobilization: An International Quarterly 15, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2010): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.15.2.a568g55h0k663k30.

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This article introduces the term "epistemic boomerang" to describe a distinctive pattern of activism in which activists, frustrated by exclusion from national politics, attempt to mobilize expert advice in support of social goals. Using expertise as leverage can be a desirable option for activists when political authorities favor technocratic decision making. Epistemic boomerang formation is possible when expert organizations encourage citizen participation in agenda setting and spaces are made for encounters between experts and activists. These processes are evident in the contentious politics of genetically engineered maize in Mexico. In this case, maize producers and community activists mobilized to confront an expert advisory group assembled by the tri-national Commission for Environmental Cooperation. As a result, the values and perspectives of many of the protesters were conveyed in the expert report and recommendations. This article examines the political outcomes of this epistemic boomerang and considers its implications for the study of social movements.

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Moslem, Sarbast, e Szabolcs Duleba. "Sustainable Urban Transport Development by Applying a Fuzzy-AHP Model: A Case Study from Mersin, Turkey". Urban Science 3, n.º 2 (20 de maio de 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3020055.

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Sustainable development decisions generally require citizen participation in the decision process to avoid public resistance and objections in the long term. Because of the involvement of non-experts, the uncertainty of the decision is increased, and this must be considered in the decision-making process. This paper aims to introduce a sustainable urban transport development problem in which citizens are involved to allow them to express their preferences for improving certain elements of the public bus system. To mitigate the uncertainty of the non-expert evaluations, a fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model has been created and applied. Since the objective of the research is to provide a suitable framework for transport development tenders, only the criteria weights have to be determined; thus, an alternative level has not been applied. The model has been tested on the urban bus transport system of a large Turkish city: Mersin. Based on the application, citizen preference weights could be associated with certain elements of the supply quality; thus, government development source allocation decisions could be supported. The fuzzy-AHP model ensures that the final development implications will meet public demand for bus system improvement in the city.

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Altanane Chepkoech, Van der Merwe. "Towards citizen-expert knowledge exchange for biodiversity informatics: A conceptual architecture". South African Journal of Information and Communication, n.º 18 (2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.23962/10539/21758.

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Manfredi Sánchez, Juan Luis, e Luis Mauricio Calvo Rubio. "Deliberación pública y participación en los presupuestos del Ayuntamiento de Madrid (2016-2018)". Doxa Comunicación. Revista interdisciplinar de estudios de comunicación y ciencias sociales, n.º 28 (junho de 2019): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n28a01.

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This paper analyzes the evolution of citizen participation in the preparation of municipal budgets in Madrid, as well as the role of public communication in the process. To this end, the three years in which citizen collaboration has been requested (2016, 2017 and 2018), have been compiled, and after analyzing the data, it has been concluded that there is growing interest by citizens in these participation mechanisms, although the figures are still quite small. Moreover, it has been shown that these organized groups play an important role in presenting proposals. Finally, it has been determined that participation requires a previous process of deliberation and a certain degree of expert knowledge in order for the results to be viable and sustainable, not only desirable.

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Goisauf, Melanie, e Anna P. Durnová. "From engaging publics to engaging knowledges: Enacting “appropriateness” in the Austrian biobank infrastructure". Public Understanding of Science 28, n.º 3 (16 de outubro de 2018): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662518806451.

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While there is consensus on the essential importance of public engagement in further developments of biobanking, the related investigation of public views predominantly focused on the concerns expressed by the publics, and the concrete formats of public engagement, without delving into the ways these concerns are constituted. In this article, we summarize recent research on public engagement in order to describe the constitution of respective concerns as “engagement of knowledges.” By shifting the focus of analysis from “publics” to “knowledges,” we draw attention to the interaction dynamic through which citizens embed the new knowledge they receive during expert interactions into the stock of knowledge they already possess. Analyzing our recent investigation of public views on biobanking in the form of citizen-expert panels in the Austrian infrastructure of biobanks (BBMRI.at), we trace this dynamic through citizens’ recurrent concerns that the research and consent practices related to biobanking should be “appropriate.”

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Flear, Mark L. "'Supra-stewardship': a tool for citizen participation in European Union pandemic preparedness planning". Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 62, n.º 5 (12 de março de 2020): 677–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v62i5.471.

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This article proposes developing the public bioethics aspect of stewardship and applying it to the European Union (EU) as 'supra-stewardship', a tool for opening a discursive space for citizen participation in EU pandemic preparedness planning. With this in mind, the article highlights some of the contours for engagement on the boundaries of responsibility and production of governance distortions and failures brought out by attention to framing, distribution, vulnerability and learning. This should help citizens to tackle the complementary expert and public rationalities that undermine their involvement, contribute supplementary knowledge towards governance, and help promote institutional learning by the EU and resilience.

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Bimonte, Sandro, Omar Boucelma, Olivier Machabert e Sana Sellami. "A Generic Spatial OLAP Model for Evaluating Natural Hazards in a Volunteered Geographic Information Context". International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 5, n.º 4 (outubro de 2014): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2014100102.

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Spatial data warehouses (SDW) and spatial OLAP (SOLAP) systems are well-known business intelligence technologies that aim to support a multidimensional and online analysis for a large volume of geo-referenced datasets. SOLAP systems are already used in the context of natural hazards for analyzing sensor data and experts' measurements. Recently, new data gathering tools coined as volunteered geographic information systems (VGI) have been adopted especially by non-expert users. Hence, (spatial) application development is facing a new challenge, which is the integration of expert-oriented data with citizen-provided data. In this paper, we propose a new generic spatio-multidimensional model based on the question/answer risk evaluation model that allows the integration of VGI data with classical SDW and SOLAP systems for the online analysis of natural hazards monitored by volunteers.

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Yang, Lihua, e G. Zhiyong Lan. "Internet's impact on expert–citizen interactions in public policymaking—A meta analysis". Government Information Quarterly 27, n.º 4 (outubro de 2010): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2009.12.012.

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Davids, Jeffrey C., Martine M. Rutten, Anusha Pandey, Nischal Devkota, Wessel David van Oyen, Rajaram Prajapati e Nick van de Giesen. "Citizen science flow – an assessment of simple streamflow measurement methods". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, n.º 2 (20 de fevereiro de 2019): 1045–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1045-2019.

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Abstract. Wise management of water resources requires data. Nevertheless, the amount of streamflow data being collected globally continues to decline. Generating hydrologic data together with citizen scientists can help fill this growing hydrological data gap. Our aim herein was to (1) perform an initial evaluation of three simple streamflow measurement methods (i.e., float, salt dilution, and Bernoulli run-up), (2) evaluate the same three methods with citizen scientists, and (3) apply the preferred method at more sites with more people. For computing errors, we used midsection measurements from an acoustic Doppler velocimeter as reference flows. First, we (authors) performed 20 evaluation measurements in headwater catchments of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Reference flows ranged from 6.4 to 240 L s−1. Absolute errors averaged 23 %, 15 %, and 37 % with average biases of 8 %, 6 %, and 26 % for float, salt dilution, and Bernoulli methods, respectively. Second, we evaluated the same three methods at 15 sites in two watersheds within the Kathmandu Valley with 10 groups of citizen scientists (three to four members each) and one “expert” group (authors). At each site, each group performed three simple methods; experts also performed SonTek FlowTracker midsection reference measurements (ranging from 4.2 to 896 L s−1). For float, salt dilution, and Bernoulli methods, absolute errors averaged 41 %, 21 %, and 43 % for experts and 63 %, 28 %, and 131 % for citizen scientists, while biases averaged 41 %, 19 %, and 40 % for experts and 52 %, 7 %, and 127 % for citizen scientists, respectively. Based on these results, we selected salt dilution as the preferred method. Finally, we performed larger-scale pilot testing in week-long pre- and post-monsoon Citizen Science Flow campaigns involving 25 and 37 citizen scientists, respectively. Observed flows (n=131 pre-monsoon; n=133 post-monsoon) were distributed among the 10 headwater catchments of the Kathmandu Valley and ranged from 0.4 to 425 L s−1 and from 1.1 to 1804 L s−1 in pre- and post-monsoon, respectively. Future work should further evaluate uncertainties of citizen science salt dilution measurements, the feasibility of their application to larger regions, and the information content of additional streamflow data.

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Wood, Sarah A., Patrick W. Robinson, Daniel P. Costa e Roxanne S. Beltran. "Accuracy and precision of citizen scientist animal counts from drone imagery". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 2 (22 de fevereiro de 2021): e0244040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244040.

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Repeated counts of animal abundance can reveal changes in local ecosystem health and inform conservation strategies. Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), also known as drones, are commonly used to photograph animals in remote locations; however, counting animals in images is a laborious task. Crowd-sourcing can reduce the time required to conduct these censuses considerably, but must first be validated against expert counts to measure sources of error. Our objectives were to assess the accuracy and precision of citizen science counts and make recommendations for future citizen science projects. We uploaded drone imagery from Año Nuevo Island (California, USA) to a curated Zooniverse website that instructed citizen scientists to count seals and sea lions. Across 212 days, over 1,500 volunteers counted animals in 90,000 photographs. We quantified the error associated with several descriptive statistics to extract a single citizen science count per photograph from the 15 repeat counts and then compared the resulting citizen science counts to expert counts. Although proportional error was relatively low (9% for sea lions and 5% for seals during the breeding seasons) and improved with repeat sampling, the 12+ volunteers required to reduce error was prohibitively slow, taking on average 6 weeks to estimate animals from a single drone flight covering 25 acres, despite strong public outreach efforts. The single best algorithm was ‘Median without the lowest two values’, demonstrating that citizen scientists tended to under-estimate the number of animals present. Citizen scientists accurately counted adult seals, but accuracy was lower when sea lions were present during the summer and could be confused for seals. We underscore the importance of validation efforts and careful project design for researchers hoping to combine citizen science with imagery from drones, occupied aircraft, and/or remote cameras.

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Castle, David. "The Balance Between Expertise and Authority in Citizen Engagement About New Biotechnology". Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 9, n.º 3 (2006): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/techne2006931.

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Academic-researcher-led public engagement and consultation on new biotechnology provides information about new biotechnology to the public, and solicits their attitudes, beliefs and understanding about the technology. A burden associated with the democratic ideals of transparency and accountability encourages researchers to provide accurate information to the public. Less recognized is their role as actual, or perceived, authorities to provide new knowledge and to make policy or regulatory decisions. This paper focuses on the first of these two – the conflation between expertise on the subject of the engagement and the authority to represent that subject in an engagement process. While expertise, or at least accuracy in portraying expert knowledge, is consistent with transparency and accountability, it is argued here that authority in the representation of expert knowledge may be inconsistent with the intent of public engagement and consultation.

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Rowley, Jodi J. L., e Corey T. Callaghan. "The FrogID dataset: expert-validated occurrence records of Australia’s frogs collected by citizen scientists". ZooKeys 912 (17 de fevereiro de 2020): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.912.38253.

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This dataset represents expert-validated occurrence records of calling frogs across Australia collected via the national citizen science project FrogID (http://www.frogid.net.au). FrogID relies on participants recording calling frogs using smartphone technology, after which point the frogs are identified by expert validators, resulting in a database of georeferenced frog species records. This dataset represents one full year of the project (10 November 2017–9 November 2018), including 54,864 records of 172 species, 71% of the known frog species in Australia. This is the first instalment of the dataset, and we anticipate providing updated datasets on an annual basis.

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Divanis, Andreas, e Liqiu Meng. "A Climate Event Portal for Citizen Science". Abstracts of the ICA 1 (15 de julho de 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-64-2019.

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Abstract. Climate change as both a local and global phenomenon causes numerous societal and financial implications every year. Its perception among citizens, however, is highly controversial. For example, in August 2018, the negative effects of climate change were very prominent in the state of Bavaria, when farmers lost large amounts of feed crop due to a drought in the same year. While governments can initiate policies in response to this, implementing these policies in a democracy requires the approval of the public, which is mainly composed of non-experts. In order to mobilize citizens for their own benefit, thus promote citizen science, the Bavarian Climate Research Network (BAYKLIF) was launched. One of the objectives deals with the creation of a portal and a number of mobile services for citizens, domain specialists and decision makers. This paper is dedicated to a project within this network, which is relevant to cartography. It aims to create a Climate Event Portal accessible by normal citizens who may also contribute with their own data to the portal or validate existing climate events based on their knowledge and supported by visualization tools. The anticipated portal consists of five core concepts. First, the OpenEventCollector, which will search for climate events by categories and collect event data in an interactive and intuitive way. Second, an OpenEventCrawler, that should automatically search open digital archives and social media, thus keep generating data about climate events. Third, an OpenEventEditor, to visualize the data for the user, allow them to interact with the data, and contribute their own (Fig. 1). This, however, must all be possible within the technical limitations of smartphones or web-applications. Fourth, an OpenEventDetector, which should automatically detect climate events from datasets, via machine learning. Fifth, an OpenEventAnalysor that explains the context of climate events, the visualizations and the process of generating this data. The purpose of this Climate Event Portal is to involve the user, thus ensuring that all data permits the re-use is necessary. Its development reveals three interrelated challenges: (1) examining user-generated data for relevance and legal compliance, (2) improving representative user feedback, which requires the participation of diverse user groups and (3) sustaining users’ interest and attention, which requires innovative incentives for users’ contributions (e.g. gamification-oriented visualization, visual storytelling etc.). This work will contribute to the knowledge on how to adapt presentations based on citizens’ interaction, as well as create an event portal, where citizen-contributed data and expert-generated data are coalesced. The authors aim to share their experiences and findings with researchers engaged in similar projects of citizen science.

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Barrie, Helen, Veronica Soebarto, Jarrod Lange, Fidelma Mc Corry-Breen e Lauren Walker. "Using Citizen Science to Explore Neighbourhood Influences on Ageing Well: Pilot Project". Healthcare 7, n.º 4 (1 de novembro de 2019): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7040126.

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Outdoor and indoor environments impact older people’s mobility, independence, quality of life, and ability to “age in place”. Considerable evidence suggests that not only the amount, but also the quality, of public green spaces in the living environment is important. The quality of public green spaces is mostly measured through expert assessments by planners, designers and developers. A disadvantage of this expert-determined approach is that it often does not consider the appraisals or perceptions of residents. Daily experience, often over long periods of time, means older residents have acquired insider knowledge of their neighbourhood, and thus, may be more qualified to assess these spaces, including measuring what makes a valued or quality public green space. The aim of this Australian pilot study on public green spaces for ageing well was to test an innovative citizen science approach to data collection using smart phones. “Senior” citizen scientists trialed the smart phone audit tool over a three-month period, recording and auditing public green spaces in their neighbourhoods. Data collected included geocoded location data, photographs, and qualitative comments along with survey data. While citizen science research is already well established in the natural sciences, it remains underutilised in the social sciences. This paper focuses on the use of citizen science with older participants highlighting the potential for this methodology in the fields of environmental gerontology, urban planning and landscape architecture.

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Luscombe, Anya. "Eleanor Roosevelt as “Ordinary” Citizen and “Expert” on Radio in the Early 1950s". SAGE Open 4, n.º 3 (12 de agosto de 2014): 215824401455171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244014551712.

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Herwina, Wiwin, e H. Ajid Madjid. "PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TERINTEGRASI SOFT SKILL DAN HARD SKILL DALAM MENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI WARGA BELAJAR PADA LEMBAGA KURSUS KECANTIKAN". JIV 13, n.º 1 (28 de junho de 2018): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jiv.1301.5.

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The research is based on the problem of how the initial condition of learning in the beauty course Institute, how the conceptual model of integrated learning soft skill and hard skills, how the implementation of integrated learning models soft skill and hard skill, how the effectiveness of the integrated learning model soft skill and hard skill that can improve the competence residents learn. The purpose of research to find the learning model integrated soft skill and hard skill in improving competence of studying citizen who conducted at LKP Yuwita city of Tasikmalaya in 2017. Research method used is description and experiment method. The sample for this research consists of one-person manager, two-person instructor, 20 people studying citizen. The results from the study showed (1) the initial condition of learning in the beauty course Institute, still dominated by the tutor. The residents were less involved in the learning, (2) expert validation has resulted in the integrated learning model in improving the competence of studying citizens, (3) learning of integrated soft skill and hard skill to improve the competence of studying citizens, and (4) integrated learning model of soft skill and hard skill developed for this research according to the result of qualitative and quantitative analysis from the test results has effectively increased the competence of studying citizen at the beauty course Institute. The conclusion from this research is that the integrated learning model of soft skill and hard skill developed has been effective in improving the competence of studying citizens at the beauty course Institute.

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Trojer, Thomas, Basel Katt, Ruth Breu, Thomas Schabetsberger e Richard Mair. "Managing Privacy and Effectiveness of Patient-Administered Authorization Policies". International Journal of Computational Models and Algorithms in Medicine 3, n.º 2 (abril de 2012): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcmam.2012040103.

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A central building block of data privacy is the individual right of information self-determination. Following from that when dealing with shared electronic health records (SEHR), citizens, as the identified individuals of such records, have to be enabled to decide what medical data can be used in which way by medical professionals. In this context individual preferences of privacy have to be reflected by authorization policies to control access to personal health data. There are two potential challenges when enabling patient-controlled access control policy authoring: First, an ordinary citizen neither can be considered a security expert, nor does she or he have the expertise to fully understand typical activities and workflows within the health-care domain. Thus, a citizen is not necessarily aware of implications her or his access control settings have with regards to the protection of personal health data. Both privacy of citizen’s health-data and the overall effectiveness of a health-care information system are at risk if inadequate access control settings are in place. This paper refers to scenarios of a case study previously conducted and shows how privacy and information system effectiveness can be defined and evaluated in the context of SEHR. The paper describes an access control policy analysis method which evaluates a patient-administered access control policy by considering the mentioned evaluation criteria.

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van Wietmarschen, Han. "Political testimony". Politics, Philosophy & Economics 18, n.º 1 (26 de setembro de 2018): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470594x18798062.

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I argue that reliance on political testimony conflicts with two democratic values: the value of mutual justifiability and the value of equality of opportunity for political influence. Reliance on political testimony is characterized by a reliance on the assertions of others directly on a political question the citizen is asked to answer as part of a formal democratic decision procedure. Reliance on expert testimony generally, even in the context of political decision-making, does not similarly conflict with democratic values. As a consequence of the argument, citizens have a pro tanto reason to rely on their own political judgment when determining their vote, and democratic societies have a reason to only ask citizens questions they are able to answer without reliance on political testimony.

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Uhl, Maria, Ricardo R. Santos, Joana Costa, Osvaldo Santos, Ana Virgolino, David S. Evans, Cora Murray et al. "Chemical Exposure: European Citizens’ Perspectives, Trust, and Concerns on Human Biomonitoring Initiatives, Information Needs, and Scientific Results". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 4 (5 de fevereiro de 2021): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041532.

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Over the last few decades, citizen awareness and perception of chemical products has been a topic of interest, particularly concerning national and international policy decision makers, expert/scientific platforms, and the European Union itself. To date, few qualitative studies on human biomonitoring have analysed communication materials, made recommendations in terms of biomonitoring surveillance, or asked for feedback in terms of specific biomonitoring methods. This paper provides in-depth insight on citizens’ perceptions of knowledge of biomonitoring, impact of chemical exposure on daily life, and claims on how results of research should be used. Four semi-structured focus groups were held in Austria, Portugal, Ireland, and the United Kingdom (UK). The cross-sectional observational qualitative design of this study allows for better understanding of public concern regarding chemicals, application, and use of human biomonitoring. The main findings of this study include citizens’ clear articulation on pathways of exposure, the demand on stakeholders for transparent decision-making, and sensitivity in communication of results to the public. Validated and trustful communication is perceived as key to empowering citizens to take action. The results can be used to facilitate decision-making and policy development, and feeds into the awareness needs of similar and future projects in human biomonitoring. Furthermore, it also brings to light ideas and concepts of citizens’ in shaping collaborative knowledge between citizens’, experts, scientists, and policy makers on equal terms.

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Walther, Falko, Sebastian Vogt e Rüdiger Kabst. "A Strategic Foresight about Future Public Service Developments from the Citizens' Perspective". International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age 3, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2016): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpada.2016010102.

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Governments and public administrations face multiple challenges and opportunities for innovation in the area of public services – created by ongoing ICT developments and shifting service demands among citizens. Citizens experience advantages of ICT-driven services in all areas of life and request these advantages in their communications and interactions with public administrations. Therefore, public administrations must be aware of these and, more important, future demands to develop future services that are responsive to citizens' needs. As there is a lack of current data, the aim of this article is to identify citizens' demands, characteristics and framework conditions for future public services and public participation services based on data collected in a real-time Delphi survey of expert citizens. The results provide public service providers with initial insights into citizen characteristics that have a strong impact on citizens' demands—housing situation, size of municipality and age—and important framework conditions, e.g., the internet.

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Lynch-O’Brien, Louise I., Wayne A. Babchuk, Jenny M. Dauer, Tiffany Heng-Moss e Doug Golick. "Transference of Citizen Science Program Impacts: A Theory Grounded in Public Participation in Scientific Research". Diversity 13, n.º 8 (25 de julho de 2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080339.

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Citizen science is known for increasing the geographic, spatial, and temporal scale from which scientists can gather data. It is championed for its potential to provide experiential learning opportunities to the public. Documentation of educational outcomes and benefits for citizen scientists continues to grow. This study proposes an added benefit of these collaborations: the transference of program impacts to individuals outside of the program. The experiences of fifteen citizen scientists in entomology citizen science programs were analyzed using a constructivist grounded theory methodology. We propose the substantive-level theory of transference to describe the social process by which the educational and attitudinal impacts intended by program leaders for the program participants are filtered by citizen scientists and transferred to others. This process involves individual and external phases, each with associated actions. Transference occurred in participants who had maintained a long-term interest in nature, joined a citizen science program, shared science knowledge and experiences, acquired an expert role to others, and influenced change in others. Transference has implications for how citizen scientists are perceived by professional communities, understanding of the broader impacts and contributions of citizen science to wicked problems, program evaluation, and the design of these programs as informal science education opportunities.

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John, Peter, e Gerry Stoker. "Rethinking the Role of Experts and Expertise in Behavioural Public Policy". Policy & Politics 47, n.º 2 (26 de abril de 2019): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557319x15526371698257.

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Nudge and behavioural public policy tools have won support from governments across the world for improving the effectiveness of public interventions. Yet nudge still attracts strong criticisms for promoting paternalism and manipulation as legitimate government actions. To move beyond this divide, this paper offers a comprehensive reorientation, which is necessary because the intellectual foundations of the policy are at fault. A more secure foundation can be achieved by expanding the cognitive scope of behavioural policy, and ensuring that it does not rely on the narrow assumption that intuitive reasoning is flawed and that expert advice is always preferable. This shift in the cognitive range of nudge moves behavioural policy toward citizen reflection and initiative, pointing away from expert-led interventions. It amounts to more than incremental advances in nudge practice. As a result, nudge can escape the charge of not respecting individual autonomy. What we call 'nudge plus' would link more closely with other types of governmental intervention that embrace citizen involvement.

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Abelson, Julia, Yvonne Bombard, François-Pierre Gauvin, Dorina Simeonov e Sarah Boesveld. "ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF CITIZEN DELIBERATIONS ON THE HEALTH TECHNOLOGY PROCESS". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 29, n.º 3 (julho de 2013): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462313000299.

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Objectives:We assessed the impacts of a Citizens’ Reference Panel on the deliberations of a provincial health technology advisory committee and its secretariat, which produce, recommendations for the use of health technologies in Ontario, Canada.Methods:A fourteen-member citizens’ reference panel was convened five times between February 2009 and May 2010 to participate in informed, facilitated discussions to inform the assessment of individual technologies and provincial health technology assessment processes more generally. Qualitative data collection methods were used to document observed and perceived impacts of the citizens’ panel on the health technology assessment (HTA) process.Results:Panel impacts were observed for all technologies reviewed, at two different stages in the HTA process, and represented macro- (raising awareness) and micro-level (informing recommendations) impacts. These impacts were shaped by periodic opportunities for direct and brokered exchange between the Panel and the expert advisory committee to clarify roles, foster accountability, and build trust. Our findings offer new insights about one of the main considerations in the design of deliberative participatory structures—how to maintain the independence of a citizens’ panel while ensuring that their input is considered at key junctures in the HTA process.Conclusions:Citizens’ panels can exert various impacts on the HTA process. Ensuring these types of structures include opportunities for direct exchange between citizens and experts, to clarify roles, promote accountability, and build trust will facilitate their impacts in a variety of settings.

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Neisani Samani, Z., e A. A. Alesheikh. "UNCERTAINTY MODELLING OF CITIZEN-CENTERED GROUP DECISION MAKING USING FUZZY-VIKOR CASE STUDY: SITE SELECTION OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (18 de outubro de 2019): 809–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-809-2019.

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Abstract. The participation of citizens in decision-making processes is one of the main concerns in urban planning. People’s contributions increase the usability and efficiency of urban facilities. Hospitals and healthcare services are among the most important public facilities that citizens require. This paper aims to improve an approach that could locate the hospitals according to the citizens’ preferences. Decision-making process in this situation should consider the uncertainties exist in any steps of decisions-making. In this regard, this paper applied Fuzzy-VIKOR method that is appropriate to model such kind of uncertainty. The proposed method was accomplished in Districts 6 of Tehran province. The achieved results were compared with each other in two different scenario (using expert knowledge and citizens’ satisfaction). The comparison of the results showed that the more suitable distribution and density of proposed sites for hospitals must be observed if the citizens’ perspectives were considered. Also, the proposed sites with experts follow urban planning principals rather than the second case.

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WANG, ZHENGXU. "Citizens' Satisfaction with Government Performance in Six Asian-Pacific Giants". Japanese Journal of Political Science 11, n.º 1 (26 de fevereiro de 2010): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109909990132.

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AbstractAssessment of the quality of governance has so far relied on socioeconomic statistics and expert opinions, while largely neglecting citizens’ perceptions. Using AsiaBarometer 2008 data, this paper examines the factors affecting citizens’ satisfaction with their government in six Asian-Pacific countries: America, Australia, China, India, Japan, and Russia. I found citizen satisfaction with the public services they receive, such as education, healthcare, and public safety, matters most in their assessment of government performance. Individual satisfaction with income, job, and housing also matters. The respondent will disapprove government performance if he or she thinks corruption is serious in government, or elected officials stop caring about citizens once voting is finished. In terms of macro variables, economic condition of a country seems to matters significantly. Especially, if a country's economy is growing fast, citizens are much more likely to be satisfied with government performance. Large within-country variations exist in countries such as China and India, where citizens of different cities or regions may give rather different assessments of government, suggesting many contextual variables not captured by this study. Lastly, citizens’ satisfaction with government performance seems to be highly divergent from international organizations’ evaluation of governance quality, such as the World Bank Governance Index. This raises both methodological and normative issues regarding the proper approaches to measuring good governance.

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Brydon, Michael, e Aidan R. Vining. "Combining Citizen Participation and Expert Analysis: A Wild, Wild Horses Problem in British Columbia". Local Government Studies 42, n.º 1 (27 de agosto de 2015): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2015.1081847.

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Colombo, S., A. Angus, J. Morris, D. J. Parsons, M. Brawn, K. Stacey e N. Hanley. "A comparison of citizen and “expert” preferences using an attribute-based approach to choice". Ecological Economics 68, n.º 11 (setembro de 2009): 2834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.06.001.

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Özdemir, Esin. "The role of the expert knowledge in politicizing urban planning processes: A case from Istanbul". Planning Theory 18, n.º 2 (2 de novembro de 2018): 237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095218809747.

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This article discusses the relationship between the expert knowledge and the prospects of politicizing and democratizing urban planning. The term ‘experts’ refers mainly to urban planners, yet also includes architects, engineers and lawyers, who are specialized in planning. The article begins with a review of the critical literature on communicative planning, agonistic pluralism, agonistic planning and discussions on what needs to be done in planning focusing on the role of the expert knowledge. It argues that expert knowledge can gain different and multi-dimensional roles in urban planning processes, leading not necessarily to techno-management, yet contributing in their inclusiveness and conflict sensitivity. Encompassing both technical support and objective intermediation for local communities, it can both be utilized to build an agonistic space and help the communities better utilize the existing communicative/collaborative channels to voice their disagreements. By this way, it contributes in the politicization and democratization of planning processes. With this argument, the article also aims to challenge the strict distinction between ‘the politics’ and ‘the political’ as well as the related communicative–agonistic divide. The argument is supported by evidence from a case study on two informally built residential neighbourhoods in Istanbul, where there has been an active citizen opposition and involvement in a planning process.

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